1
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Hudson L, Mason JW, Westphal MV, Richter MJR, Thielman JR, Hua BK, Gerry CJ, Xia G, Osswald HL, Knapp JM, Tan ZY, Kokkonda P, Tresco BIC, Liu S, Reidenbach AG, Lim KS, Poirier J, Capece J, Bonazzi S, Gampe CM, Smith NJ, Bradner JE, Coley CW, Clemons PA, Melillo B, Hon CSY, Ottl J, Dumelin CE, Schaefer JV, Faust AME, Berst F, Schreiber SL, Zécri FJ, Briner K. Diversity-oriented synthesis encoded by deoxyoligonucleotides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4930. [PMID: 37582753 PMCID: PMC10427684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) is a powerful strategy to prepare molecules with underrepresented features in commercial screening collections, resulting in the elucidation of novel biological mechanisms. In parallel to the development of DOS, DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) have emerged as an effective, efficient screening strategy to identify protein binders. Despite recent advancements in this field, most DEL syntheses are limited by the presence of sensitive DNA-based constructs. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and validation experiments performed for a 3.7 million-member DEL, generated using diverse skeleton architectures with varying exit vectors and derived from DOS, to achieve structural diversity beyond what is possible by varying appendages alone. We also show screening results for three diverse protein targets. We will make this DEL available to the academic scientific community to increase access to novel structural features and accelerate early-phase drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Hudson
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jeremy W Mason
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthias V Westphal
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthieu J R Richter
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan R Thielman
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Bruce K Hua
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Christopher J Gerry
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Guoqin Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Heather L Osswald
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John M Knapp
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Zher Yin Tan
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Praveen Kokkonda
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ben I C Tresco
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Andrew G Reidenbach
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Katherine S Lim
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jennifer Poirier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - John Capece
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Simone Bonazzi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christian M Gampe
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nichola J Smith
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James E Bradner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Connor W Coley
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Paul A Clemons
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - C Suk-Yee Hon
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Johannes Ottl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph E Dumelin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas V Schaefer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ann Marie E Faust
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Frédéric Berst
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Frédéric J Zécri
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Karin Briner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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2
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Choury M, Wagner P, Rognan C, Blond G, Gulea M. Access to 1,4‐Thiazepanes via Gold‐Catalyzed 7‐exo‐dig Thioallylation and their Cycloisomerization to Bicyclic [4.3.1] Bridgehead‐Olefinic Systems. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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3
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Basile G, Qadir MMF, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Vetere A, Shoba V, Modell AE, Pastori RL, Russ HA, Wagner BK, Dominguez-Bendala J. Emerging diabetes therapies: Bringing back the β-cells. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101477. [PMID: 35331962 PMCID: PMC8987999 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell therapies are finally coming of age as a viable alternative to pancreatic islet transplantation for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Several clinical trials using human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived β-like cells are currently underway, with encouraging preliminary results. Remaining challenges notwithstanding, these strategies are widely expected to reduce our reliance on human isolated islets for transplantation procedures, making cell therapies available to millions of diabetic patients. At the same time, advances in our understanding of pancreatic cell plasticity and the molecular mechanisms behind β-cell replication and regeneration have spawned a multitude of translational efforts aimed at inducing β-cell replenishment in situ through pharmacological means, thus circumventing the need for transplantation. SCOPE OF REVIEW We discuss here the current state of the art in hESC transplantation, as well as the parallel quest to discover agents capable of either preserving the residual mass of β-cells or inducing their proliferation, transdifferentiation or differentiation from progenitor cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Stem cell-based replacement therapies in the mold of islet transplantation are already around the corner, but a permanent cure for type 1 diabetes will likely require the endogenous regeneration of β-cells aided by interventions to restore the immune balance. The promise of current research avenues and a strong pipeline of clinical trials designed to tackle these challenges bode well for the realization of this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Basile
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M M F Qadir
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - F Mauvais-Jarvis
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - A Vetere
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V Shoba
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - R L Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - H A Russ
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Colorado University Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | | | - J Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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4
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Small J, Joblin-Mills A, Carbone K, Kost-Alimova M, Ayukawa K, Khodier C, Dancik V, Clemons PA, Munkacsi AB, Wagner BK. Phenotypic Screening for Small Molecules that Protect β-Cells from Glucolipotoxicity. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1131-1142. [PMID: 35439415 PMCID: PMC9127801 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is marked by progressive β-cell failure, leading to loss of β-cell mass. Increased levels of circulating glucose and free fatty acids associated with obesity lead to β-cell glucolipotoxicity. There are currently no therapeutic options to address this facet of β-cell loss in obese type 2 diabetes patients. To identify small molecules capable of protecting β-cells, we performed a high-throughput screen of 20,876 compounds in the rat insulinoma cell line INS-1E in the presence of elevated glucose and palmitate. We found 312 glucolipotoxicity-protective small molecules (1.49% hit rate) capable of restoring INS-1E viability, and we focused on 17 with known biological targets. 16 of the 17 compounds were kinase inhibitors with activity against specific families including but not limited to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), PI-3 kinase (PI3K), Janus kinase (JAK), and Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2). 7 of the 16 kinase inhibitors were PI3K inhibitors. Validation studies in dissociated human islets identified 10 of the 17 compounds, namely, KD025, ETP-45658, BMS-536924, AT-9283, PF-03814735, torin-2, AZD5438, CP-640186, ETP-46464, and GSK2126458 that reduced glucolipotoxicity-induced β-cell death. These 10 compounds decreased markers of glucolipotoxicity including caspase activation, mitochondrial depolarization, and increased calcium flux. Together, these results provide a path forward toward identifying novel treatments to preserve β-cell viability in the face of glucolipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnell
