1
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Fan K, Hu Q, Yu S, Gao Y, Li Y. SP1 Mediated PIK3CB Upregulation Promotes Gastric Carcinogenesis. J Cancer 2024; 15:1355-1365. [PMID: 38356702 PMCID: PMC10861831 DOI: 10.7150/jca.83812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
PIK3CB, one of catalytic subunits of PI3Ks kinase family, is implicated in several cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, mobility and neoplastic transformation. Its abnormal expression has been found in several human cancer types. However, the regulation pattern and function of PIK3CB in gastric cancer (GC) are still unclear. Here, we demonstrated that PIK3CB and SP1 (special protein 1) were both upregulated in GC samples compared to adjacent non-cancerous stomach tissues at mRNA and protein levels. The expression of the two genes also displayed a significant positive correlation in GC samples. Dual-luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that SP1 could bind to the -771~-605 region of the promoter of PIK3CB and enhance transcription. Furthermore, we discovered that SP1 induced AKT activation through PIK3CB and accelerated GC cell proliferation and migration in a PIK3CB/AKT signaling dependent manner. TGX-221, a PIK3CB-selective inhibitor, which can block this signaling transduction pathway, was found to inhibit the growth of GC cells and induce apoptosis in vitro, implying that it may act as a potential development agent for GC. These collective findings provide a new insight into PI3K/AKT signaling that SP1 may function as an upstream factor on PI3K, forming a new signaling axis to promote the progression of GC or other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Fan
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Shijun Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yandong Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
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2
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Johnson RP, Ratnacaram CK, Kumar L, Jose J. Combinatorial approaches of nanotherapeutics for inflammatory pathway targeted therapy of prostate cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 64:100865. [PMID: 36099796 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most prevalent male urogenital cancer worldwide. PC patients presenting an advanced or metastatic cancer succumb to the disease, even after therapeutic interventions including radiotherapy, surgery, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), and chemotherapy. One of the hallmarks of PC is evading immune surveillance and chronic inflammation, which is a major challenge towards designing effective therapeutic formulations against PC. Chronic inflammation in PC is often characterized by tumor microenvironment alterations, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix modifications. The inflammatory events are modulated by reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Major signaling pathways in PC includes androgen receptor, PI3K and NF-κB pathways and targeting these inter-linked pathways poses a major therapeutic challenge. Notably, many conventional treatments are clinically unsuccessful, due to lack of targetability and poor bioavailability of the therapeutics, untoward toxicity and multidrug resistance. The past decade witnessed an advancement of nanotechnology as an excellent therapeutic paradigm for PC therapy. Modern nanovectorization strategies such as stimuli-responsive and active PC targeting carriers offer controlled release patterns and superior anti-cancer effects. The current review initially describes the classification, inflammatory triggers and major inflammatory pathways of PC, various PC treatment strategies and their limitations. Subsequently, recent advancement in combinatorial nanotherapeutic approaches, which target PC inflammatory pathways, and the mechanism of action are discussed. Besides, the current clinical status and prospects of PC homing nanovectorization, and major challenges to be addressed towards the advancement PC therapy are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjith P Johnson
- Polymer Nanobiomaterial Research Laboratory, Nanoscience and Microfluidics Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka 575018, India
| | - Chandrahas Koumar Ratnacaram
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Biology Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka 575018, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Jobin Jose
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India.
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3
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Wu X, Xu Y, Liang Q, Yang X, Huang J, Wang J, Zhang H, Shi J. Recent Advances in Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitors for Tumour Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:875372. [PMID: 35614940 PMCID: PMC9124774 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.875372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway is a viable target for cancer treatment and can be used to treat various malignant tumours, including follicular lymphoma and breast cancer. Both enzymes, PI3K and mTOR, are critical in this pathway. Hence, in recent years, an array of inhibitors targeting these two targets have been studied, showing dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition compared with single targeting small molecule inhibitors. Inhibitors not only inhibit cell proliferation but also promote cell apoptosis. These inhibitors show high potency and little drug resistance even at low doses, suggesting that PI3K/mTOR inhibitors are promising cancer drugs. Herein, we summarised the recent research of PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors—for example, structure-activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, and clinical practice, and briefly commented on them. Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Wu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihua Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Liang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinwei Yang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianli Huang
- First Clinical College of Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Wang
- First Clinical College of Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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4
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Dually targeted bioinspired nanovesicle delays advanced prostate cancer tumour growth in vivo. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:559-575. [PMID: 34274531 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is second-leading cancer in men, with limited treatment options available for men with advanced and metastatic PC. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have been exploited as therapeutic targets in PC due to their upregulation in the advanced stages of the disease. To date, several PSA- and PSMA-activatable prodrugs have been developed to reduce the systemic toxicity of existing chemotherapeutics. Bioinspired nanovesicles have been exploited in drug delivery, offering prolonged drug blood circulation and higher tumour accumulation. For the first time, this study describes the engineering of dually targeted PSA/PSMA nanovesicles for advanced PC. PSMA-targeted bioinspired hybrids were prepared by hydrating a lipid film with anti-PSMA-U937 cell membranes and DOX-PSA prodrug, followed by extrusion. The bioinspired hybrids were characterised using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Dot blot, flow cytometry and Western blot. Cellular binding and toxicity studies in PC cancer cell lines were carried out using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and resazurin assay. Finally, tumour targeting and therapeutic efficacy studies were performed in solid and metastatic C4-2B-tumor-bearing mice. Interestingly, our PSMA-targeted hybrids demonstrated high cell uptake in PSMA-expressing cells with significant accumulation in solid and metastatic C4-2B tumour tissues following intravenous administration. More promisingly, our dually targeted PSA/PSMA hybrid significantly slowed down the C4-2B tumour growth in vivo, compared to free DOX-PSA and non-targeted PSA-hybrid. Our PSA/PSMA bioinspired hybrid could offer a highly selective treatment for advanced PC with lower side effects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study investigates a new approach to treat prostate cancer using dually targeted bioinspired nanovesicle . Our bioinspired vesicles are made mainly of a human blood cell membrane with a ligand recognising a specific marker (PSMA) on the surface of the prostate cancer cells. The present work describes the successful loading of a doxorubicin prodrug linked to a PSA- activatable peptide into these targeted bioinspired nanovesicle , where the active PSA enzyme presents in these cells converts the drug to its active form. Our dually targeted PSA/PSMA hybrid vesicles has successfully improved site-specific prodrug delivery to tackle advanced prostate cancer, offering a novel and effective prostate cancer treatment.
