1
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An Y, Padermshoke A, Van Nguyen T, Takahara A. Surface Chemistry in Environmental Degradation of Polymeric Solids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9336-9344. [PMID: 38669192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) cause significant adverse environmental effects. To address this issue, a scientific approach for understanding the formation of MPs is essential. In this Perspective, we summarize the three typical degradation behaviors of polymeric solids from a surface chemistry perspective: chemical degradation, biodegradation, and mechanical degradation. These three degradation processes can occur consecutively or simultaneously in poorly managed polymeric materials, ultimately resulting in their disintegration into the environment. This Perspective provides valuable insights into controlling the degradation of polymeric solids and designing eco-friendly polymers for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun An
- Research Center for Negative Emission Technologies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Adchara Padermshoke
- Research Center for Negative Emission Technologies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Thinh Van Nguyen
- Research Center for Negative Emission Technologies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Research Center for Negative Emission Technologies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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2
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Mai J, Kockler K, Parisi E, Chan CM, Pratt S, Laycock B. Synthesis and physical properties of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based block copolymers: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130204. [PMID: 38365154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of natural polyesters that are synthesised by microorganisms. In general, their thermoplasticity and (in some forms) their elasticity makes them attractive alternatives to petrochemical-derived polymers. However, the high crystallinity of some PHAs - such as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) - results in brittleness and a narrow processing window for applications such as packaging. The production of copolymeric PHA materials is one approach to improving the mechanical and thermal properties of PHAs. Another solution is the manufacture of PHA-based block copolymers. The incorporation of different polymer and copolymer blocks coupled to PHA, and the resulting tailorable microstructure of these block copolymers, can result in a step-change improvement in PHA-based material properties. A range of production strategies for PHA-based block copolymers has been reported in the literature, including biological production and chemical synthesis. Biological production is typically less controllable, with products of a broad molecular weight and compositional distribution, unless finely controlled using genetically modified organisms. By contrast, chemical synthesis delivers relatively controllable block structures and narrowly defined compositions. This paper reviews current knowledge in the areas of the production and properties of PHA-based block copolymers, and highlights knowledge gaps and future potential areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Mai
- Fujian Normal University, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China
| | - Katrin Kockler
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Emily Parisi
- Parisi Technologies, LLC Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Clement Matthew Chan
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Steven Pratt
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Laycock
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Omura T, Tsujimoto S, Kimura S, Maehara A, Kabe T, Iwata T. Marine biodegradation of poly[( R)-3-hydroxybutyrate- co-4-hydroxybutyrate] elastic fibers in seawater: dependence of decomposition rate on highly ordered structure. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1303830. [PMID: 38188489 PMCID: PMC10766686 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1303830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the marine degradability of polymers with highly ordered structures in natural environmental water using microbial degradation and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) tests. Three types of elastic fibers (non-porous as-spun, non-porous drawn, and porous drawn) with different highly ordered structures were prepared using poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-16 mol%-4-hydroxybutyrate] [P(3HB-co-16 mol%-4HB)], a well-known polyhydroxyalkanoate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicated that microorganisms attached to the fiber surface within several days of testing and degraded the fiber without causing physical disintegration. The results of BOD tests revealed that more than 80% of P(3HB-co-16 mol%-4HB) was degraded by microorganisms in the ocean. The plastisphere was composed of a wide variety of microorganisms, and the microorganisms accumulated on the fiber surfaces differed from those in the biofilms. The microbial degradation rate increased as the degree of molecular orientation and porosity of the fiber increased: as-spun fiber < non-porous drawn fiber < porous drawn fiber. The drawing process induced significant changes in the highly ordered structure of the fiber, such as molecular orientation and porosity, without affecting the crystallinity. The results of SEM observations and X-ray measurements indicated that drawing the fibers oriented the amorphous chains, which promoted enzymatic degradation by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Omura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Maehara
- Niigata Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Inc., Niigata, Japan
| | - Taizo Kabe
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Iwata
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Mai J, Chan CM, Laycock B, Pratt S. Understanding the Reaction of Hydroxy-Terminated Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) Random Copolymers with a Monoisocyanate. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Mai
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Clement Matthew Chan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Laycock
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Steven Pratt
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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5
