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Clark AB, Safdari M, Zoorob S, Zandi R, van der Schoot P. Relaxational dynamics of the T-number conversion of virus capsids. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:084904. [PMID: 37610017 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We extend a recently proposed kinetic theory of virus capsid assembly based on Model A kinetics and study the dynamics of the interconversion of virus capsids of different sizes triggered by a quench, that is, by sudden changes in the solution conditions. The work is inspired by in vitro experiments on functionalized coat proteins of the plant virus cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, which undergo a reversible transition between two different shell sizes (T = 1 and T = 3) upon changing the acidity and salinity of the solution. We find that the relaxation dynamics are governed by two time scales that, in almost all cases, can be identified as two distinct processes. Initially, the monomers and one of the two types of capsids respond to the quench. Subsequently, the monomer concentration remains essentially constant, and the conversion between the two capsid species completes. In the intermediate stages, a long-lived metastable steady state may present itself, where the thermodynamically less stable species predominate. We conclude that a Model A based relaxational model can reasonably describe the early and intermediate stages of the conversion experiments. However, it fails to provide a good representation of the time evolution of the state of assembly of the coat proteins in the very late stages of equilibration when one of the two species disappears from the solution. It appears that explicitly incorporating the nucleation barriers to assembly and disassembly is crucial for an accurate description of the experimental findings, at least under conditions where these barriers are sufficiently large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bryan Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Mohammadamin Safdari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Selim Zoorob
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Roya Zandi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Paul van der Schoot
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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2
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Kraj P, Hewagama ND, Douglas T. Diffusion and molecular partitioning in hierarchically complex virus-like particles. Virology 2023; 580:50-60. [PMID: 36764014 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are diverse infectious agents found in virtually every type of natural environment. Due to the range of conditions in which viruses have evolved, they exhibit a wide range of structure and function which has been exploited for biotechnology. The self-assembly process of virus-like particles (VLPs), derived from structural virus components, allows for the assembly of a hierarchy of materials. Because VLPs are robust in both their assembly and the final product, functionality can be incorporated through design of their building blocks or chemical modification after their synthesis and assembly. In particular, encapsulation of active enzymes inside VLP results in macromolecular concentration approximating that of cells, introducing excluded volume effects on encapsulated cargo which are not present in traditional experiments done on dilute proteins. This work reviews the hierarchical assembly of VLPs, experiments investigating diffusion in VLP systems, and methods for partitioning of chemical species in VLPs as functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Nathasha D Hewagama
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Three-Dimensional Investigations of Virus-Associated Structures in the Nuclei with White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Infection in Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131730. [PMID: 35804629 PMCID: PMC9265099 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infections of white spot syndrome virus could be a lethal disease in shrimp culture systems. The 3D structures of the virus-associated structures were obtained through electron tomography. The relationships between the mature and immature particles were connected by the localizations of viral proteins. Our study provided new structural information on the virus through 3D, which extends the limited 2D knowledge of pathogen assembling in the white spot disease, further contributing to the development of a strategy for therapy or prevention. Abstract White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has been reported to cause severe economic loss in the shrimp industry. With WSSV being a large virus still under investigation, the 3D structure of its assembly remains unclear. The current study was planned to clarify the 3D structures of WSSV infections in the cell nucleus of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). The samples from various tissues were prepared on the seventh day post-infection. The serial sections of the intestinal tissue were obtained for electron tomography after the ultrastructural screening. After 3D reconstruction, the WSSV-associated structures were further visualized, and the expressions of viral proteins were confirmed with immuno-gold labeling. While the pairs of sheet-like structures with unknown functions were observed in the nucleus, the immature virions could be recognized by the core units of nucleocapsids on a piece of the envelope. The maturation of the particle could include the elongation of core units and the filling of empty nucleocapsids with electron-dense materials. Our observations may bring to light a possible order of WSSV maturation in the cell nucleus of the crayfish, while more investigations remain necessary to visualize the detailed viral–host interactions.
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Ning Y, Wei L, Lin S, Jiang Y, Wang N, Xiao L. Dissection the endocytic routes of viral capsid proteins-coated upconversion nanoparticles by single-particle tracking. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Le DT, Müller KM. In Vitro Assembly of Virus-Like Particles and Their Applications. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:334. [PMID: 33920215 PMCID: PMC8069851 DOI: 10.3390/life11040334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are increasingly used for vaccine development and drug delivery. Assembly of VLPs from purified monomers in a chemically defined reaction is advantageous compared to in vivo assembly, because it avoids encapsidation of host-derived components and enables loading with added cargoes. This review provides an overview of ex cella VLP production methods focusing on capsid protein production, factors that impact the in vitro assembly, and approaches to characterize in vitro VLPs. The uses of in vitro produced VLPs as vaccines and for therapeutic delivery are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian M. Müller
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
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Removing the Polyanionic Cargo Requirement for Assembly of Alphavirus Core-Like Particles to Make an Empty Alphavirus Core. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080846. [PMID: 32756493 PMCID: PMC7472333 DOI: 10.3390/v12080846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of alphavirus nucleocapsid cores requires electrostatic interactions between the positively charged N-terminus of the capsid protein (CP) and the encapsidated polyanionic cargo. This system differs from many other viruses that can self-assemble particles in the absence of cargo, or form “empty” particles. We hypothesized that the introduction of a mutant, anionic CP could replace the need for charged cargo during assembly. In this work, we produced a CP mutant, Minus 38 (M38), where all N-terminal charged residues are negatively-charged. When wild-type (WT) and M38 CPs were mixed, they assembled into core-like particles (CLPs). These “empty” particles were of similar size and morphology to WT CLPs assembled with DNA cargo, but did not contain nucleic acid. When DNA cargo was added to the assembly mixture, the amount of M38 CP that was assembled into CLPs decreased, but was not fully excluded from the CLPs, suggesting that M38 competes with DNA to interact with WT CPs. The composition of CLPs can be tuned by altering the order of addition of M38 CP, WT CP, and DNA cargo. The ability to produce alphavirus CLPs that contain a range of amounts of encapsidated cargo, including none, introduces a new platform for packaging cargo for delivery or imaging purposes.
