1
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Penkov B, Niedzwiecki D, Lari N, Drndić M, Shepard K. Time-domain event detection using single-instruction, multiple-thread gpGPU architectures in single-molecule biophysical data. COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 300:109191. [PMID: 38737416 PMCID: PMC11086699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpc.2024.109191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Discrete amplitude levels in ordered, time-domain data often represent different underlying latent states of the system that is being interrogated. Analysis and feature extraction from these data sets generally require considering the order of each individual point; this approach cannot take advantage of contemporary general-purpose graphics processing units (gpGPU) and single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) instruction set architectures. Two sources of such data from single-molecule biological measurements are nanopores and single-molecule field effect transistor (smFET) nanotube devices; both generate streams of time-ordered current or voltage data, typically sampled near 1 MS/s, with run times of minutes, yielding terabyte-scale datasets. Here, we present three gpGPU-based algorithms to overcome limitations associated with serial event detection in time series data, resulting in a 250× improvement in the rate with which we can detect salient features in nanopore and smFET datasets. The code is freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Penkov
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027
| | - David Niedzwiecki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Nicolae Lari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027
| | - Marija Drndić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Kenneth Shepard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027
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2
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Jang SS, Ray KK, Lynall DG, Shepard KL, Nuckolls C, Gonzalez RL. RNA adapts its flexibility to efficiently fold and resist unfolding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.27.595525. [PMID: 38853856 PMCID: PMC11160689 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.27.595525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the mechanisms through which biopolymers like RNA interconvert between multiple folded structures are critical for their cellular functions. A major obstacle to elucidating these mechanisms is the lack of experimental approaches that can resolve these interconversions between functionally relevant biomolecular structures. Here, using a nano-electronic device with microsecond time resolution, we dissect the complete set of structural rearrangements executed by an ultra-stable RNA, the UUCG stem-loop, at the single-molecule level. We show that the stem-loop samples at least four conformations along two folding pathways leading to two distinct folded structures, only one of which has been previously observed. By modulating its flexibility, the stem-loop can adaptively select between these pathways, enabling it to both fold rapidly and resist unfolding. This paradigm of stabilization through compensatory changes in flexibility broadens our understanding of stable RNA structures and is expected to serve as a general strategy employed by all biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukjin S. Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Korak Kumar Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - David G. Lynall
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Kenneth L. Shepard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Ruben L. Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
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3
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Voorspoels A, Gevers J, Santermans S, Akkan N, Martens K, Willems K, Van Dorpe P, Verhulst AS. Design Principles of DNA-Barcodes for Nanopore-FET Readout, Based on Molecular Dynamics and TCAD Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38712508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Nanopore field-effect transistor (NP-FET) devices hold great promise as sensitive single-molecule sensors, which provide CMOS-based on-chip readout and are also highly amenable to parallelization. A plethora of applications will therefore benefit from NP-FET technology, such as large-scale molecular analysis (e.g., proteomics). Due to its potential for parallelization, the NP-FET looks particularly well-suited for the high-throughput readout of DNA-based barcodes. However, to date, no study exists that unravels the bit-rate capabilities of NP-FET devices. In this paper, we design DNA-based barcodes by labeling a piece of double-stranded DNA with dumbbell-like DNA structures. We explore the impact of both the size of the dumbbells and their spacing on achievable bit-rates. The conformational fluctuations of this DNA-origami, as observed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, are accounted for when selecting label sizes. An experimentally informed 3D continuum nanofluidic-nanoelectronic device model subsequently predicts both the ionic current and FET signals. We present a barcode design for a conceptually generic NP-FET, with a 14 nm diameter pore, operating in conditions corresponding to experiments. By adjusting the spacing between the labels to half the length of the pore, we show that a bit-rate of 78 kbit·s-1 is achievable. This lies well beyond the state-of-the-art of ≈40 kbit·s-1, with significant headroom for further optimizations. We also highlight the advantages of NP-FET readout based on the larger signal size and sinusoidal signal shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderik Voorspoels
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juliette Gevers
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Nihat Akkan
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Martens
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pol Van Dorpe
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne S Verhulst
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Santermans S, Hellings G, Heyns M, Van Roy W, Martens K. Unraveling the impact of nano-scaling on silicon field-effect transistors for the detection of single-molecules. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2354-2368. [PMID: 36644797 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05267a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated silicon field-effect transistors (FETs) capable of detecting single molecules could enable high-throughput molecular sensing chips to advance, for example, genomics or proteomics. For solid-gated silicon FETs it is well-known that nano-scaled devices become sensitive to single elementary charges near the silicon-oxide interface. However, in electrolyte-gated FETs, electrolyte screening strongly reduces sensitivity to charges near the gate oxide. The question arises whether nano-scaling electrolyte-gated FETs can entail a sufficiently large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the detection of single molecules. We enhanced a technology computer-aided design tool with electrolyte screening models to calculate the impact of the FET geometry on the single-molecule signal and FET noise. Our continuum FET model shows that a sufficiently large single-molecule SNR is only obtained when nano-scaling all FET channel dimensions. Moreover, we show that the expected scaling trend of the single-molecule SNR breaks down and no longer results in improvements for geometries approaching the decananometer size. This is the characteristic size of the FET channel region modulated by a typical molecule. For gate lengths below 50 nm, the overlap of the modulated region with the highly conductive junctions leads to saturation of the SNR. For cross-sections below 10-30 nm, SNR degrades due to the overlap of the modulated region with the convex FET corners where a larger local gate capacitance reduces charge sensitivity. In our study, assuming a commercial solid-state FET noise amplitude, we find that a suspended nanowire FET architecture with 35 nm length and 5 × 10 nm2 cross-section results in the highest SNR of about 10 for a 15-base DNA oligo in a 15 mM electrolyte. In contrast with typical silicon nanowire FET sensors which possess micron-scale gate lengths, we find it to be key that all channel dimensions are scaled down to the decananometer range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren Santermans
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Heyns
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Silvestri A, Zayas-Arrabal J, Vera-Hidalgo M, Di Silvio D, Wetzl C, Martinez-Moro M, Zurutuza A, Torres E, Centeno A, Maestre A, Gómez JM, Arrastua M, Elicegui M, Ontoso N, Prato M, Coluzza I, Criado A. Ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by graphene field-effect transistors. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1076-1085. [PMID: 36546457 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), originated a global health crisis, causing over 2 million casualties and altering human daily life all over the world. This pandemic emergency revealed the limitations of current diagnostic tests, highlighting the urgency to develop faster, more precise and sensitive sensors. Graphene field effect transistors (GFET) are analytical platforms that enclose all these requirements. However, the design of a sensitive and robust GFET is not a straightforward objective. In this work, we report a GFET array biosensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using the human membrane protein involved in the virus internalisation: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). By finely controlling the graphene functionalisation, by tuning the Debye length, and by deeply characterising the ACE2-spike protein interactions, we have been able to detect the target protein with an extremely low limit of detection (2.94 aM). This work set the basis for a new class of analytical platforms, based on human membrane proteins, with the potential to detect a broad variety of pathogens, even before their isolation, being a powerful tool in the fight against future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Julian Zayas-Arrabal
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Mariano Vera-Hidalgo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Desire Di Silvio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Wetzl
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marta Martinez-Moro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Amaia Zurutuza