C. Small
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Chemistry
Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aidan Joblin-Mills
- School
of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Kaycee Carbone
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Maria Kost-Alimova
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kumiko Ayukawa
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- JT
Pharmaceuticals Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Carol Khodier
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Vlado Dancik
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paul A. Clemons
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew B. Munkacsi
- School
of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Bridget K. Wagner
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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5
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Wagner BK. Small-molecule discovery in the pancreatic beta cell. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102150. [PMID: 35487100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic beta cell is the only cell type in the body responsible for insulin secretion, and thus plays a unique role in the control of glucose homeostasis. The loss of beta-cell mass and function plays an important role in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Thus, using chemical biology to identify small molecules targeting the beta cell could be an important component to developing future therapeutics for diabetes. This strategy provides an attractive path toward increasing beta-cell numbers in vivo. A regenerative strategy involves enhancing proliferation, differentiation, or neogenesis. On the other hand, protecting beta cells from cell death, or improving maturity and function, could preserve beta-cell mass. Here, we discuss the current state of chemical matter available to study beta-cell regeneration, and how they were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget K Wagner
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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6
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Clemons PA, Bittker JA, Wagner FF, Hands A, Dančík V, Schreiber SL, Choudhary A, Wagner BK. The Use of Informer Sets in Screening: Perspectives on an Efficient Strategy to Identify New Probes. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:855-861. [PMID: 34130532 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211019410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule discovery typically involves large-scale screening campaigns, spanning multiple compound collections. However, such activities can be cost- or time-prohibitive, especially when using complex assay systems, limiting the number of compounds tested. Further, low hit rates can make the process inefficient. Sparse coverage of chemical structure or biological activity space can lead to limited success in a primary screen and represents a missed opportunity by virtue of selecting the "wrong" compounds to test. Thus, the choice of screening collections becomes of paramount importance. In this perspective, we discuss the utility of generating "informer sets" for small-molecule discovery, and how this strategy can be leveraged to prioritize probe candidates. While many researchers may assume that informer sets are focused on particular targets (e.g., kinases) or processes (e.g., autophagy), efforts to assemble informer sets based on historical bioactivity or successful human exposure (e.g., repurposing collections) have shown promise as well. Another method for generating informer sets is based on chemical structure, particularly when the compounds have unknown activities and targets. We describe our efforts to screen an informer set representing a collection of 100,000 small molecules synthesized through diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS). This process enables researchers to identify activity early and more extensively screen only a few chemical scaffolds, rather than the entire collection. This elegant and economic outcome is a goal of the informer set approach. Here, we aim not only to shed light on this process, but also to promote the use of informer sets more widely in small-molecule discovery projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Clemons
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua A Bittker
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florence F Wagner
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Allison Hands
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vlado Dančík
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bridget K Wagner
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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7
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Hippman RS, Pavlinov I, Gao Q, Mavlyanova MK, Gerlach EM, Aldrich LN. Multiple Chemical Features Impact Biological Performance Diversity of a Highly Active Natural Product-Inspired Library. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3137-3145. [PMID: 32558167 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A systematic, diversity-oriented synthesis approach was employed to access a natural product-inspired flavonoid library with diverse chemical features, including chemical properties, scaffold, stereochemistry, and appendages. Using Cell Painting, the effects of these diversity elements were evaluated, and multiple chemical features that predict biological performance diversity were identified. Scaffold identity appears to be the dominant predictor of performance diversity, but stereochemistry and appendages also contribute to a lesser degree. In addition, the diversity of chemical properties contributed to performance diversity, and the driving chemical property was dependent on the scaffold. These results highlight the importance of key chemical features that may inform the creation of small-molecule, performance-diverse libraries to improve the efficiency and success of high-throughput screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Hippman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ivan Pavlinov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Qiwen Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Michelle K Mavlyanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Erica M Gerlach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Leslie N Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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8
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Choury M, Basilio Lopes A, Blond G, Gulea M. Synthesis of Medium-Sized Heterocycles by Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization. Molecules 2020; 25:E3147. [PMID: 32660105 PMCID: PMC7397130 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium-sized heterocycles (with 8 to 11 atoms) constitute important structural components of several biologically active natural compounds and represent promising scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. However, they are under-represented in the screening of chemical libraries as a consequence of being difficult to access. In particular, methods involving intramolecular bond formation are challenging due to unfavorable enthalpic and entropic factors, such as transannular interactions and conformational constraints. The present review focuses on the synthesis of medium-sized heterocycles by transition-metal-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization, which despite its drawbacks remains a straightforward and attractive synthesis strategy. The obtained heterocycles differ in their nature, number of heteroatoms, and ring size. The methods are classified according to the metal used (palladium, copper, gold, silver), then subdivided according to the type of bond formed, namely carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mihaela Gulea
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.C.); (A.B.L.); (G.B.)