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Li F, Wang D, Zhou J, Men D, Zhan XE. Design and biosynthesis of functional protein nanostructures. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1142-1158. [PMID: 32253589 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are one of the major classes of biomolecules that execute biological functions for maintenance of life. Various kinds of nanostructures self-assembled from proteins have been created in nature over millions of years of evolution, including protein nanowires, layers and nanocages. These protein nanostructures can be reconstructed and equipped with desired new functions. Learning from and manipulating the self-assembly of protein nanostructures not only help to deepen our understanding of the nature of life but also offer new routes to fabricate novel nanomaterials for diverse applications. This review summarizes the recent research progress in this field, focusing on the characteristics, functionalization strategies, and applications of protein nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Dianbing Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xian-En Zhan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Thangavelu RM, Sundarajan D, Savaas Umar MR, Denison MIJ, Gunasekaran D, Rajendran G, Duraisamy N, Kathiravan K. Developing a Programmable, Self-Assembling Squash Leaf Curl China Virus (SLCCNV) Capsid Proteins into "Nanocargo"-like Architecture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1741-1757. [PMID: 34996223 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new era has begun in which pathogens have become useful scaffolds for nanotechnology applications. In this research/study, an attempt has been made to generate an empty cargo-like architecture from a plant pathogenic virus named Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV). In this approach, SLCCNV coat protein monomers are obtained efficiently by using a yeast Pichia pastoris expression system. Further, dialysis of purified SLCCNV-CP monomers against various pH modified (5-10) disassembly and assembly buffers produced a self-assembled "Nanocargo"-like architecture, which also exhibited an ability to encapsulate magnetic nanoparticles in vitro. Bioinformatics tools were also utilized to predict the possible self-assembly kinetics and bioconjugation sites of coat protein monomers. Significantly, an in vitro biocompatibility study using SLCCNV-Nanocargo particles showed low toxicity to the cells, which eventually proved as a potential nanobiomaterial for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Muthuramalingam Thangavelu
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Deepan Sundarajan
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Mohammed Riyaz Savaas Umar
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Michael Immanuel Jesse Denison
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Dharanivasan Gunasekaran
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Ganapathy Rajendran
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Nallusamy Duraisamy
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Krishnan Kathiravan
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
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Chen J, Lansac Y, Tresset G. Interactions between the Molecular Components of the Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus Investigated by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:9490-9498. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Chen
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Yves Lansac
- GREMAN, UMR 7347, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Tresset
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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10
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Donaldson B, Lateef Z, Walker GF, Young SL, Ward VK. Virus-like particle vaccines: immunology and formulation for clinical translation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:833-849. [PMID: 30173619 PMCID: PMC7103734 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines face significant challenges in their translation from laboratory models, to routine clinical administration. While some VLP vaccines thrive and are readily adopted into the vaccination schedule, others are restrained by regulatory obstacles, proprietary limitations, or finding their niche amongst the crowded vaccine market. Often the necessity to supplant an existing vaccination regimen possesses an immediate obstacle for the development of a VLP vaccine, despite any preclinical advantages identified over the competition. Novelty, adaptability and formulation compatibility may prove invaluable in helping place VLP vaccines at the forefront of vaccination technology. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to outline the diversity of VLP vaccines, VLP-specific immune responses, and to explore how modern formulation and delivery techniques can enhance the clinical relevance and overall success of VLP vaccines. EXPERT COMMENTARY The role of formation science, with an emphasis on the diversity of immune responses induced by VLP, is underrepresented amongst clinical trials for VLP vaccines. Harnessing such diversity, particularly through the use of combinations of select excipients and adjuvants, will be paramount in the development of VLP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braeden Donaldson
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand.,b Department of Pathology , Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Zabeen Lateef
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Greg F Walker
- d School of Pharmacy , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Sarah L Young
- b Department of Pathology , Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Vernon K Ward
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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11
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Nonequilibrium self-assembly dynamics of icosahedral viral capsids packaging genome or polyelectrolyte. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3071. [PMID: 30082710 PMCID: PMC6078970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of viruses partly relies on their ability to self-assemble inside host cells. Although coarse-grained simulations have identified different pathways leading to assembled virions from their components, experimental evidence is severely lacking. Here, we use time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering to uncover the nonequilibrium self-assembly dynamics of icosahedral viral capsids packaging their full RNA genome. We reveal the formation of amorphous complexes via an en masse pathway and their relaxation into virions via a synchronous pathway. The binding energy of capsid subunits on the genome is moderate (~7kBT0, with kB the Boltzmann constant and T0 = 298 K, the room temperature), while the energy barrier separating the complexes and the virions is high (~ 20kBT0). A synthetic polyelectrolyte can lower this barrier so that filled capsids are formed in conditions where virions cannot build up. We propose a representation of the dynamics on a free energy landscape. The mechanism by which virus capsules assemble around RNA to package their genetic material is not clear. Here, the authors observed the assembly of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus capsid around viral RNA or poly(styrene sulfonic acid) using time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering measurements.