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5
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Chen R, Ni S, Chen W, Liu M, Feng J, Hu K. Improved Anti-Triple Negative Breast Cancer Effects of Docetaxel by RGD-Modified Lipid-Core Micelles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5265-5279. [PMID: 34376979 PMCID: PMC8349197 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s313166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A novel RGD-modified PEGylated lipid-core micelle delivery system was designed to improve the anti-cancer effect of docetaxel on triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods The tumor-targeted lipid-core micelles loaded with docetaxel were prepared and characterized. Their morphology, particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, release profiles, and targeting effects were studied. The antitumor effects of the docetaxel-loaded nano-micelles were investigated in a MDA-MB-231 cell model in vitro and a MDA-MB-231 xenograft model in vivo. Results The prepared RGD-modified docetaxel-loaded lipid-core micelles were spherical with a particle size of 16.44±1.35 nm, zeta potential of −19.24±1.24 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 96.52±0.43%. The drug delivery system showed sustained release properties and could significantly enhance docetaxel uptake by MDA-MB-231 tumor cells in vitro, which was proved to be a caveolae pathway mediated process requiring ATP, Golgi apparatus, and acid lysosomes. The results of the pharmacokinetic study displayed that the area under the curve of the targeted micelles was 3.2-times higher than that of docetaxel commercial injections. Furthermore, in a MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice model, a higher antitumor efficacy than docetaxel commercial injections was displayed, and the safety experiments showed that the micellar material did not cause major organ damage after intravenous administration in mice. Conclusion The novel RGD-modified PEGylated lipid-core micelle delivery system significantly improved the antitumor effects and reduced the side-effects of docetaxel, providing a promising therapeutics for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujing Chen
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Ni
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangyan Chen
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Liu
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Hu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
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6
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The use of aptamers in prostate cancer: A systematic review of theranostic applications. Clin Biochem 2021; 93:9-25. [PMID: 33794195 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since prostate cancer (PCa) relies on limited diagnosis and therapies, more effective alternatives are needed. Aptamers are versatile tools that may be applied for better clinical management of PCa patients. This review shows the trends on aptamer-based applications for PCa to understand their future development. We searched articles reporting aptamers applied in PCa on the Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases over the last decade. Almost 80% of the articles used previously selected aptamers in novel approaches. However, cell-SELEX was the most applied technique for the selection of new aptamers allowing their binding to targets in their native configuration. ssDNA aptamers were 24% more common than RNA aptamers. The most studied PCa-specific aptamers were the DNA PSA-specific aptamer PSap4#5 and the PSMA-specific RNA aptamers A10 and A9, being PSA and PSMA the most reported targets. Thus, researchers still prefer the ease of use of DNA aptamers. Blood-based liquid biopsies represented 24% of all samples, being the most promising clinical samples. Especially noteworthy, electro-analytical methods accounted for more than 40% of the diagnostic techniques and treatment approaches with drug delivery systems or transcriptional modifiers were reported in 70% of the articles. Although all these articles showed clinically relevant aptamers for PCa and there are good prospects for their use, the development of all these strategies was in its early stages. Thus, the aptamers are not completely validated and we foresee that the completion of clinical studies will allow the implementation of these aptamer-based technologies in the clinical practice of PCa.
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7
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Cohen L, Livney YD, Assaraf YG. Targeted nanomedicine modalities for prostate cancer treatment. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 56:100762. [PMID: 33857756 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cause of death amongst men in the USA. Therapy of PC has been transformed in the past decade by introducing novel therapeutics, advanced functional imaging and diagnostic approaches, next generation sequencing, as well as improved application of existing therapies in localized PC. Treatment of PC at the different stages of the disease may include surgery, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, although ADT has proven efficacious in PC treatment, its effectiveness may be temporary, as these tumors frequently develop molecular mechanisms of therapy resistance, which allow them to survive and proliferate even under conditions of testosterone deprivation, inhibition of androgen receptor signaling, or cytotoxic drug treatment. Importantly, ADT was found to induce key alterations which frequently result in the formation of metastatic tumors displaying a therapy refractory phenotype. Hence, to overcome these serious therapeutic impediments, novel PC cell-targeted therapeutic strategies are being developed. These include diverse platforms enabling specific enhanced antitumor drug uptake and increased intracellular accumulation. Studies have shown that these novel treatment modalities lead to enhanced antitumor activity and diminished systemic toxicity due to the use of selective targeting and decreased drug doses. The underlying mechanism of targeting and internalization is based upon the interaction between a selective ligand, conjugated to a drug-loaded nanoparticle or directly to an anti-cancer drug, and a specific plasma membrane biomarker, uniquely overexpressed on the surface of PC cells. Another targeted therapeutic approach is the delivery of unique anti-oncogenic signaling pathway-based therapeutic drugs, which are selectively cytotoxic to PC cells. The current paper reviews PC targeted modalities reported in the past 6 years, and discusses both the advantages and limitations of the various targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Cohen
- The Laboratory of Biopolymers for Food and Health, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Yoav D Livney
- The Laboratory of Biopolymers for Food and Health, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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8
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Turnham DJ, Bullock N, Dass MS, Staffurth JN, Pearson HB. The PTEN Conundrum: How to Target PTEN-Deficient Prostate Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2342. [PMID: 33105713 PMCID: PMC7690430 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), which negatively regulates the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, is strongly linked to advanced prostate cancer progression and poor clinical outcome. Accordingly, several therapeutic approaches are currently being explored to combat PTEN-deficient tumors. These include classical inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network, as well as new approaches that restore PTEN function, or target PTEN regulation of chromosome stability, DNA damage repair and the tumor microenvironment. While targeting PTEN-deficient prostate cancer remains a clinical challenge, new advances in the field of precision medicine indicate that PTEN loss provides a valuable biomarker to stratify prostate cancer patients for treatments, which may improve overall outcome. Here, we discuss the clinical implications of PTEN loss in the management of prostate cancer and review recent therapeutic advances in targeting PTEN-deficient prostate cancer. Deepening our understanding of how PTEN loss contributes to prostate cancer growth and therapeutic resistance will inform the design of future clinical studies and precision-medicine strategies that will ultimately improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Turnham
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
| | - Nicholas Bullock
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Manisha S. Dass
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
| | - John N. Staffurth
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
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9
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Xu Y, Chen Z, Xu Z, Du Y, Han J, Yuan X, Zhang S, Guo S. Intra-Articular injection of acid-sensitive stearoxyl-ketal-dexamethasone microcrystals for long-acting arthritis therapy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 16:213-221. [PMID: 33995615 PMCID: PMC8105419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment of chronic arthritis, there is still a strong need for the development of long-acting formulations that can enable local and sustained drug release at the inflamed tissues. In this work, we fabricated microcrystals of an acid-sensitive stearoxyl-ketal-dexamethasone prodrug for treatment of arthritis. Microcrystals of the prodrug with two sizes were successfully engineered and showed pH-dependent hydrolysis kinetics in vitro. In a collagen-induced arthritis rat model, we evaluated the influence of particle size and injection dose on anti-inflammatory effect after intra-articular injection. Such prodrug demonstrated long-acting anti-arthritis effects with good safety. Our results indicate ketal-based prodrugs are promising for the development of long-acting injectables and may stimulate the development of new treatments for chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zunkai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanyan Du
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Jianghao Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin 300022, China
| | - Shubiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Shutao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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10