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9
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Gerry CJ, Schreiber SL. Recent achievements and current trajectories of diversity-oriented synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 56:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Kurouchi H, Ohwada T. Synthesis of Medium-Ring-Sized Benzolactams by Using Strong Electrophiles and Quantitative Evaluation of Ring-Size Dependency of the Cyclization Reaction Rate. J Org Chem 2020; 85:876-901. [PMID: 31800245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzolactams with medium-sized rings were synthesized via the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction of carbamoyl cations (R1R2N+═C═O) in good to high yields without dilution. These reactions were utilized to quantitatively examine the extent of retardation of medium-sized ring formation, compared to five- or six-membered ring formation. The order of reaction rates of formation of cyclic benzolactams is six- > five- > seven- > eight- > nine-membered ring at 25 °C. The present reaction provides a route to eight- and nine-membered benzolactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kurouchi
- Research Foundation Itsuu Laboratory , C1232, Kanagawa Science Park R&D Building, 3-2-1 Sakado , Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki , Kanagawa 213-0012 , Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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11
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Kidd SL, Osberger TJ, Mateu N, Sore HF, Spring DR. Recent Applications of Diversity-Oriented Synthesis Toward Novel, 3-Dimensional Fragment Collections. Front Chem 2018; 6:460. [PMID: 30386766 PMCID: PMC6198038 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) is a well-established approach for the discovery of novel medicines, illustrated by the approval of two FBBD-derived drugs. This methodology is based on the utilization of small "fragment" molecules (<300 Da) as starting points for drug discovery and optimization. Organic synthesis has been identified as a significant obstacle in FBDD, however, in particular owing to the lack of novel 3-dimensional (3D) fragment collections that feature useful synthetic vectors for modification of hit compounds. Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) is a synthetic strategy that aims to efficiently produce compound collections with high levels of structural diversity and three-dimensionality and is therefore well-suited for the construction of novel fragment collections. This Mini-Review highlights recent studies at the intersection of DOS and FBDD aiming to produce novel libraries of diverse, polycyclic, fragment-like compounds, and their application in fragment-based screening projects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David R. Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Guney T, Wenderski TA, Boudreau MW, Tan DS. Synthesis of Benzannulated Medium-ring Lactams via a Tandem Oxidative Dearomatization-Ring Expansion Reaction. Chemistry 2018; 24:13150-13157. [PMID: 29936701 PMCID: PMC6242278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Medium-ring natural products exhibit diverse biological activities but such scaffolds are underrepresented in probe and drug discovery efforts due to the limitations of classical macrocyclization reactions. We report herein a tandem oxidative dearomatization-ring-expanding rearomatization (ODRE) reaction that generates benzannulated medium-ring lactams directly from simple bicyclic substrates. The reaction accommodates diverse aryl substrates (haloarenes, aryl ethers, aryl amides, heterocycles) and strategic incorporation of a bridgehead alcohol generates a versatile ketone moiety in the products amenable to downstream modifications. Cheminformatic analysis indicates that these medium rings access regions of chemical space that overlap with related natural products and are distinct from synthetic drugs, setting the stage for their use in discovery screening against novel biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezcan Guney
- Dr. T. Guney, Dr. T. A. W enderski, Prof. Dr. D. S. Tan,
Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 422, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Todd A. Wenderski
- Dr. T. Guney, Dr. T. A. W enderski, Prof. Dr. D. S. Tan,
Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 422, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Matthew W. Boudreau
- M. W. Boudreau, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Summer
Undergraduate Research Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York
Avenue, Box 422, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Derek S. Tan
- Dr. T. Guney, Dr. T. A. W enderski, Prof. Dr. D. S. Tan,
Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 422, New York, New York, 10065, USA
- Prof. Dr. D. S. Tan, Tri-Institutional Research Program,
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 422, New York, New
York, 10065, USA
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13
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Gerry CJ, Schreiber SL. Chemical probes and drug leads from advances in synthetic planning and methodology. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:333-352. [PMID: 29651105 PMCID: PMC6707071 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Screening of small-molecule libraries is a productive method for identifying both chemical probes of disease-related targets and potential starting points for drug discovery. In this article, we focus on strategies such as diversity-oriented synthesis that aim to explore novel areas of chemical space efficiently by populating small-molecule libraries with compounds containing structural features that are typically under-represented in commercially available screening collections. Drawing from more than a decade's worth of examples, we highlight how the design and synthesis of such libraries have been enabled by modern synthetic chemistry, and we illustrate the impact of the resultant chemical probes and drug leads in a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gerry
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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14
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Helgren TR, Xu LL, Sotelo D, Mehta YR, Korkmaz MA, Pavlinov I, Aldrich LN. Microwave‐Assisted, Asymmetric Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐2,3‐Dihydrobenzofuran Flavonoid Derivatives from Chalcones. Chemistry 2018; 24:4509-4514. [PMID: 29446184 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis R. Helgren