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12
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Lázaro GR, Dragnea B, Hagan MF. Self-assembly of convex particles on spherocylindrical surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5728-5740. [PMID: 29796568 PMCID: PMC6051892 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00129d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The precise control of assembly and packing of proteins and colloids on curved surfaces has fundamental implications in nanotechnology. In this paper, we describe dynamical simulations of the self-assembly of conical subunits around a spherocylindrical template, and a continuum theory for the bending energy of a triangular lattice with spontaneous curvature on a surface with arbitrary curvature. We find that assembly depends sensitively on mismatches between subunit spontaneous curvature and the mean curvature of the template, as well as anisotropic curvature of the template (mismatch between the two principal curvatures). Our simulations predict assembly morphologies that closely resemble those observed in experiments in which virus capsid proteins self-assemble around metal nanorods. Below a threshold curvature mismatch, our simulations identify a regime of optimal assembly leading to complete, symmetrical particles. Outside of this regime we observe defective particles, whose morphologies depend on the degree of curvature mismatch. To learn how assembly is affected by the nonuniform curvature of a spherocylinder, we also study the simpler cases of assembly around spherical and cylindrical cores. Our results show that both the intrinsic (Gaussian) and extrinsic (mean) curvatures of a template play significant roles in guiding the assembly of anisotropic subunits, providing a rich design space for the formation of nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo R Lázaro
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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13
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Fu DY, Zhang S, Qu Z, Yu X, Wu Y, Wu L. Hybrid Assembly toward Enhanced Thermal Stability of Virus-like Particles and Antibacterial Activity of Polyoxometalates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:6137-6145. [PMID: 29381053 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to improve both the stability of virus-like particles (VLPs) and the medical activity of polyoxometalates (POMs), a new hybrid assembly system between human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid protein L1 and a europium-containing POM (EuW10) has been constructed, for the first time, via the electrostatic interactions between them. The co-assembly of EuW10 and HPV 16 L1-pentamer (L1-p) in buffer solution resulted in the encapsulation of POMs in the cavity of VLPs, which was further confirmed by cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient ultracentrifugation, SDS-PAGE, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy, whereas the post-assembly of EuW10 with the as-prepared VLPs leads to the adsorption of POMs only on the external surface of particles, and both cases improved the thermal and storage stabilities of VLPs obviously. Particularly, the encapsulation of POMs in VLPs largely improved the antibacterial activity of EuW10, and thereby, the present study will be significant for both the stability improvement of protein vaccines and the development of POM medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, and ‡State Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University , No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, and ‡State Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University , No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiyu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, and ‡State Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University , No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, and ‡State Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University , No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, and ‡State Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University , No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, and ‡State Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University , No. 2699, Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
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14
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Ye Z, Wei L, Zeng X, Weng R, Shi X, Wang N, Chen L, Xiao L. Background-Free Imaging of a Viral Capsid Proteins Coated Anisotropic Nanoparticle on a Living Cell Membrane with Dark-Field Optical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1177-1185. [PMID: 29243478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the diffusion dynamics of a viral capsid proteins (VCP)-functionalized nanocarrier on a living cell membrane could provide much kinetic information for the better understanding of their biological functionality. Gold nanoparticles are an excellent core material of nanocarriers because of the good biocompatibility as well as versatile surface chemistry. However, due to the strong scattering background from subcellular organelles, it is a grand challenge to selectively image an individual nanocarrier on a living cell membrane. In this work, we demonstrated a convenient strategy to effectively screen the scattering background from living cells for single-particle imaging with a polarization-resolved dual-channel imaging module. By taking advantage of the polarization of anisotropic gold nanoparticles (gold nanorods, GNRs), the signals from cell components could be counteracted after subtracting the sequential images one by one, while those transiently rotating GNRs on the cell membrane still exist in the processed image. In contrast to the previously reported methods, this method does not require a complicated optical setup alignment and sophisticated digital image analysis process. According to the single-particle imaging results, the majority of VCP-GNRs were anchoring on the cell membrane with confined diffusion. Interestingly, on further inspection of the diffusion trajectories, the particles displayed anomalous confined diffusion with randomly distributed large walking steps during the whole track. Non-Gaussian step distribution was noted, indicating heterogeneous binding and desorption processes on the cell membrane. As a consequence of the robust background screening capability, this approach would find broad applications for single-particle imaging under a noisy environment, e.g., living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xuyao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rui Weng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xingbo Shi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Langxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lehui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin, 300071, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, 410081, China
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15
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Zhang W, Xu C, Yin GQ, Zhang XE, Wang Q, Li F. Encapsulation of Inorganic Nanomaterials inside Virus-Based Nanoparticles for Bioimaging. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:358-368. [PMID: 29071199 PMCID: PMC5646737 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.21384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) can serve as containers for inorganic nanomaterials with excellent physical and chemical properties. Incorporation of nanomaterials inside the inner cavity of VNPs has opened up lots of possibilities for imaging applications in the field of biology and medicine. Encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) in VNPs can achieve the labeling of VNPs with nanoprobes and maintain the original outer surface features of VNPs at the same time. In return, VNPs enhance the stability and biocompatibility of the inorganic cargoes. This review briefly summarizes the current typical strategies to encapsulate inorganic nanomaterials in VNPs, i.e. mineralization and self-assembly, as well as the applications of these hybrid nanostructures in the field of bioimaging, including in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and theranostics. Nanophotonic studies based on the VNP platform are also discussed. We anticipate that this field will continue to flourish, with new exciting opportunities stemming from advancements in the rational design of VNPs, the development of excellent inorganic nanomaterials, the integration of multiple functionalities, and the regulation of nano-bio interfacial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Gen-Quan Yin
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qiangbin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interfaces, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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16
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Guerrero Y, Singh SP, Mai T, Murali RK, Tanikella L, Zahedi A, Kundra V, Anvari B. Optical Characteristics and Tumor Imaging Capabilities of Near Infrared Dyes in Free and Nano-Encapsulated Formulations Comprised of Viral Capsids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:19601-19611. [PMID: 28524652 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) fluorescent molecules and nanosized structures can serve as potential optical probes for image-guided removal of small tumor nodules (≲ 1 mm diameter). Although indocyanine green (ICG) remains as the only FDA-approved NIR dye, other organic dyes are under extensive development for enhanced imaging capabilities. One such dye is BrCy106-NHS where bromine is substituted for aromatic structures in cyanine dyes. Herein, we investigate the absorption and fluorescence characteristics of ICG and BrCy106-NHS, and quantitatively assess their tumor imaging capabilities in free (non-encapsulated) and a nano-encapsulated form that utilizes the capsid protein (CP) from genome-depleted plant-infecting brome mosaic virus as the encapsulating shell. We refer to these nanoconstructs as optical viral ghosts (OVGs). For example, when fabricated at CP to dye concentration ratio of 200, value of the spectrally integrated fluorescence emission for BrCy106-NHS-doped OVGs is ∼60 times higher than that of ICG-doped OVGs. Our analysis of homogenized mice intraperitoneal tumors indicate that the averaged total fluorescence emission associated with the use of BrCy106-NHS-doped can be at least about 44 times greater than that of ICG-doped OVGs. Our results suggest that OVGs containing BrCy106-NHS may potentially serve as effective optical probes for tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadir Guerrero