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Fattahi N, Shahbazi MA, Maleki A, Hamidi M, Ramazani A, Santos HA. Emerging insights on drug delivery by fatty acid mediated synthesis of lipophilic prodrugs as novel nanomedicines. J Control Release 2020; 326:556-598. [PMID: 32726650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many drug molecules that are currently in the market suffer from short half-life, poor absorption, low specificity, rapid degradation, and resistance development. The design and development of lipophilic prodrugs can provide numerous benefits to overcome these challenges. Fatty acids (FAs), which are lipophilic biomolecules constituted of essential components of the living cells, carry out many necessary functions required for the development of efficient prodrugs. Chemical conjugation of FAs to drug molecules may change their pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics in vivo and even their toxicity profile. Well-designed FA-based prodrugs can also present other benefits, such as improved oral bioavailability, promoted tumor targeting efficiency, controlled drug release, and enhanced cellular penetration, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we discuss diverse drug molecules conjugated to various unsaturated FAs. Furthermore, various drug-FA conjugates loaded into various nanostructure delivery systems, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, emulsions, nano-assemblies, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, are reviewed. The present review aims to inspire readers to explore new avenues in prodrug design based on the various FAs with or without nanostructured delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Fattahi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran; Trita Nanomedicine Research Center (TNRC), Trita Third Millennium Pharmaceuticals, 45331-55681 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- Trita Nanomedicine Research Center (TNRC), Trita Third Millennium Pharmaceuticals, 45331-55681 Zanjan, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran; Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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11
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Yari H, Gali H, Awasthi V. Nanoparticles for Targeting of Prostate Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5393-5413. [PMID: 32693761 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200721001500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of death by cancer in men. Because of the drastic decline in the survival rate of PCa patients with advanced/metastatic disease, early diagnosis of disease and therapy without toxic side effects is crucial. Chemotherapy is widely used to control the progression of PCa at the later stages; however, it is associated with off-target toxicities and severe adverse effects due to the lack of specificity. Delivery of therapeutic or diagnostic agents by using targeted nanoparticles is a promising strategy to enhance accuracy and sensitivity of diagnosis of PCa and to increase efficacy and specificity of therapeutic agents. Numerous efforts have been made in past decades to create nanoparticles with different architectural bases for specific delivery payloads to prostate tumors. Major PCa associated cell membrane protein markers identified as targets for such purposes include folate receptor, sigma receptors, transferrin receptor, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, and prostate specific membrane antigen. Among these markers, prostate specific membrane antigen has emerged as an extremely specific and sensitive targetable marker for designing targeted nanoparticle-based delivery systems for PCa. In this article, we review contemporary advances in design, specificity, and efficacy of nanoparticles functionalized against PCa. Whenever feasible, both diagnostic as well as therapeutic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Yari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Hariprasad Gali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Vibhudutta Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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12
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Salaheldin TA, Bharali DJ, Mousa SA. Functionalized nano-targeted moieties in management of prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2020; 16:869-883. [PMID: 32292071 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal properties of nanoparticles, such as simultaneously carrying drugs and/or diagnostic probes for site-specific delivery, make them excellent carriers for diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Advantages are high permeability and selectivity to malignant cells to reduce systemic toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs. Based on a review of current literature, the lack of efficient and highly specific prostate cancer cell targeting moieties is hindering successful in vivo prostate cancer-targeted drug delivery systems. Highly specific nano-targeting moieties as drug delivery vehicles might improve chemotherapeutic delivery via targeting to specific receptors expressed on the surface of prostate cancer cells. This review describes nano-targeting moieties for management of prostate cancer and its cancer stem cells. Descriptions of targeting moieties using anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen, aptamer, anti-cluster of differentiation 24/44, folic acid and other targeting strategies are highlighted. Current research results are promising and may yield development of next-generation nanoscale theragnostic targeted modalities for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher A Salaheldin
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144 USA
| | - Dhruba J Bharali
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144 USA
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144 USA
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Espinoza SM, Patil HI, San Martin Martinez E, Casañas Pimentel R, Ige PP. Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), a promising polymer for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications: Focus on nanomedicine in cancer. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1539990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Miguel Espinoza
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, 11500 Ciudad de México
| | - Harshal Indrabhan Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Eduardo San Martin Martinez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, 11500 Ciudad de México
| | - Rocio Casañas Pimentel
- CONACYT-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, 11500 Ciudad de México
| | - Pradum Pundlikrao Ige
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
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14
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Hussain M, Khera RA, Iqbal J, Khalid M, Hanif MA. Phytochemicals: Key to Effective Anticancer Drugs. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x15666180626113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is considered one of the globally top lethal and never-ending public health troubles which affects the humankind population that mainly suffers from bone marrow tumor, breast cancer and lung cancer. Many health professionals and scientists have developed conventional therapies with a number of different modules of medicines obtainable from drugstores to cure diversified cancer disease despite the fact that none of these drugs have been found to be fully effective and safe. So, there is a great potential for the study of medicinal plants to reveal powerful anticancer activities. This coherent review is focused on an extensive investigation of frequently incited therapies through naturally occurring medicinal plants that cover a large number of pharmacological anticancer activities. During recent years, research has been focused on the structural modifications to accomplish anticancer medicines, drugs and complex physical therapies. Nevertheless, all reported therapies crafted improvements in the quality of cancer patients’ life issues however; these efforts are required to be escalated at a large scale and in high level clinical trials. The review covers the literature from 1985-2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Rasheed Ahmad Khera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
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15
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Natesan R, Aras S, Effron SS, Asangani IA. Epigenetic Regulation of Chromatin in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:379-407. [PMID: 31900918 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to mitotically/meiotically heritable mechanisms that regulate gene transcription without a need for changes in the DNA code. Covalent modifications of DNA, in the form of methylation, and histone post-translational modifications, in the form of acetylation and methylation, constitute the epigenetic code of a cell. Both DNA and histone modifications are highly dynamic and often work in unison to define the epigenetic state of a cell. Most epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene transcription by affecting localized/genome-wide transitions between heterochromatin and euchromatin states, thereby altering the accessibility of the transcriptional machinery and in turn, reduce/increase transcriptional output. Altered chromatin structure is associated with cancer progression, and epigenetic plasticity primarily governs the resistance of cancer cells to therapeutic agents. In this chapter, we specifically focus on regulators of histone methylation and acetylation, the two well-studied chromatin post-translational modifications, in the context of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan Natesan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shweta Aras
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Sander Effron
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irfan A Asangani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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16
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Owiti AO, Pal D, Mitra A. PSMA Antibody-Conjugated Pentablock Copolymer Nanomicellar Formulation for Targeted Delivery to Prostate Cancer. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3534-3549. [PMID: 30151731 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to develop a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) antibody-conjugated drug-loaded nanomicelles using MPEG--PLA-PCL-PLA-PEG-NH2 pentablock copolymer for targeted delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drugs to prostate cancer cells. During this experiment, monomers of L-lactide, ε-caprolactone, poly(ethylene glycol)-methyl ether, and poly(ethylene glycol)-NH2 were used to prepare pentablock copolymer using the ring opening technique. The pentablock nanomicellar (PBNM) formulation was prepared by the evaporation-rehydration method. The resultant pentablock nanomicelles were then conjugated with PSMA antibody resulting in PSMA-Ab-PTX-PBNM. Both the block copolymers and the nanomicelles were analyzed by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The obtained nanomicelles (NM) were then analyzed for size and zeta potential using dynamic light scattering-dynamic laser scattering (DLS) and then further submitted to H-NMR and TEM analyses. The XRD, FTIR, and the H-NMR analyses confirmed the structure of the pentablock copolymers. The average size for conjugated nanomicellar was 45 nm ± 2.5 nm. The average (ζ-potential) was around - 28 mV. H-NMR and FTIR analysis done on PSMA-coupled paclitaxel-loaded PBNM showed peaks characteristic of the drug (paclitaxel) and the polymer, confirming the successful encapsulation. TEM analysis showed well-defined spherical morphology and confirmed the size range obtained by the DLS. In vitro release studies revealed sustained slow of PTX in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Confocal scanning microscopy (TEM) of coumarin6-loaded in PBNM indicated that pentablock nanomicelles were internalized into the prostate cancer (PC-3) cells. Cell proliferation assay showed that nanomicelles ferried paclitaxel into the PC-3 cells and subsequently reduced the cell proliferation. The results depict PTX-PBNM-Ab as a suitable carrier for targeted delivery of drugs to prostate cancer cells.
