1
|
Huang L, Gan Y. A review on SEM imaging of graphene layers. Micron 2024; 187:103716. [PMID: 39276729 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2024.103716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Atomic-thick graphene has stimulated great interests for exploring fundamental science and technological applications due to its promising electronic, mechanical and thermal properties. It is important to gain a deeper understanding of geometrical/structural characteristics of graphene and its properties/performance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is indispensable for characterizing graphene layers. This review details SEM imaging of graphene layer, including the SEM image contrast mechanism of graphene layers, imaging parameter-dependent contrast of graphene layers and the influence of polycrystalline substrates on image contrast. Furthermore, a summary of SEM applications in imaging graphene layers is also provided, including layer-number determinations, study of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-growth mechanism, and reveal of anti-corrosive failure mechanism of graphene layers. This review will provide a systematic and comprehensive understanding on SEM imaging of graphene layers for graphene community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China.
| | - Yang Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park WY, Han J, Moon J, Joo SH, Wada T, Ichikawa Y, Ogawa K, Kim HS, Chen M, Kato H. Mechanically Robust Self-Organized Crack-Free Nanocellular Graphene with Outstanding Electrochemical Properties in Sodium Ion Battery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311792. [PMID: 38336362 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Crack-free nanocellular graphenes are attractive materials with extraordinary mechanical and electrochemical properties, but their homogeneous synthesis on the centimeter scale is challenging. Here, a strong nanocellular graphene film achieved by the self-organization of carbon atoms using liquid metal dealloying and employing a defect-free amorphous precursor is reported. This study demonstrates that a Bi melt strongly catalyzes the self-structuring of graphene layers at low processing temperatures. The robust nanoarchitectured graphene displays a high-genus seamless framework and exhibits remarkable tensile strength (34.8 MPa) and high electrical conductivity (1.6 × 104 S m-1). This unique material has excellent potential for flexible and high-rate sodium-ion battery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wong-Young Park
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jiuhui Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui West Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jongun Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Center for Advanced Powder Materials and Parts, Kongju National University, 1223-24 Cheonan-daero, Cheonan, 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Joo
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuji Ichikawa
- Fracture and Reliability Research Institute (FRI), Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogawa
- Fracture and Reliability Research Institute (FRI), Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hyoung Seop Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218-2681, USA
| | - Hidemi Kato
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang G, Wu W, Yao M, Cui Y, Jiao Y, Qu H, Xu J. A graphene@Cu-MOF hybrid synthesized by mechanical ball milling method and its flame retardancy and smoke suppression effect on EP. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140521. [PMID: 37925028 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The traditional method of preparing graphene will cause serious environmental pollution, and the combustion of polymer materials will seriously harm people's health. In this paper, a Cu-MOF-coated graphene composite flame retardant (G@Cu-MOF) rich in flame retardant elements such as B and N was synthesized through green mechanical ball milling method. Flame retardants reduce the threat to the environment and people's lives and property. After adding 6 wt% G@Cu-MOF, the peak heat release rate, total heat release rate, CO production and CO2 production of epoxy resin (EP) composite samples decreased by 55, 14, 59, and 55%, respectively. This type of Cu-MOF releases incombustible gases such as boron trifluoride (BF3) and ammonia (NH3) during combustion, diluting the concentration of combustible gases and producing copper borate in the condensed phase. Cu2+ is reduced to Cu, and boron compounds are converted into boron oxides. The thermal conductivity of graphene can reduce the temperature of the matrix, and has good flame retardancy. It synergistically acts with Cu-MOF to promote the formation of high-quality residual char, and can significantly inhibit the heat and smoke release of EP. It plays a role in flame retardancy and protecting the substrate from fire. This study provides a new approach for preparing graphene hybrid flame retardants through mechanical ball milling, in order to improve the flame retardancy of EP and suppress the release of smoke and toxic gases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Science, Agriculture University of Hebei, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Meng Yao
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yumeng Cui
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yunhong Jiao
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Hongqiang Qu
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li X, Shi JQ, Page AJ. Discovery of Graphene Growth Alloy Catalysts Using High-Throughput Machine Learning. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9796-9802. [PMID: 37890870 PMCID: PMC10636790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite today's commercial-scale graphene production using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), the growth of high-quality single-layer graphene with controlled morphology and crystallinity remains challenging. Considerable effort is still spent on designing improved CVD catalysts for producing high-quality graphene. Conventionally, however, catalyst design has been pursued using empirical intuition or trial-and-error approaches. Here, we combine high-throughput density functional theory and machine learning to identify new prospective transition metal alloy catalysts that exhibit performance comparable to that of established graphene catalysts, such as Ni(111) and Cu(111). The alloys identified through this process generally consist of combinations of early- and late-transition metals, and a majority are alloys of Ni or Cu. Nevertheless, in many cases, these conventional catalyst metals are combined with unconventional partners, such as Zr, Hf, and Nb. The approach presented here therefore highlights an important new approach for identifying novel catalyst materials for the CVD growth of low-dimensional nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- School
of Information and Physical Sciences, The
University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Australian
Institute for Machine Learning, The University
of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Javen Qinfeng Shi
- Australian
Institute for Machine Learning, The University
of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Alister J. Page
- Discipline
of Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xin X, Chen J, Ma L, Ma T, Xin W, Xu H, Ren W, Liu Y. Grain Size Engineering of CVD-Grown Large-Area Graphene Films. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300156. [PMID: 37075746 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a single atomic layer of graphitic carbon, has attracted much attention because of its outstanding properties hold great promise for a wide range of technological applications. Large-area graphene films (GFs) grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are highly desirable for both investigating their intrinsic properties and realizing their practical applications. However, the presence of grain boundaries (GBs) has significant impacts on their properties and related applications. According to the different grain sizes, GFs can be divided into polycrystalline, single-crystal, and nanocrystalline films. In the past decade, considerable progress has been made in engineering the grain sizes of GFs by modifying the CVD processes or developing some new growth approaches. The key strategies involve controlling the nucleation density, growth rate, and grain orientation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive description of grain size engineering research of GFs. The main strategies and underlying growth mechanisms of CVD-grown large-area GFs with nanocrystalline, polycrystalline, and single-crystal structures are summarized, in which the advantages and limitations are highlighted. In addition, the scaling law of physical properties in electricity, mechanics, and thermology as a function of grain sizes are briefly discussed. Finally, the perspectives for challenges and future development in this area are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xin
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Laipeng Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wei Xin
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Wencai Ren