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Lianyan L. Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Daniel Sotelo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Yash R. Mehta
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Melissa A. Korkmaz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Ivan Pavlinov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Leslie N. Aldrich
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
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15
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Duvall JR, Bedard L, Naylor-Olsen AM, Manson AL, Bittker JA, Sun W, Fitzgerald ME, He Z, Lee MD, Marie JC, Muncipinto G, Rush D, Xu D, Xu H, Zhang M, Earl AM, Palmer MA, Foley MA, Vacca JP, Scherer CA. Identification of Highly Specific Diversity-Oriented Synthesis-Derived Inhibitors of Clostridium difficile. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:349-359. [PMID: 28215073 PMCID: PMC5509442 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, the Centers for Disease Control highlighted Clostridium difficile as an urgent threat for antibiotic-resistant infections, in part due to the emergence of highly virulent fluoroquinolone-resistant strains. Limited therapeutic options currently exist, many of which result in disease relapse. We sought to identify molecules specifically targeting C. difficile in high-throughput screens of our diversity-oriented synthesis compound collection. We identified two scaffolds with apparently novel mechanisms of action that selectively target C. difficile while having little to no activity against other intestinal anaerobes; preliminary evidence suggests that compounds from one of these scaffolds target the glutamate racemase. In vivo efficacy data suggest that both compound series may provide lead optimization candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Duvall
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Leanne Bedard
- WuXi AppTec Early Risk Sharing Group, 1690 Sumneytown Pike, Suite 150, Lansdale, Pennsylvania 19446, United States
| | - Adel M. Naylor-Olsen
- WuXi AppTec Early Risk Sharing Group, 1690 Sumneytown Pike, Suite 150, Lansdale, Pennsylvania 19446, United States
| | - Abigail L. Manson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joshua A. Bittker
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Wenye Sun
- WuXi AppTec, 168 Nanhai Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mark E. Fitzgerald
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Zhenmin He
- WuXi AppTec, 168 Nanhai Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Maurice D. Lee
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jean-Charles Marie
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Giovanni Muncipinto
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Diane Rush
- WuXi AppTec Early Risk Sharing Group, 1690 Sumneytown Pike, Suite 150, Lansdale, Pennsylvania 19446, United States
| | - Deming Xu
- WuXi AppTec, 168 Nanhai Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huisheng Xu
- WuXi AppTec, 168 Nanhai Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | | | - Ashlee M. Earl
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michelle A. Palmer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael A. Foley
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joseph P. Vacca
- WuXi AppTec Early Risk Sharing Group, 1690 Sumneytown Pike, Suite 150, Lansdale, Pennsylvania 19446, United States
| | - Christina A. Scherer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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16
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Duan H, Lee JW, Moon SW, Arora D, Li Y, Lim HY, Wang W. Discovery, Synthesis, and Evaluation of 2,4-Diaminoquinazolines as a Novel Class of Pancreatic β-Cell-Protective Agents against Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7783-800. [PMID: 27505441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic insulin-producing β-cell dysfunction and death plays central roles in the onset and progression of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Current antidiabetic drugs cannot halt the ongoing progression of β-cell dysfunction and death. In diabetes, a major cause for the decline in β-cell function and survival is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we identified quinazoline derivatives as a novel class of β-cell protective agents against ER stress-induced dysfunction and death. A series of quinazoline derivatives were synthesized from dichloroquiazoline utilizing a sequence of nucleophilic reactions. Through SAR optimization, 2,4-diaminoquinazoline compound 9c markedly protects β-cells against ER stress-induced dysfunction and death with 80% maximum rescue activity and an EC50 value of 0.56 μM. Importantly, 9c restores the ER stress-impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion response and survival in primary human islet β-cells. We showed that 9c protects β-cells by alleviating ER stress through the suppression of the induction of key genes of the unfolded protein response and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Duan
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Moon
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Daleep Arora
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center , 941 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Hui-Ying Lim
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center , 941 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Weidong Wang
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center , 941 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
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17
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Garcia-Castro M, Zimmermann S, Sankar MG, Kumar K. Gerüstdiversitätsbasierte Synthese und ihre Anwendung bei der Sonden- und Wirkstoffsuche. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garcia-Castro
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Muthukumar G. Sankar
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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18
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Garcia-Castro M, Zimmermann S, Sankar MG, Kumar K. Scaffold Diversity Synthesis and Its Application in Probe and Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7586-605. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garcia-Castro
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Muthukumar G. Sankar
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
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19