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17
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Yang L, Zhang Z, Hou J, Jin X, Ke Z, Liu D, Du M, Jia X, Lv H. Targeted delivery of ginsenoside compound K using TPGS/PEG-PCL mixed micelles for effective treatment of lung cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:7653-7667. [PMID: 29089761 PMCID: PMC5655143 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s144305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is one of the effective ingredients in antitumor composition of ginsenoside. However, the poor water solubility and significant efflux have limited the widespread clinical use of CK. In this study, preparation of novel CK-loaded d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1,000 succinate/poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) mixed micelles (CK-M) is discussed to solve the above problems. Particle size, zeta potential, and morphology were characterized using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. CK-M are spherical shaped with an average particle size of 53.07±1.31 nm with high drug loading of 11.19%±0.87% and entrapment efficiency of 94.60%±1.45%. Water solubility of CK was improved to 3.78±0.09 mg/mL, which was ~107.35 times higher than free CK. A549 and PC-9 cells were used to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake. IC50 values of CK-M in A549 and PC-9 cells (24 h) were 25.43±2.18 and 18.35±1.90 μg/mL, respectively. Enhanced cellular uptake of CK-M was observed in both cells. Moreover, CK-M promoted tumor cell apoptosis, inhibited tumor cell invasion, metastasis, and efflux through regulation of Bax, Bcl-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2, Caspase-3, and P-glycoprotein. In vivo imaging indicated that CK-M has excellent tumor targeting effect within 24 h, and the relative tumor inhibition rate of CK-M was 52.04%±4.62% compared with control group (P<0.01). Thus, CK-M could be an appropriate delivery agent for enhanced solubility and antitumor effect of CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhenghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongcheng Ke
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Du
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobing Jia
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huixia Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Sheng, China
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He C, Duan S, Dong L, Wang Y, Hu Q, Liu C, Forrest ML, Holzbeierlein JM, Han S, Li B. Characterization of a novel p110β-specific inhibitor BL140 that overcomes MDV3100-resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2017; 77:1187-1198. [PMID: 28631436 PMCID: PMC5527967 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies demonstrated that the class IA PI3K/p110β is critical in castration-resistant progression of prostate cancer (CRPC) and that targeting prostate cancer with nanomicelle-loaded p110β-specific inhibitor TGX221 blocked xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, confirming the feasibility of p110β-targeted therapy for CRPCs. To improve TGX221's aqueous solubility, in this study, we characterized four recently synthesized TGX221 analogs. METHODS TGX221 analog efficacy were examined in multiple prostate cancer cell lines with the SRB cell growth assay, Western blot assay for AKT phosphorylation and cell cycle protein levels. Target engagement with PI3K isoforms was evaluated with cellular thermal shift assay. PI3K activity was determined with the Kinase-Glo Plus luminescent kinase assay. Cell cycle distribution was evaluated with flow cytometry after propidium iodide staining. RESULTS As expected, replacing either one of two major functional groups in TGX221 by more hydrophilic groups dramatically improved the aqueous solubility (about 40-fold) compared to TGX221. In the CETSA assay, all the analogs dramatically shifted the melting curve of p110β protein while none of them largely affected the melting curves of p110α, p110γ, or Akt proteins, indicating target-specific engagement of these analogs with p110β protein. However, functional evaluation showed that only one of the analogs BL140 ubiquitously inhibited AKT phosphorylation in all CRPC cell lines tested with diverse genetic abnormalities including AR, PTEN, and p53 status. BL140 was superior than GSK2636771 (IC50 5.74 vs 20.49 nM), the only p110β-selective inhibitor currently in clinical trials, as revealed in an in vitro Kinase-Glo assay. Furthermore, BL140 exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect than GSK2636771 on multiple CRPC cell lines including a MDV3100-resistant C4-2B cell subline, indicating BL140 elimination of MDV3100 resistance. Mechanistic studies revealed that BL140 blocked G1 phase cell cycle entry by reducing cyclin D1 but increasing p27kip1 protein levels. CONCLUSION These studies suggested that BL140 is a promising p110β-specific inhibitor with multiple superb properties than GSK2636771 worthy for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’An Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’An 710061, China
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Shaofeng Duan
- Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Yifen Wang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Qingting Hu
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Chunjing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - M. Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | | | - Suxia Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’An Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’An 710061, China
| | - Benyi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’An Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’An 710061, China
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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Grossen P, Witzigmann D, Sieber S, Huwyler J. PEG-PCL-based nanomedicines: A biodegradable drug delivery system and its application. J Control Release 2017; 260:46-60. [PMID: 28536049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The lack of efficient therapeutic options for many severe disorders including cancer spurs demand for improved drug delivery technologies. Nanoscale drug delivery systems based on poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers (PEG-PCL) represent a strategy to implement therapies with enhanced drug accumulation at the site of action and decreased off-target effects. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art nanomedicines based on PEG-PCL that have been investigated in a preclinical setting. We summarize the various synthesis routes and different preparation methods used for the production of PEG-PCL nanoparticles. Additionally, we review physico-chemical properties including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and drug loading. Finally, we highlight recent therapeutic applications investigated in vitro and in vivo using advanced systems such as triggered release, multi-component therapies, theranostics, or gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Grossen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Sieber
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Zhan M, Deng Y, Zhao L, Yan G, Wang F, Tian Y, Zhang L, Jiang H, Chen Y. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Dimorpholine Substituted Thienopyrimidines as Potential Class I PI3K/mTOR Dual Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4023-4035. [PMID: 28409639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional signaling of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in cancer and its crucial role in cell growth and survival have made it a much desired target for cancer therapeutics. A series of dimorpholine substituted thienopyrimidine derivatives had been prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Among them, compound 14o was identified as a dual Class I PI3K and mTOR kinase inhibitor, which had an approximately 8-fold improvement in mTOR inhibition relative to the class I PI3K inhibitor 1 (pictilisib, GDC-0941). Western blot analysis confirmed the 14o mechanistic modulation of the cellular PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway through inhibiting phosphorylation of both AKT and S6 in human cancer cell lines. In addition, 14o demonstrated significant efficacy in SKOV-3 and U87MG tumor xenograft models without causing significant weight loss and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yufang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lifeng Zhao
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University , Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Guoyi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fangying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lanxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongxia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China.,Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Suite 402, Building B, #5 South KeYuan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
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21
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Pang J, Yang YW, Huang Y, Yang J, Zhang H, Chen R, Dong L, Huang Y, Wang D, Liu J, Li B. P110β Inhibition Reduces Histone H3K4 Di-Methylation in Prostate Cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:299-308. [PMID: 27800642 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Epigenetic alteration plays a major role in the development and progression of human cancers, including prostate cancer. Histones are the key factors in modulating gene accessibility to transcription factors and post-translational modification of the histone N-terminal tail including methylation is associated with either transcriptional activation (H3K4me2) or repression (H3K9me3). Furthermore, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 K) signaling and the androgen receptor (AR) are the key determinants in prostate cancer development and progression. We recently showed that prostate-targeted nano-micelles loaded with PI3 K/p110beta specific inhibitor TGX221 blocked prostate cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Our objective of this study was to determine the role of PI3 K signaling in histone methylation in prostate cancer, with emphasis on histone H3K4 methylation. METHODS PI3 K non-specific inhibitor LY294002 and p110beta-specific inhibitor TGX221 were used to block PI3 K/p110beta signaling. The global levels of H3K4 and H3K9 methylation in prostate cancer cells and tissue specimens were evaluated by Western blot assay and immunohistochemical staining. A synthetic androgen R1881 was used to stimulate AR activity in prostate cancer cells. A castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) specific human tissue microarray (TMA) was used to assess the global levels of H3K4me2 methylation by immunostaining approach. RESULTS Our data revealed that H3K4me2 levels were significantly elevated after androgen stimulation. With RNA silencing and pharmacology approaches, we further defined that inhibition of PI3 K/p110beta activity through gene-specific knocking down and small chemical inhibitor TGX221 abolished androgen-stimulated H3K4me2 methylation. Consistently, prostate cancer-targeted delivery of TGX221 in vivo dramatically reduced the global levels of H3K4me2 as assessed by immunohistochemical staining on tissue section of mouse xenografts from CRPC cell lines 22RV1 and C4-2. Finally, immunostaining data revealed a strong H3K4me2 immunosignal in CRPC tissues compared to primary tumors and benign prostate tissues. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that PI3 K/p110beta-dependent signaling is involved in androgen-stimulated H3K4me2 methylation in prostate cancer, which might be used as a novel biomarker for disease prognosis and targeted therapy. Prostate 77:299-308, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Wu Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiling Huang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Pathology, China Three Gorges University School of Medicine, Yichang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huanzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruibao Chen
