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Lei X, Zhao J, Wang J, Su D. Tracking lithiation with transmission electron microscopy. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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de Vasconcelos LS, Xu R, Xu Z, Zhang J, Sharma N, Shah SR, Han J, He X, Wu X, Sun H, Hu S, Perrin M, Wang X, Liu Y, Lin F, Cui Y, Zhao K. Chemomechanics of Rechargeable Batteries: Status, Theories, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13043-13107. [PMID: 35839290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemomechanics is an old subject, yet its importance has been revived in rechargeable batteries where the mechanical energy and damage associated with redox reactions can significantly affect both the thermodynamics and rates of key electrochemical processes. Thanks to the push for clean energy and advances in characterization capabilities, significant research efforts in the last two decades have brought about a leap forward in understanding the intricate chemomechanical interactions regulating battery performance. Going forward, it is necessary to consolidate scattered ideas in the literature into a structured framework for future efforts across multidisciplinary fields. This review sets out to distill and structure what the authors consider to be significant recent developments on the study of chemomechanics of rechargeable batteries in a concise and accessible format to the audiences of different backgrounds in electrochemistry, materials, and mechanics. Importantly, we review the significance of chemomechanics in the context of battery performance, as well as its mechanistic understanding by combining electrochemical, materials, and mechanical perspectives. We discuss the coupling between the elements of electrochemistry and mechanics, key experimental and modeling tools from the small to large scales, and design considerations. Lastly, we provide our perspective on ongoing challenges and opportunities ranging from quantifying mechanical degradation in batteries to manufacturing battery materials and developing cyclic protocols to improve the mechanical resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhengrui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sameep Rajubhai Shah
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jiaxiu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaomei He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xianyang Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hong Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shan Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Madison Perrin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Zhou H, Liu G, Zeng J, Dai Y, Zhou W, Xiao C, Dang T, Yu W, Chen Y, Zhang C. Recent Progress of Switching Power Management for Triboelectric Nanogenerators. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1668. [PMID: 35214570 PMCID: PMC8880102 DOI: 10.3390/s22041668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as an emerging energy technology can effectively harvest mechanical energy from the ambient environment. However, due to its inherent property of large impedance, the TENG shows high voltage, low current and limited output power, which cannot satisfy the stable power supply requirements of conventional electronics. As the interface unit between the TENG and load devices, the power management circuit can perform significant functions of voltage and impedance conversion for efficient energy supply and storage. Here, a review of the recent progress of switching power management for TENGs is introduced. Firstly, the fundamentals of the TENG are briefly introduced. Secondly, according to the switch types, the existing power management methods are summarized and divided into four categories: travel switch, voltage trigger switch, transistor switch of discrete components and integrated circuit switch. The switch structure and power management principle of each type are reviewed in detail. Finally, the advantages and drawbacks of various switching power management circuits for TENGs are systematically summarized, and the challenges and development of further research are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (W.Z.); (C.X.); (T.D.); (W.Y.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; (G.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Guoxu Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; (G.L.); (J.Z.)
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhua Zeng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; (G.L.); (J.Z.)
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yiming Dai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (W.Z.); (C.X.); (T.D.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weilin Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (W.Z.); (C.X.); (T.D.); (W.Y.)
| | - Chongyong Xiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (W.Z.); (C.X.); (T.D.); (W.Y.)
| | - Tianrui Dang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (W.Z.); (C.X.); (T.D.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wenbo Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (W.Z.); (C.X.); (T.D.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yuanfen Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (W.Z.); (C.X.); (T.D.); (W.Y.)
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (W.Z.); (C.X.); (T.D.); (W.Y.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; (G.L.); (J.Z.)