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yoshii T, Nishitsugu F, Kikawada K, Maehashi K, Ikuta T. Identification of Cadmium Compounds in a Solution Using Graphene-Based Sensor Array. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1519. [PMID: 36772559 PMCID: PMC9921919 DOI: 10.3390/s23031519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of heavy metals in solution is necessary to ensure human health and environmental protection. Some heavy-metal compounds are present in solution as compounds instead of as ions owing to their low ionization. Therefore, the development of sensor devices for the detection of heavy-metal compounds is important. In this study, as a proof of concept, we propose a sensor device using graphene and a chelating agent, which were used to develop an identification technique for three types of cadmium compounds. Pristine-graphene and two types of chelator-modified graphene-based sensors were successfully used to detect cadmium compounds at concentrations ranging from 50 to 1000 μM. The detection time was less than 5 min. The three type of graphene-based sensors responded differently to each cadmium compound, which indicates that they detected cadmium as a cadmium compound instead of as cadmium ions. Furthermore, we successfully identified cadmium compounds by operating these three types of sensors as a sensor array on the same substrate. The results indicate that sensors that focus on heavy-metal compounds instead of heavy-metal ions can be used for the detection of heavy metals in solution.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yutomo EB, Noor FA, Winata T. Effect of Ni atomic fraction on active species of graphene growth on Cu–Ni alloy catalysts: a density functional theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:708-723. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04621k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The CH and C monomers on the surface are the active species on Cu–Ni catalysts with low Ni atomic fractions. In contrast, the C monomer species on the subsurface acts as an active species on a Cu–Ni catalyst with a high Ni atomic fraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Bhekti Yutomo
- Physics of Electronic Materials Research Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Fatimah Arofiati Noor
- Physics of Electronic Materials Research Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Toto Winata
- Physics of Electronic Materials Research Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaur H, Garg R, Singh S, Jana A, Bathula C, Kim HS, Kumbar SG, Mittal M. Progress and challenges of graphene and its congeners for biomedical applications. J Mol Liq 2022; 368:120703. [PMID: 38130892 PMCID: PMC10735213 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials by virtue of their small size and enhanced surface area, present unique physicochemical properties that enjoy widespread applications in bioengineering, biomedicine, biotechnology, disease diagnosis, and therapy. In recent years, graphene and its derivatives have attracted a great deal of attention in various applications, including photovoltaics, electronics, energy storage, catalysis, sensing, and biotechnology owing to their exceptional structural, optical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical. Graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms of atomic thickness, which are arranged in a honeycomb crystal lattice structure. Graphene derivatives are graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which are highly oxidized and less oxidized forms of graphene, respectively. Another form of graphene is graphene quantum dots (GQDs), having a size of less than 20 nm. Contemporary graphene research focuses on using graphene nanomaterials for biomedical purposes as they have a large surface area for loading biomolecules and medicine and offer the potential for the conjugation of fluorescent dyes or quantum dots for bioimaging. The present review begins with the synthesis, purification, structure, and properties of graphene nanomaterials. Then, we focussed on the biomedical application of graphene nanomaterials with special emphasis on drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, tissue engineering, gene delivery, and chemotherapy. The implications of graphene nanomaterials on human health and the environment have also been summarized due to their exposure to their biomedical applications. This review is anticipated to offer useful existing understanding and inspire new concepts to advance secure and effective graphene nanomaterials-based biomedical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshdeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University institute of science, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Rahul Garg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Rd, Hussainpur, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Sajan Singh
- AMBER/School of Chemistry, Trinity College of Dublin, Ireland
| | - Atanu Jana
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, South Korea
| | - Chinna Bathula
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, South Korea
| | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Mona Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, University institute of science, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab 140413, India
- Department of Chemistry, Galgotia college of engineering, Knowledge Park, I, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ji G, Tian J, Xing F, Feng Y. Optical Biosensor Based on Graphene and Its Derivatives for Detecting Biomolecules. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10838. [PMID: 36142748 PMCID: PMC9500660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives show great potential for biosensing due to their extraordinary optical, electrical and physical properties. In particular, graphene and its derivatives have excellent optical properties such as broadband and tunable absorption, fluorescence bursts, and strong polarization-related effects. Optical biosensors based on graphene and its derivatives make nondestructive detection of biomolecules possible. The focus of this paper is to review the preparation of graphene and its derivatives, as well as recent advances in optical biosensors based on graphene and its derivatives. The working principle of face plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and colorimetric sensors are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of graphene and its derivatives applicable to various types of sensors are analyzed, and the methods of surface functionalization of graphene and its derivatives are introduced; these optical biosensors can be used for the detection of a range of biomolecules such as single cells, cellular secretions, proteins, nucleic acids, and antigen-antibodies; these new high-performance optical sensors are capable of detecting changes in surface structure and biomolecular interactions with the advantages of ultra-fast detection, high sensitivity, label-free, specific recognition, and the ability to respond in real-time. Problems in the current stage of application are discussed, as well as future prospects for graphene and its biosensors. Achieving the applicability, reusability and low cost of novel optical biosensors for a variety of complex environments and achieving scale-up production, which still faces serious challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Ji
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Jingkun Tian
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Fei Xing
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu Y, Zhao Y, Dai Y, Su Y, Liao B, Pang H. Multi-nanocavities and multi-defects synergetic enhancement for the electromagnetic absorption of the rGO-NG film. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:315603. [PMID: 35453126 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric loss is an important way to eliminate electromagnetic pollution. In order to achieve high dielectric loss, a graphene film reduced graphene oxide-N doped graphene (rGO-NG) was constructed from graphene oxide-Ni@polydopamine (GO-Ni@PDA) via thein situsynthesis of hollow graphene spheres between graphene sheets. Thisin situwas achieved by means of electrostatic self-assembly and metal-catalyzed crystallization. Owing to the synergetic effect of multi-nanocavities and multi-defects, the prepared rGO-NG film shows an average shielding effectiveness (SE) of 50.0 dB in the range of 8.2-12.4 GHz with a thickness of 12.2μm, and the SE reflection is only 7.3 dB on average. It also exhibits an average dielectric loss tangent (tanδ) of 23.1, which is 26 and 105 times higher than those of rGO and rGO-Ni, respectively. This work provides a simple but effective route to develop high performance graphene-based materials for application as an electromagnetic interference shielding film in today's electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifang Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Jinbai Chemical Co., LTD, Sihui, Guangdong 526253, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khanna SR, Stanford MG, Vlassiouk IV, Rack PD. Combinatorial Cu-Ni Alloy Thin-Film Catalysts for Layer Number Control in Chemical Vapor-Deposited Graphene. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091553. [PMID: 35564262 PMCID: PMC9104910 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a combinatorial library of CuxNi1−x alloy thin films via co-sputtering from Cu and Ni targets to catalyze graphene chemical vapor deposition. The alloy morphology, composition, and microstructure were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Subsequently, the CuxNi1−x alloy thin films were used to grow graphene in a CH4-Ar-H2 ambient at atmospheric pressure. The underlying rationale is to adjust the CuxNi1−x composition to control the graphene. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that a continuous gradient of CuxNi1−x (25 at. % < x < 83 at.%) was initially achieved across the 100 mm diameter substrate (~0.9%/mm composition gradient). The XRD spectra confirmed a solid solution was realized and the face-centered cubic lattice parameter varied from ~3.52 to 3.58 A˙, consistent with the measured composition gradient, assuming Vegard’s law. Optical microscopy and Raman analysis of the graphene layers suggest single layer growth occurs with x > 69 at.%, bilayer growth dominates from 48 at.% < x < 69 at.%, and multilayer (≥3) growth occurs for x < 48 at.%, where x is the Cu concentration. Finally, a large area of bi-layer graphene was grown via a CuxNi1−x catalyst with optimized catalyst composition and growth temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumeer R. Khanna