- Graphenea Semiconductor SLU., Paseo Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elias Torres
- Graphenea Semiconductor SLU., Paseo Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alba Centeno
- Graphenea Semiconductor SLU., Paseo Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Arantxa Maestre
- Graphenea Semiconductor SLU., Paseo Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Gómez
- Graphenea Semiconductor SLU., Paseo Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María Arrastua
- Graphenea Semiconductor SLU., Paseo Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marta Elicegui
- Graphenea Semiconductor SLU., Paseo Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nerea Ontoso
- Graphenea Semiconductor SLU., Paseo Mikeletegi 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 3412 7 Trieste, Italy
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ivan Coluzza
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Bld. Martina Casiano, UPV/EHU Science Park, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Universidade da Coruña, CICA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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6
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Jang SS, Dubnik S, Hon J, Hellenkamp B, Lynall DG, Shepard KL, Nuckolls C, Gonzalez RL. Characterizing the Conformational Free-Energy Landscape of RNA Stem-Loops Using Single-Molecule Field-Effect Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:402-412. [PMID: 36547391 PMCID: PMC10025942 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have developed and used single-molecule field-effect transistors (smFETs) to characterize the conformational free-energy landscape of RNA stem-loops. Stem-loops are one of the most common RNA structural motifs and serve as building blocks for the formation of complex RNA structures. Given their prevalence and integral role in RNA folding, the kinetics of stem-loop (un)folding has been extensively characterized using both experimental and computational approaches. Interestingly, these studies have reported vastly disparate timescales of (un)folding, which has been interpreted as evidence that (un)folding of even simple stem-loops occurs on a highly rugged conformational energy landscape. Because smFETs do not rely on fluorophore reporters of conformation or mechanical (un)folding forces, they provide a unique approach that has allowed us to directly monitor tens of thousands of (un)folding events of individual stem-loops at a 200 μs time resolution. Our results show that under our experimental conditions, stem-loops (un)fold over a 1-200 ms timescale during which they transition between ensembles of unfolded and folded conformations, the latter of which is composed of at least two sub-populations. The 1-200 ms timescale of (un)folding we observe here indicates that smFETs report on complete (un)folding trajectories in which unfolded conformations of the RNA spend long periods of time wandering the free-energy landscape before sampling one of several misfolded conformations or the natively folded conformation. Our findings highlight the extremely rugged landscape on which even the simplest RNA structural elements fold and demonstrate that smFETs are a unique and powerful approach for characterizing the conformational free-energy of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukjin S. Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sarah Dubnik
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jason Hon
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Björn Hellenkamp
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, 10027, USA
| | - David G. Lynall
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Shepard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ruben L. Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
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7
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Lee CS, Gwyther REA, Freeley M, Jones D, Palma M. Fabrication and Functionalisation of Nanocarbon-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200282. [PMID: 36193790 PMCID: PMC10092808 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarbon-based field-effect transistor (NC-FET) biosensors are at the forefront of future diagnostic technology. By integrating biological molecules with electrically conducting carbon-based platforms, high sensitivity real-time multiplexed sensing is possible. Combined with their small footprint, portability, ease of use, and label-free sensing mechanisms, NC-FETs are prime candidates for the rapidly expanding areas of point-of-care testing, environmental monitoring and biosensing as a whole. In this review we provide an overview of the basic operational mechanisms behind NC-FETs, synthesis and fabrication of FET devices, and developments in functionalisation strategies for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Seuk Lee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Rebecca E A Gwyther
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Mark Freeley
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Dafydd Jones
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Matteo Palma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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8
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Hall DA, Ananthapadmanabhan N, Choi C, Zheng L, Pan PP, Von Jutrzenka C, Nguyen T, Rizo J, Weinstein M, Lobaton R, Sinha P, Sauerbrey T, Sigala C, Bailey K, Mudondo PJ, Chaudhuri AR, Severi S, Fuller CW, Tour JM, Jin S, Mola PW, Merriman B. A Scalable CMOS Molecular Electronics Chip for Single-Molecule Biosensing. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:1030-1043. [PMID: 36191107 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3211420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the first CMOS molecular electronics chip. It is configured as a biosensor, where the primary sensing element is a single molecule "molecular wire" consisting of a ∼100 GΩ, 25 nm long alpha-helical peptide integrated into a current monitoring circuit. The engineered peptide contains a central conjugation site for attachment of various probe molecules, such as DNA, proteins, enzymes, or antibodies, which program the biosensor to detect interactions with a specific target molecule. The current through the molecular wire under a dc applied voltage is monitored with millisecond temporal resolution. The detected signals are millisecond-scale, picoampere current pulses generated by each transient probe-target molecular interaction. Implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology, 16k sensors are arrayed with a 20 μm pitch and read out at a 1 kHz frame rate. The resulting biosensor chip provides direct, real-time observation of the single-molecule interaction kinetics, unlike classical biosensors that measure ensemble averages of such events. This molecular electronics chip provides a platform for putting molecular biosensing "on-chip" to bring the power of semiconductor chips to diverse applications in biological research, diagnostics, sequencing, proteomics, drug discovery, and environmental monitoring.
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9
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Li Z, Kaur P, Lo CY, Chopra N, Smith J, Wang H, Gao Y. Structural and dynamic basis of DNA capture and translocation by mitochondrial Twinkle helicase. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11965-11978. [PMID: 36400570 PMCID: PMC9723800 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Twinkle is a mitochondrial replicative helicase which can self-load onto and unwind mitochondrial DNA. Nearly 60 mutations on Twinkle have been linked to human mitochondrial diseases. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), we obtained the atomic-resolution structure of a vertebrate Twinkle homolog with DNA and captured in real-time how Twinkle is self-loaded onto DNA. Our data highlight the important role of the non-catalytic N-terminal domain of Twinkle. The N-terminal domain directly contacts the C-terminal helicase domain, and the contact interface is a hotspot for disease-related mutations. Mutations at the interface destabilize Twinkle hexamer and reduce helicase activity. With HS-AFM, we observed that a highly dynamic Twinkle domain, which is likely to be the N-terminal domain, can protrude ∼5 nm to transiently capture nearby DNA and initialize Twinkle loading onto DNA. Moreover, structural analysis and subunit doping experiments suggest that Twinkle hydrolyzes ATP stochastically, which is distinct from related helicases from bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Chen-Yu Lo
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Neil Chopra
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jamie Smith
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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10
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Kang X, Meng X. Effect of carbon nanotube diameter on water transfer through disjoint carbon nanotubes in the lateral electric fields. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Barnes B, Wang P, Wang Y. Parallel Field-Effect Nanosensors Detect Trace Biomarkers Rapidly at Physiological High-Ionic-Strength Conditions. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2537-2544. [PMID: 35700322 PMCID: PMC9509463 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity and speed of detection are contradicting demands that profoundly impact the electrical sensing of molecular biomarkers. Although single-molecule sensitivity can now be achieved with single-nanotube field-effect transistors, these tiny sensors, with a diameter less than 1 nm, may take hours to days to capture the molecular target at trace concentrations. Here, we show that this sensitivity-speed challenge can be addressed using covalently functionalized double-wall CNTs that form many individualized, parallel pathways between two electrodes. Each carrier that travels across the electrodes is forced to take one of these pathways that are fully gated chemically by the target-probe binding events. This sensor design allows us to electrically detect Lyme disease oligonucleotide biomarkers directly at the physiological high-salt concentrations, simultaneously achieving both ultrahigh sensitivity (as low as 1 fM) and detection speed (<15 s). This unexpectedly simple strategy may open opportunities for sensor designs to broadly achieve instant detection of trace biomarkers and real-time probing of biomolecular functions directly at their physiological states.