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Bher A, Mayekar PC, Auras RA, Schvezov CE. Biodegradation of Biodegradable Polymers in Mesophilic Aerobic Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12165. [PMID: 36293023 PMCID: PMC9603655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding alternatives to diminish plastic pollution has become one of the main challenges of modern life. A few alternatives have gained potential for a shift toward a more circular and sustainable relationship with plastics. Biodegradable polymers derived from bio- and fossil-based sources have emerged as one feasible alternative to overcome inconveniences associated with the use and disposal of non-biodegradable polymers. The biodegradation process depends on the environment's factors, microorganisms and associated enzymes, and the polymer properties, resulting in a plethora of parameters that create a complex process whereby biodegradation times and rates can vary immensely. This review aims to provide a background and a comprehensive, systematic, and critical overview of this complex process with a special focus on the mesophilic range. Activity toward depolymerization by extracellular enzymes, biofilm effect on the dynamic of the degradation process, CO2 evolution evaluating the extent of biodegradation, and metabolic pathways are discussed. Remarks and perspectives for potential future research are provided with a focus on the current knowledge gaps if the goal is to minimize the persistence of plastics across environments. Innovative approaches such as the addition of specific compounds to trigger depolymerization under particular conditions, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and the addition of natural and/or modified enzymes are state-of-the-art methods that need faster development. Furthermore, methods must be connected to standards and techniques that fully track the biodegradation process. More transdisciplinary research within areas of polymer chemistry/processing and microbiology/biochemistry is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anibal Bher
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Instituto de Materiales de Misiones, CONICET-UNaM, Posadas 3300, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Pooja C. Mayekar
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Rafael A. Auras
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Carlos E. Schvezov
- Instituto de Materiales de Misiones, CONICET-UNaM, Posadas 3300, Misiones, Argentina
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6
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Mai J, Chan CM, Colwell J, Pratt S, Laycock B. Characterisation of end groups of hydroxy-functionalised scl-PHAs prepared by transesterification using ethylene glycol. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Xu P, Yang W, Chen M, Dong W, Ma P. Crystallization of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:330-343. [PMID: 35398060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), produced by the microbial fermentation, is a promising green polymer and has attracted much attention due to its excellent biocompatibility, complete biodegradability, and non-cytotoxicity. The physical properties of PHAs are closely related to their chemical and crystalline structure. Therefore, deep understanding and regulating the structure and crystallization of PHAs are the key factors to improve the performance of PHAs. This review first provides a brief overview of the development history, chemical structure, and basic properties of PHAs. Then, the crystal structure, crystal morphology, kinetics theories and crystallization behavior of nucleation-induced PHAs are systematically summarized to provide a theoretical foundation for improving PHAs crystallization rate and physical properties. In the end, the outlook on the crystallization and application prospects of PHAs is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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8
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Morphology and crystallization kinetics of regime transition for biosynthesized polyhydroxyalkanoate. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Park SL, Cho JY, Kim SH, Lee HJ, Kim SH, Suh MJ, Ham S, Bhatia SK, Gurav R, Park SH, Park K, Kim YG, Yang YH. Novel Polyhydroxybutyrate-Degrading Activity of the Microbulbifer Genus as Confirmed by Microbulbifer sp. SOL03 from the Marine Environment. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:27-36. [PMID: 34750287 PMCID: PMC9628828 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2109.09005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ever since bioplastics were globally introduced to a wide range of industries, the disposal of used products made with bioplastics has become an issue inseparable from their application. Unlike petroleum-based plastics, bioplastics can be completely decomposed into water and carbon dioxide by microorganisms in a relatively short time, which is an advantage. However, there is little information on the specific degraders and accelerating factors for biodegradation. To elucidate a new strain for biodegrading poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), we screened out one PHB-degrading bacterium, Microbulbifer sp. SOL03, which is the first reported strain from the Microbulbifer genus to show PHB degradation activity, although Microbulbifer species are known to be complex carbohydrate degraders found in high-salt environments. In this study, we evaluated its biodegradability using solid- and liquid-based methods in addition to examining the changes in physical properties throughout the biodegradation process. Furthermore, we established the optimal conditions for biodegradation with respect to temperature, salt concentration, and additional carbon and nitrogen sources; accordingly, a temperature of 37°C with the addition of 3% NaCl without additional carbon sources, was determined to be optimal. In summary, we found that Microbulbifer sp. SOL03 showed a PHB degradation yield of almost 97% after 10 days. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the potent bioplastic degradation activity of Microbulbifer sp., and we believe that it can contribute to the development of bioplastics from application to disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Lee Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Yeon Cho
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Suh
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sion Ham
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ranjit Gurav
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong City 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoon Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong City 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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10
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Isolation of Microbulbifer sp. SOL66 with High Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Degrading Activity from the Marine Environment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234257. [PMID: 34883760 PMCID: PMC8659741 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Having the advantage of eco-friendly decomposition, bioplastics could be used to replace petroleum-based plastics. In particular, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is one of the most commercialized bioplastics, however, necessitating the introduction of PHB-degrading bacteria for its effective disposal. In this study, Microbulbifer sp. SOL66 (94.18% 16S rRNA with similarity to Microbulbifer hydrolyticus) demonstrated the highest degradation activity among five newly screened Microbulbifer genus strains. Microbulbifer sp. SOL66 showed a rapid degradation yield, reaching 98% in 4 days, as monitored by laboratory scale, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The PHB film was completely degraded within 7 days at 37 °C in the presence of 3% NaCl. When 1% xylose and 0.4% ammonium sulfate were added, the degradation activity increased by 17% and 24%, respectively. In addition, this strain showed biodegradability on pellets of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate), as confirmed by weight loss and physical property changes. We confirmed that Microbulbifer sp. SOL66 has a great ability to degrade PHB, and has rarely been reported to date.