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | | | | | - Philip D. Rack
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-731-499-0387
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bao L, Huang L, Guo H, Gao HJ. Construction and physical properties of low-dimensional structures for nanoscale electronic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9082-9117. [PMID: 35383791 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05981e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, construction of nanoscale electronic devices with novel functionalities based on low-dimensional structures, such as single molecules and two-dimensional (2D) materials, has been rapidly developed. To investigate their intrinsic properties for versatile functionalities of nanoscale electronic devices, it is crucial to precisely control the structures and understand the physical properties of low-dimensional structures at the single atomic level. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the construction of nanoelectronic devices based on single molecules and 2D materials and the investigation of their physical properties. For single molecules, we focus on the construction of single-molecule devices, such as molecular motors and molecular switches, by precisely controlling their self-assembled structures on metal substrates and charge transport properties. For 2D materials, we emphasize their spin-related electrical transport properties for spintronic device applications and the role that interfaces among 2D semiconductors, contact electrodes, and dielectric substrates play in the electrical performance of electronic, optoelectronic, and memory devices. Finally, we discuss the future research direction in this field, where we can expect a scientific breakthrough.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Bao
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cho JH, Cayll D, Behera D, Cullinan M. Towards Repeatable, Scalable Graphene Integrated Micro-Nano Electromechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS). MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:27. [PMID: 35056192 PMCID: PMC8777989 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The demand for graphene-based devices is rapidly growing but there are significant challenges for developing scalable and repeatable processes for the manufacturing of graphene devices. Basic research on understanding and controlling growth mechanisms have recently enabled various mass production approaches over the past decade. However, the integration of graphene with Micro-Nano Electromechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS) has been especially challenging due to performance sensitivities of these systems to the production process. Therefore, ability to produce graphene-based devices on a large scale with high repeatability is still a major barrier to the commercialization of graphene. In this review article, we discuss the merits of integrating graphene into Micro-Nano Electromechanical Systems, current approaches for the mass production of graphene integrated devices, and propose solutions to overcome current manufacturing limits for the scalable and repeatable production of integrated graphene-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Cullinan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E Dean Keeton St, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (J.H.C.); (D.C.); (D.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kashani H, Kim C, Rudolf C, Perkins FK, Cleveland ER, Kang W. An Axially Continuous Graphene-Copper Wire for High-Power Transmission: Thermoelectrical Characterization and Mechanisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104208. [PMID: 34677890 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The demand for high-power electrical transmission continues to increase with technical advances in electric vehicles, unmanned drones, portable devices, and deployable military applications. In this study, significantly enhanced electrical properties (i.e., a 450% increase in the current density breakdown limit) are demonstrated by synthesizing axially continuous graphene layers on microscale-diameter wires. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the observed enhancements, the electrical properties of pure copper wires and axially continuous graphene-copper (ACGC) wires with three different diameters are characterized while controlling the experimental conditions, including ambient temperature, gases, and pressure. The study reveals that the main mechanism that allows the application of extremely large current densities (>400 000 A cm-2 ) through the ACGC wires is threefold: the continuous graphene layers considerably improve: 1) surface heat dissipation (224% higher), 2) electrical conductivity (41% higher), and 3) thermal stability (41.2% lower resistivity after thermal cycles up to 450 °C), compared with pure copper wires. In addition, it is observed, through the use of high-speed camera images, that the ACGC wires exhibit very different failure behavior near the current density limit, compared with the pure copper wires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Kashani
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Chunghwan Kim
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Christopher Rudolf
- Material Science and Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - F Keith Perkins
- Electronics Science and Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Erin R Cleveland
- Electronics Science and Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Wonmo Kang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Singla R, Shukla AS, Kottantharayil A. Introducing ferromagnetism and anisotropic magnetoresistance in monolayer CVD graphene by nitrogen doping. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:205704. [PMID: 33482654 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abdf05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method to dope monolayer chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene with nitrogen and make it ferromagnetic. CVD graphene was first functionalized with hydroxyl groups by treating with H2O2 in the presence of UV light and then annealed in ammonia gas to dope it with nitrogen. Magnetization measurements showed a ferromagnetic hysteresis loop at low temperatures with a coercivity of 222 Oe at 2 K. We also investigated the effect of a change in the angle of the applied magnetic field on the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect (AMR) in the doped CVD graphene devices. Graphene shows positive AMR for temperatures from 2 K to 50 K, negative AMR at 100 K and 150 K, and no AMR for temperatures higher than 150 K. A maximum AMR of 0.92% was observed at 2 K for an in-plane magnetic field of 30 kOe. Magnetic force microscopy also confirms the introduction of magnetism in CVD graphene after doping, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy shows resonance when scanned in a magnetic field, which confirms the presence of unpaired electrons in doped graphene. The process introduced in this paper for nitrogen doping of graphene with attendant magnetism could pave the way for the applications of graphene in spintronics and other devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Singla
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
| | | | - Anil Kottantharayil
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shazni Mohammad
Haniff MA, Zainal Ariffin NH, Ooi PC, Mohd Razip Wee MF, Mohamed MA, Hamzah AA, Syono MI, Hashim AM. Practical Route for the Low-Temperature Growth of Large-Area Bilayer Graphene on Polycrystalline Nickel by Cold-Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12143-12154. [PMID: 34056368 PMCID: PMC8154121 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a practical chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route to produce bilayer graphene on a polycrystalline Ni film from liquid benzene (C6H6) source at a temperature as low as 400 °C in a vertical cold-wall reaction chamber. The low activation energy of C6H6 and the low solubility of carbon in Ni at such a low temperature play a key role in enabling the growth of large-area bilayer graphene in a controlled manner by a Ni surface-mediated reaction. All experiments performed using this method are reproducible with growth capabilities up to an 8 in. wafer-scale substrate. Raman spectra analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selective area electron diffraction studies confirm the growth of Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene with good uniformity over large areas. Electrical characterization studies indicate that the bilayer graphene behaves much like a semiconductor with predominant p-type doping. These findings provide important insights into the wafer-scale fabrication of low-temperature CVD bilayer graphene for next-generation nanoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nur Hamizah Zainal Ariffin
- Advanced
