1
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Fonseca RG, Kuster A, Fernandes PP, Tavakoli M, Pereira P, Fernandes JR, De Bon F, Serra AC, Fonseca AC, Coelho JFJ. Facile Synthesis of Highly Stretchable, Tough, and Photodegradable Hydrogels. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300918. [PMID: 37133868 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, highly stretchable and tough hydrogels that are photodegradable on-demand have been reported. Unfortunately, the preparation procedure is complex due to the hydrophobic nature of the photocrosslinkers. Herein, a simple method is reported to prepare photodegradable double-network (DN) hydrogels that exhibit high stretchability, toughness, and biocompatibility. Hydrophilic ortho-nitrobenzyl (ONB) crosslinkers incorporating different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) backbones (600, 1000, and 2000 g mol-1 ) are synthesized. These photodegradable DN hydrogels are prepared by the irreversible crosslinking of chains by using such ONB crosslinkers, and the reversible ionic crosslinking between sodium alginate and divalent cations (Ca2+ ). Remarkable mechanical properties are obtained by combining ionic and covalent crosslinking and their synergistic effect, and by reducing the length of the PEG backbone. The rapid on-demand degradation of these hydrogels is also demonstrated by using cytocompatible light wavelength (λ = 365 nm) that degrades the photosensitive ONB units. The authors have successfully used these hydrogels as skin-worn sensors for monitoring human respiration and physical activities. A combination of excellent mechanical properties, facile fabrication, and on-demand degradation holds promise for their application as the next generation of substrates or active sensors eco-friendly for bioelectronics, biosensors, wearable computing, and stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita G Fonseca
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Aline Kuster
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Pedro P Fernandes
- Soft and Printed Microelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-194, Portugal
| | - Mahmoud Tavakoli
- Soft and Printed Microelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-194, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
- IPN - Instituto Pedro Nunes, Associação para a Inovação e Desenvolvimento em Ciência e Tecnologia, Rua Pedro Nunes, Coimbra, 3030-199, Portugal
| | - José R Fernandes
- Chemical Centre - Vila Real (CQVR), Physics Department, School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal
| | - Francesco De Bon
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Arménio C Serra
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Ana C Fonseca
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
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2
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Francis RM, DeForest CA. 4D Biochemical Photocustomization of Hydrogel Scaffolds for Biomimetic Tissue Engineering. ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2023; 4:704-715. [PMID: 39071987 PMCID: PMC11271249 DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Programmable engineered tissues and the materials that support them are instrumental to the development of next-generation therapeutics and gaining new understanding of human biology. Toward these ends, recent years have brought a growing emphasis on the creation of "4D" hydrogel culture platforms-those that can be customized in 3D space and on demand over time. Many of the most powerful 4D-tunable biomaterials are photochemically regulated, affording users unmatched spatiotemporal modulation through high-yielding, synthetically tractable, and cytocompatible reactions. Precise physicochemical manipulation of gel networks has given us the ability to drive critical changes in cell fate across a diverse range of distance and time scales, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation through user-directed intracellular and intercellular signaling. This Account provides a survey of the numerous creative approaches taken by our lab and others to recapitulate the dynamically heterogeneous biochemistry underpinning in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM)-cell interactions via light-based network (de)decoration with biomolecules (e.g., peptides, proteins) and in situ protein activation/generation. We believe the insights gained from these studies can motivate disruptive improvements to emerging technologies, including low-variability organoid generation and culture, high-throughput drug screening, and personalized medicine. As photolithography and chemical modification strategies continue to mature, access to and control over new and increasingly complex biological pathways are being unlocked. The earliest hydrogel photopatterning efforts selectively encapsulated bioactive peptides and drugs into rudimentary gel volumes. Through continued exploration and refinement, next-generation materials now boast reversible, multiplexed, and/or Boolean logic-based biomolecule presentation, as well as functional activation at subcellular resolutions throughout 3D space. Lithographic hardware and software technologies, particularly those enabling image-guided patterning, allow researchers to precisely replicate complex biological structures within engineered tissue environments. The advent of bioorthogonal click chemistries has expanded 4D tissue engineering toolkits, permitting diverse constructs to be independently customized in the vicinity of any cell that is amenable to hydrogel-based culture. Additionally, the adoption of modern protein engineering techniques including genetic code expansion and chemoenzymatic alteration provides a roadmap toward site-specific modification of nearly any recombinant or isolated protein, affording installation of photoreactive and click handles without sacrificing their bioactivity. While the established bind, release, (de)activate paradigm in hydrogel photolithography continues to thrive alongside these modern engineering techniques, new studies are also demonstrating photocontrol of more complex or nonclassical operations, including engineered material-microorganism interfaces and functional protein photoassembly. Such creative approaches offer exciting new avenues for the field, including spatial control of on-demand biomolecule production from cellular depots and patterned bioactivity using a growing array of split protein pairs. Taken together, these technologies provide the foundation for truly biomimetic photopatterning of engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Francis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
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3
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Palkar V, Thakar D, Kuksenok O. Nanogel Degradation at Soft Interfaces and in Bulk: Tracking Shape Changes and Interfacial Spreading. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Palkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Devanshu Thakar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382055, India
| | - Olga Kuksenok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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4
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Fonseca RG, De Bon F, Pereira P, Carvalho FM, Freitas M, Tavakoli M, Serra AC, Fonseca AC, Coelho JFJ. Photo-degradable, tough and highly stretchable hydrogels. Mater Today Bio 2022; 15:100325. [PMID: 35757031 PMCID: PMC9218832 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present for the first time highly stretchable and tough hydrogels with controlled light-triggered photodegradation. A double-network of alginate/polyacrylamide (PAAm) is formed by using covalently and ionically crosslinked subnetworks. The ionic Ca2+ alginate interpenetrates a PAAm network covalently crosslinked by a bifunctional acrylic crosslinker containing the photodegradable o-nitrobenzyl (ONB) core instead of the commonly used methylene bisacrylamide (MBAA). Remarkably, due to the developed protocol, the change of the crosslinker did not affect the hydrogel's mechanical properties. The incorporation of photosensitive components in hydrogels allows external temporal control of their properties and tuneable degradation. Cell viability and cell proliferation assays revealed that hydrogels and their photodegradation products are not cytotoxic to the NIH3T3 cell line. In one example of application, we used these hydrogels for bio-potential acquisition in wearable electrocardiography. Surprisingly, these hydrogels showed a lower skin-electrode impedance, compared to the common medical grade Ag/AgCl electrodes. This work lays the foundation for the next generation of tough and highly stretchable hydrogels that are environmentally friendly and can find applications in a variety of fields such as health, electronics, and energy, as they combine excellent mechanical properties with controlled degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita G Fonseca