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | | | - Turong Mai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | | | - Leela Tanikella
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Atta Zahedi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | | | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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17
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Li C, Kneller AR, Jacobson SC, Zlotnick A. Single Particle Observation of SV40 VP1 Polyanion-Induced Assembly Shows That Substrate Size and Structure Modulate Capsid Geometry. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1327-1334. [PMID: 28323402 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simian virus 40 capsid protein (VP1) is a unique system for studying substrate-dependent assembly of a nanoparticle. Here, we investigate a simplest case of this system where 12 VP1 pentamers and a single polyanion, e.g., RNA, form a T = 1 particle. To test the roles of polyanion substrate length and structure during assembly, we characterized the assembly products with size exclusion chromatography, transmission electron microscopy, and single-particle resistive-pulse sensing. We found that 500 and 600 nt RNAs had the optimal length and structure for assembly of uniform T = 1 particles. Longer 800 nt RNA, shorter 300 nt RNA, and a linear 600 unit poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) polyelectrolyte produced heterogeneous populations of products. This result was surprising as the 600mer PSS and 500-600 nt RNA have similar mass and charge. Like ssRNA, PSS also has a short 4 nm persistence length, but unlike RNA, PSS lacks a compact tertiary structure. These data indicate that even for flexible substrates, shape as well as size affect assembly and are consistent with the hypothesis that work, derived from protein-protein and protein-substrate interactions, is used to compact the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Li
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew R. Kneller
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Stephen C. Jacobson
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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18
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Benito-Peña E, Valdés MG, Glahn-Martínez B, Moreno-Bondi MC. Fluorescence based fiber optic and planar waveguide biosensors. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:17-40. [PMID: 27769374 PMCID: PMC7094704 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of optical biosensors, specifically those that use optical fibers and planar waveguides, has escalated throughout the years in many fields, including environmental analysis, food safety and clinical diagnosis. Fluorescence is, without doubt, the most popular transducer signal used in these devices because of its higher selectivity and sensitivity, but most of all due to its wide versatility. This paper focuses on the working principles and configurations of fluorescence-based fiber optic and planar waveguide biosensors and will review biological recognition elements, sensing schemes, as well as some major and recent applications, published in the last ten years. The main goal is to provide the reader a general overview of a field that requires the joint collaboration of researchers of many different areas, including chemistry, physics, biology, engineering, and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Benito-Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayra Granda Valdés
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of La Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Bettina Glahn-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria C Moreno-Bondi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Pseudo-typed Semliki Forest virus delivers EGFP into neurons. J Neurovirol 2016; 23:205-215. [PMID: 27739033 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Semliki Forest virus (SFV), a neurotropic virus, has been used to deliver heterologous genes into cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we constructed a reporter SFV4-FL-EGFP and found that it can deliver EGFP into neurons located at the injection site without disseminating throughout the brain. Lacking of the capsid gene of SFV4-FL-EGFP does not block its life cycle, while forming replication-competent virus-like particles (VLPs). These VLPs hold subviral genome by using the packaging sequence (PS) located within the nsP2 gene, and can transfer their genome into cells. In addition, we found that the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVG) can package SFV subviral genome, which is consistent with the previous reports. The G protein of rabies virus (RVG) could also package SFV subviral genome. These pseudo-typed SFV can deliver EGFP gene into neurons. Taken together, these findings may be used to construct various SFV-based delivery systems for virological studies, gene therapy, and neural circuit labeling.
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20
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van Rijn P, Schirhagl R. Viruses, Artificial Viruses and Virus-Based Structures for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1386-400. [PMID: 27119823 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201501000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanobiomaterials such as virus particles and artificial virus particles offer tremendous opportunities to develop new biomedical applications such as drug- or gene-delivery, imaging and sensing but also improve understanding of biological mechanisms. Recent advances within the field of virus-based systems give insights in how to mimic viral structures and virus assembly processes as well as understanding biodistribution, cell/tissue targeting, controlled and triggered disassembly or release and circulation times. All these factors are of high importance for virus-based functional systems. This review illustrates advances in mimicking and enhancing or controlling these aspects to a high degree toward delivery and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick van Rijn
- University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Biomedical Engineering‐FB40 W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science‐FB41 Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AW Groningen Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Biomedical Engineering‐FB40 W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science‐FB41 Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AW Groningen Netherlands
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21
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Ren Y, Mu Y, Jiang L, Yu H, Yang S, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang H, Sun H, Xiao C, Peng H, Zhou Y, Lu W. Multifunctional TK-VLPs nanocarrier for tumor-targeted delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 502:249-57. [PMID: 26915810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been exploited for various biomedical applications, such as the monitoring, prevention, diagnosis and therapy of disease. In this study, a novel multifunctional VLPs nanocarrier (TK-VLPs) was prepared and used for tumor-targeted delivery. The SPR and cell uptake results indicated that the TK peptide is a "bi-functional ligand" with high affinity for Caco-2, HRT-18 and HUVEC cells through the integrin α6β1 and integrin αvβ3 receptors. The results of the direct immunofluorescence, SDS-PAGE and western blot assays demonstrated that the TK-VLPs were successfully prepared using the baculovirus expression system. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and the flow cytometry analysis validated that the TK-VLPs could target to Caco-2, HRT-18 and HUVEC cells. An in vivo study further confirmed that the TK-VLPs could target and efficiently deliver fluorescein to tumor cells and the tumor vasculature in mice bearing subcutaneous tumors. TK-VLPs-DOX displayed a uniform, spherical shape and an average size of approximately 28nm. The results of the cell uptake and cytotoxicity assays indicated that TK-VLPs-DOX could enhance the selectivity for colorectal cancer cells. Together, our studies provide strong evidence that TK-VLPs could target colon tumor cells and tumor angiogenesis with enhanced permeability and retention effects, suggesting that the TK-VLPs are a multifunctional nanocarrier with potential applications in a colon tumor-targeted drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Ren
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuman Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine/Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, P216-670 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, R3E 0W2 Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yu Zhang
- Da Lian Institute For Drug Control, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hunan Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Cuihong Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Haisheng Peng
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China.