Devices Lab, MIMOS Berhad, Technology Park Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Advanced
Devices and Materials Engineering Research Lab, Department of Electronic
Systems Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Poh Choon Ooi
- Institute
of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute
of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute
of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ismahadi Syono
- Advanced
Devices Lab, MIMOS Berhad, Technology Park Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Manaf Hashim
- Advanced
Devices and Materials Engineering Research Lab, Department of Electronic
Systems Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang M, Deng B, Dong F, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Chen P. Substrate Engineering for CVD Growth of Single Crystal Graphene. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2001213. [PMID: 34928093 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Single crystal graphene (SCG) has attracted enormous attention for its unique potential for next-generation high-performance optoelectronics. In the absence of grain boundaries, the exceptional intrinsic properties of graphene are preserved by SCG. Currently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been recognized as an effective method for the large-scale synthesis of graphene films. However, polycrystalline films are usually obtained and the present grain boundaries compromise the carrier mobility, thermal conductivity, optical properties, and mechanical properties. The scalable and controllable synthesis of SCG is challenging. Recently, much attention has been attracted by the engineering of large-size single-crystal substrates for the epitaxial CVD growth of large-area and high-quality SCG films. In this article, a comprehensive and comparative review is provided on the selection and preparation of various single-crystal substrates for CVD growth of SCG under different conditions. The growth mechanisms, current challenges, and future development and perspectives are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Bangwei Deng
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Zheye Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vaca S, Pilloni O, Gómez AR, Serkovic-Loli LN, Qureshi N, Oropeza-Ramos L. Photolithographically-patterned C-MEMS graphene by carbon diffusion through nickel. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:265302. [PMID: 33706297 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abedee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the most studied carbon allotrope has been graphene, due to the outstanding properties that this two-dimensional material exhibits; however, it turns out to be a difficult material to produce, pattern, and transfer to a device substrate without contamination. Carbon microelectromechanical systems are a versatile technology used to create nano/micro carbon devices by pyrolyzing a patterned photoresist, making them highly attractive for industrial applications. Furthermore, recent works have reported that pyrolytic carbon material can be graphitized by the diffusion of carbon atoms through a transition metal layer. In this work we take advantage of the latter two methods in order to produce multilayer graphene by improving the molecular ordering of photolithographically-defined pyrolytic carbon microstructures, through the diffusion (annealing) of carbon atoms through nickel, and also to eliminate any further transfer process to a device substrate. The allotropic nature of the final carbon microstructures was inspected by Raman spectroscopy (AverageID/IGof 0.2348 ± 0.0314) and TEM clearly shows well-aligned lattice planes of 3.34 Å fringe separation. These results were compared to measurements made on pyrolytic carbon (AverageID/IGof 0.9848 ± 0.0235) to confirm that our method is capable of producing a patterned multilayer graphene material directly on a silicon substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sveidy Vaca
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Oscar Pilloni
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Axel Rodríguez Gómez
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Laura N Serkovic-Loli
- División Superficies, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, San Carlos de Bariloche, 8400 Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Naser Qureshi
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 10-186, 04510, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Laura Oropeza-Ramos
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu Y, Lu S, Yang H. One-step coating of Ni–Fe alloy outerwear on 1–3-dimensional nanomaterials by a novel technology. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05292b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple one-step electrodeposition approach was developed to manufacture Ni–Fe alloy@1–3-dimensional core–shell nanomaterials using a novel technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shiqing Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Haidong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Guo H, Wang X, Huang L, Jin X, Yang Z, Zhou Z, Hu H, Zhang YY, Lu H, Zhang Q, Shen C, Lin X, Gu L, Dai Q, Bao L, Du S, Hofer W, Pantelides ST, Gao HJ. Insulating SiO 2 under Centimeter-Scale, Single-Crystal Graphene Enables Electronic-Device Fabrication. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8584-8591. [PMID: 33200603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene on SiO2 enables fabrication of Si-technology-compatible devices, but a transfer of these devices from other substrates and direct growth have severe limitations due to a relatively small grain size or device-contamination. Here, we show an efficient, transfer-free way to integrate centimeter-scale, single-crystal graphene, of a quality suitable for electronic devices, on an insulating SiO2 film. Starting with single-crystal graphene grown epitaxially on Ru(0001), a SiO2 film is grown under the graphene by stepwise intercalation of silicon and oxygen. Thin (∼1 nm) crystalline or thicker (∼2 nm) amorphous SiO2 has been produced. The insulating nature of the thick amorphous SiO2 is verified by transport measurements. The device-quality of the corresponding graphene was confirmed by the observation of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations, an integer quantum Hall effect, and a weak antilocalization effect within in situ fabricated Hall bar devices. This work provides a reliable platform for applications of large-scale, high-quality graphene in electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhong Yang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Zhou
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hai Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chengmin Shen
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lin Gu
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Bao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China
| | - Werner Hofer
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Sokrates T Pantelides
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rational Design of Binary Alloys for Catalytic Growth of Graphene via Chemical Vapor Deposition. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition is the most promising technique for the mass production of high-quality graphene, in which the metal substrate plays a crucial role in the catalytic decomposition of the carbon source, assisting the attachment of the active carbon species, and regulating the structure of the graphene film. Due to some drawbacks of single metal substrates, alloy substrates have gradually attracted attention owing to their complementarity in the catalytic growth of graphene. In this review, we focus on the rational design of binary alloys, such as Cu/Ni, Ni/Mo, and Cu/Si, to control the layer numbers and growth rate of graphene. By analyzing the elementary steps of graphene growth, general principles are summarized in terms of the catalytic activity, metal–carbon interactions, carbon solubility, and mutual miscibility. Several challenges in this field are also put forward to inspire the novel design of alloy catalysts and the synthesis of graphene films bearing desirable properties.
Collapse
|
23
|
Graphene/silver nanoflower hybrid coating for improved cycle performance of thermally-operated soft actuators. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17553. [PMID: 33067504 PMCID: PMC7568579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twisted and coiled actuators (TCAs), fabricated by twisting cheap nylon sewing threads, have attracted a great deal of attention for their use as artificial muscles or soft actuators. Since the dynamic behavior of a thermally-operated TCA is governed by its thermal properties, graphene and silver nanoflowers (AgNFs) were spray-coated onto the surface of an actuator to achieve enhanced heat transfer. Addition of AgNFs improves interfacial thermal contacts between graphene flakes, while pristine graphene flakes have extremely high in-plane thermal conductivity. Thus, the synergistic effect of graphene and AgNFs reduced the total cycle time of the TCA by up to 38%. Furthermore, when a pulsed current with a 40% duty cycle was applied to the TCA, the graphene/AgNF-coated TCA exhibited a threefold larger peak-to-peak amplitude of the displacement oscillation of the actuator, as compared to that of the non-coated TCA, which demonstrates that the combination of graphene and AgNFs effectively reduced a cooling time of the TCA. This work shows great potential for a simple coating of graphene and AgNFs to produce high-performance thermally-operated soft actuators.