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francesco De Bon
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal.,IPN - Instituto Pedro Nunes, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisca M Carvalho
- ISR - Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, 3030-194, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Freitas
- ISR - Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, 3030-194, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mahmoud Tavakoli
- ISR - Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, 3030-194, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arménio C Serra
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C Fonseca
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- CEMMPRE - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
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5
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Novel Gels: An Emerging Approach for Delivering of Therapeutic Molecules and Recent Trends. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050316. [PMID: 35621614 PMCID: PMC9140900 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gels are semisolid, homogeneous systems with continuous or discrete therapeutic molecules in a suitable lipophilic or hydrophilic three-dimensional network base. Innovative gel systems possess multipurpose applications in cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and so forth. Formulating a gel-based delivery system is simple and the delivery system enables the release of loaded therapeutic molecules. Furthermore, it facilitates the delivery of molecules via various routes as these gel-based systems offer proximal surface contact between a loaded therapeutic molecule and an absorption site. In the past decade, researchers have potentially explored and established a significant understanding of gel-based delivery systems for drug delivery. Subsequently, they have enabled the prospects of developing novel gel-based systems that illicit drug release by specific biological or external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, enzymes, ultrasound, antigens, etc. These systems are considered smart gels for their broad applications. This review reflects the significant role of advanced gel-based delivery systems for various therapeutic benefits. This detailed discussion is focused on strategies for the formulation of different novel gel-based systems, as well as it highlights the current research trends of these systems and patented technologies.
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6
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Palkar V, Kuksenok O. Controlling Degradation and Erosion of Polymer Networks: Insights from Mesoscale Modeling. J Phys Chem B 2021; 126:336-346. [PMID: 34964629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling degradation of polymer networks on the mesoscale is critical for a range of applications. We utilize dissipative particle dynamics to capture photocontrolled degradation and erosion processes in hydrogels formed by end-linking of four-arm polyethylene glycol precursors. We demonstrate that the polydispersity and the fraction of broken-off fragments scale with the relative extent of reaction. The reverse gel point measured is close to the value predicted by the bond percolation theory on a diamond lattice. We characterize the erosion process via tracking the mass loss that accounts for the fragments remaining in contact with the percolated network. We quantify the dependence of the mass loss on the extent of reaction and on the properties of the film prior to degradation. These results elucidate the main features of degradation and erosion on the mesoscale and could provide guidelines for future design of degrading materials with dynamically controlled properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Palkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Olga Kuksenok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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7
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Peters JT, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA. Advanced biomedical hydrogels: molecular architecture and its impact on medical applications. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab060. [PMID: 34925879 PMCID: PMC8678442 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are cross-linked polymeric networks swollen in water, physiological aqueous solutions or biological fluids. They are synthesized by a wide range of polymerization methods that allow for the introduction of linear and branched units with specific molecular characteristics. In addition, they can be tuned to exhibit desirable chemical characteristics including hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity. The synthesized hydrogels can be anionic, cationic, or amphiphilic and can contain multifunctional cross-links, junctions or tie points. Beyond these characteristics, hydrogels exhibit compatibility with biological systems, and can be synthesized to render systems that swell or collapse in response to external stimuli. This versatility and compatibility have led to better understanding of how the hydrogel's molecular architecture will affect their physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties. We present a critical summary of the main methods to synthesize hydrogels, which define their architecture, and advanced structural characteristics for macromolecular/biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Peters
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Marissa E Wechsler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, and Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St., Bldg. B, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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8
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Correa S, Grosskopf AK, Lopez Hernandez H, Chan D, Yu AC, Stapleton LM, Appel EA. Translational Applications of Hydrogels. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11385-11457. [PMID: 33938724 PMCID: PMC8461619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in hydrogel technology have unlocked unique and valuable capabilities that are being applied to a diverse set of translational applications. Hydrogels perform functions relevant to a range of biomedical purposes-they can deliver drugs or cells, regenerate hard and soft tissues, adhere to wet tissues, prevent bleeding, provide contrast during imaging, protect tissues or organs during radiotherapy, and improve the biocompatibility of medical implants. These capabilities make hydrogels useful for many distinct and pressing diseases and medical conditions and even for less conventional areas such as environmental engineering. In this review, we cover the major capabilities of hydrogels, with a focus on the novel benefits of injectable hydrogels, and how they relate to translational applications in medicine and the environment. We pay close attention to how the development of contemporary hydrogels requires extensive interdisciplinary collaboration to accomplish highly specific and complex biological tasks that range from cancer immunotherapy to tissue engineering to vaccination. We complement our discussion of preclinical and clinical development of hydrogels with mechanical design considerations needed for scaling injectable hydrogel technologies for clinical application. We anticipate that readers will gain a more complete picture of the expansive possibilities for hydrogels to make practical and impactful differences across numerous fields and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Correa