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11
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Nikolaivits E, Pantelic B, Azeem M, Taxeidis G, Babu R, Topakas E, Brennan Fournet M, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Progressing Plastics Circularity: A Review of Mechano-Biocatalytic Approaches for Waste Plastic (Re)valorization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:696040. [PMID: 34239864 PMCID: PMC8260098 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.696040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspirational concepts, and the transfer of analogs from natural biology to science and engineering, has produced many excellent technologies to date, spanning vaccines to modern architectural feats. This review highlights that answers to the pressing global petroleum-based plastic waste challenges, can be found within the mechanics and mechanisms natural ecosystems. Here, a suite of technological and engineering approaches, which can be implemented to operate in tandem with nature's prescription for regenerative material circularity, is presented as a route to plastics sustainability. A number of mechanical/green chemical (pre)treatment methodologies, which simulate natural weathering and arthropodal dismantling activities are reviewed, including: mechanical milling, reactive extrusion, ultrasonic-, UV- and degradation using supercritical CO2. Akin to natural mechanical degradation, the purpose of the pretreatments is to render the plastic materials more amenable to microbial and biocatalytic activities, to yield effective depolymerization and (re)valorization. While biotechnological based degradation and depolymerization of both recalcitrant and bioplastics are at a relatively early stage of development, the potential for acceleration and expedition of valuable output monomers and oligomers yields is considerable. To date a limited number of independent mechano-green chemical approaches and a considerable and growing number of standalone enzymatic and microbial degradation studies have been reported. A convergent strategy, one which forges mechano-green chemical treatments together with the enzymatic and microbial actions, is largely lacking at this time. An overview of the reported microbial and enzymatic degradations of petroleum-based synthetic polymer plastics, specifically: low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethanes (PU) and polycaprolactone (PCL) and selected prevalent bio-based or bio-polymers [polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polybutylene succinate (PBS)], is detailed. The harvesting of depolymerization products to produce new materials and higher-value products is also a key endeavor in effectively completing the circle for plastics. Our challenge is now to effectively combine and conjugate the requisite cross disciplinary approaches and progress the essential science and engineering technologies to categorically complete the life-cycle for plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Nikolaivits
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Brana Pantelic
- Eco-Biotechnology & Drug Development Group, Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - George Taxeidis
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ramesh Babu
- AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Eco-Biotechnology & Drug Development Group, Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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12
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Liu C, Noda I, Martin DC, Chase DB, Ni C, Rabolt JF. Growth of anisotropic single crystals of a random copolymer, poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate] driven by cooperative –CH···O H-bonding. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Synthesis of novel biodegradable elastomers based on poly[3-hydroxy butyrate] and poly[3-hydroxy octanoate] via transamidation reaction. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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14
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Anbukarasu P, Sauvageau D, Elias AL. Enzymatic degradation of dimensionally constrained polyhydroxybutyrate films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:30021-30030. [PMID: 29094122 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05133f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dimensional constraint, imparted by a variation in film thickness, on the enzymatic degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is reported. The characterization of the crystalline structure and the surface topography of solvent-cast PHB thin films revealed strong correlations between film thickness and both crystallinity and crystal anisotropy, with the polymer film becoming more amorphous with decreasing thickness. The enzymatic degradation of the PHB films was characterized using a high precision diffraction metrology, which enabled the visualization of small variations in the degradation behavior. The results show that the degradation rate increases with decreasing thickness due to the corresponding decrease in crystallinity. However, in a nanoscopic ultra-thin PHB specimen, produced by μ-transfer molding, enzymatic degradation was impeded. The enzymatic degradation rate of the PHB films therefore was found to exhibit a discontinuous trend with respect to film thickness: initially increasing as film thickness was reduced, and then decreasing dramatically once the thickness was reduced to tens of nanometers. In this regime, enzymatic degradation was hindered by the absence of crystalline regions in the films. These results show that a nano-dimensional constraint on PHB films can result in specimens with a tunable response to extracellular enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetam Anbukarasu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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15
