1
|
Faber T, McConville JT, Lamprecht A. Focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy provides novel insights of drug delivery phenomena. J Control Release 2024; 366:312-327. [PMID: 38161031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has long been a standard tool for morphological analyses, providing sub micrometer resolution of pharmaceutical formulations. However, analysis of internal morphologies of such formulations can often be biased due to the introduction of artifacts that originate from sample preparation. A recent advancement in SEM, is the focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). This technique uses a focused ion beam (FIB) to remove material with nanometer precision, to provide virtually sample-independent access to sub-surface structures. The FIB can be combined with SEM imaging capabilities within the same instrumentation. As a powerful analytical tool, electron microscopy and FIB-milling are performed sequentially to produce high-resolution 3D models of structural peculiarities of diverse drug delivery systems or their behavior in a biological environment, i.e. intracellular or -tissue distribution. This review paper briefly describes the technical background of the method, outlines a wide array of potential uses within the drug delivery field, and focuses on intracellular transport where high-resolution images are an essential tool for mechanistical insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Faber
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jason T McConville
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Université de Franche-Comté, INSERM UMR1098 Right, Besançon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guner G, Amjad A, Berrios M, Kannan M, Bilgili E. Nanoseeded Desupersaturation and Dissolution Tests for Elucidating Supersaturation Maintenance in Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020450. [PMID: 36839772 PMCID: PMC9964794 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of residual drug crystals that are formed during the production and storage of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) has been studied using micron-sized seed crystals in solvent-shift (desupersaturation) and dissolution tests. This study examines the impacts of the seed size loading on the solution-mediated precipitation from griseofulvin ASDs. Nanoparticle crystals (nanoseeds) were used as a more realistic surrogate for residual crystals compared with conventional micron-sized seeds. ASDs of griseofulvin with Soluplus (Sol), Kollidon VA64 (VA64), and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) were prepared by spray-drying. Nanoseeds produced by wet media milling were used in the dissolution and desupersaturation experiments. DLS, SEM, XRPD, and DSC were used for characterization. The results from the solvent-shift tests suggest that the drug nanoseeds led to a faster and higher extent of desupersaturation than the as-received micron-sized crystals and that the higher seed loading facilitated desupersaturation. Sol was the only effective nucleation inhibitor; the overall precipitation inhibition capability was ranked: Sol > HPMC > VA64. In the dissolution tests, only the Sol-based ASDs generated significant supersaturation, which decreased upon an increase in the nanoseed loading. This study has demonstrated the importance of using drug nanocrystals in lieu of conventional coarse crystals in desupersaturation and dissolution tests in ASD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ecevit Bilgili
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-973-596-2998; Fax: +1-973-596-8436
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alzahrani A, Nyavanandi D, Mandati P, Adel Ali Youssef A, Narala S, Bandari S, Repka M. A systematic and robust assessment of hot-melt extrusion-based amorphous solid dispersions: Theoretical prediction to practical implementation. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121951. [PMID: 35753536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have gained attention as a formulation strategy in recent years, with the potential to improve the apparent solubility and, hence, the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. The process of formulating ASDs is commonly faced with challenges owing to the intrinsic physical and chemical instability of the initial amorphous form and the long-term physical stability of drug formulations. Numerous research publications on hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology have demonstrated that it is the most efficient approach for manufacturing reasonably stable ASDs. The HME technique has been established as a faster scale-up production strategy for formulation evaluation and has the potential to minimize the time to market. Thermodynamic evaluation and theoretical predictions of drug-polymer solubility and miscibility may assist to reduce the product development cost by HME. This review article highlights robust and established prediction theories and