- Materials
Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Abigail K. Grosskopf
- Chemical
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hector Lopez Hernandez
- Materials
Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Doreen Chan
- Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anthony C. Yu
- Materials
Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Eric A. Appel
- Materials
Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Pediatric
Endocrinology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Woods
Institute for the Environment, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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9
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Sun Y, Davis E. Nanoplatforms for Targeted Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery: A Review of Platform Materials and Stimuli-Responsive Release and Targeting Mechanisms. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:746. [PMID: 33809633 PMCID: PMC8000772 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To achieve the promise of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer, they should (1) avoid premature clearance; (2) accumulate in tumors and undergo endocytosis by cancer cells; and (3) exhibit appropriate stimuli-responsive release of the payload. It is challenging to address all of these requirements simultaneously. However, the numerous proof-of-concept studies addressing one or more of these requirements reported every year have dramatically expanded the toolbox available for the design of drug delivery systems. This review highlights recent advances in the targeting and stimuli-responsiveness of drug delivery systems. It begins with a discussion of nanocarrier types and an overview of the factors influencing nanocarrier biodistribution. On-demand release strategies and their application to each type of nanocarrier are reviewed, including both endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Recent developments in stimuli-responsive targeting strategies are also discussed. The remaining challenges and prospective solutions in the field are discussed throughout the review, which is intended to assist researchers in overcoming interdisciplinary knowledge barriers and increase the speed of development. This review presents a nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems toolbox that enables the application of techniques across platforms and inspires researchers with interdisciplinary information to boost the development of multifunctional therapeutic nanoplatforms for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Davis
- Materials Engineering Program, Mechanical Engineering Department, Auburn University, 101 Wilmore Drive, Auburn, AL 36830, USA;
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10
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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LeValley PJ, Sutherland BP, Jaje J, Gibbs S, Jones M, Gala R, Kloxin CJ, Kiick KL, Kloxin AM. On-demand and tunable dual wavelength release of antibody using light-responsive hydrogels. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6944-6958. [PMID: 34327309 PMCID: PMC8315695 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increased interest in the use of protein therapeutics, especially antibodies, for the treatment of a variety of diseases due to their high specificity to tissues and biological pathways of interest. However, the use of antibodies can be hindered by physical aggregation, degradation, and diffusion when injected in vivo leading to the need for antibody-releasing depots for the controlled and localized delivery within tissues of interest. Here, we investigated photolabile hydrogel chemistries for creating on-demand and tunable antibody release profiles. Innovative, scalable synthetic procedures were established and applied for fabricating hydrogels with nitrobenzyl (NB) and coumarin (CMR) photolabile crosslinks that responded to clinically relevant doses of long-wavelength UV and short-wavelength visible light. This synthetic procedure includes a route to make a CMR linker possessing two functional handles at the same ring position with water-stable bonds. The photocleavage properties of NB and CMR crosslinked hydrogels were characterized, as well as their potential for translational studies by degradation through pig skin, a good human skin mimic. The mechanism of hydrogel degradation, bulk versus surface eroding, was determined to be dependent on the wavelength of light utilized and the molar absorptivity of the different photolabile linkers, providing a facile means for altering protein release upon hydrogel degradation. Further, the encapsulation and on-demand release of a model monoclonal antibody was demonstrated, highlighting the ability to control antibody release from these hydrogels through the application of light while retaining its bioactivity. In particular, the newly designed CMR hydrogels undergo surface erosion-based protein release using visible light, which is more commonly used clinically. Overall, this work establishes scalable syntheses and relevant pairings of formulation-irradiation conditions for designing on-demand and light-responsive material systems that provide controlled, tunable release of bioactive proteins toward addressing barriers to preclinical translation of light-based materials and ultimately improving therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige J. LeValley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Bryan P. Sutherland
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Jennifer Jaje
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology (CMB), Newark, DE, United States
| | - Sandra Gibbs
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology (CMB), Newark, DE, United States
| | - Mark Jones
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology (CMB), Newark, DE, United States
| | - Rikhav Gala
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology (CMB), Newark, DE, United States
| | - Christopher J. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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12
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Zhu H, Yang H, Ma Y, Lu TJ, Xu F, Genin GM, Lin M. Spatiotemporally Controlled Photoresponsive Hydrogels: Design and Predictive Modeling from Processing through Application. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2000639. [PMID: 32802013 PMCID: PMC7418561 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive hydrogels (PRHs) are soft materials whose mechanical and chemical properties can be tuned spatially and temporally with relative ease. Both photo-crosslinkable and photodegradable hydrogels find utility in a range of biomedical applications that require tissue-like properties or programmable responses. Progress in engineering with PRHs is facilitated by the development of theoretical tools that enable optimization of their photochemistry, polymer matrices, nanofillers, and architecture. This review brings together models and design principles that enable key applications of PRHs in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and soft robotics, and highlights ongoing challenges in both modeling and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Haiqian Yang
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Yufei Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical StructuresNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials and StructuresXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials ScienceWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanobiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
| | - Min Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
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13