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Bai Z, Liu Y, Su T, Wang Z. Effect of Hydroxyl Monomers on the Enzymatic Degradation of Poly(ethylene succinate), Poly(butylene succinate), and Poly(hexylene succinate). Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10010090. [PMID: 30966127 PMCID: PMC6414858 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene succinate) (PES), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and poly(hexylene succinate) (PHS), were synthesized using succinic acid and different dihydric alcohols as materials. Enzymatic degradability by cutinase of the three kinds of polyesters was studied, as well as their solid-state properties. The biodegradation behavior relied heavily on the distance between ester groups, crystallinity, and the hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity balance of polyester surfaces. The weight loss through degradation of the three kinds of polyesters with different hydroxyl monomers took place in the order PHS > PBS > PES. The degradation behavior of the polyesters before and after degradation was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. The decrease in relative intensity at 1800–1650 estedpolyesters were degraded simultaneously. The frequencies of the crystalline and amorphous bands were almost identical before and after degradation. Thus, enzymatic degradation did not change the crystalline structure but destroyed it, and the degree of crystallinity markedly decreased. The molecular weight and polydispersity index only changed slightly. The thermal stability of the three kinds of polyesters decreased during enzymatic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Bai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China.
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Life S ciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Tingting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China.
| | - Zhanyong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China.
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16
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Wei L, McDonald AG. Accelerated weathering studies on the bioplastic, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Hsieh WC, Chen GC, Sung CC, Kasuya KI, Tachibana Y, Chen CH, Chen M, Ling TR, Chang CP. Thermolability, enzymatic degradation and aminolysis of solution-grown single crystals of novel poly(ethylene succinate-co-5mol% trimethylene succinate)s. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Ravindran P, Vasanthan N. Formation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) Inclusion Compound with Urea and Unusual Crystallization Behavior of Coalesced PHB. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavithran Ravindran
- Department of Chemistry, Long Island University, One
University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Nadarajah Vasanthan
- Department of Chemistry, Long Island University, One
University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
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19
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Wei L, Guho NM, Coats ER, McDonald AG. Characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) biosynthesized by mixed microbial consortia fed fermented dairy manure. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wei
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-1132
| | - Nicholas M. Guho
- Department of Civil Engineering; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-1022
| | - Erik R. Coats
- Department of Civil Engineering; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-1022
| | - Armando G. McDonald
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-1132
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20
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Bikiaris DN. Nanocomposites of aliphatic polyesters: An overview of the effect of different nanofillers on enzymatic hydrolysis and biodegradation of polyesters. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Kwiecień M, Adamus G, Kowalczuk M. Selective reduction of PHA biopolyesters and their synthetic analogues to corresponding PHA oligodiols proved by structural studies. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1181-8. [PMID: 23464789 DOI: 10.1021/bm400141s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective method is described for controlling the degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA, via a reduction reaction that uses lithium borohydride. Using this method, oligo(hydroxyalkanoate)diols derived from a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) biopolyester [poly(3HB-co-4HB)] and from synthetic atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (a-PHB) were obtained. The structural characterization of the oligo(hydroxyalkanoate)diols was conducted using NMR and ESI-mass spectrometry analyses, which confirmed that oligomers that were terminated by two hydroxyl end groups were formed. The reduction of the ester groups occurred in a statistical way regardless of the chemical structure of the comonomer units or of the microstructure of the polyester chain. The presented method can be used to synthesize various PHA oligodiols that are potentially useful in the further synthesis of tailor-made biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kwiecień
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences , 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska Street, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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22
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Novel block copolymers of atactic PHB with natural PHA for cardiovascular engineering: Synthesis and characterization. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Briese BH, Jendrossek D. Biological basis of enzyme-catalyzed polyester degradation: 59 C-terminal amino acids of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase a from pseudomonas lemoignei
are sufficient for PHB binding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19981300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Abe H, Aoki H, Doi Y. Morphologies and enzymatic degradability of melt-crystallized poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-Co