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22
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Gao D, Lin XP, Zhang ZP, Li W, Men D, Zhang XE, Cui ZQ. Intracellular cargo delivery by virus capsid protein-based vehicles: From nano to micro. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 12:365-76. [PMID: 26711962 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cellular delivery is an important concern for the efficiency of medicines and sensors for disease diagnoses and therapy. However, this task is quite challenging. Self-assembly virus capsid proteins might be developed as building blocks for multifunctional cellular delivery vehicles. In this work, we found that SV40 VP1 (Simian virus 40 major capsid protein) could function as a new cell-penetrating protein. The VP1 protein could carry foreign proteins into cells in a pentameric structure. A double color structure, with red QDs (Quantum dots) encapsulated by viral capsids fused with EGFP, was created for imaging cargo delivery and release from viral capsids. The viral capsids encapsulating QDs were further used for cellular delivery of micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs). MPIOs were efficiently delivered into live cells and controlled by a magnetic field. Therefore, our study built virus-based cellular delivery systems for different sizes of cargos: protein molecules, nanoparticles, and micron-sized particles. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Much research is being done to investigate methods for efficient and specific cellular delivery of drugs, proteins or genetic material. In this article, the authors describe their approach in using self-assembly virus capsid proteins SV40 VP1 (Simian virus 40 major capsid protein). The cell-penetrating behavior provided excellent cellular delivery and should give a new method for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; National Key Laboratory of Macrobiomolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Qiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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23
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Peltomaa R, López-Perolio I, Benito-Peña E, Barderas R, Moreno-Bondi MC. Application of bacteriophages in sensor development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1805-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Wang JCY, Chen C, Rayaprolu V, Mukhopadhyay S, Zlotnick A. Self-Assembly of an Alphavirus Core-like Particle Is Distinguished by Strong Intersubunit Association Energy and Structural Defects. ACS NANO 2015; 9:8898-906. [PMID: 26275088 PMCID: PMC5683390 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Weak association energy can lead to uniform nanostructures: defects can anneal due to subunit lability. What happens when strong association energy leads to particles where defects are trapped? Alphaviruses are enveloped viruses whose icosahedral nucleocapsid core can assemble independently. We used a simplest case system to study Ross River virus (RRV) core-like particle (CLP) self-assembly using purified capsid protein and a short DNA oligomer. We find that capsid protein binds the oligomer with high affinity to form an assembly competent unit (U). Subsequently, U assembles with concentration dependence into CLPs. We determined that U-U pairwise interactions are very strong (ca. -6 kcal/mol) compared to other virus assembly systems. Assembled RRV CLPs appeared morphologically uniform and cryo-EM image reconstruction with imposed icosahedral symmetry yielded a T = 4 structure. However, 2D class averages of the CLPs show that virtually every class had disordered regions. These results suggested that irregular cores may be present in RRV virions. To test this hypothesis, we determined 2D class averages of RRV virions using authentic virions or only the core from intact virions isolated by computational masking. Virion-based class averages were symmetrical, geometric, and corresponded well to projections of image reconstructions. In core-based class averages, cores and envelope proteins in many classes were disordered. These results suggest that partly disordered components are common even in ostensibly well-ordered viruses, a biological realization of a patchy particle. Biological advantages of partly disordered complexes may arise from their ease of dissociation and asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Che-Yen Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | | | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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25
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The Role of Packaging Sites in Efficient and Specific Virus Assembly. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2451-2467. [PMID: 25986309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During the life cycle of many single-stranded RNA viruses, including many human pathogens, a protein shell called the capsid spontaneously assembles around the viral genome. Understanding the mechanisms by which capsid proteins selectively assemble around the viral RNA amidst diverse host RNAs is a key question in virology. In one proposed mechanism, short sequences (packaging sites) within the genomic RNA promote rapid and efficient assembly through specific interactions with the capsid proteins. In this work, we develop a coarse-grained particle-based computational model for capsid proteins and RNA that represents protein-RNA interactions arising both from nonspecific electrostatics and from specific packaging site interactions. Using Brownian dynamics simulations, we explore how the efficiency and specificity of assembly depend on solution conditions (which control protein-protein and nonspecific protein-RNA interactions) and the strength and number of packaging sites. We identify distinct regions in parameter space in which packaging sites lead to highly specific assembly via different mechanisms and others in which packaging sites lead to kinetic traps. We relate these computational predictions to in vitro assays for specificity in which cognate viral RNAs compete against non-cognate RNAs for assembly by capsid proteins.