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12
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13
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Zhang M, Li Z, Jia Y, Wang F, Tian J, Zhang C, Han T, Xing R, Ye W, Wang C. Observing Mesoscopic Nucleic Acid Capacitance Effect and Mismatch Impact via Graphene Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105890. [PMID: 35072345 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a molecular-scale capacitance effect of the double helical nucleic acid duplex structure for the first time. By quantitatively conducting large sample measurements of the electrostatic field effect using a type of high-accuracy graphene transistor biosensor, an unusual charge-transport behavior is observed in which the end-immobilized nucleic acid duplexes can store a part of ionization electrons like molecular capacitors, other than electric conductors. To elucidate this discovery, a cascaded capacitive network model is proposed as a novel equivalent circuit of nucleic acid duplexes, expanding the point-charge approximation model, by which the partial charge-transport observation is reasonably attributed to an electron-redistribution behavior within the capacitive network. Furthermore, it is experimentally confirmed that base-pair mismatches hinder the charge transport in double helical duplexes, and lead to directly identifiable alterations in electrostatic field effects. The bioelectronic principle of mismatch impact is also self-consistently explained by the newly proposed capacitive network model. The mesoscopic nucleic acid capacitance effect may enable a new kind of label-free nucleic acid analysis tool based on electronic transistor devices. The in situ and real-time nucleic acid detections for virus biomarkers, somatic mutations, and genome editing off-target may thus be predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yuan Jia
- Industrialization Center of Micro & Nano ICs and Devices Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Fuquan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jinpeng Tian
- Industrialization Center of Micro & Nano ICs and Devices Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, College of Artificial Intelligence, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Ruiqing Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, College of Artificial Intelligence, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Weixiang Ye
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Statistical Computation of Hainan Province, School of Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, College of Artificial Intelligence, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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14
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Côté S, Bouilly D, Mousseau N. The molecular origin of the electrostatic gating of single-molecule field-effect biosensors investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4174-4186. [PMID: 35113103 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04626h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Field-effect biosensors (bioFETs) offer a novel way to measure the kinetics of biomolecular events such as protein function and DNA hybridization at the single-molecule level on a wide range of time scales. These devices generate an electrical current whose fluctuations are correlated to the kinetics of the biomolecule under study. BioFETs are indeed highly sensitive to changes in the electrostatic potential (ESP) generated by the biomolecule. Here, using all-atom solvent explicit molecular dynamics simulations, we further investigate the molecular origin of the variation of this ESP for two prototypical cases of proteins or nucleic acids attached to a carbon nanotube bioFET: the function of the lysozyme protein and the hybridization of a 10-nt DNA sequence, as previously done experimentally. Our results show that the ESP changes significantly on the surface of the carbon nanotube as the state of these two biomolecules changes. More precisely, the ESP distributions calculated for these molecular states explain well the magnitude of the conductance fluctuations measured experimentally. The dependence of the ESP with salt concentration is found to agree with the reduced conductance fluctuations observed experimentally for the lysozyme, but to differ for the case of DNA, suggesting that other mechanisms might be at play in this case. Furthermore, we show that the carbon nanotube does not impact significantly the structural stability of the lysozyme, corroborating that the kinetic rates measured using bioFETs are similar to those measured by other techniques. For DNA, we find that the structural ensemble of the single-stranded DNA is significantly impacted by the presence of the nanotube, which, combined with the ESP analysis, suggests a stronger DNA-device interplay. Overall, our simulations strengthen the comprehension of the inner working of field-effect biosensors used for single-molecule kinetics measurements on proteins and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Côté
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. .,Département de Physique, Cégep de Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Delphine Bouilly
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. .,Institut de recherche en immunologie et cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Normand Mousseau
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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15
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Molecular electronics sensors on a scalable semiconductor chip: A platform for single-molecule measurement of binding kinetics and enzyme activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2112812119. [PMID: 35074874 PMCID: PMC8812571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112812119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of molecular interactions is the foundation for many important biotechnology applications in society and industry, such as drug discovery, diagnostics, and DNA sequencing. This report describes a broadly applicable platform for detecting molecular interactions at the single-molecule scale, in real-time, label-free, and potentially highly multiplexable fashion, using single-molecule sensors on a highly scalable semiconductor sensor array chip. Such chips are both practically manufacturable in the near term, and have a durable long-term scaling roadmap, thus providing an ideal way to bring the power of modern chip technology to the broad area of biosensing. This work also realizes a 50-year-old scientific vision of integrating single molecules into electronic chips to achieve the ultimate miniaturization of electronics. For nearly 50 years, the vision of using single molecules in circuits has been seen as providing the ultimate miniaturization of electronic chips. An advanced example of such a molecular electronics chip is presented here, with the important distinction that the molecular circuit elements play the role of general-purpose single-molecule sensors. The device consists of a semiconductor chip with a scalable array architecture. Each array element contains a synthetic molecular wire assembled to span nanoelectrodes in a current monitoring circuit. A central conjugation site is used to attach a single probe molecule that defines the target of the sensor. The chip digitizes the resulting picoamp-scale current-versus-time readout from each sensor element of the array at a rate of 1,000 frames per second. This provides detailed electrical signatures of the single-molecule interactions between the probe and targets present in a solution-phase test sample. This platform is used to measure the interaction kinetics of single molecules, without the use of labels, in a massively parallel fashion. To demonstrate broad applicability, examples are shown for probe molecule binding, including DNA oligos, aptamers, antibodies, and antigens, and the activity of enzymes relevant to diagnostics and sequencing, including a CRISPR/Cas enzyme binding a target DNA, and a DNA polymerase enzyme incorporating nucleotides as it copies a DNA template. All of these applications are accomplished with high sensitivity and resolution, on a manufacturable, scalable, all-electronic semiconductor chip device, thereby bringing the power of modern chips to these diverse areas of biosensing.