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huanzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Dongying Wang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huanzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Pathology, China Three Gorges University School of Medicine, Yichang, China
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Abstract
Lipid-drug conjugates (LDCs) are drug molecules that have been covalently modified with lipids. The conjugation of lipids to drug molecules increases lipophilicity and also changes other properties of drugs. The conjugates demonstrate several advantages including improved oral bioavailability, improved targeting to the lymphatic system, enhanced tumor targeting, and reduced toxicity. Based on the chemical nature of drugs and lipids, various conjugation strategies and chemical linkers can be utilized to synthesize LDCs. Linkers and/or conjugation methods determine how drugs are released from LDCs and are critical for the optimal performance of LDCs. In this review, different lipids used for preparing LDCs and various conjugation strategies are summarized. Although LDCs can be administered without a delivery carrier, most of them are loaded into appropriate delivery systems. The lipid moiety in the conjugates can significantly enhance drug loading into hydrophobic components of delivery carriers and thus generate formulations with high drug loading and superior stability. Different delivery carriers such as emulsions, liposomes, micelles, lipid nanoparticles, and polymer nanoparticles are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Irby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University , Hampton, Virginia 23668, United States
| | - Chengan Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University , Hampton, Virginia 23668, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University , Hampton, Virginia 23668, United States
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Li B, Li C. Suppression of Prostate Cancer Metastasis by DPYSL3-Targeted saRNA. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4310-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Evans JC, Malhotra M, Cryan JF, O'Driscoll CM. The therapeutic and diagnostic potential of the prostate specific membrane antigen/glutamate carboxypeptidase II (PSMA/GCPII) in cancer and neurological disease. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3041-3079. [PMID: 27526115 PMCID: PMC5056232 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) otherwise known as glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a membrane bound protein that is highly expressed in prostate cancer and in the neovasculature of a wide variety of tumours including glioblastomas, breast and bladder cancers. This protein is also involved in a variety of neurological diseases including schizophrenia and ALS. In recent years, there has been a surge in the development of both diagnostics and therapeutics that take advantage of the expression and activity of PSMA/GCPII. These include gene therapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this review, we discuss the biological roles that PSMA/GCPII plays, both in normal and diseased tissues, and the current therapies exploiting its activity that are at the preclinical stage. We conclude by giving an expert opinion on the future direction of PSMA/GCPII based therapies and diagnostics and hurdles that need to be overcome to make them effective and viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Evans
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Zhao Y, Chen R, Wang Y, Qing C, Wang W, Yang Y. In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy Studies of Lavender angustifolia Essential Oil and Its Active Constituents on the Proliferation of Human Prostate Cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 16:215-226. [PMID: 27151584 PMCID: PMC5739122 DOI: 10.1177/1534735416645408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lavandula angustifolia is the most widely cultivated Lavandula species. The extraction of its flower and leaves has been used as herbal medicine. In this study, the in vitro antitumor activities were tested on human prostate cancer PC-3 and DU145 cell lines. Flow cytometry technology was applied to study apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest. The PC-3 cell line was used to establish subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice. Paraffin sections from xenograft tumor specimens were used in the TUNEL (terminal deocynucleotide transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assay and an immunohistochemistry assay to detect cell proliferation markers Ki67 and PCNA. Lavender essential oil, linalool, and linalyl acetate showed stronger inhibitory effect on PC-3 cells than on DU145 cells. The apoptotic cell populations observed in PC-3 cells treated with lavender essential oil, linalool, and linalyl acetate were 74.76%, 67.11%, and 56.14%, respectively. The PC-3 cells were mainly arrested in the G2/M phase. In the xenograft model with PC-3 cell transplantation, essential oil and linalool significantly suppressed tumor growth. The immunosignals of Ki67 and PCNA in the essential oil, linalool, and linalyl acetate treatment groups were significantly lower than that of the control group in xenograft tumor sections. The TUNEL assay indicated that each of the 3 phytochemicals significantly induced apoptosis compared to the control group. This study provides novel insight and evidence on the antiproliferative effect of L angustifolia essential oil and its major constituents on human prostate cancer. The antitumor effect was associated with cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction in xenograft tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Zhao
- 1 Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Chen
- 1 Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- 1 Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Qing
- 1 Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- 1 Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Yang
- 2 Emporia State University, Emporia, KS, USA
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Li C, Jiang W, Hu Q, Li LC, Dong L, Chen R, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Thrasher JB, Liu CB, Li B. Enhancing DPYSL3 gene expression via a promoter-targeted small activating RNA approach suppresses cancer cell motility and metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:22893-910. [PMID: 27014974 PMCID: PMC5008410 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore a novel strategy in suppressing tumor metastasis, we took the advantage of a recent RNA activation (RNAa) theory and used small double-strand RNA molecules, termed as small activating RNAs (saRNA) that are complimentary to target gene promoter, to enhance transcription of metastasis suppressor gene. The target gene in this study is Dihydro-pyrimidinase-like 3 (DPYSL3, protein name CRMP4), which was identified as a metastatic suppressor in prostate cancers. There are two transcriptional variants of DPYSL3 gene in human genome, of which the variant 2 is the dominant transcript (DPYSL3v2, CRMP4a) but is also significantly down-regulated in primary prostate cancers. A total of 8 saRNAs for DPYSL3v1 and 14 saRNAs for DPYSL3v2 were tested in multiple prostate cancer cell lines. While none of the saRNAs significantly altered DPYSL3v1 expression, 4 saRNAs showed a strong enhancing effect on DPYSL3v2 expression, resulting in reduced cell mobility in vitro. To achieve a prostate cancer-specific delivery for in vivo testing, we conjugated the most potent saV2-9 RNA molecule with the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting aptamer A10-3.2. The conjugates successful increased DPYSL3v2 gene expression in PSMA-positive but not PSMA-negative prostate cancer cells. In nude mice bearing orthotopic xenograft of prostate cancer, a 10-day consecutive treatment with the saV2-9 conjugates significantly suppress distal metastasis compared to the control saRNAs. Analysis of xenograft tissues revealed that DPYSL3v2 expression was largely increased in saV2-9 conjugate-treated group compared to the control group. In conclusion, DPYSL3v2 promoter-targeted saRNA molecules might be used as an adjunctive therapy to suppress prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Li
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wencong Jiang
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Qingting Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Long-cheng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100073, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ruibao Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yinghong Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yuzhe Tang
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - J. Brantley Thrasher
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Chang-Bai Liu
- Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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Hung BY, Kuthati Y, Kankala RK, Kankala S, Deng JP, Liu CL, Lee CH. Utilization of Enzyme-Immobilized Mesoporous Silica Nanocontainers (IBN-4) in Prodrug-Activated Cancer Theranostics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 5:2169-2191. [PMID: 28347114 PMCID: PMC5304787 DOI: 10.3390/nano5042169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To develop a carrier for use in enzyme prodrug therapy, Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles (IBN-4: Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology), where the nanoparticle surfaces were functionalized with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and further conjugated with glutaraldehyde. Consequently, the enzymes could be stabilized in nanochannels through the formation of covalent imine bonds. This strategy was used to protect HRP from immune exclusion, degradation and denaturation under biological conditions. Furthermore, immobilization of HRP in the nanochannels of IBN-4 nanomaterials exhibited good functional stability upon repetitive use and long-term storage (60 days) at 4 °C. The generation of functionalized and HRP-immobilized nanomaterials was further verified using various characterization techniques. The possibility of using HRP-encapsulated IBN-4 materials in prodrug cancer therapy was also demonstrated by evaluating their ability to convert a prodrug (indole-3- acetic acid (IAA)) into cytotoxic radicals, which triggered tumor cell apoptosis in human colon carcinoma (HT-29 cell line) cells. A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay revealed that cells could be exposed to the IBN-4 nanocomposites without damaging their membranes, confirming apoptotic cell death. In summary, we demonstrated the potential of utilizing large porous mesoporous silica nanomaterials (IBN-4) as enzyme carriers for prodrug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bau-Yen Hung
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien-974, Taiwan.
| | - Yaswanth Kuthati
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien-974, Taiwan.
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien-974, Taiwan.
| | | | - Jin-Pei Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Lun Liu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien-974, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hung Lee
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien-974, Taiwan.
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Chen R, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Yang Q, Zeng X, Jiang W, Liu J, Thrasher JB, Forrest ML, Li B. Nanomicellar TGX221 blocks xenograft tumor growth of prostate cancer in nude mice. Prostate 2015; 75:593-602. [PMID: 25620467 PMCID: PMC4376584 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination of androgen ablation along with early detection and surgery has made prostate cancer highly treatable at the initial stage. However, this cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death among American men due to castration-resistant progression, suggesting that novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed for this life-threatening condition. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110β is a major cellular signaling molecule and has been identified as a critical factor in prostate cancer progression. In a recent report, we established a nanomicelle-based strategy to deliver p110β-specific inhibitor TGX221 to prostate cancer cells by conjugating the surface of nanomicelles with a RNA aptamer against prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) present in all clinical prostate cancers. In this study, we tested this nanomicellar TGX221 for its in vivo anti-tumor effect in mouse xenograft models. METHODS Prostate cancer cell lines LAPC-4, LNCaP, C4-2 and 22RV1 were used to establish subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice. Paraffin sections from xenograft tumor specimens were used in immunohistochemistry assays to detect AKT phosphorylation, cell proliferation marker Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), as well as 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Quantitative PCR assay was conducted to determine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene expression in xenograft tumors. RESULTS Although systemic delivery of unconjugated TGX221 significantly reduced xenograft tumor growth in nude mice compared to solvent control, the nanomicellar TGX221 conjugates completely blocked tumor growth of xenografts derived from multiple prostate cancer cell lines. Further analyses revealed that AKT phosphorylation and cell proliferation indexes were dramatically reduced in xenograft tumors received nanomicellar TGX221 compared to xenograft tumors received unconjugated TGX221 treatment. There was no noticeable side effect by gross observation or at microscopic level of organ tissue section. CONCLUSION These data strongly suggest that prostate cancer cell-targeted nanomicellar TGX221 is an effective anti-cancer agent for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibao Chen
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yunqi Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Qiuhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Xing Zeng
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wencong Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - J. Brantley Thrasher
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - M. Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China
- Corresponding author: Benyi Li, MD/PhD, KUMC Urology, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 3035, Kansas City, KS 66160. . Tel: 913.588.4773
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29
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Alferiev IS, Iyer R, Croucher JL, Adamo RF, Zhang K, Mangino JL, Kolla V, Fishbein I, Brodeur GM, Levy RJ, Chorny M. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of a rapidly activatable prodrug of SN-38 for neuroblastoma therapy. Biomaterials 2015; 51:22-29. [PMID: 25770994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine-based strategies have the potential to improve therapeutic performance of a wide range of anticancer agents. However, the successful implementation of nanoparticulate delivery systems requires the development of adequately sized nanocarriers delivering their therapeutic cargo to the target in a protected, pharmacologically active form. The present studies focused on a novel nanocarrier-based formulation strategy for SN-38, a topoisomerase I inhibitor with proven anticancer potential, whose clinical application is compromised by toxicity, poor stability and incompatibility with conventional delivery vehicles. SN-38 encapsulated in biodegradable sub-100 nm sized nanoparticles (NP) in the form of its rapidly activatable prodrug derivative with tocopherol succinate potently inhibited the growth of neuroblastoma cells in a dose- and exposure time-dependent manner, exhibiting a delayed response pattern distinct from that of free SN-38. In a xenograft model of neuroblastoma, prodrug-loaded NP caused rapid regression of established large tumors, significantly delayed tumor regrowth after treatment cessation and markedly extended animal survival. The NP formulation strategy enabled by a reversible chemical modification of the drug molecule offers a viable means for SN-38 delivery achieving sustained intratumoral drug levels and contributing to the potency and extended duration of antitumor activity, both prerequisites for effective treatment of neuroblastoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Alferiev
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Radhika Iyer
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jamie L Croucher
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Richard F Adamo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kehan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer L Mangino
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Venkatadri Kolla
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ilia Fishbein
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Garrett M Brodeur
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael Chorny
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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30
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Li B, Sun A, Jiang W, Thrasher JB, Terranova P. PI-3 kinase p110β: a therapeutic target in advanced prostate cancers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:188-198. [PMID: 25374921 PMCID: PMC4219313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancers in the castration-resistant stage are life-threatening because they are not curable in clinic. The novel androgen receptor inhibitor Xandi (Enzalutamide) and the new CYP17 inhibitor Zytiga (Abiraterone) prolonged patient survival only a few months in advanced prostate cancers. Therefore, novel therapeutic agents for advanced prostate cancers are urgently needed. PI-3 kinases are major intracellular signaling molecules that regulate multiple signal pathways related to cellular metabolism, cytokinesis, growth and survival. Accumulating evidence in the literature indicates that some isoforms of this kinase family are oncogenic and abnormally expressed in various human cancers, including prostate cancers. Recent extensive studies from our group and others showed that PI-3 kinase p110β is aberrantly overexpressed in advanced prostate cancers and is critical for prostate cancer development and progression as demonstrated in cell-based and animal models. Importantly, novel p110β-specific inhibitors have been developed and are currently been testing in clinical trials. In this article, we will briefly summarize recent developments in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People’s HospitalShaoxing 312000, China
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Medical CollegeZhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Aijing Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People’s HospitalShaoxing 312000, China
| | - Wencong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Medical CollegeZhanjiang 524001, China
| | - J Brantley Thrasher
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Paul Terranova
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS 66160, USA
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31
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Kruspe S, Mittelberger F, Szameit K, Hahn U. Aptamers as drug delivery vehicles. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1998-2011. [PMID: 25130604 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of directed and selective therapy for systemic treatment are reasons for increased interest in exploiting aptamers for cell-specific drug delivery. Nucleic acid based pharmaceuticals represent an interesting and novel tool to counter human diseases. Combining inhibitory potential and cargo transfer upon internalization, nanocarriers as well as various therapeutics including siRNAs, chemotherapeutics, photosensitizers, or proteins can be imported via these synthetic nucleic acids. However, widespread clinical application is still hampered by obstacles that must be overcome. In this review, we give an overview of applications and recent advances in aptamer-mediated drug delivery. We also introduce prominent selection methods as well as useful approaches in choice of drug and conjugation method. We discuss the challenges that need to be considered and present strategies that have been applied to achieve intracellular delivery of effectors transported by readily internalized aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kruspe