-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19981300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Wang Z, Li Y, Yang J, Gou Q, Wu Y, Wu X, Liu P, Gu Q. Twisting of Lamellar Crystals in Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Ring-Banded Spherulites. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902773u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongbao Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering (Sichuan University), Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ya Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Quting Gou
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Xuedong Wu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Pengbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering (Sichuan University), Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qun Gu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
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Jiang N, Jiang S, Hou Y, Yan S, Zhang G, Gan Z. Influence of chemical structure on enzymatic degradation of single crystals of PCL-b-PEO amphiphilic block copolymer. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Dong T, Mori T, Aoyama T, Inoue Y. Rapid crystallization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) copolymer accelerated by cyclodextrin-complex as nucleating agent. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Jiang X, Yang JP, Wang XH, Zhou JJ, Li L. The Degradation and Adsorption Behaviors of Enzyme on Poly(butylene succinate) Single Crystals. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:1281-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Degradation of Natural and Artificial Poly[(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate]s: From Biodegradation to Hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03287-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Morphological study on thermal treatment and degradation behaviors of solution-grown poly(l-lactide) single crystals. Ultramicroscopy 2008; 108:1054-7. [PMID: 18547734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Morphological changes of solution-grown crystals (SGCs) of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) following thermal treatment and enzymatic degradation were investigated using atomic force microscopy in terms of defects in the crystals. PLLA SGCs were grown from a dilute solution of acetonitrile at 5 degrees C. The obtained solution-grown monolamellar crystals have a lozenge-shaped morphology containing unique dimensions, with one side measuring 12 microm. To investigate enzymatic degradation behavior, PLLA SGCs were incubated in buffered solution with proteinase-K at 37 degrees C. The initial stage of enzymatic degradation of PLLA SGCs with proteinase-K occurs in loosely folding chains at the surface of the crystal. Thermally treated PLLA SGCs below the melting temperature showed an increase of the lamellar thickness of the SGCs at the treated temperature and partial surface erosion following enzyme exposure. These results indicate that less ordered chains exist throughout the lamellae and their thermal-induced chain extension makes them more susceptible to enzyme attack.
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31
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Numata K, Abe H, Doi Y. Enzymatic processes for biodegradation of poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s crystals. CAN J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) have attracted much attention as environmentally compatible polymeric materials that can be produced from renewable carbon resources. Biodegradation of PHA materials occurs by the function of extracellular PHA depolymerase secreted from microorganisms. Thus, elucidation of the enzymatic degradation mechanism for PHA materials is important to design PHA materials with desirable properties and controlled biodegradability. The solid PHA polymer is a water-insoluble substrate but PHA depolymerases are soluble in water. Therefore, the enzymatic degradation of PHA materials is a heterogeneous reaction on the material’s surface. Two distinct processes are involved during the degradation, namely, adsorption of the enzyme on the surface of PHA material and the subsequent hydrolysis of polymer chains. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool that has been used for the quantitative analysis of PHA crystal degradation. AFM enables the characterization of the crystal surface nanostructure in a buffer solution. By using in-situ (real-time) AFM observations, we recently succeeded in observing the degradation processes of PHA crystals. Subsequently, we were also able to investigate the degradation rates of PHA crystals using the same technique. In this review, we have attempted to give an overview concerning the direct visualization of the adsorption, as well as the hydrolysis reactions of PHA depolymerases at the nanometer scale. In addition, we present other analytical techniques besides AFM as a complimentary approach to analyze the effect of enzyme adsorption on PHA crystals.Key words: poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA), enzymatic degradation, lamellar crystal, PHA depolymerase.
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Orts WJ, Nobes GA, Kawada J, Nguyen S, Yu GE, Ravenelle F. Poly(hydroxyalkanoates): Biorefinery polymers with a whole range of applications. The work of Robert H. Marchessault. CAN J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the characterization and application of poly(hydroxyalkanoates), PHAs, a remarkable family of natural polyesters with a wide array of useful properties and potential applications. It places specific emphasis on the work of Robert H. Marchessault and his many colleagues outlining how Marchessault’s body of work both shaped the field and complemented the work of his contemporaries. Particular attention will focus on the “rediscovery” of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, the first PHA to be discovered, from the late 1950s onward, highlighting some of the historical aspects of PHA’s path toward commercial applications. It will also cover why this class of materials is so unique, including PHA structure–properties relationships, its unique crystalline behaviour, in vivo – in vitro synthesis and degradation, and PHA-graft-copolymers.Key words: poly(hydroxyalkanoate), PHA, poly(β-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, biopolymers, bacterial polyester, random copolymers, polymer single crystals, graft copolymers.