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16
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Bhatt D, Panda S. Dual‐gate ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistors: A review. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bhatt
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur India
- Samtel Centre for Display Technologies Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur India
| | - Siddhartha Panda
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur India
- Samtel Centre for Display Technologies Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur India
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur India
- Materials Science Programme Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur India
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17
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Hu Q, Chen S, Solomon P, Zhang Z. Ion sensing with single charge resolution using sub-10-nm electrical double layer-gated silicon nanowire transistors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj6711. [PMID: 34860555 PMCID: PMC8641926 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj6711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrical sensors have been widely explored for the analysis of chemical/biological species. Ion detection with single charge resolution is the ultimate sensitivity goal of such sensors, which is yet to be experimentally demonstrated. Here, the events of capturing and emitting a single hydrogen ion (H+) at the solid/liquid interface are directly detected using sub–10-nm electrical double layer–gated silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (SiNWFETs). The SiNWFETs are fabricated using a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible process, with a surface reassembling step to minimize the device noise. An individually activated surface Si dangling bond (DB) acts as the single H+ receptor. Discrete current signals, generated by the single H+-DB interactions via local Coulomb scattering, are directly detected by the SiNWFETs. The single H+-DB interaction kinetics is systematically investigated. Our SiNWFETs demonstrate unprecedented capability for electrical sensing applications, especially for investigating the physics of solid/liquid interfacial interactions at the single charge level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitao Hu
- Division of Solid State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, BOX 65, SE-75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Si Chen
- Division of Solid State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, BOX 65, SE-75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul Solomon
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Division of Solid State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, BOX 65, SE-75103 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Comparison of Duplex and Quadruplex Folding Structure Adenosine Aptamers for Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor Aptasensors. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092280. [PMID: 34578596 PMCID: PMC8468449 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNT FET) aptasensors have been investigated for the detection of adenosine using two different aptamer sequences, a 35-mer and a 27-mer. We found limits of detection for adenosine of 100 pM and 320 nM for the 35-mer and 27-mer aptamers, with dissociation constants of 1.2 nM and 160 nM, respectively. Upon analyte recognition the 35-mer adenosine aptamer adopts a compact G-quadruplex structure while the 27-mer adenosine aptamer changes to a folded duplex. Using the CNT FET aptasensor platform adenosine could be detected with high sensitivity over the range of 100 pM to 10 µM, highlighting the suitability of the CNT FET aptasensor platform for high performance adenosine detection. The aptamer restructuring format is critical for high sensitivity with the G-quadraplex aptasensor having a 130-fold smaller dissociation constant than the duplex forming aptasensor.
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19
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Yuan S, Gao T, Cao W, Pan Z, Liu J, Shi J, Hong W. The Characterization of Electronic Noise in the Charge Transport through Single-Molecule Junctions. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2001064. [PMID: 34927823 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the goal of creating single-molecule devices and integrating them into circuits, the emergence of single-molecule electronics provides various techniques for the fabrication of single-molecule junctions and the investigation of charge transport through such junctions. Among the techniques for characterization of charge transport through molecular junctions, electronic noise characterization is an effective strategy with which issues from molecule-electrode interfaces, mechanisms of charge transport, and changes in junction configurations are studied. Electronic noise analysis in single-molecule junctions can be used to identify molecular conformations and even monitor reaction kinetics. This review summarizes the various types of electronic noise that have been characterized during single-molecule electrical detection, including the functions of random telegraph signal (RTS) noise, flicker noise, shot noise, and their corresponding applications, which provide some guidelines for the future application of these techniques to problems of charge transport through single-molecule junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tengyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhichao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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20
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Li P, Jia C, Guo X. Structural Transition Dynamics in Carbon
Electrode‐Based Single‐Molecule
Junctions. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peihui Li
- Center of Single‐Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Center of Single‐Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Center of Single‐Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300350 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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21
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Ghasemi S, Moth-Poulsen K. Single molecule electronic devices with carbon-based materials: status and opportunity. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:659-671. [PMID: 33406181 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of single molecule electronics has progressed remarkably in the past decades by allowing for more versatile molecular functions and improving device fabrication techniques. In particular, electrodes made from carbon-based materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) may enable parallel fabrication of multiple single molecule devices. In this perspective, we review the recent progress in the field of single molecule electronics, with a focus on devices that utilizes carbon-based electrodes. The paper is structured in three main sections: (i) controlling the molecule/graphene electrode interface using covalent and non-covalent approaches, (ii) using CNTs as electrodes for fabricating single molecule devices, and (iii) a discussion of possible future directions employing new or emerging 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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22
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Béraud A, Sauvage M, Bazán CM, Tie M, Bencherif A, Bouilly D. Graphene field-effect transistors as bioanalytical sensors: design, operation and performance. Analyst 2020; 146:403-428. [PMID: 33215184 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01661f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) are emerging as bioanalytical sensors, in which their responsive electrical conductance is used to perform quantitative analyses of biologically-relevant molecules such as DNA, proteins, ions and small molecules. This review provides a detailed evaluation of reported approaches in the design, operation and performance assessment of GFET biosensors. We first dissect key design elements of these devices, along with most common approaches for their fabrication. We compare possible modes of operation of GFETs as sensors, including transfer curves, output curves and time series as well as their integration in real-time or a posteriori protocols. Finally, we review performance metrics reported for the detection and quantification of bioanalytes, and discuss limitations and best practices to optimize the use of GFETs as bioanalytical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Béraud
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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23
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A Reliable BioFET Immunosensor for Detection of p53 Tumour Suppressor in Physiological-Like Environment. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216364. [PMID: 33171594 PMCID: PMC7664624 DOI: 10.3390/s20216364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of wild-type tumour suppressor p53wt in cells and blood has a clinical significance for early diagnosis of some types of cancer. We developed a disposable, label-free, field-effect transistor-based immunosensor (BioFET), able to detect p53wt in physiological buffer solutions, over a wide concentration range. Microfabricated, high-purity gold electrodes were used as single-use extended gates (EG), which avoid direct interaction between the transistor gate and the biological solution. Debye screening, which normally hampers target charge effect on the FET gate potential and, consequently, on the registered FET drain-source current, at physiological ionic strength, was overcome by incorporating a biomolecule-permeable polymer layer on the EG electrode surface. Determination of an unknown p53wt concentration was obtained by calibrating the variation of the FET threshold voltage versus the target molecule concentration in buffer solution, with a sensitivity of 1.5 ± 0.2 mV/decade. The BioFET specificity was assessed by control experiments with proteins that may unspecifically bind at the EG surface, while 100pM p53wt concentration was established as limit of detection. This work paves the way for fast and highly sensitive tools for p53wt detection in physiological fluids, which deserve much interest in early cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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24
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Zhang X, Jing Q, Ao S, Schneider GF, Kireev D, Zhang Z, Fu W. Ultrasensitive Field-Effect Biosensors Enabled by the Unique Electronic Properties of Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902820. [PMID: 31592577 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a critical overview of current developments on nanoelectronic biochemical sensors based on graphene. Composed of a single layer of conjugated carbon atoms, graphene has outstanding high carrier mobility and low intrinsic electrical noise, but a chemically inert surface. Surface functionalization is therefore crucial to unravel graphene sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of targeted analytes. To achieve optimal performance of graphene transistors for biochemical sensing, the tuning of the graphene surface properties via surface functionalization and passivation is highlighted, as well as the tuning of its electrical operation by utilizing multifrequency ambipolar configuration and a high frequency measurement scheme to overcome the Debye screening to achieve low noise and highly sensitive detection. Potential applications and prospectives of ultrasensitive graphene electronic biochemical sensors ranging from environmental monitoring and food safety, healthcare and medical diagnosis, to life science research, are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Qiushi Jing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shen Ao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78757, USA
| | - Zhengjun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wangyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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25
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The Emergence of Insect Odorant Receptor-Based Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10030026. [PMID: 32192133 PMCID: PMC7146604 DOI: 10.3390/bios10030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory receptor neurons of insects and vertebrates are gated by odorant receptor (OR) proteins of which several members have been shown to exhibit remarkable sensitivity and selectivity towards volatile organic compounds of significant importance in the fields of medicine, agriculture and public health. Insect ORs offer intrinsic amplification where a single binding event is transduced into a measurable ionic current. Consequently, insect ORs have great potential as biorecognition elements in many sensor configurations. However, integrating these sensing components onto electronic transducers for the development of biosensors has been marginal due to several drawbacks, including their lipophilic nature, signal transduction mechanism and the limited number of known cognate receptor-ligand pairs. We review the current state of research in this emerging field and highlight the use of a group of indole-sensitive ORs (indolORs) from unexpected sources for the development of biosensors.
