1
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Qian M, Sun Z, Chen X, Van Calenbergh S. Study of G protein-coupled receptors dimerization: From bivalent ligands to drug-like small molecules. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106809. [PMID: 37651896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades an increasing number of studies revealed that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are capable of forming dimers or even higher-ordered oligomers, which may modulate receptor function and act as potential drug targets. In this review, we briefly summarized the design strategy of bivalent GPCR ligands and mainly focused on how to use them to study and/or detect GPCP dimerization in vitro and in vivo. Bivalent ligands show specific properties relative to their corresponding monomeric ligands because they are able to bind to GPCR homodimers or heterodimers simultaneously. For example, bivalent ligands with optimal length of spacers often exhibited higher binding affinities for dimers compared to that of monomers. Furthermore, bivalent ligands displayed specific signal transduction compared to monovalent ligands. Finally, we give our perspective on targeting GPCR dimers from traditional bivalent ligands to more drug-like small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcheng Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Zhengyang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Dinda B, Das B, Biswas S, Sharma H, Armstrong C, Yedlapudi D, Antonio T, Reith M, Dutta AK. Bivalent dopamine agonists with co-operative binding and functional activities at dopamine D2 receptors, modulate aggregation and toxicity of alpha synuclein protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 78:117131. [PMID: 36571976 PMCID: PMC9898996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To follow up on our previous report on bivalent compounds exhibiting potent co-operative binding at dopamine D2 receptors, we modified the structure of the linker in our earlier bivalent molecules (S)-6-((9-(((R)-5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)(propyl)amino)nonyl)-(propyl)amino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol (Ia) and (S)-6-((10-(((R)-5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)(propyl)amino)decyl)(propyl)amino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol (Ib) (Fig. 1) connecting the two pharmaophoric moieties to observe any tolerance in maintaining similar affinities and potencies. Specifically, we introduced aromatic and piperazine moieties in the linker to explore their effect. Overall, similar activities at D2 receptors as observed in our earlier study was maintained in the new molecules e.g. (6S,6'S)-6,6'-((1,4-phenylenebis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(propylazanediyl))bis(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol) (D-382) (Ki, D2 = 3.88 nM). The aromatic moiety in D-382 was next functionalized by introducing hydroxyl groups to mimic polyhydroxy natural products which are known to interact with amyloidogenic proteins. Such a transformation resulted in development of compounds like 2,5-bis(2-(((S)-5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)(propyl)amino)ethyl)benzene-1,4-diol (D-666) (Ki, D2 = 7.62 nM) which retained similar affinity and potency at D2 receptors. Such dihydroxyl compounds turned out to be potent inhibitors against aggregation and toxicity of recombinant alpha synuclein protein. The work reported here is in line with our overall goal to develop multifunctional dopamine agonist for symptomatic and disease modifying treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Dinda
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Banibrata Das
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Swati Biswas
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Horrick Sharma
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Christopher Armstrong
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Deepthi Yedlapudi
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Tamara Antonio
- New York University, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Maarten Reith
- New York University, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Aloke K Dutta
- New York University, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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3
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Juza R, Musilek K, Mezeiova E, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Recent advances in dopamine D 2 receptor ligands in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:55-211. [PMID: 36111795 DOI: 10.1002/med.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a biologically active amine synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous system. This biogenic monoamine acts by activating five types of dopamine receptors (D1-5 Rs), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Antagonists and partial agonists of D2 Rs are used to treat schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. The typical pharmacophore with high D2 R affinity comprises four main areas, namely aromatic moiety, cyclic amine, central linker and aromatic/heteroaromatic lipophilic fragment. From the literature reviewed herein, we can conclude that 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl), 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-, 4-(benzo[b]thiophen-4-yl)-1-substituted piperazine, and 4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidine moieties are critical for high D2 R affinity. Four to six atoms chains are optimal for D2 R affinity with 4-butoxyl as the most pronounced one. The bicyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic systems are most frequently occurring as lipophilic appendages to retain high D2 R affinity. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the therapeutic potential of D2 R modulators in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders. In addition, this review summarizes current knowledge about these diseases, with a focus on the dopaminergic pathway underlying these pathologies. Major attention is paid to the structure, function, and pharmacology of novel D2 R ligands, which have been developed in the last decade (2010-2021), and belong to the 1,4-disubstituted aromatic cyclic amine group. Due to the abundance of data, allosteric D2 R ligands and D2 R modulators from patents are not discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Juza