Collapse
|
24
|
Nguyen VL, Duong DL, Lee SH, Avila J, Han G, Kim YM, Asensio MC, Jeong SY, Lee YH. Layer-controlled single-crystalline graphene film with stacking order via Cu-Si alloy formation. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:861-867. [PMID: 32719494 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer graphene and its stacking order provide both fundamentally intriguing properties and technological engineering applications. Several approaches to control the stacking order have been demonstrated, but a method of precisely controlling the number of layers with desired stacking sequences is still lacking. Here, we propose an approach for controlling the layer thickness and crystallographic stacking sequence of multilayer graphene films at the wafer scale via Cu-Si alloy formation using direct chemical vapour deposition. C atoms are introduced by tuning the ultra-low-limit CH4 concentration to form a SiC layer, reaching one to four graphene layers at the wafer scale after Si sublimation. The crystallographic structure of single-crystalline or uniformly oriented bilayer (AB), trilayer (ABA) and tetralayer (ABCA) graphene are determined via nano-angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, which agrees with theoretical calculations, Raman spectroscopy and transport measurements. The present study takes a step towards the layer-controlled growth of graphite and other two-dimensional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van Luan Nguyen
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Inorganic Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dinh Loc Duong
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Hyub Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - José Avila
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Université Paris-Saclay, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Gyeongtak Han
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Maria C Asensio
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid (ICMM), Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
- MATINÉE: CSIC Associated Unit (ICMM-ICMUV Valencia University), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Se-Young Jeong
- Department of Cogno-mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Solís-Fernández P, Terao Y, Kawahara K, Nishiyama W, Uwanno T, Lin YC, Yamamoto K, Nakashima H, Nagashio K, Hibino H, Suenaga K, Ago H. Isothermal Growth and Stacking Evolution in Highly Uniform Bernal-Stacked Bilayer Graphene. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6834-6844. [PMID: 32407070 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the stacking order in bilayer graphene (BLG) allows realizing interesting physical properties. In particular, the possibility of tuning the band gap in Bernal-stacked (AB) BLG (AB-BLG) has a great technological importance for electronic and optoelectronic applications. Most of the current methods to produce AB-BLG suffer from inhomogeneous layer thickness and/or coexistence with twisted BLG. Here, we demonstrate a method to synthesize highly pure large-area AB-BLG by chemical vapor deposition using Cu-Ni films. Increasing the reaction time resulted in a gradual increase of the AB stacking, with the BLG eventually free from twist regions for the longer growth times (99.4% of BLG has AB stacking), due to catalyst-assisted continuous BLG reconstruction driven by carbon dissolution-segregation processes. The band gap opening was confirmed by the electrical measurements on field-effect transistors using two different device configurations. The concept of the continuous reconstruction to achieve highly pure AB-BLG offers a way to control the stacking order of catalytically grown two-dimensional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Terao
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawahara
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishiyama
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Teerayut Uwanno
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yung-Chang Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nagashio
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hibino
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ago
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang M, Ruoff RS. Growth of Single-Layer and Multilayer Graphene on Cu/Ni Alloy Substrates. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:800-811. [PMID: 32207601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusGraphene, a one-atom-thick layer of carbon with a honeycomb lattice, has drawn great attention due to its outstanding properties and its various applications in electronic and photonic devices. Mechanical exfoliation has been used for preparing graphene flakes (from monolayer to multilayer with thick pieces also typically present), but with sizes limited typically to less than millimeters, its usefulness is limited. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been shown to be the most effective technique for the scalable preparation of graphene films with high quality and uniformity. To date, CVD growth of graphene on the most commonly used substrates (Cu and Ni foils) has been demonstrated and intensively studied. However, a survey of the existing literature and earlier work using Cu or Ni substrates for CVD growth indicates that the bilayer and multilayer graphene over a large area, particularly single crystals, have not been obtained.In this Account, we review current progress and development in the CVD growth of graphene and highlight the important challenges that need to be addressed, for example, how to achieve large single crystal graphene films with a controlled number of layers. A single-layer graphene film grown on polycrystalline Cu foil was first reported by our group, and since then various techniques have been devoted to achieving the fast growth of large-area graphene films with high quality. Commercially available Cu/Ni foils, sputtered Cu/Ni thin films, and polycrystalline Cu/Ni foils have been used for the CVD synthesis of bilayer, trilayer, and multilayer graphene. Cu/Ni alloy substrates are particularly interesting due to their greater carbon solubility than pure Cu substrates and this solubility can be finely controlled by changing the alloy composition. These substrates with controlled compositions have shown the potential for the growth of layer-tunable graphene films in addition to providing a much higher growth rate due to their stronger catalytic activity. However, the well-controlled preparation of single crystal graphene with a defined number of layers on Cu/Ni substrates is still challenging.Due to its small lattice mismatch with graphene, a single crystal Cu(111) foil has been shown to be an ideal substrate for the epitaxial growth of graphene. Our group has reported the synthesis of large-size single crystal Cu(111) foils by the contact-free annealing of commercial Cu foils, and single crystal Cu/Ni(111) alloy foils have also been obtained after the heat-treatment of Ni-coated Cu(111) foils. The use of these single crystal foils (especially the Cu/Ni alloy foils) as growth substrates has enabled the fast growth of single crystal single-layer graphene films. By increase of the Ni content, single crystal bilayer, trilayer, and even multilayer graphene films have been synthesized. In addition, we also discuss the wafer-scale growth of single-layer graphene on the single crystalline Cu/Ni(111) thin films.Recent research results on the large-scale preparation of single crystal graphene films with different numbers of layers on various types of Cu/Ni alloy substrates with different compositions are reviewed and discussed in detail. Despite the remarkable progress in this field, further challenges, such as the wafer-scale synthesis of single crystal graphene with a controlled number of layers and a deeper understanding of the growth mechanism of bilayer and multilayer graphene growth on Cu/Ni substrates, still need to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodney S. Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang M, Bakharev PV, Wang ZJ, Biswal M, Yang Z, Jin S, Wang B, Park HJ, Li Y, Qu D, Kwon Y, Chen X, Lee SH, Willinger MG, Yoo WJ, Lee Z, Ruoff RS. Large-area single-crystal AB-bilayer and ABA-trilayer graphene grown on a Cu/Ni(111) foil. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:289-295. [PMID: 31959931 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-quality AB-stacked bilayer or multilayer graphene larger than a centimetre has not been reported. Here, we report the fabrication and use of single-crystal Cu/Ni(111) alloy foils with controllable concentrations of Ni for the growth of large-area, high-quality AB-stacked bilayer and ABA-stacked trilayer graphene films by chemical vapour deposition. The stacking order, coverage and uniformity of the graphene films were evaluated by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy including selected area electron diffraction and atomic resolution imaging. Electrical transport (carrier mobility and band-gap tunability) and thermal conductivity (the bilayer graphene has a thermal conductivity value of about 2,300 W m-1 K-1) measurements indicated the superior quality of the films. The tensile loading response of centimetre-scale bilayer graphene films supported by a 260-nm thick polycarbonate film was measured and the average values of the Young's modulus (478 GPa) and fracture strength (3.31 GPa) were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pavel V Bakharev
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhu-Jun Wang
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - Mandakini Biswal
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng Yang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology, Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Jin
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Ju Park
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunqing Li
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Deshun Qu
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology, Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoo Kwon
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Xianjue Chen
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Marc-Georg Willinger
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - Won Jong Yoo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology, Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Huang Y, Sepioni M, Whitehead D, Liu Z, Guo W, Zhong X, Gu H, Li L. Rapid growth of large area graphene on glass from olive oil by laser irradiation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:245601. [PMID: 32249760 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab7ef6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although homogeneous, high quality graphene can be fabricated on a Cu or Ni sheet using the traditional chemical vapour deposition method at high temperatures (over 1000 °C) under specific atmospheric conditions, their transfer to another substrate is difficult. In this paper a novel method of rapidly (i.e. 3-6 s of laser irradiation) producing a large area (>3 cm2) graphene film from olive oil on a glass surface (pre-coated with a 5-28 nm thick Ni film) with defocused, large area continuous laser irradiation is described. The turbostratic graphene film (6 layers) grown in such a way has shown high electrical conductivity (sheet resistance of around 20 Ω sq-1) and an optical transmittance of 40-50%. With femtosecond laser patterning, 70% optical transparency was demonstrated. Continuous large area graphene was formed at relatively lower temperatures (<250 °C) and without the need for specific atmospheric conditions. The basic process characteristics and mechanisms involved are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Huang
- Laser Processing Research Centre, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ag-fiber/graphene hybrid electrodes for highly flexible and transparent optoelectronic devices. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5117. [PMID: 32198465 PMCID: PMC7083935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) have attracted considerable attention towards the development of flexible optoelectronic devices. In this study, mixed-dimensional TCEs are fabricated based on the two-dimensional graphene and one-dimensional electrospun metal fiber that can address the shortcomings of each electrode. In comparison with other TCEs, the Ag fiber/graphene hybrid electrodes exhibited a highly stable morphology (67% lower peak-to-valley ratio), low sheet resistance (approximately 11 Ω/sq), high transmittance (approximately 94%), high oxidation stability with excellent flexibility, and outstanding chemical stability. The multiple functionalities of the transparent and flexible hybrid structure highlight its potential for applications in emerging electronics and highly stable optoelectronics.