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26
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Wang C, Wu J, He Y, Song Z, Shi S, Zhu Y, Jia Y, Ye W. Fully Solid-State Graphene Transistors with Striking Homogeneity and Sensitivity for the Practicalization of Single-Device Electronic Bioassays. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:166-175. [PMID: 31815482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To break through a critical barrier in the practical application of graphene biosensors, namely, device-to-device performance inhomogeneity, this work presents a novel scenario employing a fully solid-state (FSS) transistor configuration. Herein, the graphene sensing unit is completely encapsulated by a high-κ solid dielectric material, which isolates the sensing unit from solution contaminants and thus homogeneously maintains the extraordinary carrier mobility of pristine graphene in batch-made devices. To create an interface sensitive to biomolecular interactions based on the FSS configuration, a metallic floating gate functionalized by conductive mercapto-phenyl molecular linkers is defined on the top-layer solid dielectric. As the solid dielectric layer beneath the metal floating gate enables a higher capacitive gating efficiency than the regular graphene-solution electrical double layer (EDL) interface, the overall transistor amplification gain is further enhanced. As a proof of principle, a label-free DNAzymatic bioassay of Pb2+ is conducted. Without the traditional one-by-one device normalization, an excellent concentration detection limit of 929.8 fM is achieved, which is almost 2 orders of magnitude lower than that in existing works. The FSS configuration allows enhanced sensitivity and homogeneity, thereby providing new developmental guidelines for graphene biosensors beyond the laboratory investigation stage. Additionally, it has the potential to be universally applicable for cost-efficient single-device bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yibo Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Columbia University , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Yuan Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instrument Design and Manufacture, School of Mechanical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Weixiang Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
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27
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Li Y, Zhao L, Yao Y, Guo X. Single-Molecule Nanotechnologies: An Evolution in Biological Dynamics Detection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 3:68-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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28
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Wang X, Hao Z, Olsen TR, Zhang W, Lin Q. Measurements of aptamer-protein binding kinetics using graphene field-effect transistors. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12573-12581. [PMID: 31219127 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02797a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying interactions between biomolecules subject to various environmental conditions is essential for applications such as drug discovery and precision medicine. This paper presents an investigation of the kinetics of environmentally dependent biomolecular binding using an electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) nanosensor. In this approach, biomolecular binding occurring on and in the vicinity of a graphene surface induces a change in carrier concentration, whose resulting conductance change is measured. This allows a systematic study of the kinetic properties of the binding system. We apply this approach to the specific binding of human immunoglobulin E (IgE), an antibody involved in parasite immunity, with an aptamer at different ionic strengths (Na+ and Mg2+) and temperatures. Experimental results demonstrate increased-rate binding kinetics at higher salt-ion concentrations and temperatures. In particular, the divalent cation Mg2+ yields more pronounced changes in the conformational structure of the aptamer than the monovalent cation Na+. In addition, the dissociation of the aptamer-protein complex at room temperature is found to be characterized by large unfavorable changes in the activation enthalpy and entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhuang Hao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Timothy R Olsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Qiao Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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29
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Neves MMPDS, Martín-Yerga D. Advanced Nanoscale Approaches to Single-(Bio)entity Sensing and Imaging. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E100. [PMID: 30373209 PMCID: PMC6316691 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual (bio)chemical entities could show a very heterogeneous behaviour under the same conditions that could be relevant in many biological processes of significance in the life sciences. Conventional detection approaches are only able to detect the average response of an ensemble of entities and assume that all entities are identical. From this perspective, important information about the heterogeneities or rare (stochastic) events happening in individual entities would remain unseen. Some nanoscale tools present interesting physicochemical properties that enable the possibility to detect systems at the single-entity level, acquiring richer information than conventional methods. In this review, we introduce the foundations and the latest advances of several nanoscale approaches to sensing and imaging individual (bio)entities using nanoprobes, nanopores, nanoimpacts, nanoplasmonics and nanomachines. Several (bio)entities such as cells, proteins, nucleic acids, vesicles and viruses are specifically considered. These nanoscale approaches provide a wide and complete toolbox for the study of many biological systems at the single-entity level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Lee Y, Trocchia SM, Warren SB, Young EF, Vernick S, Shepard KL. Electrically Controllable Single-Point Covalent Functionalization of Spin-Cast Carbon-Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor Arrays. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9922-9930. [PMID: 30260623 PMCID: PMC6887518 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Single-point-functionalized carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) have been used to sense conformational changes and binding events in protein and nucleic acid structures from intrinsic molecular charge. The key to utilizing these devices as single-molecule sensors is the ability to attach a single probe molecule to an individual device. In contrast, with noncovalent attachment approaches such as those based on van der Waals interactions, covalent attachment approaches generally deliver higher stability but have traditionally been more difficult to control, resulting in low yield. Here, we present a single-point-functionalization method for CNTFET arrays based on electrochemical control of a diazonium reaction to create sp3 defects, combined with a scalable spin-casting method for fabricating large arrays of devices on arbitrary substrates. Attachment of probe DNA to the functionalized device enables single-molecule detection of DNA hybridization with complementary target, verifying the single-point functionalization. Overall, this method enables single-point defect generation with 80% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Scott M. Trocchia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Erik F. Young
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sefi Vernick
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Kenneth L. Shepard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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31
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Zhang Y, Ma R, Zhen XV, Kudva YC, Bühlmann P, Koester SJ. Capacitive Sensing of Glucose in Electrolytes Using Graphene Quantum Capacitance Varactors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:38863-38869. [PMID: 29023095 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel graphene-based variable capacitor (varactor) that senses glucose based on the quantum capacitance effect was successfully developed. The sensor utilizes a metal-oxide-graphene varactor device structure that is inherently compatible with passive wireless sensing, a key advantage for in vivo glucose sensing. The graphene varactors were functionalized with pyrene-1-boronic acid (PBA) by self-assembly driven by π-π interactions. Successful surface functionalization was confirmed by both Raman spectroscopy and capacitance-voltage characterization of the devices. Through glucose binding to the PBA, the glucose concentration in the buffer solutions modulates the level of electrostatic doping of the graphene surface to different degrees, which leads to capacitance changes and Dirac voltage shifts. These responses to the glucose concentration were shown to be reproducible and reversible over multiple measurement cycles, suggesting promise for eventual use in wireless glucose monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , 200 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xue V Zhen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yogish C Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic , 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven J Koester