experimental approaches for the selection of polymeric carriers for the development of hot melt extrusion based stable amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). In addition, this review makes a significant contribution to the literature as a pilot guide for ASD assessment, as well as to confirm the drug-polymer compatibility and physical stability of HME-based formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677; Department of Pharmacy, East Jeddah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jeddah 22253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Preethi Mandati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Michael Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Babu NR, Nagpal D, Ankola D, Awasthi R. Evolution of Solid Dispersion Technology: Solubility Enhancement Using Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate: Myth or Reality? Assay Drug Dev Technol 2022; 20:149-163. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Raveendra Babu
- Watson Pharma Private Limited (A Teva Company), Thane, India
- Development of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Dheeraj Nagpal
- Development of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Dhawal Ankola
- Watson Pharma Private Limited (A Teva Company), Thane, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pajzderska A, Mielcarek J, Wąsicki J. The Physical Stability of Felodipine and Its Recrystallization from an Amorphous Solid Dispersion Studied by NMR Relaxometry. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:93. [PMID: 35314906 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry method was applied to investigate the physical stability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and, for the first time, its recrystallization process in an amorphous solid dispersion system (ASD). The ASD of felodipine and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was prepared using the solvent evaporation method in a mass ratio of 50:50. In the first stage of the study (250 days), the sample was stored at 0% relative humidity (RH). The recovery of magnetization was described by one-exponential function. In the second stage (300 days in 75% relative humidity), the recrystallization process of felodipine was studied, showing in the sample three components of equilibrium magnetization related to (i) crystalline felodipine, (ii) water, and (iii) felodipine and PVP remaining in the ASD. The study shows that the 1H NMR relaxometry method is a very useful tool for analysing the composition of a three-phase system mixed at the molecular level and for the investigation of recrystallization process of API in amorphous solid dispersion system.
Collapse
|
6
|
Iyer R, Petrovska Jovanovska V, Berginc K, Jaklič M, Fabiani F, Harlacher C, Huzjak T, Sanchez-Felix MV. Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs): The Influence of Material Properties, Manufacturing Processes and Analytical Technologies in Drug Product Development. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1682. [PMID: 34683975 PMCID: PMC8540358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs pose a significant challenge to developability due to poor oral absorption leading to poor bioavailability. Several approaches exist that improve the oral absorption of such compounds by enhancing the aqueous solubility and/or dissolution rate of the drug. These include chemical modifications such as salts, co-crystals or prodrugs and physical modifications such as complexation, nanocrystals or conversion to amorphous form. Among these formulation strategies, the conversion to amorphous form has been successfully deployed across the pharmaceutical industry, accounting for approximately 30% of the marketed products that require solubility enhancement and making it the most frequently used technology from 2000 to 2020. This article discusses the underlying scientific theory and influence of the active compound, the material properties and manufacturing processes on the selection and design of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) products as marketed products. Recent advances in the analytical tools to characterize ASDs stability and ability to be processed into suitable, patient-centric dosage forms are also described. The unmet need and regulatory path for the development of novel ASD polymers is finally discussed, including a description of the experimental data that can be used to establish if a new polymer offers sufficient differentiation from the established polymers to warrant advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raman Iyer
- Technical Research and Development, c/o Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
| | - Vesna Petrovska Jovanovska
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.P.J.); (K.B.); (M.J.); (T.H.)
| | - Katja Berginc
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.P.J.); (K.B.); (M.J.); (T.H.)
| | - Miha Jaklič
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.P.J.); (K.B.); (M.J.); (T.H.)