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Oliva N, Almquist BD. Spatiotemporal delivery of bioactive molecules for wound healing using stimuli-responsive biomaterials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 161-162:22-41. [PMID: 32745497 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wound repair is a fascinatingly complex process, with overlapping events in both space and time needed to pave a pathway to successful healing. This additional complexity presents challenges when developing methods for the controlled delivery of therapeutics for wound repair and tissue engineering. Unlike more traditional applications, where biomaterial-based depots increase drug solubility and stability in vivo, enhance circulation times, and improve retention in the target tissue, when aiming to modulate wound healing, there is a desire to enable localised, spatiotemporal control of multiple therapeutics. Furthermore, many therapeutics of interest in the context of wound repair are sensitive biologics (e.g. growth factors), which present unique challenges when designing biomaterial-based delivery systems. Here, we review the diverse approaches taken by the biomaterials community for creating stimuli-responsive materials that are beginning to enable spatiotemporal control over the delivery of therapeutics for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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14
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Raman R, Langer R. Biohybrid Design Gets Personal: New Materials for Patient-Specific Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901969. [PMID: 31271257 PMCID: PMC6942246 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine requires materials and devices that can sense and adapt to dynamic physiological and pathological conditions. This motivates the design and manufacture of biohybrid materials that mimic the responsive behaviors demonstrated by natural biological systems. Two parallel approaches to biohybrid design are presented-biomimetics and biointegration. Biohybrid hydrogels that mimic the form and function of natural materials, or that integrate living cells or bioactive moieties, can respond to a range of environmental stimuli in parallel, including heat, light, pH, hydration, enzymes, and electric, mechanical, and magnetic forces. A range of examples that illustrate the tremendous potential of this nascent discipline are presented, and ongoing technical challenges related to manufacturing, storage, transport, and external noninvasive control of these materials that will need to be overcome in the coming years are outlined. The ethical, educational, and regulatory challenges that will govern translation of biohybrid design into medical applications are also discussed. Personalized medical therapies that target the precise needs of patients are a critically needed and expanding market. Biohybrid design offers the unique ability to manufacture materials and devices that match the dynamic and patient-specific in vivo environment, promising to generate more effective and safe therapies that enable personalized care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Raman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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15
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LeValley PJ, Neelarapu R, Sutherland BP, Dasgupta S, Kloxin CJ, Kloxin AM. Photolabile Linkers: Exploiting Labile Bond Chemistry to Control Mode and Rate of Hydrogel Degradation and Protein Release. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4671-4679. [PMID: 32037819 PMCID: PMC7267699 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Photolabile moieties have been utilized in applications ranging from peptide synthesis and controlled protein activation to tunable and dynamic materials. The photochromic properties of nitrobenzyl (NB) based linkers are readily tuned to respond to cytocompatible light doses and are widely utilized in cell culture and other biological applications. While widely utilized, little is known about how the microenvironment, particularly confined aqueous environments (e.g., hydrogels), affects both the mode and rate of cleavage of NB moieties, leading to unpredictable limitations in control over system properties (e.g., rapid hydrolysis or slow photolysis). To address these challenges, we synthesized and characterized the photolysis and hydrolysis of NB moieties containing different labile bonds (i.e., ester, amide, carbonate, or carbamate) that served as labile crosslinks within step-growth hydrogels. We observed that NB ester bond exhibited significant rates of both photolysis and hydrolysis, whereas, importantly, the NB carbamate bond had superior light responsiveness and resistance to hydrolysis within the hydrogel microenvironment. Exploiting this synergy and orthogonality of photolytic and hydrolytic degradation, we designed concentric cylinder hydrogels loaded with different cargoes (e.g., model protein with different fluorophores) for either combinatorial or sequential release, respectively. Overall, this work provides new facile chemical approaches for tuning the degradability of NB linkers and an innovative strategy for the construction of multimodal degradable hydrogels, which can be utilized to guide the design of not only tunable materials platforms but also controlled synthetic protocols or surface modification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige J. LeValley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Raghupathi Neelarapu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Bryan P. Sutherland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Srimoyee Dasgupta
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Christopher J. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
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16
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Singhal A, Sinha N, Kumari P, Purkayastha M. Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels in Cancer Therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:1431-1446. [PMID: 31958041 DOI: 10.2174/1871521409666200120094048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are water-insoluble, hydrophilic, cross-linked, three-dimensional networks of polymer chains having the ability to swell and absorb water but do not dissolve in it, that comprise the major difference between gels and hydrogels. The mechanical strength, physical integrity and solubility are offered by the crosslinks. The different applications of hydrogels can be derived based on the methods of their synthesis, response to different stimuli, and their different kinds. Hydrogels are highly biocompatible and have properties similar to human tissues that make it suitable to be used in various biomedical applications, including drug delivery and tissue engineering. The role of hydrogels in cancer therapy is highly emerging in recent years. In the present review, we highlighted different methods of synthesis of hydrogels and their classification based on different parameters. Distinctive applications of hydrogels in the treatment of cancer are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Bangalore-560027, India
| | - Niharika Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Gautam Buddha University, Noida, India
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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17