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Duan H, Arora D, Li Y, Setiadi H, Xu D, Lim HY, Wang W. Identification of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives that protect pancreatic β cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated dysfunction and death through the inhibition of C/EBP-homologous protein expression. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2621-30. [PMID: 27157393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) acts as a mediator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced pancreatic insulin-producing β cell death, a key element in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Chemicals that inhibit the expression of CHOP might therefore protect β cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis and prevent or ameliorate diabetes. Here, we used high-throughput screening to identify a series of 1,2,3-triazole amide derivatives that inhibit ER stress-induced CHOP-luciferase reporter activity. Our SAR studies indicate that compounds with an N,1-diphenyl-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide backbone potently protect β cell against ER stress. Several representative compounds inhibit ER stress-induced up-regulation of CHOP mRNA and protein, without affecting the basal level of CHOP expression. We further show that a 1,2,3-triazole derivative 4e protects β cell function and survival against ER stress in a CHOP-dependent fashion, as it is inactive in CHOP-deficient β cells. Finally, we show that 4e significantly lowers blood glucose levels and increases concomitant β cell survival and number in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. Identification of small molecule inhibitors of CHOP expression that prevent ER stress-induced β cell dysfunction and death may provide a new modality for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Duan
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Daleep Arora
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States; Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Hendra Setiadi
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Depeng Xu
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Hui-Ying Lim
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States; Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
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20
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Chou DHC, Vetere A, Choudhary A, Scully SS, Schenone M, Tang A, Gomez R, Burns SM, Lundh M, Vital T, Comer E, Faloon PW, Dančík V, Ciarlo C, Paulk J, Dai M, Reddy C, Sun H, Young M, Donato N, Jaffe J, Clemons PA, Palmer M, Carr SA, Schreiber SL, Wagner BK. Kinase-Independent Small-Molecule Inhibition of JAK-STAT Signaling. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7929-34. [PMID: 26042473 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic cell-based screening is a powerful approach to small-molecule discovery, but a major challenge of this strategy lies in determining the intracellular target and mechanism of action (MoA) for validated hits. Here, we show that the small-molecule BRD0476, a novel suppressor of pancreatic β-cell apoptosis, inhibits interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activation of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling to promote β-cell survival. However, unlike common JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors, BRD0476 inhibits JAK-STAT signaling without suppressing the kinase activity of any JAK. Rather, we identified the deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9X (USP9X) as an intracellular target, using a quantitative proteomic analysis in rat β cells. RNAi-mediated and CRISPR/Cas9 knockdown mimicked the effects of BRD0476, and reverse chemical genetics using a known inhibitor of USP9X blocked JAK-STAT signaling without suppressing JAK activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of a putative ubiquitination site on JAK2 mitigated BRD0476 activity, suggesting a competition between phosphorylation and ubiquitination to explain small-molecule MoA. These results demonstrate that phenotypic screening, followed by comprehensive MoA efforts, can provide novel mechanistic insights into ostensibly well-understood cell signaling pathways. Furthermore, these results uncover USP9X as a potential target for regulating JAK2 activity in cellular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Hung-Chieh Chou
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | | | - Amit Choudhary
- §Society of Fellows, Harvard University, 78 Mount Auburn Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hanshi Sun
- #Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Matthew Young
- ∇Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicholas Donato
- #Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Stuart L Schreiber
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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21
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Modulators of hepatic lipoprotein metabolism identified in a search for small-molecule inducers of tribbles pseudokinase 1 expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120295. [PMID: 25811180 PMCID: PMC4374785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome wide association studies have linked tribbles pseudokinase 1 (TRIB1) to the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Based on the observations that increased expression of TRIB1 reduces secretion of VLDL and is associated with lower plasma levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, higher plasma levels of HDL cholesterol and reduced risk for myocardial infarction, we carried out a high throughput phenotypic screen based on quantitative RT-PCR assay to identify compounds that induce TRIB1 expression in human HepG2 hepatoma cells. In a screen of a collection of diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS)-derived compounds, we identified a series of benzofuran-based compounds that upregulate TRIB1 expression and phenocopy the effects of TRIB1 cDNA overexpression, as they inhibit triglyceride synthesis and apoB secretion in cells. In addition, the compounds downregulate expression of MTTP and APOC3, key components of the lipoprotein assembly pathway. However, CRISPR-Cas9 induced chromosomal disruption of the TRIB1 locus in HepG2 cells, while confirming its regulatory role in lipoprotein metabolism, demonstrated that the effects of benzofurans persist in TRIB1-null cells indicating that TRIB1 is sufficient but not necessary to transmit the effects of the drug. Remarkably, active benzofurans, as well as natural products capable of TRIB1 upregulation, also modulate hepatic cell cholesterol metabolism by elevating the expression of LDLR transcript and LDL receptor protein, while reducing the levels of PCSK9 transcript and secreted PCSK9 protein and stimulating LDL uptake. The effects of benzofurans are not masked by cholesterol depletion and are independent of the SREBP-2 regulatory circuit, indicating that these compounds represent a novel class of chemically tractable small-molecule modulators that shift cellular lipoprotein metabolism in HepG2 cells from lipogenesis to scavenging.