| | - Flavio Fabiani
- Technical Research and Development, c/o Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (F.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Cornelius Harlacher
- Technical Research and Development, c/o Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (F.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Tilen Huzjak
- Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.P.J.); (K.B.); (M.J.); (T.H.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
A Review of Pharmaceutical Nano-Cocrystals: A Novel Strategy to Improve the Chemical and Physical Properties for Poorly Soluble Drugs. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11050463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, many commercial drugs have poor solubility and bioavailability. Cocrystals are formulated to modulate active pharmaceutical ingredients’ properties with improved solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability compared to their pristine individual components in the pharmaceutical industry. Nano-cocrystals, crystals in the nano range, can further enhance these properties because of not only the cocrystal structure, but also the large surface to volume ratio of nanocrystals. Even though there are many studies on cocrystals, the research of pharmaceutical nano-cocrystals is still in the initial stage. Thus, it is necessary to conduct a systematic study on pharmaceutical nano-cocrystals. In this review, the possible preparation approaches of nano-cocrystals have been reported. To have a comprehensive understanding of nano-cocrystals, some analytical techniques and characterizations will be discussed in detail. In addition, the feasible therapeutic application of nano-cocrystals will be presented. This work is expected to provide guidance to develop new nano-cocrystals with commercial value in the pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
|
9
|
S'ari M, Blade H, Cosgrove S, Drummond-Brydson R, Hondow N, Hughes LP, Brown A. Characterization of Amorphous Solid Dispersions and Identification of Low Levels of Crystallinity by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1905-1919. [PMID: 33797925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are used to increase the solubility of oral medicines by kinetically stabilizing the more soluble amorphous phase of an active pharmaceutical ingredient with a suitable amorphous polymer. Low levels of a crystalline material in an ASD can negatively impact the desired dissolution properties of the drug. Characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are often used to detect and measure any crystallinity within ASDs. These techniques are unable to detect or quantify very low levels because they have limits of detection typically in the order of 1-5%. Herein, an ASD of felodipine (FEL) and polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP/VA) prepared via a hot melt extrusion (HME) in a mass ratio of 30:70 was characterized using a range of techniques. No signs of residual crystallinity were found by pXRD, DSC, or FTIR. However, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) did identify two areas containing crystals at the edges of milled particles from a total of 55 examined. Both crystalline areas contained Cl Kα X-ray peaks when measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, confirming the presence of FEL (due to the presence of Cl atoms in FEL and not in PVP/VA). Further analysis was carried out by TEM using conical dark field (DF) imaging of a HME ASD of 50:50 FEL-PVP/VA to provide insights into the recrystallization process that occurs at the edges of particles during accelerated ageing conditions in an atmosphere of 75% relative humidity. Multiple metastable polymorphs of recrystallized FEL could be identified by selected area electron diffraction (SAED), predominately form II and the more stable form I. Conical DF imaging was also successful in spatially resolving and sizing crystals. This work highlights the potential for TEM-based techniques to improve the limit of detection of crystallinity in ASDs, while also providing insights into transformation pathways by identifying the location, size, and form of any crystallization that might occur on storage. This opens up the possibility of providing an enhanced understanding of a drug product's stability and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S'ari
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Helen Blade
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Stephen Cosgrove
- New Modalities and Parenterals Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Rik Drummond-Brydson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Leslie P Hughes
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Andy Brown
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Neilly JP, Yin L, Leonard SE, Kenis PJA, Danzer GD, Pawate AS. Quantitative Measures of Crystalline Fenofibrate in Amorphous Solid Dispersion Formulations by X-Ray Microscopy. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3078-3085. [PMID: 32679216 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical industry, amorphous solid dispersion can be utilized to enhance the solubility, hence bioavailability, of poorly solubility active pharmaceutical ingredients owing to the higher free energy of the amorphous state. Measuring the concentration, size and spatial distribution of crystalline API particles that may be present in amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) is critical to understanding product performance and developing improved formulations. In this study X-Ray Microscopy (XRM) was used to nondestructively measure these attributes in ASDs. Model tablets of amorphous fenofibrate in a copovidone matrix spiked with known concentrations of crystalline fenofibrate were examined by XRM to measure the concentration, size and distribution of crystalline particles in the tablets. Data collection and analysis conditions were evaluated and reported. XRM images showed contrast between the crystalline API and the amorphous matrix of the tablet. Image analysis using basic thresholding provided quantitative and distribution data of the crystallinity present. Crystals as small as 10 μm were detected and practical quantitation limits of 0.2% (w/w of total tablet) crystallinity were demonstrated. The aspects of manual data thresholding were tested for operator influence and threshold selection and found to be robust. This technique was demonstrated to provide quantitative measures of crystallinity below standard X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) techniques, provide three-dimensional information regarding size, shape and distribution of API crystals and can be performed nondestructively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leilei Yin
- University of Illinois, Beckman Institute, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Sarah-Ellen Leonard
- University of Illinois, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Paul J A Kenis
- University of Illinois, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Ashtamurthy S Pawate
- University of Illinois, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Webster GK, Pommerening CA, Harman WW, Gragg MA, Han JH, Taylor DJ. Exploiting Kinetic Solubility Differences for Low Level Detection of Crystallinity in Amorphous Drug Formulations. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666181210144338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Enabling formulations have been implemented by the pharmaceutical industry
as an effective tool for keeping Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in an amorphous state. Upon
dosing in the amorphous state, many drugs which fail to demonstrate bioactivity due to the limited solubility
and bioavailability of their crystalline form become bioavailable.