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26
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Abstract
Viruses are nanoscale entities containing a nucleic acid genome encased in a protein shell called a capsid and in some cases are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. This review summarizes the physics that govern the processes by which capsids assemble within their host cells and in vitro. We describe the thermodynamics and kinetics for the assembly of protein subunits into icosahedral capsid shells and how these are modified in cases in which the capsid assembles around a nucleic acid or on a lipid bilayer. We present experimental and theoretical techniques used to characterize capsid assembly, and we highlight aspects of virus assembly that are likely to receive significant attention in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Perlmutter
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454;
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27
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Shen L, Zhou J, Wang Y, Kang N, Ke X, Bi S, Ren L. Efficient encapsulation of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles into genetically engineered hepatitis B core virus-like particles through a specific interaction for potential bioapplications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:1190-1196. [PMID: 25155647 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of viral coating proteins encapsulating functional nanoparticles provides a new class of biomaterials with robust chemical and physical properties for potential applications in functional imaging, and therapeutic or diagnostic agent delivery. Herein, a straightforward method is demonstrated for efficient encapsidation of magnetic nanoparticles into the engineered virus-like particle (VLP) through the affinity of histidine tags for the nickel- nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) chelate. Monodispersed, uniformly sized, magnetic core-containing VLPs are obtained at high efficiency (>85%) and used as the cellular T2 contrast agents for MR imaging applications thanks to their biocompatibility, higher cellular uptake, as well as higher r2 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Shen
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
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28
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Abstract
I present a review of the theoretical and computational methodologies that have been used to model the assembly of viral capsids. I discuss the capabilities and limitations of approaches ranging from equilibrium continuum theories to molecular dynamics simulations, and I give an overview of some of the important conclusions about virus assembly that have resulted from these modeling efforts. Topics include the assembly of empty viral shells, assembly around single-stranded nucleic acids to form viral particles, and assembly around synthetic polymers or charged nanoparticles for nanotechnology or biomedical applications. I present some examples in which modeling efforts have promoted experimental breakthroughs, as well as directions in which the connection between modeling and experiment can be strengthened.
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29
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Abstract
The self-assembly of virus-like particles may lead to materials which combine the unique characteristics of viruses, such as precise size control and responsivity to environmental cues, with the properties of abiotic cargo. For a few different viruses, shell proteins are amenable to the in vitro encapsulation of non-genomic cargo in a regular protein cage. In this chapter we describe protocols of high-efficiency in vitro self-assembly around functionalized gold nanoparticles for three examples of icosahedral and non-icosahedral viral protein cages derived from a plant virus, an animal virus, and a human retrovirus. These protocols can be readily adapted with small modifications to work for a broad variety of inorganic and organic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina B Tsvetkova
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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30
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Perlmutter JD, Perkett MR, Hagan MF. Pathways for virus assembly around nucleic acids. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3148-3165. [PMID: 25036288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the pathways by which viral capsid proteins assemble around their genomes could identify key intermediates as potential drug targets. In this work, we use computer simulations to characterize assembly over a wide range of capsid protein-protein interaction strengths and solution ionic strengths. We find that assembly pathways can be categorized into two classes, in which intermediates are either predominantly ordered or disordered. Our results suggest that estimating the protein-protein and the protein-genome binding affinities may be sufficient to predict which pathway occurs. Furthermore, the calculated phase diagrams suggest that knowledge of the dominant assembly pathway and its relationship to control parameters could identify optimal strategies to thwart or redirect assembly to block infection. Finally, analysis of simulation trajectories suggests that the two classes of assembly pathways can be distinguished in single-molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy or bulk time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Perlmutter
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Matthew R Perkett
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Michael F Hagan
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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31
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Deshayes S, Gref R. Synthetic and bioinspired cage nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1545-64. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize drug delivery, but still faces some limitations. One of the main issues regarding conventional nanoparticles is their poor drug-loading and their early burst release. Thus, to overcome these problems, researchers have taken advantage of the host–guest interactions that drive some assemblies to form cage molecules able to strongly entrap their cargo and design new nanocarriers called cage nanoparticles. These systems can be classified into two categories: bioinspired nanosystems such as virus-like particles, ferritin, small heat shock protein: and synthetic host–guest supramolecular systems that require engineering to actually form supramolecular nanoassemblies. This review will highlight the recent advances in cage nanoparticles for drug delivery with a particular focus on their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Deshayes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ruxandra Gref
- Institut de Sciences Moléculaires UMR CNRS 8214 Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
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32
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Li F, Wang Q. Fabrication of nanoarchitectures templated by virus-based nanoparticles: strategies and applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:230-245. [PMID: 23996911 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular nanostructures in nature are drawing increasing interests in the field of materials sciences. As a typical group of them, virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs), which are nanocages or nanorods assembled from capsid proteins of viruses, have been widely exploited as templates to guide the fabrication of complex nanoarchitectures (NAs), because of their appropriate sizes (ca. 20-200 nm), homogeneity, addressable functionalization, facile modification via chemical and genetic routes, and convenient preparation. Foreign materials can be positioned in the inner cavity or on the outer surface of VNPs, through either direct synthesis or assembling preformed nanomaterials. Simultaneous use of the inner and outer space of VNPs facilitates integration of multiple functionalities in a single NA. This review briefly summarizes the strategies for fabrication of NAs templated by VNPs and wide applications of these NAs in fields of catalysis, energy, biomedicine, and nanophotonics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedical Characterization, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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Ferrer-Miralles N, Rodríguez-Carmona E, Corchero JL, García-Fruitós E, Vázquez E, Villaverde A. Engineering protein self-assembling in protein-based nanomedicines for drug delivery and gene therapy. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 35:209-21. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.833163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Jung B, Anvari B. Virus-mimicking optical nanomaterials: near infrared absorption and fluorescence characteristics and physical stability in biological environments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:7492-7500. [PMID: 23875529 DOI: 10.1021/am401800w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of viruses as platforms for the development of optical imaging materials has received increasing attention in recent years. We have engineered a hybrid nanomaterial composed of the capsid proteins of genome-depleted plant-infecting Brome mosaic virus that encapsulates the near-infrared (NIR) dye indocyanine green. Herein, we investigate the NIR absorption and fluorescence characteristics of these nanomaterials in biological environments consisting of cell culture media with and without serum proteins. Our results demonstrate that the NIR absorption and fluorescence emission of the constructs are enhanced in the presence of serum proteins. The constructs remain physically stable and maintain their NIR absorption and fluorescence properties for at least 79 days. The presence of serum proteins also reduces the aggregation of the constructs. These findings have relevance for the further development of optical imaging and phototherapeutic methods on the basis of such virus-mimicking nanomaterials as well as the expected optical and physical characteristics of these nanomaterials in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongsu Jung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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35