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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4
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Dale NC, Johnstone EKM, Pfleger KDG. GPCR heteromers: An overview of their classification, function and physiological relevance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:931573. [PMID: 36111299 PMCID: PMC9468249 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.931573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are capable of interacting to form higher order structures such as homomers and heteromers. Heteromerisation in particular has implications for receptor function, with research showing receptors can attain unique expression, ligand binding, signalling and intracellular trafficking upon heteromerisation. As such, GPCR heteromers represent novel drug targets with extensive therapeutic potential. Changes to ligand affinity, efficacy and G protein coupling have all been described, with alterations to these pharmacological aspects now well accepted as common traits for heteromeric complexes. Changes in internalisation and trafficking kinetics, as well as β-arrestin interactions are also becoming more apparent, however, few studies to date have explicitly looked at the implications these factors have upon the signalling profile of a heteromer. Development of ligands to target GPCR heteromers both experimentally and therapeutically has been mostly concentrated on bivalent ligands due to difficulties in identifying and developing heteromer-specific ligands. Improving our understanding of the pharmacology and physiology of GPCR heteromers will enable further development of heteromer-specific ligands with potential to provide therapeutics with increased efficacy and decreased side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C. Dale
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kevin D. G. Pfleger, ; Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone,
| | - Kevin D. G. Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kevin D. G. Pfleger, ; Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone,
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Ullmann T, Gienger M, Budzinski J, Hellmann J, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Weikert D. Homobivalent Dopamine D 2 Receptor Ligands Modulate the Dynamic Equilibrium of D 2 Monomers and Homo- and Heterodimers. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:371-379. [PMID: 33435665 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) are major targets in the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. As with many other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), D2Rs interact within the cellular membrane, leading to a transient receptor homo- or heterodimerization. These interactions are known to alter ligand binding, signaling, and receptor trafficking. Bivalent ligands are ideally suited to target GPCR dimers and are composed of two pharmacophores connected by a spacer element. If properly designed, bivalent ligands are able to engange the two orthosteric binding sites of a GPCR dimer simultaneously. Taking advantage of previously developed ligands for heterodimers of D2R and the neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1), we synthesized homobivalent ligands targeting D2R. Employing bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, we found that the bivalent ligands 3b and 4b comprising a 92-atom spacer are able to foster D2R-homodimerization while simultaneously reducing interactions of D2R with NTSR1. Both receptors are coexpressed in the central nervous system and involved in important physiological processes. The newly developed bivalent ligands are excellent tools to further understand the pharmacological consequences of D2R homo- and heterodimerization. Not limited to the dopaminergic system, modifying class A GPCRs' dynamic equilibrium between monomers, homomers, and heteromers with bivalent ligands may represent a novel pharmacological concept paving the way toward innovative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ullmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie Gienger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Budzinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Hellmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Botta J, Appelhans J, McCormick PJ. Continuing challenges in targeting oligomeric GPCR-based drugs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 169:213-245. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Newman AH, Battiti FO, Bonifazi A. 2016 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: Designing Bivalent or Bitopic Molecules for G-Protein Coupled Receptors. The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1779-1797. [PMID: 31499001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genesis of designing bivalent or bitopic molecules that engender unique pharmacological properties began with Portoghese's work directed toward opioid receptors, in the early 1980s. This strategy has evolved as an attractive way to engineer highly selective compounds for targeted G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with optimized efficacies and/or signaling bias. The emergence of X-ray crystal structures of many GPCRs and the identification of both orthosteric and allosteric binding sites have provided further guidance to ligand drug design that includes a primary pharmacophore (PP), a secondary pharmacophore (SP), and a linker between them. It is critical to note the synergistic relationship among all three of these components as they contribute to the overall interaction of these molecules with their receptor proteins and that strategically designed combinations have and will continue to provide the GPCR molecular tools of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Francisco O Battiti
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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8