Purpose:
The analytical techniques use today for crystallinity detection are challenged by the sensitivity
and robustness needed to achieve a 5% quantitation limit in low dose drug products. Our laboratory has
developed a novel procedure capable of meeting this sensitivity and selectivity requirement. This is
achieved by exploiting the differences in kinetic solubility of the formulated amorphous and free crystalline
forms of API currently being used in dosage form platforms.
Methods:
Representative amorphous drug formulations were prepared and spiked with varying levels of
crystalline drug substances to evaluate the selectivity and recovery of the crystalline drug substance
from the product formulation. Kinetic solubility testing using a (i) Particle wetting phase, (ii) Particle
suspending/erosion phase, (iii) Sampling time point and (iv) A total recovery determination for the drug
substance.
Results:
The method selectively and quantitatively distinguishes crystalline drug substance from amorphous
drug substance for samples spiked from 2.5% to 10% of the nominal label concentration of the
API in the dosage form matrix.
Conclusion:
The kinetic solubility approach reported here achieves sensitive crystallinity quantitation
for low drug level amorphous drug formulations at levels not yet achieved by complimentary analytical
techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K. Webster
- Research & Development Department, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | | | - Whitney W. Harman
- Research & Development Department, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Mathew A. Gragg
- Research & Development Department, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Jian-Hwa Han
- Research & Development Department, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Daniel J. Taylor
- Research & Development Department, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu X, Li M, Huang C, Lowinger MB, Xu W, Yu L, Byrn SR, Templeton AC, Su Y. Atomic-Level Drug Substance and Polymer Interaction in Posaconazole Amorphous Solid Dispersion from Solid-State NMR. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2585-2598. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mingyue Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Chengbin Huang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael B. Lowinger
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Stephen R. Byrn
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Allen C. Templeton
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, Indiana 47907, United States
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Purchel AA, Boyle WS, Reineke TM. Aggregated Solution Morphology of Poly(acrylic acid)-Poly(styrene) Block Copolymers Improves Drug Supersaturation Maintenance and Caco-2 Cell Membrane Permeation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4423-4435. [PMID: 31633362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions of polymers and drugs have been shown to improve supersaturation maintenance of poorly water-soluble drugs. Herein, amorphous spray-dried dispersions (SDDs) of poly(acrylic acid)-polystyrene (PS-b-PAA) diblock copolymers with differing degrees of polymerization were prepared in aggregated and nonaggregated states with the Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II drug, probucol (PBC). Specifically, PS90-b-PAA15, PS90-b-PAA80, PS38-b-PAA220, and PS38-b-PAA320 amphiphilic block polymers that covered a compositional range in the area of oral drug delivery were prepared to examine the role of molecular weight and controlled aggregation in promoting drug supersaturation and maintenance. In addition, hydrophilic homopolymers PAA20, PAA96, PAA226, and PAA392 were prepared as controls to evaluate the role of the block copolymer-based SDDs in PBC solubilization. Characterization such as powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and dissolution tests under nonsink conditions were then performed to evaluate the SDDs. When comparing the block copolymer systems, polymers that were preaggregated into micellular structures prior to spray drying with the drug promoted higher drug solubility and maintenance than when the drug was formulated with molecularly dissolved PS-PAA block polymer. Interestingly, the aggregated PS90-b-PAA80 SDD with 25 wt % PBC achieved 100% burst release and maintained full supersaturation of PBC at pH 6.5 (physiological pH in the small intestine). Dissolution studies conducted at the pH of the stomach (pH = 1.2) show that a minimal amount of drug (∼10 μg/mL) was released, which could be used for protecting drugs from acidic environments (stomach) before reaching the small intestine. To evaluate drug bioavailability, in vitro Caco-2 cell assays were performed, which reveal that PAA-based excipients do not hinder drug permeation across the epithelial membrane and that PS90-b-PAA80 SDD with 25 wt % PBC achieved the highest membrane permeability coefficient. This work demonstrates that block copolymer-based SDDs capable of preaggregating into nanostructures may be a tunable drug-delivery platform that can improve solubility and supersaturation maintenance of Class II pharmaceutics while also not prohibiting bioavailability through model intestinal membranes. Indeed, this concept may be extended to accommodate a myriad of pharmaceutical and excipient structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii A Purchel
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant St. SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - William S Boyle