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , 200 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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32
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He G, Li J, Qi C, Guo X. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping in Single-Molecule Electronic Circuits. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700158. [PMID: 29201610 PMCID: PMC5700462 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Establishing low-cost, high-throughput, simple, and accurate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping techniques is beneficial for understanding the intrinsic relationship between individual genetic variations and their biological functions on a genomic scale. Here, a straightforward and reliable single-molecule approach is demonstrated for precise SNP authentication by directly measuring the fluctuations in electrical signals in an electronic circuit, which is fabricated from a high-gain field-effect silicon nanowire decorated with a single hairpin DNA, in the presence of different target DNAs. By simply comparing the proportion difference of a probe-target duplex structure throughout the process, this study implements allele-specific and accurate SNP detection. These results are supported by the statistical analyses of different dynamic parameters such as the mean lifetime and the unwinding probability of the duplex conformation. In comparison with conventional polymerase chain reaction and optical methods, this convenient and label-free method is complementary to existing optical methods and also shows several advantages, such as simple operation and no requirement for fluorescent labeling, thus promising a futuristic route toward the next-generation genotyping technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable SpeciesCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of RadiopharmaceuticalsMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable SpeciesCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of RadiopharmaceuticalsMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875P. R. China
| | - Chuanmin Qi
- Key Laboratory of RadiopharmaceuticalsMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable SpeciesCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCollege of EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
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Gruss D, Smolyanitsky A, Zwolak M. Communication: Relaxation-limited electronic currents in extended reservoir simulations. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:141102. [PMID: 29031250 PMCID: PMC5718372 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Open-system approaches are gaining traction in the simulation of charge transport in nanoscale and molecular electronic devices. In particular, "extended reservoir" simulations, where explicit reservoir degrees of freedom are present, allow for the computation of both real-time and steady-state properties but require relaxation of the extended reservoirs. The strength of this relaxation, γ, influences the conductance, giving rise to a "turnover" behavior analogous to Kramers turnover in chemical reaction rates. We derive explicit, general expressions for the weak and strong relaxation limits. For weak relaxation, the conductance increases linearly with γ and every electronic state of the total explicit system contributes to the electronic current according to its "reduced" weight in the two extended reservoir regions. Essentially, this represents two conductors in series-one at each interface with the implicit reservoirs that provide the relaxation. For strong relaxation, a "dual" expression-one with the same functional form-results, except now proportional to 1/γ and dependent on the system of interest's electronic states, reflecting that the strong relaxation is localizing electrons in the extended reservoirs. Higher order behavior (e.g., γ2 or 1/γ2) can occur when there is a gap in the frequency spectrum. Moreover, inhomogeneity in the frequency spacing can give rise to a pseudo-plateau regime. These findings yield a physically motivated approach to diagnosing numerical simulations and understanding the influence of relaxation, and we examine their occurrence in both simple models and a realistic, fluctuating graphene nanoribbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gruss
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alex Smolyanitsky
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Michael Zwolak
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Fu W, Feng L, Panaitov G, Kireev D, Mayer D, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. Biosensing near the neutrality point of graphene. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701247. [PMID: 29075669 PMCID: PMC5656418 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the richness of electronic properties of graphene has attracted enormous interest for electrically detecting chemical and biological species using this two-dimensional material. However, the creation of practical graphene electronic sensors greatly depends on our ability to understand and maintain a low level of electronic noise, the fundamental reason limiting the sensor resolution. Conventionally, to reach the largest sensing response, graphene transistors are operated at the point of maximum transconductance, where 1/f noise is found to be unfavorably high and poses a major limitation in any attempt to further improve the device sensitivity. We show that operating a graphene transistor in an ambipolar mode near its neutrality point can markedly reduce the 1/f noise in graphene. Remarkably, our data reveal that this reduction in the electronic noise is achieved with uncompromised sensing response of the graphene chips and thus significantly improving the signal-to-noise ratio-compared to that of a conventionally operated graphene transistor for conductance measurement. As a proof-of-concept demonstration of the usage of the aforementioned new sensing scheme to a broader range of biochemical sensing applications, we selected an HIV-related DNA hybridization as the test bed and achieved detections at picomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Fu
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lingyan Feng
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Gregory Panaitov
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Complex Systems Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
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Electrostatic melting in a single-molecule field-effect transistor with applications in genomic identification. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15450. [PMID: 28516911 PMCID: PMC5454367 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of biomolecular interactions at the single-molecule level holds great potential for both basic science and biotechnology applications. Single-molecule studies often rely on fluorescence-based reporting, with signal levels limited by photon emission from single optical reporters. The point-functionalized carbon nanotube transistor, known as the single-molecule field-effect transistor, is a bioelectronics alternative based on intrinsic molecular charge that offers significantly higher signal levels for detection. Such devices are effective for characterizing DNA hybridization kinetics and thermodynamics and enabling emerging applications in genomic identification. In this work, we show that hybridization kinetics can be directly controlled by electrostatic bias applied between the device and the surrounding electrolyte. We perform the first single-molecule experiments demonstrating the use of electrostatics to control molecular binding. Using bias as a proxy for temperature, we demonstrate the feasibility of detecting various concentrations of 20-nt target sequences from the Ebolavirus nucleoprotein gene in a constant-temperature environment. DNA hybridization of two single-strands to form a double-stranded helix is widely used for genomic identification applications. Here, Vernick et al. record duplex formation of 20-mer oligonucleotide using a single-molecule field-effect transistor, where DNA kinetics is affected by electrostatic bias.