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Carli M, Kolachalam S, Aringhieri S, Rossi M, Giovannini L, Maggio R, Scarselli M. Dopamine D2 Receptors Dimers: How can we Pharmacologically Target Them? Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:222-230. [PMID: 28521704 PMCID: PMC5883381 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170518151127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine D2 and D3 receptors can form homo- and heterodimers and are important targets in Schizophrenia and Parkinson's. Recently, many efforts have been made to pharmacologically target these receptor complexes. This review focuses on various strategies to act specifically on dopamine receptor dimers, that are transiently formed. METHODS Various binding and functional assays were reviewed to study the properties of bivalent ligands, particularly for the dualsteric compound SB269,652. The dimerization of D2 and D3 receptors were analyzed by using single particle tracking microscopy. RESULTS The specific targeting of dopamine D2 and D3 dimers can be achieved with bifunctional ligands, composed of two pharmacophores binding the two orthosteric sites of the dimeric complex. If the target is a homodimer, then the ligand is homobivalent. Instead, if the target is a heterodimer, then the ligand is heterobivalent. However, there is some concern regarding pharmacokinetics and binding properties of such drugs. Recently, a new generation of bitopic compounds with dualsteric properties have been discovered that bind to the orthosteric and the allosteric sites in one monomeric receptor. Regarding dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, a new dualsteric molecule SB269,652 was shown to have selective negative allosteric properties across D2 and D3 homodimers, but it behaves as an orthosteric antagonist on receptor monomer. Targeting dimers is also complicated as they are transiently formed with varying monomer/dimer ratio. Furthermore, this ratio can be altered by administering an agonist or a bifunctional antagonist. CONCLUSION Last 15 years have witnessed an explosive amount of work aimed at generating bifunctional compounds as a novel strategy to target GPCR homo- and heterodimers, including dopamine receptors. Their clinical use is far from trivial, but, at least, they have been used to validate the existence of receptor dimers in-vitro and in-vivo. The dualsteric compound SB269, 652, with its peculiar pharmacological profile, may offer therapeutic advantages and a better tolerability in comparison with pure antagonists at D2 and D3 receptors and pave the way for a new generation of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Shivakumar Kolachalam
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Aringhieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD. United States
| | - Luca Giovannini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Qian M, Wouters E, Dalton JAR, Risseeuw MDP, Crans RAJ, Stove C, Giraldo J, Van Craenenbroeck K, Van Calenbergh S. Synthesis toward Bivalent Ligands for the Dopamine D 2 and Metabotropic Glutamate 5 Receptors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8212-8225. [PMID: 30180563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we designed and synthesized heterobivalent ligands targeting heteromers consisting of the metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGluR5) and the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). Bivalent ligand 22a with a linker consisting of 20 atoms showed 4-fold increase in affinity for cells coexpressing D2R and mGluR5 compared to cells solely expressing D2R. Likewise, the affinity of 22a for mGluR5 increased 2-fold in the coexpressing cells. Additionally, 22a exhibited a 5-fold higher mGluR5 affinity than its monovalent precursor 21a in cells coexpressing D2R and mGluR5. These results indicate that 22a is able to bridge binding sites on both receptors constituting the heterodimer. Likewise, cAMP assays revealed that 22a had a 4-fold higher potency in stable D2R and mGluR5 coexpressing cell lines than 1. Furthermore, molecular modeling reveals that 22a is able to simultaneously bind both receptors by passing between the TM5-TM6 interface and establishing six protein-ligand H-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcheng Qian
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW) , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Laboratory of Toxicology , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Elise Wouters
- Laboratory of Toxicology , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - James A R Dalton
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística, Institut de Neurociències , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain.,Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Martijn D P Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW) , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - René A J Crans
- Laboratory of Toxicology , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística, Institut de Neurociències , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain.,Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | | | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW) , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
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10
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Qian M, Vasudevan L, Huysentruyt J, Risseeuw MDP, Stove C, Vanderheyden PML, Van Craenenbroeck K, Van Calenbergh S. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Bivalent Ligands Targeting Dopamine D 2 -Like Receptors and the μ-Opioid Receptor. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:944-956. [PMID: 29451744 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is mounting evidence that intermolecular receptor-receptor interactions may result in altered receptor recognition, pharmacology and signaling. Heterobivalent ligands have been proven useful as molecular probes for confirming and targeting heteromeric receptors. This report describes the design and synthesis of novel heterobivalent ligands for dopamine D2 -like receptors (D2 -likeR) and the μ-opioid receptor (μOR) and their evaluation using ligand binding and functional assays. Interestingly, we identified a potent bivalent ligand that contains a short 18-atom linker and combines good potency with high efficacy both in β-arrestin 2 recruitment for μOR and MAPK-P for D4 R. Furthermore, this compound was characterized by a biphasic competition binding curve for the D4 R-μOR heterodimer, indicative of a bivalent binding mode. As this compound possibly bridges the D4 R-μOR heterodimer, it could be used as a pharmacological tool to further investigate the interactions of D4 R and μOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcheng Qian