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant St. SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant St. SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sarpal K, Delaney S, Zhang GGZ, Munson EJ. Phase Behavior of Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Felodipine: Homogeneity and Drug–Polymer Interactions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4836-4851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Sarpal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Sean Delaney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Geoff G. Z. Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Eric J. Munson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ricarte RG, Van Zee NJ, Li Z, Johnson LM, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Recent Advances in Understanding the Micro- and Nanoscale Phenomena of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4089-4103. [PMID: 31487183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical drugs in the marketplace and discovery pipeline suffer from poor aqueous solubility, thereby limiting their effectiveness for oral delivery. The use of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), a mixture of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a polymer excipient, greatly enhances the aqueous dissolution performance of a drug without the need for chemical modification. Although this method is versatile and scalable, deficient understanding of the interactions between drugs and polymers inhibits ASD rational design. This current Review details recent progress in understanding the mechanisms that control ASD performance. In the solid-state, the use of high-resolution theoretical, computational, and experimental tools resolved the influence of drug/polymer phase behavior and dynamics on stability during storage. During dissolution in aqueous media, novel characterization methods revealed that ASDs can form complex nanostructures, which maintain and improve supersaturation of the drug. The studies discussed here illustrate that nanoscale phenomena, which have been directly observed and quantified, strongly affect the stability and bioavailability of ASD systems, and provide a promising direction for optimizing drug/polymer formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G Ricarte
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials Laboratory, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris , PSL Research University , 10 Rue Vauquelin , 75005 Paris , France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sardana K, Khurana A, Gupta A. Parameters that determine dissolution and efficacy of itraconazole and its relevance to recalcitrant dermatophytoses. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2019; 12:443-452. [PMID: 30952196 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1604218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recalcitrant dermatophytoses is on the rise. Though myriad factors contribute to recalcitrance including terbinafine resistance, itraconazole largely remains sensitive. However, there are increasing instances of patients not responding adequately to itraconazole despite low MICs, probably due to issues plaguing the pelletization process, resulting in suboptimal quality. Data on this topic was searched on pubmed using the search items: itraconazole, MIC, MFC, quality, assay, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dermatophytoses, and recalcitrance. Areas covered: A detailed analysis of the manufacturing process of itraconazole with emphasis on pelletization and parameters affecting the dissolution and bioavailability is presented. Important formulation factors including drug-polymer ratio, polymer type, coating thickness, bead size, and number are discussed. Also covered is the rationale of dosimetry of itraconazole in dermatophytoses based on the skin pharmacokinetics and MIC of the organism. Expert opinion: The process of pelletization has multiple components aiming to achieve maximum dissolution of the drug. Variations in the process, pellet quality, number, and polymer determine absorption. Morphometric analysis of pellets is a simple method to quantify quality of the drug. Once the process has been standardized, dosimetry depends on the route of secretion and site of infection, accounting for the variation of doses from 100 mg to 400 mg/day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Sardana
- a Department of Dermatology , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital , New Delhi , India
| | - Ananta Khurana
- a Department of Dermatology , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital , New Delhi , India
| | - Aastha Gupta
- a Department of Dermatology , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital , New Delhi , India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pajzderska A, Fojud Z, Jarek M, Wąsicki J. NMR relaxometry in the investigation of the kinetics of the recrystallization of felodipine. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Aleandri S, Jankovic S, Kuentz M. Towards a better understanding of solid dispersions in aqueous environment by a fluorescence quenching approach. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:130-139. [PMID: 30130607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solid dispersions (SDs) represent an important formulation technique to achieve supersaturation in gastro-intestinal fluids and to enhance absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Extensive research was leading to a rather good understanding of SDs in the dry state, whereas the complex interactions in aqueous medium are still challenging to analyze. This paper introduces a fluorescence quenching approach together with size-exclusion chromatography to study drug and polymer interactions that emerge from SDs release testing in aqueous colloidal phase. Celecoxib was used as a model drug as it is poorly water-soluble and also exhibits native fluorescence so that quenching experiments were enabled. Different pharmaceutical polymers were evaluated by the (modified) Stern-Volmer model, which was complemented by further bulk analytics. Drug accessibility by the quencher and its affinity to celecoxib were studied in physical mixtures as well as with in SDs. The obtained differences enabled important molecular insights into the different formulations. Knowledge of relevant drug-polymer interactions and the amount of drug embedded into polymer aggregates in the aqueous phase is of high relevance for understanding of SD performance. The novel fluorescence quenching approach is highly promising for future research and it can provide guidance in early formulation development of native fluorescent compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Aleandri
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Jankovic
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions containing a polymeric component often impart improved stability against crystallization for a small molecule relative to the pure amorphous form. However, the relationship between side chain functionalities on a polymer and the ability of a polymer to stabilize against crystallization is not well understood. To shed light on this relationship, a series of polymers were functionalized from a parent batch of poly(chloromethylstyrene- co-styrene) to investigate the effect of functionality on the stability in amorphous solid dispersions without altering the physical parameters of polymers, such as the average molecular weight or backbone chain chemistry. The kinetics of the crystallization of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug nabumetone from amorphous solid dispersions containing each functionalized polymer were interpreted on the basis of two interactions: hydrogen bonding between the drug and the polymer and the solubility of the polymer in the amorphous drug. It was found that hydrogen bonding between functionalized polymers and nabumetone can impart stability against crystallization, but only if the polymer shows significant solubility in amorphous nabumetone. Methylation of a protic functionality can improve the ability of a polymer to inhibit nabumetone crystallization by increasing the solubility in the drug, even when the resulting polymer lacks hydrogen bonding functionalities to interact with the pharmaceutical. Furthermore, factors, such as the glass transition temperature of pure polymers, were uncorrelated with isothermal nucleation rates. These findings inform a framework relating polymer functionality and stability deconvoluted from the polymer chain length or backbone chemistry with the potential to aid in the design of polymers to inhibit the crystallization of hydrophobic drugs from amorphous solid dispersions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Frank
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science & Engineering Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Adam J. Matzger
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science & Engineering Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mugheirbi NA, Mosquera-Giraldo LI, Borca CH, Slipchenko LV, Taylor LS. Phase Behavior of Drug-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Amorphous Solid Dispersions Produced from Various Solvent Systems: Mechanistic Understanding of the Role of Polymer using Experimental and Theoretical Methods. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3236-3251. [PMID: 29874454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naila A. Mugheirbi
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Laura I. Mosquera-Giraldo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Carlos H. Borca
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lyudmila V. Slipchenko
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bhardwaj V, Trasi NS, Zemlyanov DY, Taylor LS. Surface area normalized dissolution to study differences in itraconazole-copovidone solid dispersions prepared by spray-drying and hot melt extrusion. Int J Pharm 2018; 540:106-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
22
|
Ting JM, Porter WW, Mecca JM, Bates FS, Reineke TM. Advances in Polymer Design for Enhancing Oral Drug Solubility and Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:939-952. [PMID: 29319295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers have enabled amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) to emerge as an oral delivery strategy for overcoming poor drug solubility in aqueous environments. Modern ASD products noninvasively treat a range of chronic diseases (for example, hepatitis C, cystic fibrosis, and HIV). In such formulations, polymeric carriers generate and maintain drug supersaturation upon dissolution, increasing the apparent drug solubility to enhance gastrointestinal barrier absorption and oral bioavailability. In this Review, we outline several approaches in designing polymeric excipients to drive interactions with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in spray-dried ASDs, highlighting polymer-drug formulation guidelines from industrial and academic perspectives. Special attention is given to new commercial and specialized polymer design strategies that can solubilize highly hydrophobic APIs and suppress the propensity for rapid drug recrystallization. These molecularly customized excipients and hierarchical excipient assemblies are promising toward informing early-stage drug-discovery development and reformulating existing API candidates into potentially lifesaving oral medicines for our growing global population.