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
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32
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Cell-type-specific, Aptamer-functionalized Agents for Targeted Disease Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e169. [PMID: 24936916 PMCID: PMC4078761 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One hundred years ago, Dr. Paul Ehrlich popularized the "magic bullet" concept for cancer therapy in which an ideal therapeutic agent would only kill the specific tumor cells it targeted. Since then, "targeted therapy" that specifically targets the molecular defects responsible for a patient's condition has become a long-standing goal for treating human disease. However, safe and efficient drug delivery during the treatment of cancer and infectious disease remains a major challenge for clinical translation and the development of new therapies. The advent of SELEX technology has inspired many groundbreaking studies that successfully adapted cell-specific aptamers for targeted delivery of active drug substances in both in vitro and in vivo models. By covalently linking or physically functionalizing the cell-specific aptamers with therapeutic agents, such as siRNA, microRNA, chemotherapeutics or toxins, or delivery vehicles, such as organic or inorganic nanocarriers, the targeted cells and tissues can be specifically recognized and the therapeutic compounds internalized, thereby improving the local concentration of the drug and its therapeutic efficacy. Currently, many cell-type-specific aptamers have been developed that can target distinct diseases or tissues in a cell-type-specific manner. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the use of cell-specific aptamers for targeted disease therapy, as well as conjugation strategies and challenges.
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33
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Barve A, Jin W, Cheng K. Prostate cancer relevant antigens and enzymes for targeted drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 187:118-32. [PMID: 24878184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the most widely used approaches in combating advanced prostate cancer, but its therapeutic efficacy is usually insufficient due to poor specificity and associated toxicity. Lack of targeted delivery to prostate cancer cells is also the primary obstacles in achieving feasible therapeutic effect of other promising agents including peptide, protein, and nucleic acid. Consequently, there remains a critical need for strategies to increase the selectivity of anti-prostate cancer agents. This review will focus on various prostate cancer-relevant antigens and enzymes that could be exploited for prostate cancer targeted drug delivery. Among various targeting strategies, active targeting is the most advanced approach to specifically deliver drugs to their designated cancer cells. In this approach, drug carriers are modified with targeting ligands that can specifically bind to prostate cancer-specific antigens. Moreover, there are several specific enzymes in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer that can be exploited for stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems. These systems can specifically release the active drug in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer, leading to enhanced tumor penetration efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Barve
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City 64108, USA
| | - Wei Jin
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City 64108, USA
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City 64108, USA.
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Jhaveri AM, Torchilin VP. Multifunctional polymeric micelles for delivery of drugs and siRNA. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:77. [PMID: 24795633 PMCID: PMC4007015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric micelles, self-assembling nano-constructs of amphiphilic copolymers with a core-shell structure have been used as versatile carriers for delivery of drugs as well as nucleic acids. They have gained immense popularity owing to a host of favorable properties including their capacity to effectively solubilize a variety of poorly soluble pharmaceutical agents, biocompatibility, longevity, high stability in vitro and in vivo and the ability to accumulate in pathological areas with compromised vasculature. Moreover, additional functions can be imparted to these micelles by engineering their surface with various ligands and cell-penetrating moieties to allow for specific targeting and intracellular accumulation, respectively, to load them with contrast agents to confer imaging capabilities, and incorporating stimuli-sensitive groups that allow drug release in response to small changes in the environment. Recently, there has been an increasing trend toward designing polymeric micelles which integrate a number of the above functions into a single carrier to give rise to “smart,” multifunctional polymeric micelles. Such multifunctional micelles can be envisaged as key to improving the efficacy of current treatments which have seen a steady increase not only in hydrophobic small molecules, but also in biologics including therapeutic genes, antibodies and small interfering RNA (siRNA). The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in the development of multifunctional polymeric micelles specifically for delivery of drugs and siRNA. In spite of the tremendous potential of siRNA, its translation into clinics has been a significant challenge because of physiological barriers to its effective delivery and the lack of safe, effective and clinically suitable vehicles. To that end, we also discuss the potential and suitability of multifunctional polymeric micelles, including lipid-based micelles, as promising vehicles for both siRNA and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi M Jhaveri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Liu Q, Jin C, Wang Y, Fang X, Zhang X, Chen Z, Tan W. Aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials for specific cancer cell recognition and targeted cancer therapy. NPG ASIA MATERIALS 2014; 6:e95. [PMID: 29619132 PMCID: PMC5880215 DOI: 10.1038/am.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Based on their unique advantages, increasing interest has been shown in the use of aptamers as target ligands for specific cancer cell recognition and targeted cancer therapy. Recently, the development of aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials has offered new therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment with better efficacy and lower toxicity. We highlight some of the promising classes of aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials for the specific recognition of cancer cells and targeted cancer therapy. Recent developments in the use of novel strategies that enable sensitive and selective cancer cell recognition are introduced. In addition to targeted drug delivery for chemotherapy, we also review how aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials are being incorporated into emerging technologies with significant improvement in efficiency and selectivity in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chen Jin
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanyue Wang
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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36
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Liu Q, Jin C, Wang Y, Fang X, Zhang X, Chen Z, Tan W. Aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials for specific cancer cell recognition and targeted cancer therapy. NPG ASIA MATERIALS 2014; 6:e95. [PMID: 29619132 DOI: 10.1038/am.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Based on their unique advantages, increasing interest has been shown in the use of aptamers as target ligands for specific cancer cell recognition and targeted cancer therapy. Recently, the development of aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials has offered new therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment with better efficacy and lower toxicity. We highlight some of the promising classes of aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials for the specific recognition of cancer cells and targeted cancer therapy. Recent developments in the use of novel strategies that enable sensitive and selective cancer cell recognition are introduced. In addition to targeted drug delivery for chemotherapy, we also review how aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials are being incorporated into emerging technologies with significant improvement in efficiency and selectivity in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chen Jin
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanyue Wang
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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37
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TRAIL and microRNAs in the treatment of prostate cancer: therapeutic potential and role of nanotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8849-57. [PMID: 24037407 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of spatiotemporal behavior of intracellular signaling cascades including tumor necrosis factor alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated signaling in prostate cancer has gained tremendous attention in the past few years. There is an increasing effort in translating the emerging information about TRAIL-mediated signaling obtained through experimental and preclinical data to clinic. Fascinatingly, novel targeting approaches are being developed to enhance the tissue- or subcellular-specific delivery of drugs with considerable focus on prostate cancer. These applications have the potential to revolutionize prostate cancer therapeutic strategies and include the accumulation of drugs in target tissue as well as the selection of internalizing ligands for enhanced receptor-mediated uptake of drugs. In this mini-review, we outline outstanding developments in therapeutic strategies based on the regulation and/or targeting of TRAIL pathway for the treatment of prostate cancer. Moreover, microRNAs (miRNAs), with potential transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, will be presented for their potential in prostate cancer treatment. Emphasis has been given to the use of delivery approaches, especially based on nanotechnology. Considerably, enhanced information regarding miRNA regulation of TRAIL-mediated signaling in prostate cancer cells may provide potential biomarkers for the characterization of patients as responders and nonresponders of TRAIL-based therapy and could provide rationalized basis for combination therapies with TRAIL death receptor-targeting drugs.