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Azizgolshani O, Garmann RF, Cadena-Nava R, Knobler CM, Gelbart WM. Reconstituted plant viral capsids can release genes to mammalian cells. Virology 2013; 441:12-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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36
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Gupta S, Chatni MR, Rao ALN, Vullev VI, Wang LV, Anvari B. Virus-mimicking nano-constructs as a contrast agent for near infrared photoacoustic imaging. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1772-6. [PMID: 23334567 PMCID: PMC3626106 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34124k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first proof-of-principle demonstration of photoacoustic imaging using a contrast agent composed of a plant virus protein shell, which encapsulates indocyanine green (ICG), the only FDA-approved near infrared chromophore. These nano-constructs can provide higher photoacoustic signals than blood in tissue phantoms, and display superior photostability compared to non-encapsulated ICG. Our preliminary results suggest that the constructs do not elicit an acute immunogenic response in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Muhammad R. Chatni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 963130, USA
| | - Ayala L. N. Rao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 963130, USA
| | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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37
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Doll TAPF, Raman S, Dey R, Burkhard P. Nanoscale assemblies and their biomedical applications. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20120740. [PMID: 23303217 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale assemblies are a unique class of materials, which can be synthesized from inorganic, polymeric or biological building blocks. The multitude of applications of this class of materials ranges from solar and electrical to uses in food, cosmetics and medicine. In this review, we initially highlight characteristic features of polymeric nanoscale assemblies as well as those built from biological units (lipids, nucleic acids and proteins). We give special consideration to protein nanoassemblies found in nature such as ferritin protein cages, bacterial microcompartments and vaults found in eukaryotic cells and designed protein nanoassemblies, such as peptide nanofibres and peptide nanotubes. Next, we focus on biomedical applications of these nanoscale assemblies, such as cell targeting, drug delivery, bioimaging and vaccine development. In the vaccine development section, we report in more detail the use of virus-like particles and self-assembling polypeptide nanoparticles as new vaccine delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais A P F Doll
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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38
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Pushko P, Pumpens P, Grens E. Development of Virus-Like Particle Technology from Small Highly Symmetric to Large Complex Virus-Like Particle Structures. Intervirology 2013; 56:141-65. [DOI: 10.1159/000346773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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39
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Yang Y, Burkhard P. Encapsulation of gold nanoparticles into self-assembling protein nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10:42. [PMID: 23114058 PMCID: PMC3502577 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-10-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gold nanoparticles are useful tools for biological applications due to their attractive physical and chemical properties. Their applications can be further expanded when they are functionalized with biological molecules. The biological molecules not only provide the interfaces for interactions between nanoparticles and biological environment, but also contribute their biological functions to the nanoparticles. Therefore, we used self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SAPNs) to encapsulate gold nanoparticles. The protein nanoparticles are formed upon self-assembly of a protein chain that is composed of a pentameric coiled-coil domain at the N-terminus and trimeric coiled-coil domain at the C-terminus. The self-assembling protein nanoparticles form a central cavity of about 10 nm in size, which is ideal for the encapsulation of gold nanoparticles with similar sizes. RESULTS We have used SAPNs to encapsulate several commercially available gold nanoparticles. The hydrodynamic size and the surface coating of gold nanoparticles are two important factors influencing successful encapsulation by the SAPNs. Gold nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic size of less than 15 nm can successfully be encapsulated. Gold nanoparticles with citrate coating appear to have stronger interactions with the proteins, which can interfere with the formation of regular protein nanoparticles. Upon encapsulation gold nanoparticles with polymer coating interfere less strongly with the ability of the SAPNs to assemble into nanoparticles. Although the central cavity of the SAPNs carries an overall charge, the electrostatic interaction appears to be less critical for the efficient encapsulation of gold nanoparticles into the protein nanoparticles. CONCLUSIONS The SAPNs can be used to encapsulate gold nanoparticles. The SAPNs can be further functionalized by engineering functional peptides or proteins to either their N- or C-termini. Therefore encapsulation of gold nanoparticles into SAPNs can provide a useful platform to generate a multifunctional biodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Yang
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 N, Eagleville Road, Storrs, Mansfield, CT 06269, USA
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40
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Cheng F, Tsvetkova IB, Khuong YL, Moore AW, Arnold RJ, Goicochea NL, Dragnea B, Mukhopadhyay S. The packaging of different cargo into enveloped viral nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:51-8. [PMID: 22876758 DOI: 10.1021/mp3002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles used for biomedical applications must be able to discriminate between tumor or virus-infected host cells and healthy host cells. In addition, viral nanoparticles must have the flexibility to incorporate a wide range of cargo, from inorganic metals to mRNAs to small molecules. Alphaviruses are a family of enveloped viruses for which some species are intrinsically capable of systemic tumor targeting. Alphavirus virus-like particles, or viral nanoparticles, can be generated from in vitro self-assembled core-like particles using nonviral nucleic acid. In this work, we expand on the types of cargo that can be incorporated into alphavirus core-like particles and the molecular requirements for packaging this cargo. We demonstrate that different core-like particle templates can be further enveloped to form viral nanoparticles that are capable of cell entry. We propose that alphaviruses can be selectively modified to create viral nanoparticles for biomedical applications and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cheng
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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41
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Jabir NR, Tabrez S, Ashraf GM, Shakil S, Damanhouri GA, Kamal MA. Nanotechnology-based approaches in anticancer research. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4391-408. [PMID: 22927757 PMCID: PMC3420598 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s33838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a highly complex disease to understand, because it entails multiple cellular physiological systems. The most common cancer treatments are restricted to chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. Moreover, the early recognition and treatment of cancer remains a technological bottleneck. There is an urgent need to develop new and innovative technologies that could help to delineate tumor margins, identify residual tumor cells and micrometastases, and determine whether a tumor has been completely removed or not. Nanotechnology has witnessed significant progress in the past few decades, and its effect is widespread nowadays in every field. Nanoparticles can be modified in numerous ways to prolong circulation, enhance drug localization, increase drug efficacy, and potentially decrease chances of multidrug resistance by the use of nanotechnology. Recently, research in the field of cancer nanotechnology has made remarkable advances. The present review summarizes the application of various nanotechnology-based approaches towards the diagnostics and therapeutics of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasimudeen R Jabir