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36
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Zhou W, Burke PJ. Versatile Bottom-Up Synthesis of Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes on Nanoelectronic Biosensor Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:14618-14632. [PMID: 28387499 PMCID: PMC6373873 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Interfacing nanoelectronic devices with cell membranes can enable multiplexed detection of fundamental biological processes (such as signal transduction, electrophysiology, and import/export control) even down to the single ion channel level, which can lead to a variety of applications in pharmacology and clinical diagnosis. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and control the chemical and electrical interface between the device and the lipid bilayer membrane. Here, we develop a simple bottom-up approach to assemble tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) on silicon wafers and glass slides, using a covalent tether attachment chemistry based on silane functionalization, followed by step-by-step stacking of two other functional molecular building blocks (oligo-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and lipid). A standard vesicle fusion process was used to complete the bilayer formation. The monolayer synthetic scheme includes three well-established chemical reactions: self-assembly, epoxy-amine reaction, and EDC/NHS cross-linking reaction. All three reactions are facile and simple and can be easily implemented in many research labs, on the basis of common, commercially available precursors using mild reaction conditions. The oligo-PEG acts as the hydrophilic spacer, a key role in the formation of a homogeneous bilayer membrane. To explore the broad applicability of this approach, we have further demonstrated the formation of tBLMs on three common classes of (nano)electronic biosensor devices: indium-tin oxide-coated glass, silicon nanoribbon devices, and high-density single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) networks on glass. More importantly, we incorporated alemethicin into tBLMs and realized the real-time recording of single ion channel activity with high sensitivity and high temporal resolution using the tBLMs/SWNT network transistor hybrid platform. This approach can provide a covalently bonded lipid coating on the oxide layer of nanoelectronic devices, which will enable a variety of applications in the emerging field of nanoelectronic interfaces to electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhou
- Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Peter J. Burke
- Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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37
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Wu YP, Chu CJ, Tsai LC, Su YW, Chen PH, Moodley MK, Huang D, Chen YT, Yang YJ, Chen CD. Detection of electrically neutral and nonpolar molecules in ionic solutions using silicon nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:165501. [PMID: 28247853 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa63a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on a technique that can extend the use of nanowire sensors to the detection of interactions involving nonpolar and neutral molecules in an ionic solution environment. This technique makes use of the fact that molecular interactions result in a change in the permittivity of the molecules involved. For the interactions taking place at the surface of nanowires, this permittivity change can be determined from the analysis of the measured complex impedance of the nanowire. To demonstrate this technique, histidine was detected using different charge polarities controlled by the pH value of the solution. This included the detection of electrically neutral histidine at a sensitivity of 1 pM. Furthermore, it is shown that nonpolar molecules, such as hexane, can also be detected. The technique is applicable to the use of nanowires with and without a surface-insulating oxide. We show that information about the changes in amplitude and the phase of the complex impedance reveals the fundamental characteristics of the molecular interactions, including the molecular field and the permittivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Pin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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38
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Li Y, Wang C, Zhu Y, Zhou X, Xiang Y, He M, Zeng S. Fully integrated graphene electronic biosensor for label-free detection of lead (II) ion based on G-quadruplex structure-switching. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 89:758-763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Fu W, Jiang L, van Geest EP, Lima LMC, Schneider GF. Sensing at the Surface of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603610. [PMID: 27896865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent research trends now offer new opportunities for developing the next generations of label-free biochemical sensors using graphene and other two-dimensional materials. While the physics of graphene transistors operated in electrolyte is well grounded, important chemical challenges still remain to be addressed, namely the impact of the chemical functionalizations of graphene on the key electrical parameters and the sensing performances. In fact, graphene - at least ideal graphene - is highly chemically inert. The functionalizations and chemical alterations of the graphene surface - both covalently and non-covalently - are crucial steps that define the sensitivity of graphene. The presence, reactivity, adsorption of gas and ions, proteins, DNA, cells and tissues on graphene have been successfully monitored with graphene. This review aims to unify most of the work done so far on biochemical sensing at the surface of a (chemically functionalized) graphene field-effect transistor and the challenges that lie ahead. The authors are convinced that graphene biochemical sensors hold great promise to meet the ever-increasing demand for sensitivity, especially looking at the recent progresses suggesting that the obstacle of Debye screening can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Fu
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Jiang
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P van Geest
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lia M C Lima
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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40
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Mao S, Chang J, Pu H, Lu G, He Q, Zhang H, Chen J. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based field-effect transistors for chemical and biological sensing. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:6872-6904. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00827e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent progress in graphene-, 2D transition metal dichalcogenide-, and 2D black phosphorus-based FET sensors for detecting gases, biomolecules, and water contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Jingbo Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Haihui Pu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | | | - Qiyuan He
- Center for Programmable Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Hua Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Junhong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Milwaukee
- USA
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41
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Mandecki W, Rodriguez EF, Drawbridge J. Tagging of individual embryos with electronic p-Chips. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:100. [PMID: 27787762 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Collecting information about biochemical processes occurring inside a single cell or embryo is traditionally done either using fluorescent dyes with microscopy or via microelectrode voltage-clamp techniques. This paper demonstrates that a more direct method - transmission of information using an electronic chip implanted in an embryo - is feasible. A light-activated microtransponder with dimensions 250 μm × 250 μm × 100 μm (a "p-Chip") was implanted into a blastula-stage frog (Xenopus laevis) embryo. To implant the chip, a small slit is made in the blastocoel roof with an electrolytically-sharpened tungsten needle, and the p-Chip is inserted using fine forceps. The chip is activated when illuminated by a 60 mW focused laser beam, which causes the p-Chip to send its numeric ID to a nearby receiver. At no time during signal transmission does a wire or other type of object come in contact with or penetrate the epidermal layer covering the p-Chip. The embryo survives the procedure, extruding the chip after approximately 3 h. The method shows promise for studies including voltage potential, pH and other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wlodek Mandecki
- PharmaSeq, Inc., 11 Deer Park Dr., Suite 104, Monmouth Junction, NJ, 08852, USA.