Collapse
|
23
|
Li Z, Lenk TI, Yao LJ, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Maintaining Hydrophobic Drug Supersaturation in a Micelle Corona Reservoir. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziang Li
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theodore I. Lenk
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Letitia J. Yao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Davis M, Walker G. Recent strategies in spray drying for the enhanced bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. J Control Release 2017; 269:110-127. [PMID: 29117503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs are a significant and ongoing issue for the pharmaceutical industry. An overview of recent developments for the preparation of spray-dried delivery systems is presented. Examples include amorphous solid dispersions, spray dried dispersions, microparticles, nanoparticles, surfactant systems and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Several aspects of formulation are considered, such as pre-screening, choosing excipient(s), the effect of polymer structure on performance, formulation optimisation, ternary dispersions, fixed-dose combinations, solvent selection and component miscibility. Process optimisation techniques including nozzle selection are discussed. Comparisons are drawn with other preparation techniques such as hot melt extrusion, freeze drying, milling, electro spinning and film casting. Novel analytical and dissolution techniques for the characterization of amorphous solid dispersions are included. Progress in understanding of amorphous supersaturation or recrystallisation from solution gathered from mechanistic studies is discussed. Aspects of powder flow and compression are considered in a section on downstream processing. Overall, spray drying has a bright future due to its versatility, efficiency and the driving force of poorly soluble drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Davis
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Gavin Walker
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Singh G, Sharma S, Gupta GD. Extensive Diminution of Particle Size and Amorphization of a Crystalline Drug Attained by Eminent Technology of Solid Dispersion: A Comparative Study. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:1770-1784. [PMID: 27766512 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study emphasized on the use of solid dispersion technology to triumph over the drawbacks associated with the highly effective antihypertensive drug telmisartan using different polymers (poloxamer 188 and locust bean gum) and methods (modified solvent evaporation and lyophilization). It is based on the comparison between selected polymers and methods for enhancing solubility through particle size reduction. The results showed different profiles for particle size, solubility, and dissolution of formulated amorphous systems depicting the great influence of polymer/method used. The resulting amorphous solid dispersions were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle size analysis. The optimized solid dispersion (TEL 19) prepared with modified locust bean gum using lyophilization technique showed reduced particle size of 184.5 ± 3.7 nm and utmost solubility of 702 ± 5.47 μg/mL in water, which is quite high as compared to the pure drug (≤1 μg/mL). This study showed that the appropriate selection of carrier may lead to the development of solid dispersion formulation with desired solubility and dissolution profiles. The optimized dispersion was later formulated into fast-dissolving tablets, and further optimization was done to obtain the tablets with desired properties.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ricarte RG, Li Z, Johnson LM, Ting JM, Reineke TM, Bates FS, Hillmyer MA, Lodge TP. Direct Observation of Nanostructures during Aqueous Dissolution of Polymer/Drug Particles. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G. Ricarte
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Ziang Li
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Lindsay M. Johnson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Ting
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li Z, Johnson LM, Ricarte RG, Yao LJ, Hillmyer MA, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Enhanced Performance of Blended Polymer Excipients in Delivering a Hydrophobic Drug through the Synergistic Action of Micelles and HPMCAS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2837-2848. [PMID: 28282137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Blends of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and dodecyl (C12)-tailed poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) were systematically explored as a model system to dispense the active ingredient phenytoin by rapid dissolution, followed by the suppression of drug crystallization for an extended period. Dynamic and static light scattering revealed that C12-PNIPAm polymers, synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization, self-assembled into micelles with dodecyl cores in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 