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33
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Zhu B, He Y, Nishida H, Yazawa K, Ishii N, Kasuya KI, Inoue Y. Crystalline-Structure-Dependent Enzymatic Degradation of Polymorphic Poly(3-hydroxypropionate). Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1221-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm701220x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yong He
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Haruo Nishida
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Koji Yazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Nariaki Ishii
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kasuya
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yoshio Inoue
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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Yan C, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Ozaki Y, Shen D, Gan Z, Yan S, Takahashi I. Melt Crystallization and Crystal Transition of Poly(butylene adipate) Revealed by Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:3311-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jp077195i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyan Shen
- Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Gan
- Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouke Yan
- Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Isao Takahashi
- Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan, and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
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Numata K, Yamashita K, Fujita M, Tsuge T, Kasuya KI, Iwata T, Doi Y, Abe H. Adsorption and Hydrolysis Reactions of Poly(hydroxybutyric acid) Depolymerases Secreted fromRalstoniapickettiiT1 andPenicilliumfuniculosumonto Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid]. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:2276-81. [PMID: 17547455 DOI: 10.1021/bm070231z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reaction processes of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] (P(3HB)) with two types of poly(hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) depolymerases secreted from Ralstonia pickettii T1 and Penicillium funiculosum were characterized by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The PHB depolymerase from R. pickettii T1 consists of catalytic, linker, and substrate-binding domains, whereas the one from P. funiculosum lacks a substrate-binding domain. We succeeded in observing the adsorption of single molecules of the PHB depolymerase from R. pickettii T1 onto P(3HB) single crystals and the degradation of the single crystals in a phosphate buffer solution at 37 degrees C by real-time AFM. On the contrary, the enzyme molecule from P. funiculosum was hardly observed at the surface of P(3HB) single crystals by real-time AFM, even though the enzymatic degradation of the single crystals was surely progressed. On the basis of the AFM observations in air of the P(3HB) single crystals after the enzymatic treatments, however, not only the PHB depolymerase from R. pickettii T1 but also that from P. funiculosum adsorbed onto the surface of P(3HB) crystals, and both concentrations of the enzymes on the surface were nearly identical. This means both enzymes were adsorbed onto the surface of P(3HB) single crystals. Moreover, QCM measurements clarified quantitatively the differences in detachment behavior between two types of PHB depolymerases, namely the enzyme from R. pickettii T1 was hardly detached but the enzyme from P. funiculosum was released easily from the surface of P(3HB) crystals under an aqueous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Numata
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama, Japan
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Novel evaluation method of biodegradabilities for oil-based polycaprolactone by naturally occurring radiocarbon-14 concentration using accelerator mass spectrometry based on ISO 14855-2 in controlled compost. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Jo NJ, Iwata T, Lim KT, Jung SH, Lee WK. Degradation behaviors of polyester monolayers at the air/water interface: Alkaline and enzymatic degradations. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Numata K, Sato S, Fujita M, Tsuge T, Iwata T, Doi Y, Abe H. Adsorption effects of poly(hydroxybutyric acid) depolymerase on chain-folding surface of polyester single crystals revealed by mutant enzyme and frictional force microscopy. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Numata K, Kikkawa Y, Tsuge T, Iwata T, Doi Y, Abe H. Adsorption of biopolyester depolymerase on silicon wafer and poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] single crystal revealed by real-time AFM. Macromol Biosci 2006; 6:41-50. [PMID: 16374769 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200500160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption behavior of PHB depolymerase from R. pickettii T1 on a silicon wafer and on P(3HB) single crystals has been studied by real-time and AFM in air and a buffer solution. First, the morphology of PHB depolymerase adsorbed on a silicon wafer was characterized to show that one molecule of PHB depolymerase has dimensions of 2.2 +/- 0.7 nm height and 16 +/- 5 nm width. The observation of PHB depolymerase adsorbed on a P(3HB) single crystal indicated that the dimensions of enzyme on the crystalline surface in air were 1.2 +/- 0.5 nm high and 28 +/- 7 nm wide, while enzyme molecules with dimensions of 2.1 +/- 0.6 nm height and 16 +/- 7 nm width were detected in a buffer solution. Comparison of the dimensions of PHB depolymerase in air with those in a buffer solution showed that the enzyme was squashed in air, but not in a buffer solution. In addition, the influence of enzymatic adsorption on the molecular state of the P(3HB) crystalline surface was investigated. The AFM images of P(3HB) single crystals after enzymatic adsorption and washing with ethanol indicated that the adhesion of PHB depolymerase changed the molecular state and generated holes on the crystalline surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Numata