Collapse
|
30
|
Low-temperature synthesis of sp 2 carbon nanomaterials. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1817-1829. [PMID: 36659578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
sp2 carbon nanomaterials are mainly composed of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in the form of a hexagonal network. Due to the π bonds formed by unpaired electrons, sp2 carbon nanomaterials possess excellent electronic, mechanical, and optical properties, which have attracted great attention in recent years. As the advanced sp2 carbon nanomaterials, graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have great potential in electronics, sensors, energy storage and conversion devices, etc. The low-temperature synthesis of graphene and CNTs are indispensable to promote the practical industrial application. Furthermore, graphene and CNTs can even be expected to directly grow on the flexible plastic that cannot bear high temperature, expanding bright prospects for applications in emerging flexible nanotechnology. An in-depth understanding of the formation mechanism of sp2 carbon nanomaterials is beneficial for reducing the growth temperature and satisfying the demands of industrial production in an economical and low-cost way. In this review, we discuss the main strategies and the related mechanisms in low-temperature synthesis of graphene and CNTs, including the selection of precursors with high reactivity, the design of catalyst, and the introduction of additional energy for the pre-decomposition of precursors. Furthermore, challenges and outlooks are highlighted for further progress in the practical industrial application.
Collapse
|
31
|
Lingaraju K, Raja Naika H, Nagaraju G, Nagabhushana H. Biocompatible synthesis of reduced graphene oxide from Euphorbia heterophylla (L.) and their in-vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 24:e00376. [PMID: 31641620 PMCID: PMC6796583 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple and facile biocompatible method for the reduction of graphene oxide (GO). Reduction of graphene oxide (rGO) from leaves extract of Euphorbia heterophylla (L.). The rGO shows significant cytotoxicity on A549- Human Lung Cancer cell line and HepG2-Human Hepatocarcinomatous Cell lines. Green synthesis of rGO is very easy, in expensive, cheap, non-toxic, biocompatibility and ecofriendly.
Facile and biocompatible synthesis of reduced graphene oxide from graphene oxide as a precursor and aqueous leaves extract of Euphorbia heterophylla (L.), act as a reducing /capping /stabilizing agent by green chemistry approaches. The obtained product was analyzed by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy and Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition to this, the significant cytotoxicity of rGO studied against cancerous cell lines such as A549- Human Lung cancer cell line and HepG2-Human Hepatocarcinoma Cell lines in-vitro. These results indicate that the biocompatible synthesis of rGO is straightforward, inexpensive and environmentally friendly for promising large-scale production of industrial purpose and then finding further biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Lingaraju
- Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Tumkur University, Tumakuru, 572103, India
| | - H. Raja Naika
- Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Tumkur University, Tumakuru, 572103, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - G. Nagaraju
- Department of Chemistry, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur University, Tumakuru, 572103, India
| | - H. Nagabhushana
- Prof. C.N.R. Rao Centre for Advanced Material Science, Tumkur University, Tumakuru, 572103, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cho JH, Na SR, Park S, Akinwande D, Liechti KM, Cullinan MA. Controlling the number of layers in graphene using the growth pressure. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:235602. [PMID: 30780133 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab0847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer graphene is commonly grown on Cu substrates due to the self-limiting nature of graphene synthesis by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Consequently, the growth of multilayer graphene by CVD has proven to be relatively difficult. This study demonstrates that the number of layers in graphene synthesized on a copper substrate can be precisely set by controlling the partial pressure of hydrogen gas used in the CVD process. This study also shows that a pressure threshold exists for a distinct transition from monolayer to multilayer graphene growth. This threshold is shown to be the boundary where the graphene growth process on Cu by CVD is no longer a self-limiting process. In addition, the multilayer graphene synthesized through the pressure control method forms in the Volmer-Weber mode with an AB stacking structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyong Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rahbar Shamskar K, Rashidi A, Aberoomand Azar P, Yousefi M, Baniyaghoob S. Synthesis of graphene by in situ catalytic chemical vapor deposition of reed as a carbon source for VOC adsorption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3643-3650. [PMID: 30535738 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Few-layer graphene was synthesized by in situ catalytic carbon vapor deposition (CCVD) method, using reed as a carbon source and Ni, Cu, and Mg salts as the catalyst compounds. The synthesized graphene was also used for adsorption of VOCs. Furthermore, the effect of organic additives, sorbitol, and citric acid on catalyst compounds was investigated by temperature-programmed reduction analysis (H2-TPR). The products' properties were characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. TEM and FE-SEM images confirmed the formation of graphene sheets. Activation of the graphene by phosphoric acid at 500 °C and then by CO2 at 800 °C increased the surface area from 298 to 568 m2/g. Gasoline working capacity of the activated graphene was 65.24 g/ladsorbent. Graphical abstract Few-layer graphene was synthesized by in situ catalytic carbon vapor deposition (CCVD) method using reed as a carbon source and Ni, Cu, and Mg salts as the catalyst compounds and used for adsorption of VOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Rahbar Shamskar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, 14778-93855, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, 14857-33111, Iran
| | - Alimorad Rashidi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, 14857-33111, Iran.
| | - Parviz Aberoomand Azar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousefi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Sahar Baniyaghoob
- Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, 14778-93855, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kashani H, Ito Y, Han J, Liu P, Chen M. Extraordinary tensile strength and ductility of scalable nanoporous graphene. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaat6951. [PMID: 30793025 PMCID: PMC6377272 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat6951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
While the compressive strength-density scaling relationship of ultralight cellular graphene materials has been extensively investigated, high tensile strength and ductility have not been realized in the theoretically strongest carbon materials because of high flaw sensitivity under tension and weak van der Waals interplanar bonding between graphene sheets. In this study, we report that large-scale ultralight nanoporous graphene with three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoarchitecture shows orders of magnitude higher strength and elastic modulus than all reported ultralight carbon materials under both compression and tension. The high-strength nanoporous graphene also exhibits excellent tensile ductility and work hardening, which are comparable to well-designed metamaterials but until now had not been realized in ultralight cellular materials. The excellent mechanical properties of the nanoporous graphene benefit from seamless graphene sheets in the bicontinuous nanoporosity that effectively preserves the intrinsic strength of atomically thick graphene in the three-dimensional cellular nanoarchitecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Kashani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21214, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Jiuhui Han
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Pan Liu
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21214, USA
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Transparent Conductive Electrodes Based on Graphene-Related Materials. MICROMACHINES 2018; 10:mi10010013. [PMID: 30587828 PMCID: PMC6356588 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are the most important key component in photovoltaic and display technology. In particular, graphene has been considered as a viable substitute for indium tin oxide (ITO) due to its optical transparency, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. The outstanding mechanical strength of graphene also provides an opportunity to apply it as a flexible electrode in wearable electronic devices. At the early stage of the development, TCE films that were produced only with graphene or graphene oxide (GO) were mainly reported. However, since then, the hybrid structure of graphene or GO mixed with other TCE materials has been investigated to further improve TCE performance by complementing the shortcomings of each material. This review provides a summary of the fabrication technology and the performance of various TCE films prepared with graphene-related materials, including graphene that is grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and GO or reduced GO (rGO) dispersed solution and their composite with other TCE materials, such as carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and other conductive organic/inorganic material. Finally, several representative applications of the graphene-based TCE films are introduced, including solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and electrochromic devices.