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Kuang Y, Liu L, Wang Z, Chen Y. A photocleavable and mass spectrometric DNA-peptide probe enables fast and specific enzyme-free detection of microRNA. Talanta 2020; 211:120726. [PMID: 32070590 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MiRNAs are known to be involved in a series of diseases, including breast cancer, and they have the potential to serve as diagnostic/prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. A prerequisite for miRNAs to be applied in clinical practice is the quantitative profiling of their expression. However, the majority of current assays used in miRNA detection are highly enzyme-dependent. In this study, a novel enzyme-free assay was developed that relies on stacking hybridization and a photocleavable DNA-PL-peptide probe, which contains a reporter peptide (AVLGVDPFR), a photocleavable o-nitrobenzyl derivative linker and a detection DNA sequence that is complementary to a part of the target miRNA (e.g., miR-21, miR-125a or miR-200c). Stacking hybridization enabled the DNA-PL-peptide probe to capture DNA in a contiguous tandem arrangement to generate a long DNA single strand complementary to the target miRNA. Then, photolysis was initiated to rapidly release the reporter peptide, and the reporter peptide was ultimately monitored by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In this experiment, the parameters linked with photorelease, binding, conjugation and hybridization were characterized. The results showed that the assay time was significantly shortened, and the detection specificity was improved. After validation of the assay, the target miRNA level was determined in human breast cells and tissue samples. The results demonstrated that photocleavable materials coupled with mass spectrometric detection have great potential in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhongcheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; China State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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18
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Raman R, Hua T, Gwynne D, Collins J, Tamang S, Zhou J, Esfandiary T, Soares V, Pajovic S, Hayward A, Langer R, Traverso G. Light-degradable hydrogels as dynamic triggers for gastrointestinal applications. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay0065. [PMID: 32010768 PMCID: PMC6968934 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Triggerable materials capable of being degraded by selective stimuli stand to transform our capacity to precisely control biomedical device activity and performance while reducing the need for invasive interventions. Here, we describe the development of a modular and tunable light-triggerable hydrogel system capable of interfacing with implantable devices. We apply these materials to two applications in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: a bariatric balloon and an esophageal stent. We demonstrate biocompatibility and on-demand triggering of the material in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Moreover, we characterize performance of the system in a porcine large animal model with an accompanying ingestible LED. Light-triggerable hydrogels have the potential to be applied broadly throughout the GI tract and other anatomic areas. By demonstrating the first use of light-degradable hydrogels in vivo, we provide biomedical engineers and clinicians with a previously unavailable, safe, dynamically deliverable, and precise tool to design dynamically actuated implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Raman
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tiffany Hua
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Declan Gwynne
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joy Collins
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Siddartha Tamang
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jianlin Zhou
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tina Esfandiary
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vance Soares
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Simo Pajovic
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alison Hayward
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Menzel JP, Feist F, Tuten B, Weil T, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Light-Controlled Orthogonal Covalent Bond Formation at Two Different Wavelengths. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7470-7474. [PMID: 30916368 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report light-induced reactions in a two-chromophore system capable of sequence-independent λ-orthogonal reactivity relying solely on the choice of wavelength and solvent. In a solution of water and acetonitrile, LED irradiation at λmax =285 nm leads to full conversion of 2,5-diphenyltetrazoles with N-ethylmaleimide to the pyrazoline ligation products. Simultaneously present o-methylbenzaldehyde thioethers are retained. Conversely, LED irradiation at λmax =382 nm is used to induce ligation of the o-methylbenzaldehydes in acetonitrile with N-ethylmaleimide via o-quinodimethanes, while 2,5-diphenyltetrazoles also present are retained. This unprecedented photochemical selectivity is achieved through control of the number and wavelength of incident photons as well as favorable optical properties and quantum yields of the reactants in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Menzel
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Florian Feist
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bryan Tuten
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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Menzel JP, Feist F, Tuten B, Weil T, Blinco JP, Barner‐Kowollik C. Lichtinduzierte orthogonale Bildung kovalenter Bindungen durch zwei Wellenlängen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Menzel
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
| | - Florian Feist
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Bryan Tuten
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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21
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Corrigan N, Yeow J, Judzewitsch P, Xu J, Boyer C. Seeing the Light: Advancing Materials Chemistry through Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Peter Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
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22
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Corrigan N, Yeow J, Judzewitsch P, Xu J, Boyer C. Seeing the Light: Advancing Materials Chemistry through Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5170-5189. [PMID: 30066456 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The application of photochemistry to polymer and material science has led to the development of complex yet efficient systems for polymerization, polymer post-functionalization, and advanced materials production. Using light to activate chemical reaction pathways in these systems not only leads to exquisite control over reaction dynamics, but also allows complex synthetic protocols to be easily achieved. Compared to polymerization systems mediated by thermal, chemical, or electrochemical means, photoinduced polymerization systems can potentially offer more versatile methods for macromolecular synthesis. We highlight the utility of light as an energy source for mediating photopolymerization, and present some promising examples of systems which are advancing materials production through their exploitation of photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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23
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Light-triggered release of photocaged therapeutics - Where are we now? J Control Release 2019; 298:154-176. [PMID: 30742854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current available therapeutics face several challenges such as the development of ideal drug delivery systems towards the goal of personalized treatments for patients benefit. The application of light as an exogenous activation mechanism has shown promising outcomes, owning to the spatiotemporal confinement of the treatment in the vicinity of the diseased tissue, which offers many intriguing possibilities. Engineering therapeutics with light responsive moieties have been explored to enhance the bioavailability, and drug efficacy either in vitro or in vivo. The tailor-made character turns the so-called photocaged compounds highly desirable to reduce the side effects of drugs and, therefore, have received wide research attention. Herein, we seek to highlight the potential of photocaged compounds to obtain a clear understanding of the mechanisms behind its use in therapeutic delivery. A deep overview on the progress achieved in the design, fabrication as well as current and possible future applications in therapeutics of photocaged compounds is provided, so that novel formulations for biomedical field can be designed.