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lakshmi Vasudevan
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelle Huysentruyt
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn D P Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department Research Group of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB-MBFA, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Morales P, Reggio PH. An Update on Non-CB 1, Non-CB 2 Cannabinoid Related G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2017; 2:265-273. [PMID: 29098189 PMCID: PMC5665501 DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been shown to be of great importance in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes. To date, two Class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been discovered and validated as the main therapeutic targets of this system: the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), which is the most abundant neuromodulatory receptor in the brain, and the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), predominantly found in the immune system among other organs and tissues. Endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands (endocannabinoids) and the enzymes involved in their synthesis, cell uptake, and degradation have also been identified as part of the ECS. However, its complex pharmacology suggests that other GPCRs may also play physiologically relevant roles in this therapeutically promising system. In the last years, GPCRs such as GPR18 and GPR55 have emerged as possible missing members of the cannabinoid family. This categorization still stimulates strong debate due to the lack of pharmacological tools to validate it. Because of their close phylogenetic relationship, the Class A orphan GPCRs, GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12, have also been associated with the cannabinoids. Moreover, certain endo-, phyto-, and synthetic cannabinoid ligands have displayed activity at other well-established GPCRs, including the opioid, adenosine, serotonin, and dopamine receptor families. In addition, the cannabinoid receptors have also been shown to form dimers with other GPCRs triggering cross-talk signaling under specific conditions. In this mini review, we aim to provide insight into the non-CB1, non-CB2 cannabinoid-related GPCRs that have been reported thus far. We consider the physiological relevance of these molecular targets in modulating the ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
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12
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Navarro G, Morales P, Rodríguez-Cueto C, Fernández-Ruiz J, Jagerovic N, Franco R. Targeting Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in the Central Nervous System. Medicinal Chemistry Approaches with Focus on Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:406. [PMID: 27679556 PMCID: PMC5020102 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids activate two types of specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), namely cannabinoid CB1 and CB2. Contrary to the psychotropic actions of agonists of CB1 receptors, and serious side effects of the selective antagonists of this receptor, drugs acting on CB2 receptors appear as promising drugs to combat CNS diseases (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, cerebellar ataxia, amyotrohic lateral sclerosis). Differential localization of CB2 receptors in neural cell types and upregulation in neuroinflammation are keys to understand the therapeutic potential in inter alia diseases that imply progressive neurodegeneration. Medicinal chemistry approaches are now engaged to develop imaging tools to map receptors in the living human brain, to develop more efficacious agonists, and to investigate the possibility to develop allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Center for Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboro, NC, USA
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Cueto
- Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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13
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Hübner H, Schellhorn T, Gienger M, Schaab C, Kaindl J, Leeb L, Clark T, Möller D, Gmeiner P. Structure-guided development of heterodimer-selective GPCR ligands. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12298. [PMID: 27457610 PMCID: PMC4963535 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal structures of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand complexes allow a rational design of novel molecular probes and drugs. Here we report the structure-guided design, chemical synthesis and biological investigations of bivalent ligands for dopamine D2 receptor/neurotensin NTS1 receptor (D2R/NTS1R) heterodimers. The compounds of types 1–3 consist of three different D2R pharmacophores bound to an affinity-generating lipophilic appendage, a polyethylene glycol-based linker and the NTS1R agonist NT(8-13). The bivalent ligands show binding affinity in the picomolar range for cells coexpressing both GPCRs and unprecedented selectivity (up to three orders of magnitude), compared with cells that only express D2Rs. A functional switch is observed for the bivalent ligands 3b,c inhibiting cAMP formation in cells singly expressing D2Rs but stimulating cAMP accumulation in D2R/NTS1R-coexpressing cells. Moreover, the newly synthesized bivalent ligands show a strong, predominantly NTS1R-mediated β-arrestin-2 recruitment at the D2R/NTS1R-coexpressing cells. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in key signalling pathways and represent important targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, the authors describe powerful bivalent ligands that efficiently bind to therapeutically relevant GPCR heterodimers
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Tamara Schellhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Marie Gienger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Carolin Schaab