| | | | - Julie Drawbridge
- Department of Biology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rider University, 2083 Lawrenceville Rd, Lawrenceville, NJ, 08648, USA
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42
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Ellis JE, Star A. Carbon Nanotube Based Gas Sensors toward Breath Analysis. Chempluschem 2016; 81:1248-1265. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James E. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
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43
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Li J, He G, Ueno H, Jia C, Noji H, Qi C, Guo X. Direct real-time detection of single proteins using silicon nanowire-based electrical circuits. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:16172-16176. [PMID: 27714062 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present an efficient strategy through surface functionalization to build a single silicon nanowire field-effect transistor-based biosensor that is capable of directly detecting protein adsorption/desorption at the single-event level. The step-wise signals in real-time detection of His-tag F1-ATPases demonstrate a promising electrical biosensing approach with single-molecule sensitivity, thus opening up new opportunities for studying single-molecule biophysics in broad biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China. and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Gen He
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China. and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Chuanmin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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44
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Naylor CH, Kybert NJ, Schneier C, Xi J, Romero G, Saven JG, Liu R, Charlie Johnson AT. Scalable Production of Molybdenum Disulfide Based Biosensors. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6173-9. [PMID: 27227361 PMCID: PMC4949953 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate arrays of opioid biosensors based on chemical vapor deposition grown molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field effect transistors (FETs) coupled to a computationally redesigned, water-soluble variant of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). By transferring dense films of monolayer MoS2 crystals onto prefabricated electrode arrays, we obtain high-quality FETs with clean surfaces that allow for reproducible protein attachment. The fabrication yield of MoS2 FETs and biosensors exceeds 95%, with an average mobility of 2.0 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) (36 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) at room temperature under ambient (in vacuo). An atomic length nickel-mediated linker chemistry enables target binding events that occur very close to the MoS2 surface to maximize sensitivity. The biosensor response calibration curve for a synthetic opioid peptide known to bind to the wild-type MOR indicates binding affinity that matches values determined using traditional techniques and a limit of detection ∼3 nM (1.5 ng/mL). The combination of scalable array fabrication and rapid, precise binding readout enabled by the MoS2 transistor offers the prospect of a solid-state drug testing platform for rapid readout of the interactions between novel drugs and their intended protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H. Naylor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Kybert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Camilla Schneier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Jin Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Gabriela Romero
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Jeffery G. Saven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - A. T. Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
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Gül OT, Pugliese KM, Choi Y, Sims PC, Pan D, Rajapakse AJ, Weiss GA, Collins PG. Single Molecule Bioelectronics and Their Application to Amplification-Free Measurement of DNA Lengths. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:bios6030029. [PMID: 27348011 PMCID: PMC5039648 DOI: 10.3390/bios6030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As biosensing devices shrink smaller and smaller, they approach a scale in which single molecule electronic sensing becomes possible. Here, we review the operation of single-enzyme transistors made using single-walled carbon nanotubes. These novel hybrid devices transduce the motions and catalytic activity of a single protein into an electronic signal for real-time monitoring of the protein’s activity. Analysis of these electronic signals reveals new insights into enzyme function and proves the electronic technique to be complementary to other single-molecule methods based on fluorescence. As one example of the nanocircuit technique, we have studied the Klenow Fragment (KF) of DNA polymerase I as it catalytically processes single-stranded DNA templates. The fidelity of DNA polymerases makes them a key component in many DNA sequencing techniques, and here we demonstrate that KF nanocircuits readily resolve DNA polymerization with single-base sensitivity. Consequently, template lengths can be directly counted from electronic recordings of KF’s base-by-base activity. After measuring as few as 20 copies, the template length can be determined with <1 base pair resolution, and different template lengths can be identified and enumerated in solutions containing template mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tolga Gül
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Physics, Polatlı Faculty of Science and Arts, Gazi University, Polatlı 06900, Turkey
| | - Kaitlin M Pugliese
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yongki Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Patrick C Sims
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Deng Pan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Arith J Rajapakse
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Philip G Collins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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46
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Gruss D, Velizhanin KA, Zwolak M. Landauer's formula with finite-time relaxation: Kramers' crossover in electronic transport. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24514. [PMID: 27094206 PMCID: PMC4837356 DOI: 10.1038/srep24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Landauer’s formula is the standard theoretical tool to examine ballistic transport in nano- and meso-scale junctions, but it necessitates that any variation of the junction with time must be slow compared to characteristic times of the system, e.g., the relaxation time of local excitations. Transport through structurally dynamic junctions is, however, increasingly of interest for sensing, harnessing fluctuations, and real-time control. Here, we calculate the steady-state current when relaxation of electrons in the reservoirs is present and demonstrate that it gives rise to three regimes of behavior: weak relaxation gives a contact-limited current; strong relaxation localizes electrons, distorting their natural dynamics and reducing the current; and in an intermediate regime the Landauer view of the system only is recovered. We also demonstrate that a simple equation of motion emerges, which is suitable for efficiently simulating time-dependent transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gruss
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.,Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kirill A Velizhanin
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Michael Zwolak
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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47
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Warren SB, Vernick S, Romano E, Shepard KL. Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Integrated Carbon Nanotube Arrays: Toward Wide-Bandwidth Single-Molecule Sensing Systems. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2674-9. [PMID: 26999579 PMCID: PMC5319850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
There is strong interest in realizing genomic molecular diagnostic platforms that are label-free, electronic, and single-molecule. One attractive transducer for such efforts is the single-molecule field-effect transistor (smFET), capable of detecting a single electronic charge and realized with a point-functionalized exposed-gate one-dimensional carbon nanotube field-effect device. In this work, smFETs are integrated directly onto a custom complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor chip, which results in an array of up to 6000 devices delivering a measurement bandwidth of 1 MHz. In a first exploitation of these high-bandwidth measurement capabilities, point functionalization through electrochemical oxidation of the devices is observed with microsecond temporal resolution, which reveals complex reaction pathways with resolvable scattering signatures. High-rate random telegraph noise is detected in certain oxidized devices, further illustrating the measurement capabilities of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Warren
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Sefi Vernick
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Ethan Romano
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Kenneth L. Shepard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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48
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Xiang D, Wang X, Jia C, Lee T, Guo X. Molecular-Scale Electronics: From Concept to Function. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4318-440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 816] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key
Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute
of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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49
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Ping J, Xi J, Saven JG, Liu R, Johnson ATC. Quantifying the effect of ionic screening with protein-decorated graphene transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 89:689-692. [PMID: 26626969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-based applications of biomolecule-decorated field-effect transistors (FETs) range from biosensors to in vivo implants. A critical scientific challenge is to develop a quantitative understanding of the gating effect of charged biomolecules in ionic solution and how this influences the readout of the FETs. To address this issue, we fabricated protein-decorated graphene FETs and measured their electrical properties, specifically the shift in Dirac voltage, in solutions of varying ionic strength. We found excellent quantitative agreement with a model that accounts for both the graphene polarization charge and ionic screening of ions adsorbed on the graphene as well as charged amino acids associated with the immobilized protein. The technique and analysis presented here directly couple the charging status of bound biomolecules to readout of liquid-phase FETs fabricated with graphene or other two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Ping
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Jin Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jeffery G Saven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A T Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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50
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Panneer Selvam A, Prasad S, Barrett TW, Kazmierczak SC. Electrical nanowell diagnostics sensors for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2527-36. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Alumina nanowell based disposable diagnostic biosensor for detecting and quantifying levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) from human serum has been designed, fabricated and tested. Materials & methods: The biosensors were designed by integrating nanoporous alumina membranes onto printed circuit board platforms, resulting in the generation of high-density nanowell arrays with gold base electrodes. The size and density of the nanowells were leveraged toward achieving sieving action for size-based exclusion of nonspecific molecules and size-based confinement of the target PSA molecules. Results & conclusion: We demonstrated PSA detection between 0.01 and 1000 ng/ml and detection and quantification of PSA from a 17 patient cohort validated using the Beckman Access system with >95% correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Panneer Selvam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Thomas W Barrett
- Department of Veterans Affairs Portland, Oregon Health Sciences University, OR, USA
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