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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Iwata T, Aoyagi Y, Tanaka T, Fujita M, Takeuchi A, Suzuki Y, Uesugi K. Microbeam X-ray Diffraction and Enzymatic Degradation of Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] Fibers with Two Kinds of Molecular Conformations. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060908v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadahisa Iwata
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun,Hyogo 678-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Aoyagi
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun,Hyogo 678-5198, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Tanaka
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun,Hyogo 678-5198, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun,Hyogo 678-5198, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takeuchi
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun,Hyogo 678-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun,Hyogo 678-5198, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun,Hyogo 678-5198, Japan
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Hisano T, Kasuya KI, Tezuka Y, Ishii N, Kobayashi T, Shiraki M, Oroudjev E, Hansma H, Iwata T, Doi Y, Saito T, Miki K. The Crystal Structure of Polyhydroxybutyrate Depolymerase from Penicillium funiculosum Provides Insights into the Recognition and Degradation of Biopolyesters. J Mol Biol 2006; 356:993-1004. [PMID: 16405909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate is a microbial polyester that can be produced from renewable resources, and is degraded by the enzyme polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerase. The crystal structures of polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerase from Penicillium funiculosum and its S39 A mutant complexed with the methyl ester of a trimer substrate of (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate have been determined at resolutions of 1.71 A and 1.66 A, respectively. The enzyme is comprised of a single domain, which represents a circularly permuted variant of the alpha/beta hydrolase fold. The catalytic residues Ser39, Asp121, and His155 are located at topologically conserved positions. The main chain amide groups of Ser40 and Cys250 form an oxyanion hole. A crevice is formed on the surface of the enzyme, to which a single polymer chain can be bound by predominantly hydrophobic interactions with several hydrophobic residues. The structure of the S39A mutant-trimeric substrate complex reveals that Trp307 is responsible for the recognition of the ester group adjacent to the scissile group. It is also revealed that the substrate-binding site includes at least three, and possibly four, subsites for binding monomer units of polyester substrates. Thirteen hydrophobic residues, which are exposed to solvent, are aligned around the mouth of the crevice, forming a putative adsorption site for the polymer surface. These residues may contribute to the sufficient binding affinity of the enzyme for PHB granules without a distinct substrate-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamao Hisano
- RIKEN Harima Institute/SPring-8, Koto 1-1-1, Mikazuki-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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Numata K, Kikkawa Y, Tsuge T, Iwata T, Doi Y, Abe H. Enzymatic degradation processes of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] and poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvaleric acid] single crystals revealed by atomic force microscopy: effects of molecular weight and second-monomer composition on erosion rates. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:2008-16. [PMID: 16004439 DOI: 10.1021/bm0501151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation processes of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] (P(3HB)) and poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvaleric acid] (P(3HB-co-3HV)) single crystals in the presence of PHB depolymerase from Ralstonia pickettii T1 were studied by real-time and static atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations. Fibril-like crystals were generated along the long axis of single crystals during the enzymatic degradation, and then the dimensions of fibril-like crystals were analyzed quantitatively. The morphologies and sizes of fibril-like crystals were dependent on the molecular weight and copolymer composition of polymers. For all samples, the crystalline thickness gradually decreased toward a tip from the root of a fibril-like crystal after enzymatic degradation for 1 h. The thinning of fibril-like crystals may be attributed to the destruction of chain-packing structure toward crystallographic c axis by the adsorption of enzyme. From the real-time AFM images, it was found that at the initial stage of degradation the enzymatic erosion started from the disordered chain-packing region in single crystals to form the grooves along the a axis. The generated fibril-like crystals deformed at a constant rate along the a axis with a constant rate after the induction time. The erosion rate at the grooves along the a axis increased with a decrease of molecular weight and with an increase of copolymer composition. On the other hand, the erosion rate along the a axis, at the tip of the fibril-like crystal, was dependent on only the copolymer composition, and the value increased with an increase in the copolymer composition. The morphologies and sizes of fibril-like crystals were governed by both the erosion rates along the a axis at the grooves and tip of fibril-like crystals. In addition, we were able to estimated the overall enzymatic erosion rate of single crystals by PHB depolymerase from the volumetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Numata