6.5). A synergistic effect on drug supersaturation was documented during in vitro dissolution tests by varying the blending ratio, with HPMACS primarily aiding in rapid dissolution and PNIPAm maintaining supersaturation. Polarized light and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy experiments revealed that C12-PNIPAm micelles maintain drug supersaturation by inhibiting both crystal nucleation and growth. Cross-peaks between the phenyl group of phenytoin and the isopropyl group of C12-PNIPAm in 2D 1H nuclear Overhauser effect (NOESY) spectra confirmed the existence of drug-polymer intermolecular interactions in solution. Phenytoin and polymer diffusion coefficients, measured by diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY), demonstrated that the drug-polymer association constant increased with increasing local density of the corona chains, coincident with a reduction in C12-PNIPAm molecular weight. These findings demonstrate a new strategy for exploiting the versatility of polymer blends through the use of self-assembled micelles in the design of advanced excipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lindsay M Johnson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ralm G Ricarte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Letitia J Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A Hillmyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Johnson LM, Li Z, LaBelle AJ, Bates FS, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Impact of Polymer Excipient Molar Mass and End Groups on Hydrophobic Drug Solubility Enhancement. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Ziang Li
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Andrew J. LaBelle
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ricarte RG, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Nanoscale Concentration Quantification of Pharmaceutical Actives in Amorphous Polymer Matrices by Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7411-9. [PMID: 27419264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated the use of electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) to evaluate the composition of phenytoin:hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) spin-coated solid dispersions (SDs). To overcome the inability of bright-field and high-angle annular dark-field TEM imaging to distinguish between glassy drug and polymer, we used the π-π* transition peak in the EELS spectrum to detect phenytoin within the HPMCAS matrix of the SD. The concentration of phenytoin within SDs of 10, 25, and 50 wt % drug loading was quantified by a multiple least-squares analysis. Evaluating the concentration of 50 different regions in each SD, we determined that phenytoin and HPMCAS are intimately mixed at a length scale of 200 nm, even for drug loadings up to 50 wt %. At length scales below 100 nm, the variance of the measured phenytoin concentration increases; we speculate that this increase is due to statistical fluctuations in local concentration and chemical changes induced by electron irradiation. We also performed EELS analysis of an annealed 25 wt % phenytoin SD and showed that the technique can resolve concentration differences between regions that are less than 50 nm apart. Our findings indicate that EELS is a useful tool for quantifying, with high accuracy and sub-100 nm spatial resolution, the composition of many pharmaceutical and soft matter systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G Ricarte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A Hillmyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Luo H, Raciti D, Wang C, Herrera-Alonso M. Macromolecular Brushes as Stabilizers of Hydrophobic Solute Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1855-65. [PMID: 27035279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular brushes bearing poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(d,l-lactide) side chains were used to stabilize hydrophobic solute nanoparticles formed by a rapid change in solvent quality. Unlike linear diblock copolymers with the same hydrophilic and hydrophobic block chemistries, the brush copolymer enabled the formation of ellipsoidal β-carotene nanoparticles, which in cosolvent mixtures developed into rod-like structures, resulting from a combination of Ostwald ripening and particle aggregation. The stabilizing ability of the copolymer was highly dependent on the mobility of the hydrophobic component, influenced by its molecular weight. As shown here, asymmetric amphiphilic macromolecular brushes of this type may be used as hydrophobic drug stabilizers and potentially assist the shape control of nonspherical aggregate morphologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David Raciti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Margarita Herrera-Alonso
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ueda K, Higashi K, Moribe K. Application of Solid-State NMR Relaxometry for Characterization and Formulation Optimization of Grinding-Induced Drug Nanoparticle. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:852-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| |
Collapse
|