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22
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Scully SS, Zheng SL, Wagner BK, Schreiber SL. Synthesis of oxazocenones via gold(I)-catalyzed 8-endo-dig hydroalkoxylation of alkynamides. Org Lett 2015; 17:418-21. [PMID: 25569027 PMCID: PMC4323038 DOI: 10.1021/ol503273v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Several benzoxazocenones have been found to exhibit novel cellular activities. In the present study, we report a gold(I)-catalyzed 8-endo-dig hydroalkoxylation reaction of alkynamides to access analogous oxazocenone scaffolds. This methodology provided an advanced intermediate, which was elaborated to a des-benzo analog of a bioactive benzoxazocenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Scully
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute , 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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23
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Biased and unbiased strategies to identify biologically active small molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4474-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Dahllöf MS, Christensen DP, Harving M, Wagner BK, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Lundh M. HDAC inhibitor-mediated beta-cell protection against cytokine-induced toxicity is STAT1 Tyr701 phosphorylation independent. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:63-70. [PMID: 25062500 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition protects pancreatic beta-cells against apoptosis induced by the combination of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and interferon (IFN)-γ. Decreased expression of cell damage-related genes is observed on the transcriptional level upon HDAC inhibition using either IL-1β or IFN-γ alone. Whereas HDAC inhibition has been shown to regulate NFκB-activity, related primarily to IL-1β signaling, it is unknown whether the inhibition of HDACs affect IFN-γ signaling in beta-cells. Further, in non-beta-cells, there is a dispute whether HDAC inhibition regulates IFN-γ signaling at the level of STAT1 Tyr701 phosphorylation. Using different small molecule HDAC inhibitors with varying class selectivity, INS-1E wild type and stable HDAC1-3 knockdown pancreatic INS-1 cell lines, we show that IFN-γ-induced Cxcl9 and iNos expression as well as Cxcl9 and GAS reporter activity were decreased by HDAC inhibition in a STAT1 Tyr701 phosphorylation-independent fashion. In fact, knockdown of HDAC1 increased IFN-γ-induced STAT1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias S Dahllöf
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Vetere A, Choudhary A, Burns SM, Wagner BK. Targeting the pancreatic β-cell to treat diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:278-89. [PMID: 24525781 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and predicted to affect over 500 million people by 2030. However, this growing burden of disease has not been met with a comparable expansion in therapeutic options. The appreciation of the pancreatic β-cell as a central player in the pathogenesis of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes has renewed focus on ways to improve glucose homeostasis by preserving, expanding and improving the function of this key cell type. Here, we provide an overview of the latest developments in this field, with an emphasis on the most promising strategies identified to date for treating diabetes by targeting the β-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Vetere
- Chemical Biology Program, Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Amit Choudhary
- 1] Chemical Biology Program, Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Sean M Burns
- Medical & Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Bridget K Wagner
- Chemical Biology Program, Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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26
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Dandapani S, Germain AR, Jewett I, le Quement S, Marie JC, Muncipinto G, Duvall JR, Carmody LC, Perez JR, Engel JC, Gut J, Kellar D, Siqueira-Neto JL, McKerrow JH, Kaiser M, Rodriguez A, Palmer MA, Foley M, Schreiber SL, Munoz B. Diversity-oriented synthesis yields a new drug lead for treatment of chagas disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:149-53. [PMID: 24900788 DOI: 10.1021/ml400403u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A phenotypic high-throughput screen using ∼100,000 compounds prepared using Diversity-Oriented Synthesis yielded stereoisomeric compounds with nanomolar growth-inhibition activity against the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. After evaluating stereochemical dependence on solubility, plasma protein binding and microsomal stability, the SSS analogue (5) was chosen for structure-activity relationship studies. The p-phenoxy benzyl group appended to the secondary amine could be replaced with halobenzyl groups without loss in potency. The exocyclic primary alcohol is not needed for activity but the isonicotinamide substructure is required for activity. Most importantly, these compounds are trypanocidal and hence are attractive as drug leads for both acute and chronic stages of Chagas disease. Analogue (5) was nominated as the molecular libraries probe ML341 and is available through the Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman Dandapani
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew R. Germain
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ivan Jewett
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sebastian le Quement
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jean-Charles Marie
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Giovanni Muncipinto
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jeremy R. Duvall
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Leigh C. Carmody
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jose R. Perez
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Juan C. Engel