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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Kinetics and mechanism of the monomeric products from abiotic hydrolysis of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] under acidic and alkaline conditions. Polym Degrad Stab 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tanaka T, Fujita M, Takeuchi A, Suzuki Y, Uesugi K, Doi Y, Iwata T. Structure investigation of narrow banded spherulites in polyhydroxyalkanoates by microbeam X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Synchrotron SAXS and WAXS Studies on Changes in Structural and Thermal Properties of Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] Single Crystals during Heating. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kikkawa Y, Yamashita K, Hiraishi T, Kanesato M, Doi Y. Dynamic Adsorption Behavior of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerase onto Polyester Surface Investigated by QCM and AFM. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:2084-90. [PMID: 16004448 DOI: 10.1021/bm0500751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Time-dependent adsorption behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase from Ralstonia pickettiiT1 on a polyester surface was studied by complementary techniques of quarts crystal microbalance (QCM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Amorphous poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) thin films were used as adsorption substrates. Effects of enzyme concentration on adsorption onto the PLLA surface were determined time-dependently by QCM. Adsorption of PHB depolymerase took place immediately after replacement of the buffer solutions with the enzyme solutions in the cell, followed by a gradual increase in the amount over 30 min. The amount of PHB depolymerase molecules adsorbed on the surface of amorphous PLLA thin films increased with an increase in the enzyme concentration. Time-dependent AFM observation of enzyme molecules was performed during the adsorption of PHB depolymerase. The phase response of the AFM signal revealed that the nature of the PLLA surface around the PHB depolymerase molecule was changed due to the adsorption function of the enzyme and that PHB depolymerase adsorbed onto the PLLA surface as a monolayer at a lower enzyme concentration. The number of PHB depolymerase molecules on the PLLA surface depended on the enzyme concentration and adsorption time. In addition, the height of the adsorbed enzyme was found to increase with time when the PLLA surface was crowded with the enzymes. In the case of higher enzyme concentrations, multilayered PHB depolymerases were observed on the PLLA thin film. These QCM and AFM results indicate that two-step adsorption of PHB depolymerase occurs on the amorphous PLLA thin film. First, adsorption of PHB depolymerase molecules takes place through the characteristic interaction between the binding domain of PHB depolymerase and the free surface of an amorphous PLLA thin film. As the adsorption proceeded, the surface region of the thin film was almost covered with the enzyme, which was accompanied by morphological changes. Second, the hydrophobic interactions among the enzymes in the adlayer and the solution become more dominant to stack as a second layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- Nanoarchitectonics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan.
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Numata K, Hirota T, Kikkawa Y, Tsuge T, Iwata T, Abe H, Doi Y. Enzymatic degradation processes of lamellar crystals in thin films for poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] and its copolymers revealed by real-time atomic force microscopy. Biomacromolecules 2005; 5:2186-94. [PMID: 15530032 DOI: 10.1021/bm0497670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation processes of flat-on lamellar crystals in melt-crystallized thin films of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] (P(3HB)) and its copolymers were characterized by real-time atomic force microscopy (AFM) in a phosphate buffer solution containing PHB depolymerase from Ralstonia pickettii T1. Fiberlike crystals with regular intervals were generated along the crystallographic a axis at the end of lamellar crystals during the enzymatic degradation. The morphologies and sizes of the fiberlike crystals were markedly dependent on the compositions of comonomer units in the polyesters. Length, width, interval, and thickness of the fiberlike crystals after the enzymatic degradation for 2 h were measured by AFM, and the dimensions were related to the solid-state structures of P(3HB) and its copolymers. The width and thickness decreased at the tip of fiberlike crystals, indicating that the enzymatic degradation of crystals takes place not only along the a axis but also along the b and c axes. These results from AFM measurement were compared with the data on crystal size by wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and on lamellar thickness and long period by small-angle X-ray scattering. In addition, the enzymatic erosion rate of flat-on lamellar crystals along the a axis was measured from real-time AFM height images. A schematic glacier model for the enzymatic degradation of flat-on lamellar crystals of P(3HB) by PHB depolymerase has been proposed on the basis of the AFM observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Numata
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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Sudesh K, Maehara A, Gan Z, Iwata T, Doi Y. Direct observation of polyhydroxyalkanoate granule-associated-proteins on native granules and on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) single crystals by atomic force microscopy. Polym Degrad Stab 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(03)00273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Su F, Iwata T, Tanaka F, Doi Y. Crystal Structure and Enzymatic Degradation of Poly(4-hydroxybutyrate). Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma034546s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Su
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan, Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji-shi, Kyoto, 611, Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Iwata
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan, Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji-shi, Kyoto, 611, Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Fumio Tanaka
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan, Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji-shi, Kyoto, 611, Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Doi
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan, Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji-shi, Kyoto, 611, Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
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