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24
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Rosenfeld A, Levkin PA. High‐Throughput Combinatorial Synthesis of Stimuli‐Responsive Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800293. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Rosenfeld
- Institute of Toxicology and GeneticsKarlsruhe Institute of Technology 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and GeneticsKarlsruhe Institute of Technology 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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25
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Ruskowitz ER, Comerford MP, Badeau BA, DeForest CA. Logical stimuli-triggered delivery of small molecules from hydrogel biomaterials. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:542-546. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01304g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Triggered release of small molecule model therapeutics from hydrogel biomaterials is governed by user-programmable Boolean logic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry A. Badeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Cole A. DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
- Department of Bioengineering
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26
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Claaßen C, Claaßen MH, Gohl F, Tovar GEM, Borchers K, Southan A. Photoinduced Cleavage and Hydrolysis of o
-Nitrobenzyl Linker and Covalent Linker Immobilization in Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800104. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Claaßen
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP; University of Stuttgart; Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Marc H. Claaßen
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Max-Planck-Ring 5 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Fabian Gohl
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP; University of Stuttgart; Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Günter E. M. Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP; University of Stuttgart; Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB; Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Kirsten Borchers
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP; University of Stuttgart; Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB; Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Alexander Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP; University of Stuttgart; Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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27
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Lau HK, Paul A, Sidhu I, Li L, Sabanayagam CR, Parekh SH, Kiick KL. Microstructured Elastomer-PEG Hydrogels via Kinetic Capture of Aqueous Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1701010. [PMID: 29938180 PMCID: PMC6010786 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201701010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous hydrogels with desired matrix complexity are studied for a variety of biomimetic materials. Despite the range of such microstructured materials described, few methods permit independent control over microstructure and microscale mechanics by precisely controlled, single-step processing methods. Here, a phototriggered crosslinking methodology that traps microstructures in liquid-liquid phase-separated solutions of a highly elastomeric resilin-like polypeptide (RLP) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is reported. RLP-rich domains of various diameters can be trapped in a PEG continuous phase, with the kinetics of domain maturation dependent on the degree of acrylation. The chemical composition of both hydrogel phases over time is assessed via in situ hyperspectral coherent Raman microscopy, with equilibrium concentrations consistent with the compositions derived from NMR-measured coexistence curves. Atomic force microscopy reveals that the local mechanical properties of the two phases evolve over time, even as the bulk modulus of the material remains constant, showing that the strategy permits control of mechanical properties on micrometer length scales, of relevance in generating mechanically robust materials for a range of applications. As one example, the successful encapsulation, localization, and survival of primary cells are demonstrated and suggest the potential application of phase-separated RLP-PEG hydrogels in regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Kuen Lau
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Delaware201 DuPont HallNewarkDE19716USA
| | - Alexandra Paul
- Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSE‐412 96Sweden
- Department of Molecular SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Ishnoor Sidhu
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDE19716USA
| | - Linqing Li
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Delaware201 DuPont HallNewarkDE19716USA
| | | | - Sapun H. Parekh
- Department of Molecular SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Delaware201 DuPont HallNewarkDE19716USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute15 Innovation WayNewarkDE19711USA
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28
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Abstract
The convergence of wearable sensors and personalized medicine enhance the ability to sense and control the drug composition and dosage, as well as location and timing of administration. To date, numerous stimuli-triggered smart drug-delivery systems have been developed to detect changes in light, pH, temperature, biomolecules, electric field, magnetic field, ultrasound and mechanical forces. This review examines the major advances within the last 5 years for the three most common light-responsive drug delivery-on-demand strategies: photochemical, photoisomerization and photothermal. Examples are highlighted to illustrate progress of each strategy in drug delivery applications, and key limitations are identified to motivate future research to advance this important field.
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29
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Truong VX, Li F, Ercole F, Forsythe JS. Wavelength-Selective Coupling and Decoupling of Polymer Chains via Reversible [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Styrylpyrene for Construction of Cytocompatible Photodynamic Hydrogels. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:464-469. [PMID: 35619344 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversible photocycloaddition reactions have previously been employed in chemical cross-linking for the preparation of biomaterial scaffolds. However, the processes require activation by high-energy UV light, rendering them unsuitable for modification in biological environments. Here we demonstrate that the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of styrylpyrene can be activated by visible light at λ = 400-500 nm, enabling rapid and effective conjugation and cross-linking of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in water and under mild irradiation conditions (I = 20 mW cm-2). Notably, the reversion of the cycloaddition can be triggered by low-energy UV light at λ = 340 nm, which allows for efficient cleavage of the dimer adduct. Using this wavelength-gated reversible photochemical reaction we are able to prepare PEG hydrogels and modulate their mechanical properties in a bidirectional manner. We also demonstrate healing of the fractured hydrogel by external light triggers. Furthermore, we show that human mesenchymal stem cells can be encapsulated within the gels with high viability post encapsulation. This photochemical approach is therefore anticipated to be highly useful in studies of cell mechanotransduction, with relevance to disease progression and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X. Truong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Fanyi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
- ̀CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Francesca Ercole
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - John S. Forsythe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
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30
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Dimatteo R, Darling NJ, Segura T. In situ forming injectable hydrogels for drug delivery and wound repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 127:167-184. [PMID: 29567395 PMCID: PMC6003852 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have been utilized in regenerative applications for many decades because of their biocompatibility and similarity in structure to the native extracellular matrix. Initially, these materials were formed outside of the patient and implanted using invasive surgical techniques. However, advances in synthetic chemistry and materials science have now provided researchers with a library of techniques whereby hydrogel formation can occur in situ upon delivery through standard needles. This provides an avenue to minimally invasively deliver therapeutic payloads, fill complex tissue defects, and induce the regeneration of damaged portions of the body. In this review, we highlight these injectable therapeutic hydrogel biomaterials in the context of drug delivery and tissue regeneration for skin wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dimatteo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Nicole J Darling
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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31
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Ossipov DA, Romero AB, Ossipova E. Light-activatable prodrugs based on hyaluronic acid biomaterials. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 180:145-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pradhan S, Keller KA, Sperduto JL, Slater JH. Fundamentals of Laser-Based Hydrogel Degradation and Applications in Cell and Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201700681. [PMID: 29065249 PMCID: PMC5797692 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cell and tissue engineering fields have profited immensely through the implementation of highly structured biomaterials. The development and implementation of advanced biofabrication techniques have established new avenues for generating biomimetic scaffolds for a multitude of cell and tissue engineering applications. Among these, laser-based degradation of biomaterials is implemented to achieve user-directed features and functionalities within biomimetic scaffolds. This review offers an overview of the physical mechanisms that govern laser-material interactions and specifically, laser-hydrogel interactions. The influences of both laser and material properties on efficient, high-resolution hydrogel degradation are discussed and the current application space in cell and tissue engineering is reviewed. This review aims to acquaint readers with the capability and uses of laser-based degradation of biomaterials, so that it may be easily and widely adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark DE 19716, USA