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Fourth Street, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jiri Gut
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Fourth Street, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Danielle Kellar
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Fourth Street, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jair Lage Siqueira-Neto
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Fourth Street, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Fourth Street, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz
1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department
of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First
Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michelle A. Palmer
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Foley
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Benito Munoz
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Therapeutics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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27
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Lundh M, Scully SS, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Wagner BK. Small-molecule inhibition of inflammatory β-cell death. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15 Suppl 3:176-84. [PMID: 24003935 PMCID: PMC3777666 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With the worldwide increase in diabetes prevalence there is a pressing unmet need for novel antidiabetic therapies. Insufficient insulin production due to impaired β-cell function and apoptotic reduction of β-cell mass is a common denominator in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Current treatments are directed at improving insulin sensitivity, and stimulating insulin secretion or replacing the hormone, but do not target progressive apoptotic β-cell loss. Here we review the current development of small-molecule inhibitors designed to rescue β-cells from apoptosis. Several distinct classes of small molecules have been identified that protect β-cells from inflammatory, oxidative and/or metabolically induced apoptosis. Although none of these have yet reached the clinic, β-cell protective small molecules alone or in combination with current therapies provide exciting opportunities for the development of novel treatments for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Lundh
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen S. Scully
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bridget K. Wagner
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Corresponding author: ; Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142; Tel: (617) 714-7363, Fax (617) 714-8943
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28
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Schaefer GI, Perez JR, Duvall JR, Stanton BZ, Shamji AF, Schreiber SL. Discovery of small-molecule modulators of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9675-80. [PMID: 23725514 PMCID: PMC3703668 DOI: 10.1021/ja400034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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The
Hedgehog signaling pathway is involved in the development of
multicellular organisms and, when deregulated, can contribute to certain
cancers, among other diseases. The molecular characterization of the
pathway, which has been enabled by small-molecule probes targeting
its components, remains incomplete. Here, we report the discovery
of two potent, small-molecule inhibitors of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)
pathway, BRD50837 and BRD9526. Both compounds exhibit stereochemistry-based
structure–activity relationships, a feature suggestive of a
specific and selective interaction of the compounds with as-yet-unknown
cellular target(s) and made possible by the strategy used to synthesize
them as members of a stereochemically and skeletally diverse screening
collection. The mechanism-of-action of these compounds in some ways
shares similarities to that of cyclopamine, a commonly used pathway
inhibitor. Yet, in other ways their mechanism-of-action is strikingly
distinct. We hope that these novel compounds will be useful probes
of this complex signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannina I Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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29
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Scully SS, Tang AJ, Lundh M, Mosher CM, Perkins KM, Wagner BK. Small-molecule inhibitors of cytokine-mediated STAT1 signal transduction in β-cells with improved aqueous solubility. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4125-9. [PMID: 23617753 DOI: 10.1021/jm400397x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the discovery of BRD0476 (1), a small molecule generated by diversity-oriented synthesis that suppresses cytokine-induced β-cell apoptosis. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of 1 and analogues with improved aqueous solubility. By replacing naphthyl with quinoline moieties, we prepared active analogues with up to a 1400-fold increase in solubility from 1. In addition, we demonstrated that 1 and analogues inhibit STAT1 signal transduction induced by IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Scully
- Chemical Biology Program and Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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30
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Fuwa H, Kawakami M, Noto K, Muto T, Suga Y, Konoki K, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Sasaki M. Concise synthesis and biological assessment of (+)-neopeltolide and a 16-member stereoisomer library of 8,9-dehydroneopeltolide: identification of pharmacophoric elements. Chemistry 2013; 19:8100-10. [PMID: 23606326 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe herein a concise synthesis of (+)-neopeltolide, a marine macrolide natural product that elicits a highly potent antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines. Our synthesis exploited the powerful bond-forming ability and high functional group compatibility of olefin metathesis and esterification reactions to minimize manipulations of oxygen functionalities and to maximize synthetic convergency. Our findings include a chemoselective olefin cross-metathesis reaction directed by H-bonding, and a ring-closing metathesis conducted under non-high dilution conditions. Moreover, we developed a 16-member stereoisomer library of 8,9-dehydroneopeltolide to systematically explore the stereostructure-activity relationships. Assessment of the antiproliferative activity of the stereoisomers against A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma, HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma, and P388 murine leukemia cell lines has revealed marked differences in potency between the stereoisomers. This study provides comprehensive insights into the structure-activity relationship of this important antiproliferative agent, leading to the identification of the pharmacophoric structural elements and the development of truncated analogues with nanomolar potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Fuwa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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31