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Jonas Kaindl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, Erlangen 91052, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemie-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Laurin Leeb
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemie-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, Erlangen 91052, Germany.,Centre for Molecular Design, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Dorothee Möller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, Erlangen 91052, Germany
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14
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Butini S, Nikolic K, Kassel S, Brückmann H, Filipic S, Agbaba D, Gemma S, Brogi S, Brindisi M, Campiani G, Stark H. Polypharmacology of dopamine receptor ligands. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:68-103. [PMID: 27234980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Most neurological diseases have a multifactorial nature and the number of molecular mechanisms discovered as underpinning these diseases is continuously evolving. The old concept of developing selective agents for a single target does not fit with the medical need of most neurological diseases. The development of designed multiple ligands holds great promises and appears as the next step in drug development for the treatment of these multifactorial diseases. Dopamine and its five receptor subtypes are intimately involved in numerous neurological disorders. Dopamine receptor ligands display a high degree of cross interactions with many other targets including G-protein coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes and ion channels. For brain disorders like Parkinsońs disease, schizophrenia and depression the dopaminergic system, being intertwined with many other signaling systems, plays a key role in pathogenesis and therapy. The concept of designed multiple ligands and polypharmacology, which perfectly meets the therapeutic needs for these brain disorders, is herein discussed as a general ligand-based concept while focusing on dopaminergic agents and receptor subtypes in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - K Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Kassel
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - H Brückmann
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - S Filipic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Agbaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - S Brogi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Brindisi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - H Stark
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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15
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Shonberg J, Draper-Joyce C, Mistry SN, Christopoulos A, Scammells PJ, Lane JR, Capuano B. Structure-activity study of N-((trans)-4-(2-(7-cyano-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide (SB269652), a bitopic ligand that acts as a negative allosteric modulator of the dopamine D2 receptor. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5287-307. [PMID: 26052807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that SB269652 (1) engages one protomer of a dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) dimer in a bitopic mode to allosterically inhibit the binding of dopamine at the other protomer. Herein, we investigate structural determinants for allostery, focusing on modifications to three moieties within 1. We find that orthosteric "head" groups with small 7-substituents were important to maintain the limited negative cooperativity of analogues of 1, and replacement of the tetrahydroisoquinoline head group with other D2R "privileged structures" generated orthosteric antagonists. Additionally, replacement of the cyclohexylene linker with polymethylene chains conferred linker length dependency in allosteric pharmacology. We validated the importance of the indolic NH as a hydrogen bond donor moiety for maintaining allostery. Replacement of the indole ring with azaindole conferred a 30-fold increase in affinity while maintaining negative cooperativity. Combined, these results provide novel SAR insight for bitopic ligands that act as negative allosteric modulators of the D2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Shonberg
- †Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Draper-Joyce
- †Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shailesh N Mistry
- †Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- †Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Scammells
- †Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Robert Lane
- †Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- †Medicinal Chemistry, and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Huang G, Nimczick M, Decker M. Rational Modification of the Biological Profile of GPCR Ligands through Combination with Other Biologically Active Moieties. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:531-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Huang
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Nimczick
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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17
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Dix A, Conroy JL, George Rosenker KM, Sibley DR, Appella DH. PNA-Based Multivalent Scaffolds Activate the Dopamine D2 Receptor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:425-9. [PMID: 25893044 PMCID: PMC4394337 DOI: 10.1021/ml500478m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acid scaffolds represent a promising tool to interrogate the multivalent effects of ligand binding to a membrane receptor. Dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) are a class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and the formation of higher-ordered structures of these receptors has been associated with the progression of several neurological diseases. In this Letter, we describe the synthesis of a library of ligand-modified PNAs bearing a known D2R agonist, (±)-PPHT. The D2R activity for each construct was assessed, and the multivalent effects were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