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38
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Dimeric DNA Aptamer Complexes for High-capacity-targeted Drug Delivery Using pH-sensitive Covalent Linkages. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e107. [PMID: 23860551 PMCID: PMC3731884 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with doxorubicin (Dox) results in serious systemic toxicities that limit effectiveness for cancer treatment and cause long-term health issues for cancer patients. We identified a new DNA aptamer to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) using fixed sequences to promote Dox binding and developed dimeric aptamer complexes (DACs) for specific delivery of Dox to PSMA(+) cancer cells. DACs are stable under physiological conditions and are internalized specifically into PSMA(+) C4-2 cells with minimal uptake into PSMA-null PC3 cells. Cellular internalization of DAC was demonstrated by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Covalent modification of DAC with Dox (DAC-D) resulted in a complex with stoichiometry ~4:1. Dox was covalently bound in DAC-D using a reversible linker that promotes covalent attachment of Dox to genomic DNA following cell internalization. Dox was released from the DAC-D under physiological conditions with a half-life of 8 hours, sufficient for in vivo targeting. DAC-D was used to selectively deliver Dox to C4-2 cells with endosomal release and nuclear localization of Dox. DAC-D was selectively cytotoxic to C4-2 cells with similar cytotoxicity as the molar equivalent of free-Dox. In contrast, DAC-D displayed minimal cytotoxicity to PC3 cells, demonstrating the complex displays a high degree of selectivity for PSMA(+) cells. DAC-D displays specificity and stability features that may be useful for improved delivery of Dox selectively to malignant tissue in vivo.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e107; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.37; published online 16 July 2013.
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39
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Welker ME, Kulik G. Recent syntheses of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4063-91. [PMID: 23735831 PMCID: PMC3711139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the syntheses of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors that have been reported outside of the patent literature in the last 5years but is largely centered on synthetic work reported in 2011 and 2012. While focused on syntheses of inhibitors, some information on in vitro and in vivo testing of compounds is also included. Many of these reported compounds are reversible, competitive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding inhibitors, so given the structural similarities of many of these compounds to the adenine core, this review presents recent work on inhibitors based on where the synthetic chemistry was started, that is, inhibitor syntheses which started with purines/pyrimidines are followed by inhibitor syntheses which began with pyridines, pyrazines, azoles, and triazines then moves to inhibitors which bear no structural resemblance to adenine: liphagal, wortmannin and quercetin analogs. The review then finishes with a short section on recent syntheses of phosphotidyl inositol (PI) analogs since competitive PI binding inhibitors represent an alternative to the competitive ATP binding inhibitors which have received the most attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Welker
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, PO Box 7486, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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40
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Ray P, Viles KD, Soule EE, Woodruff RS. Application of aptamers for targeted therapeutics. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:255-71. [PMID: 23563807 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are short, single-stranded oligonucleotides that are isolated through a process termed systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment. With the advent of cell-based selection technology, aptamers can be selected to bind protein targets that are expressed on the cell surface. These aptamers demonstrate excellent specificity and high affinity toward their target proteins and are often internalized upon binding to their targets. This has opened up the possibility of using aptamers for cell-specific targeted drug delivery. In this review, we will discuss cell-surface protein targets, the aptamers that bind them, and their applications for targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Ray
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 103035, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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41
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Lakhin A, Tarantul V, Gening L. Aptamers: problems, solutions and prospects. Acta Naturae 2013; 5:34-43. [PMID: 24455181 PMCID: PMC3890987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short single-stranded oligonucleotides that are capable of binding various molecules with high affinity and specificity. When the technology of aptamer selection was developed almost a quarter of a century ago, a suggestion was immediately put forward that it might be a revolutionary start into solving many problems associated with diagnostics and the therapy of diseases. However, multiple attempts to use aptamers in practice, although sometimes successful, have been generally much less efficient than had been expected initially. This review is mostly devoted not to the successful use of aptamers but to the problems impeding the widespread application of aptamers in diagnostics and therapy, as well as to approaches that could considerably expand the range of aptamer application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.V. Lakhin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - V.Z. Tarantul
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - L.V. Gening
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
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42
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Gold nanoparticles: emerging paradigm for targeted drug delivery system. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:593-606. [PMID: 23111203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology in medicine, known as nanomedicine, has introduced a plethora of nanoparticles of variable chemistry and design considerations for cancer diagnosis and treatment. One of the most important field is the design and development of pharmaceutical drugs, based on targeted drug delivery system (TDDS). Being inspired by physio-chemical properties of nanoparticles, TDDS are designed to safely reach their targets and specifically release their cargo at the site of disease for enhanced therapeutic effects, thereby increasing the drug tissue bioavailability. Nanoparticles have the advantage of targeting cancer by simply being accumulated and entrapped in cancer cells. However, even after rapid growth of nanotechnology in nanomedicine, designing an effective targeted drug delivery system is still a challenging task. In this review, we reveal the recent advances in drug delivery approach with a particular focus on gold nanoparticles. We seek to expound on how these nanomaterials communicate in the complex environment to reach the target site, and how to design the effective TDDS for complex environments and simultaneously monitor the toxicity on the basis of designing such delivery complexes. Hence, this review will shed light on the research, opportunities and challenges for engineering nanomaterials with cancer biology and medicine to develop effective TDDS for treatment of cancer.
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