Collapse
|
36
|
Sun X, Su Z, Zhang J, Liu X, Li Y, Yu F, Cheng X, Zhao X. Graphene Nucleation Preference at CuO Defects Rather Than Cu 2O on Cu(111): A Combination of DFT Calculation and Experiment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:43156-43165. [PMID: 30396269 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that reducing the nucleation density is an effective way to enhance the growth quality of graphene. In this work, we explore the mechanism of graphene nucleation and growth around CuO defects on a Cu(111) substrate by using density functional theory combined with the nudged elastic band method. The defect formation mechanism at the initial nucleation stage is also studied. Our calculation results of the C adsorption energy and the reaction barrier of C-C dimer formation illustrate that the initial nucleation of graphene could be promoted by artificially introducing CuO defects on a Cu(111) surface and the nucleation on the clean Cu(111) substrate could thus be suppressed. These conclusions have been verified by graphene growth experiments using a chemical vapor deposition method. Further studies showed that graphene grown around CuO "seed crystals" could maintain its structural integrity without significantly producing defective carbon rings. This work provides a fundamental understanding and theoretical guidance for the controllable preparation of large-dimension and high-quality graphene by artificially introducing CuO seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiucai Sun
- Institute of Crystal Materials and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , PR China
| | - Zhen Su
- Institute of Crystal Materials and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Crystal Materials and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , PR China
| | - Xizheng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin 300384 , PR China
| | - Yanlu Li
- Institute of Crystal Materials and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , PR China
| | - Fapeng Yu
- Institute of Crystal Materials and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , PR China
| | - Xiufeng Cheng
- Institute of Crystal Materials and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , PR China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Institute of Crystal Materials and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yi D, Jeon S, Hong SW. Selectively Patterned Regrowth of Bilayer Graphene for Self-Integrated Electronics by Sequential Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:40014-40023. [PMID: 30365886 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical demand for the highly qualified synthesis of graphene with precisely controlled thickness over a large coverage area. Selective growth can be considered as one method of preparing a vertically stacked graphene, but it usually requires elaborately alloyed substrates for chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Here, we report on a newly developed synthesis strategy for a selectively patterned grown graphene sheet in a spatially defined multithickness scale, exhibiting single- and bilayer graphene produced by a conventional CVD process. In particular, a sequential CVD growth technique on a single Cu substrate was used to produce highly ordered and alternatively patterned single- and bilayer graphene, maintaining its continuous configuration in a simplified and scalable manner. Our regrowth process did not require multiple transfer procedures or an alloying catalytic substrate to satisfy the properties of graphene associated with the needs for various applications. We also investigated the most valid mechanisms for our regrowth CVD process, which suggests that it is useful for the cost-effective synthetic approach into a built-in heterostructured single- and bilayer graphene. Finally, we demonstrated the possible accesses of transparent flexible electrodes and monolithically self-integrated all-graphene-based thin-film transistors to fully utilize regrown graphene.
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim JM, Shin DH, Choi SH. Highly-flexible perovskite photodiodes employing doped multilayer-graphene transparent conductive electrodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:425203. [PMID: 30070656 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aad79c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We first report highly-flexible perovskite photodiodes, using AuCl3-doped multilayer-graphene transparent conducting electrodes. The doping effect of the AuCl3 is more effective when the number of layers (L n ) = 1 and 2 rather than 3 and 4, as analyzed by Raman scattering and sheet resistance. The photodiodes optimized at L n = 2 exhibit a 105 photo-/dark-current ratio, 0.4 AW-1 responsivity, 80% external quantum efficiency, 5.3 × 1010 cm Hz1/2/W detectivity, 90 dB linear dynamic range, and ∼1.1 μs response time. In addition, the photodiodes show excellent bending stabilities, maintaining a responsivity at about 70% of its initial value, even after 1000 bending cycles at a bending curvature of 4 mm.
Collapse
|
39
|
Heo JH, Shin DH, Lee ML, Kang MG, Im SH. Efficient Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells Prepared by Lamination of Polytriarylamine/CH 3NH 3PbI 3/Anodized Ti Metal Substrate and Graphene/PDMS Transparent Electrode Substrate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31413-31421. [PMID: 30152234 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flexible Ti metal substrate-based efficient planar-type CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells are fabricated by lamination of the flexible Ti metal substrate/dense TiO2 electron-transporting layer formed by anodization/MAPbI3/polytriarylamine and the graphene/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) transparent electrode substrate. By adjusting the anodization reaction time of the polished Ti metal substrate and the number of graphene layers in the graphene/PDMS electrode, we can demonstrate the planar-type MAPbI3 flexible solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 15.0% (mask area = 1 cm2) under 1 sun condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyuck Heo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Lae Lee
- ICT Materials and Components Laboratory , Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute , Daejeon 34129 , Republic of Korea
| | - Man Gu Kang
- ICT Materials and Components Laboratory , Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute , Daejeon 34129 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Im
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ghosal K, Sarkar K. Biomedical Applications of Graphene Nanomaterials and Beyond. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:2653-2703. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Ghosal
- Gene Therapy and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Polymer Science & Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India
| | - Kishor Sarkar
- Gene Therapy and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Polymer Science & Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Huang M, Biswal M, Park HJ, Jin S, Qu D, Hong S, Zhu Z, Qiu L, Luo D, Liu X, Yang Z, Liu Z, Huang Y, Lim H, Yoo WJ, Ding F, Wang Y, Lee Z, Ruoff RS. Highly Oriented Monolayer Graphene Grown on a Cu/Ni(111) Alloy Foil. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6117-6127. [PMID: 29790339 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fast-growth of single crystal monolayer graphene by CVD using methane and hydrogen has been achieved on "homemade" single crystal Cu/Ni(111) alloy foils over large area. Full coverage was achieved in 5 min or less for a particular range of composition (1.3 at.% to 8.6 at.% Ni), as compared to 60 min for a pure Cu(111) foil under identical growth conditions. These are the bulk atomic percentages of Ni, as a superstructure at the surface of these foils with stoichiometry Cu6Ni1 (for 1.3 to 7.8 bulk at.% Ni in the Cu/Ni(111) foil) was discovered by low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Complete large area monolayer graphene films are either single crystal or close to single crystal, and include folded regions that are essentially parallel and that were likely wrinkles that "fell over" to bind to the surface; these folds are separated by large, wrinkle-free regions. The folds occur due to the buildup of interfacial compressive stress (and its release) during cooling of the foils from 1075 °C to room temperature. The fold heights measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) prove them to all be 3 layers thick, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging shows them to be around 10 to 300 nm wide and separated by roughly 20 μm. These folds are always essentially perpendicular to the steps in this Cu/Ni(111) substrate. Joining of well-aligned graphene islands (in growths that were terminated prior to full film coverage) was investigated with high magnification SEM and aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as AFM, STM, and optical microscopy. These methods show that many of the "join regions" have folds, and these arise from interfacial adhesion mechanics (they are due to the buildup of compressive stress during cool-down, but these folds are different than for the continuous graphene films-they occur due to "weak links" in terms of the interface mechanics). Such Cu/Ni(111) alloy foils are promising substrates for the large-scale synthesis of single-crystal graphene film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mandakini Biswal
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Ju Park
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Jin
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Deshun Qu
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seokmo Hong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Zhili Zhu
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Lu Qiu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Da Luo
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaochi Liu
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Zhongliu Liu
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseob Lim
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Yoo