- Metabolomics and Enzymology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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42
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Ma Y, Nolte RJM, Cornelissen JJLM. Virus-based nanocarriers for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:811-25. [PMID: 22285585 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
New nanocarrier platforms based on natural biological building blocks offer great promises in revolutionalizing medicine. The usage of specific protein cage structures: virus-like particles (VLPs) for drug packaging and targetted delivery is summarized here. Versatile chemical and genetic modifications on the outer surfaces and inner cavities of VLPs facilitate the preparation of new materials that could meet the biocompatibility, solubility and high uptake efficiency requirements for drug delivery. A full evaluation on the toxicity, bio-distribution and immunology of these materials are envisaged to boost their application potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ma
- Group of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA(+) Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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43
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Liu Z, Qiao J, Niu Z, Wang Q. Natural supramolecular building blocks: from virus coat proteins to viral nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6178-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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44
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Wang T, Zhang Z, Gao D, Li F, Wei H, Liang X, Cui Z, Zhang XE. Encapsulation of gold nanoparticles by simian virus 40 capsids. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4275-4282. [PMID: 21879117 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10568j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Viral capsid-nanoparticle hybrid structures constitute a new type of nanoarchitecture that can be used for various applications. We previously constructed a hybrid structure comprising quantum dots encapsulated by simian virus 40 (SV40) capsids for imaging viral infection pathways. Here, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are encapsulated into SV40 capsids and the effect of particle size and surface ligands (i.e. mPEG and DNA) on AuNP encapsulation is studied. Particle size and surface decoration play complex roles in AuNP encapsulation by SV40 capsids. AuNPs ≥15 nm (when coated with mPEG750 rather than mPEG2000), or ≥10 nm (when coated with 10T or 50T DNA) can be encapsulated. Encapsulation efficiency increased as the size of the AuNPs increased from 10 to 30 nm. In addition, the electrostatic interactions derived from negatively charged DNA ligands on the AuNP surfaces promote encapsulation when the AuNPs have a small diameter (i.e. 10 nm and 15 nm). Moreover, the SV40 capsid is able to carry mPEG750-modified 15-nm AuNPs into living Vero cells, whereas the mPEG750-modified 15-nm AuNPs alone cannot enter cells. These results will improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying nanoparticle encapsulation in SV40 capsids and enable the construction of new functional hybrid nanostructures for cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.44, Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
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45
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Lee SY, Lim JS, Harris MT. Synthesis and application of virus-based hybrid nanomaterials. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:16-30. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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46
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Structure and stoichiometry of template-directed recombinant HIV-1 Gag particles. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:667-80. [PMID: 21762807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Size polydispersity of immature human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles represents a challenge for traditional methods of biological ultrastructural analysis. An in vitro model for immature HIV-1 particles constructed from recombinant Gag proteins lacking residues 16-99 and the p6 domain assembled around spherical nanoparticles functionalized with DNA. This template-directed assembly approach led to a significant reduction in size polydispersity and revealed previously unknown structural features of immature-like HIV-1 particles. Electron microscopy and image reconstruction of these particles suggest that the Gag shell formed from different protein regions that are connected by a "scar"-an extended defect connecting the edges of two continuous, regularly packed protein layers. Thus, instead of a holey protein array, the experimental model presented here appears to consist of a continuous array of ∼5000 proteins enveloping the core, in which regular regions are separated by extended areas of disorder.
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47
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Lin Y, Mao C. Bio-inspired supramolecular self-assembly towards soft nanomaterials. FRONTIERS OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2011; 5:247-265. [PMID: 21980594 PMCID: PMC3185360 DOI: 10.1007/s11706-011-0141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembly has proven to be a reliable approach towards versatile nanomaterials based on multiple weak intermolecular forces. In this review, the development of bio-inspired supramolecular self-assembly into soft materials and their applications are summarized. Molecular systems used in bio-inspired "bottom-up self-assembly" involve small organic molecules, peptides or proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses. Self-assembled soft nanomaterials have been exploited in various applications such as inorganic nanomaterial synthesis, drug or gene delivery, tissue engineering, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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48
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Bronstein LM. Virus-based nanoparticles with inorganic cargo: what does the future hold? SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1609-1618. [PMID: 21520496 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the accumulated knowledge on virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) consisting of virus protein capsids and inorganic cargo, such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanowires, and thin layers, is presented. Virus capsids (VCs) can serve either as templates or nanoreactors when inorganic materials are formed outside or inside VCs. The third possibility is when inorganic NPs nucleate the formation of VCs. The structural and mechanistic studies of VNP formation are paving the way to a better understating of virus structure and behavior, and these facilitate promising applications of VNPs in biomedical and materials research.
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49
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Jung B, Rao ALN, Anvari B. Optical nano-constructs composed of genome-depleted brome mosaic virus doped with a near infrared chromophore for potential biomedical applications. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1243-52. [PMID: 21210643 DOI: 10.1021/nn1028696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We have engineered an optical nanoconstruct composed of genome-depleted brome mosaic virus doped with indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA-approved near-infrared (NIR) chromophore. Constructs are highly monodispersed with standard deviation of ±3.8 nm from a mean diameter of 24.3 nm. They are physically stable and exhibit a high degree of optical stability at physiological temperature (37 °C). Using human bronchial epithelial cells, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the constructs for intracellular optical imaging in vitro, with greater than 90% cell viability after 3 h of incubation. These constructs may serve as a potentially nontoxic and multifunctional nanoplatform for site-specific deep-tissue optical imaging, and therapy of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongsu Jung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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50
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Zhao Q, Chen W, Chen Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Self-Assembled Virus-Like Particles from Rotavirus Structural Protein VP6 for Targeted Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:346-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1002532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghuan Zhao
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanding Chen
- Key Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
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