V. Dix
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, and Molecular Neuropharmacology Section,
NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jennie L. Conroy
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, and Molecular Neuropharmacology Section,
NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kara M. George Rosenker
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, and Molecular Neuropharmacology Section,
NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - David R. Sibley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, and Molecular Neuropharmacology Section,
NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Daniel H. Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, and Molecular Neuropharmacology Section,
NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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18
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Nimczick M, Decker M. New Approaches in the Design and Development of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands: Multifunctional and Bivalent Compounds. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:773-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Jörg M, May LT, Mak FS, Lee KCK, Miller ND, Scammells PJ, Capuano B. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of dual acting ligands targeting the adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors for the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Med Chem 2014; 58:718-38. [PMID: 25490054 DOI: 10.1021/jm501254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A relatively new strategy in drug discovery is the development of dual acting ligands. These molecules are potentially able to interact at two orthosteric binding sites of a heterodimer simultaneously, possibly resulting in enhanced subtype selectivity, higher affinity, enhanced or modified physiological response, and reduced reliance on multiple drug administration regimens. In this study, we have successfully synthesized a series of classical heterobivalent ligands as well as a series of more integrated and "drug-like" dual acting molecules, incorporating ropinirole as a dopamine D2 receptor agonist and ZM 241385 as an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. The best compounds of our series maintained the potency of the original pharmacophores at both receptors (adenosine A2A and dopamine D2). In addition, the integrated dual acting ligands also showed promising results in preliminary blood-brain barrier permeability tests, whereas the classical heterobivalent ligands are potentially more suited as pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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20
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Krogsgaard-Larsen N, Harpsøe K, Kehler J, Christoffersen CT, Brøsen P, Balle T. Revision of the classical dopamine D2 agonist pharmacophore based on an integrated medicinal chemistry, homology modelling and computational docking approach. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1997-2007. [PMID: 25056287 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The scientific advances during the 1970ies and 1980ies within the field of dopaminergic neurotransmission enabled the development of a pharmacophore that became the template for design and synthesis of dopamine D2 agonists during the following four decades. A major drawback, however, is that this model fails to accommodate certain classes of restrained dopamine D2 agonists including ergoline structures. To accommodate these, a revision of the original model was required. The present study has addressed this by an extension of the original model without compromising its obvious qualities. The revised pharmacophore contains an additional hydrogen bond donor feature, which is required for it to accommodate ergoline structures in a low energy conformation and in accordance with the steric restrictions dictated by the original model. The additional pharmacophore feature suggests ambiguity in the binding mode for certain compounds, including a series of ergoline analogues, which was reported recently. The ambiguity was confirmed by docking to a homology model of the D2 receptor as well as by pharmacological characterization of individual enantiomers of one of the analogues. The present research also addresses the potential of designing ligands that interact with the receptor in a large, distal cavity of the dopamine D2 receptor that has not previously been studied systematically. The pharmacological data indicate that this area may be a major determinant for both the dopamine D2 affinity and efficacy, which remains to be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Krogsgaard-Larsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Huang G, Pemp D, Stadtmüller P, Nimczick M, Heilmann J, Decker M. Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel uni- and bivalent ligands for the cannabinoid receptor type 1 with variation of spacer length and structure. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4209-14. [PMID: 25096297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using rimonabant, a potent inverse agonist for cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), as parent ligand, a series of novel univalent and bivalent ligands were designed by variation of spacer length and its chemical structure. The ligands synthesized were evaluated for affinity and selectivity by radioligand displacement and a functional steady-state GTPase assay. The results showed the nature of the spacer influences the biological readout. Albeit all compounds show significantly lower affinities than rimonabant, this fact could be used to demonstrate that affinities and selectivity are influenced by the chemical structure and length of the spacer and might be helpful for designing bivalent probes for other GPCR receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Huang
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie I, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Pemp
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Stadtmüller
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Nimczick
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie I, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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22