| | - Keely A. Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark DE 19716, USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark DE 19716, USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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33
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34
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Huang G, Li F, Zhao X, Ma Y, Li Y, Lin M, Jin G, Lu TJ, Genin GM, Xu F. Functional and Biomimetic Materials for Engineering of the Three-Dimensional Cell Microenvironment. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12764-12850. [PMID: 28991456 PMCID: PMC6494624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the cell microenvironment serves not only as a structural foundation for cells but also as a source of three-dimensional (3D) biochemical and biophysical cues that trigger and regulate cell behaviors. Increasing evidence suggests that the 3D character of the microenvironment is required for development of many critical cell responses observed in vivo, fueling a surge in the development of functional and biomimetic materials for engineering the 3D cell microenvironment. Progress in the design of such materials has improved control of cell behaviors in 3D and advanced the fields of tissue regeneration, in vitro tissue models, large-scale cell differentiation, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. However, the field is still in its infancy, and discoveries about the nature of cell-microenvironment interactions continue to overturn much early progress in the field. Key challenges continue to be dissecting the roles of chemistry, structure, mechanics, and electrophysiology in the cell microenvironment, and understanding and harnessing the roles of periodicity and drift in these factors. This review encapsulates where recent advances appear to leave the ever-shifting state of the art, and it highlights areas in which substantial potential and uncertainty remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyou Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical
Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Guorui Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials
and Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering &
Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, MO,
USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for
Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130,
MO, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
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35
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Truong VX, Li F, Forsythe JS. Photolabile Hydrogels Responsive to Broad Spectrum Visible Light for Selective Cell Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:32441-32445. [PMID: 28892355 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an efficient method for the preparation of photolabile polymer linkers to be used in the fabrication of bioorthogonal and photodegradable hydrogels. The versatility of this synthesis strategy allows for incorporation of a series of chromophores responsive to addressable wavelengths of UV and broad spectrum visible light. Consequently, selective release of different cell types from composite hydrogels by user-defined timing can be achieved by irradiating the materials with different wavelengths of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X Truong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Fanyi Li
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, 3800 Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Bayview Avenue, Clayton, 3168 Victoria, Australia
| | - John S Forsythe
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, 3800 Victoria, Australia
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36
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Norris SCP, Chou T, Kasko AM. Diffusion of Photoabsorbing Degradation Byproducts in Photodegradable Polymer Networks. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam C. P. Norris
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Tom Chou
- Department of Biomathematics University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
- Department of Mathematics University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Andrea M. Kasko
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
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37
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Brown TE, Marozas IA, Anseth KS. Amplified Photodegradation of Cell-Laden Hydrogels via an Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201605001. [PMID: 28112845 PMCID: PMC5489340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels crosslinked by allyl-sulfide-containing molecules are presented. By exposure to light in the presence of a photoinitiator and a free monofunctional thiol, photodegradation is achieved. Both the gelation and degradation are cytocompatible and allow for cell encapsulation and subsequent release. The photodegradation kinetics and depths attainable are superior to those of traditional cell-laden photodegradable hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobin E Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Ian A Marozas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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38
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Liang Y, Li L, Scott RA, Kiick KL. Polymeric Biomaterials: Diverse Functions Enabled by Advances in Macromolecular Chemistry. Macromolecules 2017; 50:483-502. [PMID: 29151616 PMCID: PMC5687278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials have been extensively used to leverage beneficial outcomes in various therapeutic applications, such as providing spatial and temporal control over the release of therapeutic agents in drug delivery as well as engineering functional tissues and promoting the healing process in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This perspective presents important milestones in the development of polymeric biomaterials with defined structures and properties. Contemporary studies of biomaterial design have been reviewed with focus on constructing materials with controlled structure, dynamic functionality, and biological complexity. Examples of these polymeric biomaterials enabled by advanced synthetic methodologies, dynamic chemistry/assembly strategies, and modulated cell-material interactions have been highlighted. As the field of polymeric biomaterials continues to evolve with increased sophistication, current challenges and future directions for the design and translation of these materials are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkai Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Linqing Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Nemours-Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Department of Biomedical Research, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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39
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Radl S, Roppolo I, Pölzl K, Ast M, Spreitz J, Griesser T, Kern W, Schlögl S, Sangermano M. Light triggered formation of photo-responsive epoxy based networks. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Rosu D, Varganici CD, Rosu L. Multicomponent Polymer Materials: Photodegradation Mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25196-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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41
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Freudenberg U, Liang Y, Kiick KL, Werner C. Glycosaminoglycan-Based Biohybrid Hydrogels: A Sweet and Smart Choice for Multifunctional Biomaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8861-8891. [PMID: 27461855 PMCID: PMC5152626 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) govern important functional characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in living tissues. Incorporation of GAGs into biomaterials opens up new routes for the presentation of signaling molecules, providing control over development, homeostasis, inflammation, and tumor formation and progression. Recent approaches to GAG-based materials are reviewed, highlighting the formation of modular, tunable biohybrid hydrogels by covalent and non-covalent conjugation schemes, including both theory-driven design concepts and advanced processing technologies. Examples of the application of the resulting materials in biomedical studies are provided. For perspective, solid-phase and chemoenzymatic oligosaccharide synthesis methods for GAG-derived motifs, rational and high-throughput design strategies for GAG-based materials, and the utilization of the factor-scavenging characteristics of GAGs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Freudenberg
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden (MBC), Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yingkai Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States,
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden (MBC), Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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42
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Lau HK, Li L, Jurusik AK, Sabanayagam CR, Kiick KL. Aqueous Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation of Resilin-Like Polypeptide/Polyethylene Glycol Solutions for the Formation of Microstructured Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:757-766. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Kuen Lau
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, 201 DuPont Hall, University of Delaware, Newark Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Linqing Li