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT) , Sungkyunkwan University , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeliang Wang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu Y, Wu T, Yin Y, Zhang X, Yu Q, Searles DJ, Ding F, Yuan Q, Xie X. How Low Nucleation Density of Graphene on CuNi Alloy is Achieved. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700961. [PMID: 29938174 PMCID: PMC6010776 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CuNi alloy foils are demonstrated to be one of the best substrates for synthesizing large area single-crystalline graphene because a very fast growth rate and low nucleation density can be simultaneously achieved. The fast growth rate is understood to be due the abundance of carbon precursor supply, as a result of the high catalytic activity of Ni atoms. However, a theoretical understanding of the low nucleation density remains controversial because it is known that a high carbon precursor concentration on the surface normally leads to a high nucleation density. Here, the graphene nucleation on the CuNi alloy surfaces is systematically explored and it is revealed that: i) carbon atom dissolution into the CuNi alloy passivates the alloy surface, thereby drastically increasing the graphene nucleation barrier; ii) carbon atom diffusion on the CuNi alloy surface is greatly suppressed by the inhomogeneous atomic structure of the surface; and iii) a prominent increase in the rate of carbon diffusion into the bulk occurs when the Ni composition is higher than the percolation threshold. This study reveals the key mechanism for graphene nucleation on CuNi alloy surfaces and provides a guideline for the catalyst design for the synthesis of graphene and other 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision SpectroscopySchool of Physics and Material ScienceEast China Normal University3663 N. Zhongshan RoadShanghai200062China
| | - Tianru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for InformaticsShanghai Institute of Microsystem and information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences865 Changning RoadShanghai200050China
| | - Yuling Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision SpectroscopySchool of Physics and Material ScienceEast China Normal University3663 N. Zhongshan RoadShanghai200062China
| | - Xuefu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for InformaticsShanghai Institute of Microsystem and information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences865 Changning RoadShanghai200050China
| | - Qingkai Yu
- Ingram School of Engineering, and MSECTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTX78666USA
| | - Debra J. Searles
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Molecular ScienceAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Feng Ding
- Institute of Textiles and ClothingHong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongS.A.R.999077China
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon MaterialsInstitute for Basic ScienceSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsan689‐798South Korea
| | - Qinghong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision SpectroscopySchool of Physics and Material ScienceEast China Normal University3663 N. Zhongshan RoadShanghai200062China
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Molecular ScienceAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Institute of Textiles and ClothingHong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongS.A.R.999077China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for InformaticsShanghai Institute of Microsystem and information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences865 Changning RoadShanghai200050China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
A Review of Carbon Nanomaterials' Synthesis via the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11050822. [PMID: 29772760 PMCID: PMC5978199 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials have been extensively used in many applications owing to their unique thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. One of the prime challenges is the production of these nanomaterials on a large scale. This review paper summarizes the synthesis of various carbon nanomaterials via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. These carbon nanomaterials include fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), graphene, carbide-derived carbon (CDC), carbon nano-onion (CNO) and MXenes. Furthermore, current challenges in the synthesis and application of these nanomaterials are highlighted with suggested areas for future research.
Collapse
|
44
|
Formation process of graphite film on Ni substrate with improved thickness uniformity through precipitation control. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
45
|
McLean B, Eveleens CA, Mitchell I, Webber GB, Page AJ. Catalytic CVD synthesis of boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials - synergies between experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26466-26494. [PMID: 28849841 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03835f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional carbon and boron nitride nanomaterials - hexagonal boron nitride, graphene, boron nitride nanotubes and carbon nanotubes - remain at the forefront of advanced materials research. Catalytic chemical vapour deposition has become an invaluable technique for reliably and cost-effectively synthesising these materials. In this review, we will emphasise how a synergy between experimental and theoretical methods has enhanced the understanding and optimisation of this synthetic technique. This review examines recent advances in the application of CVD to synthesising boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials and highlights where, in many cases, molecular simulations and quantum chemistry have provided key insights complementary to experimental investigation. This synergy is particularly prominent in the field of carbon nanotube and graphene CVD synthesis, and we propose here it will be the key to future advances in optimisation of CVD synthesis of boron nitride nanomaterials, boron nitride - carbon composite materials, and other nanomaterials generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben McLean
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kc P, Rai A, Ashton TS, Moore AL. APCVD hexagonal boron nitride thin films for passive near-junction thermal management of electronics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:505705. [PMID: 29095146 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa97ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of graphene to serve as an ultrathin heat spreader has been previously demonstrated with impressive results. However, graphene is electrically conductive, making its use in contact with electronic devices problematic from a reliability and integration perspective. As an alternative, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a similarly structured material with large in-plane thermal conductivity but which possesses a wide band gap, thereby giving it potential to be utilized for directing contact, near-junction thermal management of electronics without shorting or the need for an insulating intermediate layer. In this work, the viability of using large area, continuous h-BN thin films as direct contact, near-junction heat spreaders for electronic devices is experimentally evaluated. Thin films of h-BN several square millimeters in size were synthesized via an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) method that is both simple and scalable. These were subsequently transferred onto a microfabricated test device that simulated a multigate transistor while also allowing for measurements of the device temperature at various locations via precision resistance thermometry. Results showed that these large-area h-BN films with thicknesses of 77-125 nm are indeed capable of significantly lowering microdevice temperatures, with the best sample showing the presence of the h-BN thin film reduced the effective thermal resistance by 15.9% ± 4.6% compared to a bare microdevice at the same power density. Finally, finite element simulations of these experiments were utilized to estimate the thermal conductivity of the h-BN thin films and identify means by which further heat spreading performance gains could be attained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kc
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, United States of America. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Kitayama H, Shimizu K, Ohba T. Graphene-laminated architectures obtained by chemical vapor deposition: From graphene to graphite. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
49
|
|
50
|
Lu G, Wu T, Yang P, Yang Y, Jin Z, Chen W, Jia S, Wang H, Zhang G, Sun J, Ajayan PM, Lou J, Xie X, Jiang M. Synthesis of High-Quality Graphene and Hexagonal Boron Nitride Monolayer In-Plane Heterostructure on Cu-Ni Alloy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700076. [PMID: 28932666 PMCID: PMC5604385 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) monolayer in-plane heterostructure offers a novel material platform for both fundamental research and device applications. To obtain such a heterostructure in high quality via controllable synthetic approaches is still challenging. In this work, in-plane epitaxy of graphene/h-BN heterostructure is demonstrated on Cu-Ni substrates. The introduction of nickel to copper substrate not only enhances the capability of decomposing polyaminoborane residues but also promotes graphene growth via isothermal segregation. On the alloy surface partially covered by h-BN, graphene is found to nucleate at the corners of the as-formed h-BN grains, and the high growth rate for graphene minimizes the damage of graphene-growth process on h-BN lattice. As a result, high-quality graphene/h-BN in-plane heterostructure with epitaxial relationship can be formed, which is supported by extensive characterizations. Photodetector device applications are demonstrated based on the in-plane heterostructure. The success will have important impact on future research and applications based on this unique material platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for InformaticsShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE)Shanghai200050P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Tianru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for InformaticsShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE)Shanghai200050P. R. China
| | - Peng Yang
- School of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Yingchao Yang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Zehua Jin
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Weibing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Shuai Jia
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Haomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for InformaticsShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE)Shanghai200050P. R. China
| | - Guanhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction DynamicsDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
| | - Julong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction DynamicsDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
| | - Pulickel M. Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Jun Lou
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for InformaticsShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE)Shanghai200050P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai200031P. R. China
| | - Mianheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for InformaticsShanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE)Shanghai200050P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai200031P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|