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Nimczick M, Pemp D, Darras FH, Chen X, Heilmann J, Decker M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of bivalent cannabinoid receptor ligands based on hCB₂R selective benzimidazoles reveal unexpected intrinsic properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3938-46. [PMID: 24984935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The design of bivalent ligands targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) often leads to the development of new, highly selective and potent compounds. To date, no bivalent ligands for the human cannabinoid receptor type 2 (hCB₂R) of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) are described. Therefore, two sets of homobivalent ligands containing as parent structure the hCB2R selective agonist 13a and coupled at different attachment positions were synthesized. Changes of the parent structure at these positions have a crucial effect on the potency and efficacy of the ligands. However, we discovered that bivalency has an influence on the effect at both cannabinoid receptors. Moreover, we found out that the spacer length and the attachment position altered the efficacy of the bivalent ligands at the receptors by turning agonists into antagonists and inverse agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Benzimidazoles/chemical synthesis
- Benzimidazoles/chemistry
- Benzimidazoles/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Nimczick
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie I, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Pemp
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fouad H Darras
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie I, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie I, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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23
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Jörg M, Kaczor AA, Mak FS, Lee KCK, Poso A, Miller ND, Scammells PJ, Capuano B. Investigation of novel ropinirole analogues: synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and computational analysis of dopamine D2 receptor functionalized congeners and homobivalent ligands. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study includes the synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and molecular modeling study of novel ropinirole-based monovalent and homobivalent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Australia
| | - Agnieszka A. Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics
- Medical University of Lublin
- Lublin
- Poland
| | - Frankie S. Mak
- GSK R&D
- Neural Pathways DPU
- Neurosciences TAU
- Singapore 138667
- Singapore
| | - Kiew Ching K. Lee
- GSK R&D
- Neural Pathways DPU
- Neurosciences TAU
- Singapore 138667
- Singapore
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Eastern Finland
- Kuopio
- Finland
| | - Neil D. Miller
- GSK R&D
- Neural Pathways DPU
- Neurosciences TAU
- Singapore 138667
- Singapore
| | | | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Australia
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24
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Dalet FGE, Guadalupe TFJ, María del Carmen CH, Humberto GAC, Antonio SUM. Insights into the structural biology of G-protein coupled receptors impacts drug design for central nervous system neurodegenerative processes. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:2290-302. [PMID: 25206539 PMCID: PMC4146033 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.24.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, there have been important new insights into the structural biology of G-protein coupled receptors. It is now known that allosteric binding sites are involved in the affinity and selectivity of ligands for G-protein coupled receptors, and that signaling by these receptors involves both G-protein dependent and independent pathways. The present review outlines the physiological and pharmacological implications of this perspective for the design of new drugs to treat disorders of the central nervous system. Specifically, new possibilities are explored in relation to allosteric and orthosteric binding sites on dopamine receptors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and on muscarinic receptors for Alzheimer's disease. Future research can seek to identify ligands that can bind to more than one site on the same receptor, or simultaneously bind to two receptors and form a dimer. For example, the design of bivalent drugs that can reach homo/hetero-dimers of D2 dopamine receptor holds promise as a relevant therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease. Regarding the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, the design of dualsteric ligands for mono-oligomeric rinic receptors could increase therapeutic effectiveness by generating potent compounds that could activate more than one signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farfán-García Eunice Dalet
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Trujillo-Ferrara José Guadalupe
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Castillo-Hernández María del Carmen
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Guerra-Araiza Christian Humberto
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Soriano-Ursúa Marvin Antonio
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Corresponding author: Soriano-Ursúa Marvin Antonio, Professor/Researcher, Departamento de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico, , (N201304028)
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25
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Hiller C, Kühhorn J, Gmeiner P. Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Dimers and Bivalent Ligands. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6542-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Kühhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Shonberg J, Lane JR, Scammells PJ, Capuano B. Synthesis, functional and binding profile of (R)-apomorphine based homobivalent ligands targeting the dopamine D2 receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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