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, 201 DuPont Hall, University of Delaware, Newark Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Anna K. Jurusik
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, 201 DuPont Hall, University of Delaware, Newark Delaware 19716, United States
| | | | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, 201 DuPont Hall, University of Delaware, Newark Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy
Street, Newark Delaware 19176, United States
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark Delaware 19711, United States
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43
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Magin CM, Alge DL, Anseth KS. Bio-inspired 3D microenvironments: a new dimension in tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2016; 11:022001. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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44
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Huynh CT, Nguyen MK, Tonga GY, Longé L, Rotello VM, Alsberg E. Photocleavable Hydrogels for Light-Triggered siRNA Release. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:305-310. [PMID: 26639103 PMCID: PMC4755586 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A photocleavable hydrogel system for on-demand delivery of genetic material is reported. The release of short interfering RNAs can be triggered by the application of UV light without any loss in bioactivity. This approach provides a promising external stimulus-based nucleic acid delivery platform for applications in disease therapeutics and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Truc Huynh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Minh Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gulen Yesilbag Tonga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Lionel Longé
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Département Chimie Physique, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique 16, avenue Pey Berland 33607 PESSAC Cedex, France
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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45
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Lee ME, Gungor E, Armani AM. Photocleavage of Poly(methyl acrylate) with Centrally Located o-Nitrobenzyl Moiety: Influence of Environment on Kinetics. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele E. Lee
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Eda Gungor
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Andrea M. Armani
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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46
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Wong DY, Ranganath T, Kasko AM. Low-Dose, Long-Wave UV Light Does Not Affect Gene Expression of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139307. [PMID: 26418040 PMCID: PMC4587745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is a non-invasive tool that is widely used in a range of biomedical applications. Techniques such as photopolymerization, photodegradation, and photouncaging can be used to alter the chemical and physical properties of biomaterials in the presence of live cells. Long-wave UV light (315 nm–400 nm) is an easily accessible and commonly used energy source for triggering biomaterial changes. Although exposure to low doses of long-wave UV light is generally accepted as biocompatible, most studies employing this wavelength only establish cell viability, ignoring other possible (non-toxic) effects. Since light exposure of wavelengths longer than 315 nm may potentially induce changes in cell behavior, we examined changes in gene expression of human mesenchymal stem cells exposed to light under both 2D and 3D culture conditions, including two different hydrogel fabrication techniques, decoupling UV exposure and radical generation. While exposure to long-wave UV light did not induce significant changes in gene expression regardless of culture conditions, significant changes were observed due to scaffold fabrication chemistry and between cells plated in 2D versus encapsulated in 3D scaffolds. In order to facilitate others in searching for more specific changes between the many conditions, the full data set is available on Gene Expression Omnibus for querying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darice Y. Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thanmayi Ranganath
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Kasko
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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de Gracia Lux C, Lux J, Collet G, He S, Chan M, Olejniczak J, Foucault-Collet A, Almutairi A. Short Soluble Coumarin Crosslinkers for Light-Controlled Release of Cells and Proteins from Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3286-96. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline de Gracia Lux
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Department of NanoEngineering, ‡Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, and ∥Center for Excellence in Nanomedicine and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0600, United States
| | - Jacques Lux
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Department of NanoEngineering, ‡Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, and ∥Center for Excellence in Nanomedicine and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0600, United States
| | - Guillaume Collet
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Department of NanoEngineering, ‡Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, and ∥Center for Excellence in Nanomedicine and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0600, United States
| | - Sha He
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Department of NanoEngineering, ‡Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, and ∥Center for Excellence in Nanomedicine and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0600, United States
| | - Minnie Chan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Department of NanoEngineering, ‡Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, and ∥Center for Excellence in Nanomedicine and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0600, United States
| | - Jason Olejniczak
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Department of NanoEngineering, ‡Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, and ∥Center for Excellence in Nanomedicine and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0600, United States
| | - Alexandra Foucault-Collet
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Department of NanoEngineering, ‡Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, and ∥Center for Excellence in Nanomedicine and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0600, United States
| | - Adah Almutairi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, §Department of NanoEngineering, ‡Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, and ∥Center for Excellence in Nanomedicine and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0600, United States
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Koetting MC, Peters JT, Steichen SD, Peppas NA. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels: Theory, modern advances, and applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. R, REPORTS : A REVIEW JOURNAL 2015; 93:1-49. [PMID: 27134415 PMCID: PMC4847551 DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, hydrogels have emerged as effective materials for an immense variety of applications. The unique network structure of hydrogels enables very high levels of hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, while at the same time exhibiting the soft physical properties associated with living tissue, making them ideal biomaterials. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels have been especially impactful, allowing for unprecedented levels of control over material properties in response to external cues. This enhanced control has enabled groundbreaking advances in healthcare, allowing for more effective treatment of a vast array of diseases and improved approaches for tissue engineering and wound healing. In this extensive review, we identify and discuss the multitude of response modalities that have been developed, including temperature, pH, chemical, light, electro, and shear-sensitive hydrogels. We discuss the theoretical analysis of hydrogel properties and the mechanisms used to create these responses, highlighting both the pioneering and most recent work in all of these fields. Finally, we review the many current and proposed applications of these hydrogels in medicine and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Koetting
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Peters
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Stephanie D. Steichen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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50
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Truong VX, Tsang KM, Simon GP, Boyd RL, Evans RA, Thissen H, Forsythe JS. Photodegradable Gelatin-Based Hydrogels Prepared by Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry for Cell Encapsulation and Release. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2246-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X. Truong
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical
Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly M. Tsang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical
Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800 Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton 3168 Victoria, Australia
- CRC for Polymers, Notting Hill 3168 Victoria, Australia
| | - George P. Simon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical
Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L. Boyd
- Anatomy
and Developmental Biology, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard A. Evans
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton 3168 Victoria, Australia
- CRC for Polymers, Notting Hill 3168 Victoria, Australia
| | - Helmut Thissen
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton 3168 Victoria, Australia
- CRC for Polymers, Notting Hill 3168 Victoria, Australia
| | - John S. Forsythe
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical
Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800 Victoria, Australia
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