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An informatic pipeline for managing high-throughput screening experiments and analyzing data from stereochemically diverse libraries. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2013; 27:455-68. [PMID: 23585218 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-013-9641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Integration of flexible data-analysis tools with cheminformatics methods is a prerequisite for successful identification and validation of "hits" in high-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns. We have designed, developed, and implemented a suite of robust yet flexible cheminformatics tools to support HTS activities at the Broad Institute, three of which are described herein. The "hit-calling" tool allows a researcher to set a hit threshold that can be varied during downstream analysis. The results from the hit-calling exercise are reported to a database for record keeping and further data analysis. The "cherry-picking" tool enables creation of an optimized list of hits for confirmatory and follow-up assays from an HTS hit list. This tool allows filtering by computed chemical property and by substructure. In addition, similarity searches can be performed on hits of interest and sets of related compounds can be selected. The third tool, an "S/SAR viewer," has been designed specifically for the Broad Institute's diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) collection. The compounds in this collection are rich in chiral centers and the full complement of all possible stereoisomers of a given compound are present in the collection. The S/SAR viewer allows rapid identification of both structure/activity relationships and stereo-structure/activity relationships present in HTS data from the DOS collection. Together, these tools enable the prioritization and analysis of hits from diverse compound collections, and enable informed decisions for follow-up biology and chemistry efforts.
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32
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Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Spiro- and Fused Azacycles from Ketone Molecular Templates. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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33
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Heidebrecht RW, Mulrooney C, Austin CP, Barker RH, Beaudoin JA, Cheng KCC, Comer E, Dandapani S, Dick J, Duvall JR, Ekland EH, Fidock DA, Fitzgerald M, Foley M, Guha R, Hinkson P, Kramer M, Lukens AK, Masi D, Marcaurelle L, Su XZ, Thomas CJ, Weïwer M, Wiegand RC, Wirth D, Xia M, Yuan J, Zhao J, Palmer M, Munoz B, Schreiber S. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis Yields a Novel Lead for the Treatment of Malaria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:112-117. [PMID: 22328964 PMCID: PMC3276110 DOI: 10.1021/ml200244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the discovery of a novel antimalarial agent using phenotypic screening of Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage parasites. Screening a novel compound collection created using diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) led to the initial hit. Structure-activity relationships guided the synthesis of compounds having improved potency and water solubility, yielding a subnanomolar inhibitor of parasite asexual blood-stage growth. Optimized compound 27 has an excellent off-target activity profile in erythrocyte lysis and HepG2 assays and is stable in human plasma. This compound is available via the molecular libraries probe production centers network (MLPCN) and is designated ML238.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Heidebrecht
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Carol Mulrooney
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christopher P. Austin
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Robert H. Barker
- Genzyme Corporation, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Beaudoin
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ken Chih-Chien Cheng
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Eamon Comer
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sivaraman Dandapani
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Justin Dick
- Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jeremy R. Duvall
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Eric H. Ekland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Colombia University, New York, New York 10032, United
States
| | - David A. Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Colombia University, New York, New York 10032, United
States
- Department of Medicine,
Division of Infectious Diseases, Colombia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Mark
E. Fitzgerald
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Foley
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rajarshi Guha
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Paul Hinkson
- Genzyme Corporation, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Martin Kramer
- Genzyme Corporation, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Amanda K. Lukens
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Daniela Masi
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lisa
A. Marcaurelle
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Michel Weïwer
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Roger C. Wiegand
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dyann Wirth
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Jing Yuan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
United States
| | - Michelle Palmer
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Benito Munoz
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stuart Schreiber
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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