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Kim H, Kim DI, Yoon WS. Challenges and Design Strategies for Conversion-Based Anode Materials for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2021. [DOI: 10.33961/jecst.2021.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wu ZD, Chen DJ, Li L, Wang LN. A universal electrochemical lithiation-delithiation method to prepare low-crystalline metal oxides for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30407-30414. [PMID: 35480292 PMCID: PMC9041128 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05814b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical performance of transition metal oxides (TMOs) for hybrid supercapacitors has been optimized through various methods in previous reports. However, most previous research was mainly focused on well-crystalline TMOs. Herein, the electrochemical lithiation–delithiation method was performed to synthesise low-crystallinity TMOs for hybrid supercapacitors. It was found that the lithiation–delithiation process can significantly improve the electrochemical performance of “conversion-type” TMOs, such as CoO, NiO, etc. The as-prepared low-crystallinity CoO exhibits high specific capacitance of 2154.1 F g−1 (299.2 mA h g−1) at 0.8 A g−1, outstanding rate capacitance retention of 63.9% even at 22.4 A g−1 and excellent cycling stability with 90.5% retention even after 10 000 cycles. When assembled as hybrid supercapacitors using active carbon (AC) as the active material of the negative electrode, the devices show a high energy density of 50.9 W h kg−1 at 0.73 kW kg−1. Another low-crystallinity NiO prepared by the same method also possesses a much higher specific capacitance of 2317.6 F g−1 (302.6 mA h g−1) compared to that for pristine commercial NiO of 497.2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. The improved energy storage performance of the low-crystallinity metal oxides can be ascribed to the disorder of as-prepared low-crystallinity metal oxides and interior 3D-connected channels originating from the lithiation–delithiation process. This method may open new opportunities for scalable and facile synthesis of low-crystallinity metal oxides for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors. The electrochemical performance of transition metal oxides (TMOs) for hybrid supercapacitors has been optimized through various methods in previous reports.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Dong Wu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 China
| | - De-Jian Chen
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Long Li
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 China
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Jiang X, Chen T, Liu B, Sun R, Fu J, Jiang X, Cui P, Liu Z, Han W. Enhancing energy storage capacity of iron oxide-based anodes by adjusting Fe (II/III) ratio in spinel crystalline. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:395705. [PMID: 34171854 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac0eab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Supercapacitors, as promising energy storage candidates, are limited by their unsatisfactory anodes. Herein, we proposed a strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of iron oxide anodes by spinel-framework constraining. We have optimized the anode performance by adjusting the doping ratio of Fe (II/III) self-redox pairs. Structure and electronic state characterizations reveal that the NixFe3-xO4was composed of Fe (II/III) and Ni (II/III) pairs in lattice, ensuring a flexible framework for the reversible reaction of Fe (II/III). Typically, when the ratio of Fe (II/III) is 0.91:1 (Fe (II/III)-0.91/1), the NixFe3-xO4anode shows a remarkable electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance of 1694 F g-1at the current density of 2 A g-1and capacitance retention of 81.58%, even at a large current density of 50 A g-1. In addition, the obtained material presents an ultra-stable electrochemical performance, and there is no observable degradation after 5000 cycles. Moreover, an assembled asymmetric supercapacitor of Ni-Co-S@CC//NixFe3-xO4@CC presents a maximum energy density of 136.82 Wh kg-1at the power density of 850.02 W kg-1. When the power density was close to 42 500 W kg-1, the energy density was still maintained 63.75 Wh kg-1. The study indicates that inherent performance of anode material can be improved by tuning the valence charge of active ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongke Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiecai Fu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cui
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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C-rate related diffusion process of the graphite electrode by in situ experiment and analysis. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hwang S, Su D. Real Time Observation of Lithium Insertion into Pre-Cycled Conversion-Type Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030728. [PMID: 33799392 PMCID: PMC7998458 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conversion-type electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries experience significant structural changes during the first discharge–charge cycle, where a single particle is taken apart into a number of nanoparticles. This structural evolution may affect the following lithium insertion reactions; however, how lithiation occurs in pre-cycled electrode materials is elusive. In this work, in situ transmission electron microscopy was employed to see the lithium-induced structural and chemical evolutions in pre-cycled nickel oxide as a model system. The introduction of lithium ions induced the evolution of metallic nickel, with volume expansion as a result of a conversion reaction. After pre-cycling, the phase evolutions occurred in two separate areas almost at the same time. This is different from the first lithiation, where the phase change takes place successively, with a boundary dividing the reacted and unreacted areas. Structural changes were restricted at the areas having large amount of fluorine, implying the residuals from the decomposition of electrolytes may have hindered the electrochemical reactions. This work provides insights into phase and chemical evolutions in pre-cycled conversion-type materials, which govern electrochemical properties during operation.
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Cui J, Zheng H, He K. In Situ TEM Study on Conversion-Type Electrodes for Rechargeable Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000699. [PMID: 32578290 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conversion-type materials have been considered as potentially high-energy-density alternatives to commercially dominant intercalation-based electrodes for rechargeable ion batteries and have attracted tremendous research effort to meet the performance for viable energy-storage technologies. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been extensively employed to provide mechanistic insights into understanding the behavior of battery materials. Noticeably, a great portion of previous in situ TEM studies has been focused on conversion-type materials, but a dedicated review for this group of materials is missing in the literature. Herein, recent developments of in situ TEM techniques for investigation of dynamic phase transformation and associated structural, morphological, and chemical evolutions during conversion reactions with alkali ions in secondary batteries are comprehensively summarized. The materials of interest broadly cover metal oxides, chalcogenides, fluorides, phosphides, nitrides, and silicates with specific emphasis on spinel metal oxides and recently emerged 2D metal chalcogenides. Special focus is placed on the scientific findings that are uniquely obtained by in situ TEM to address fundamental questions and practical issues regarding phase transformation, structural evolution, electrochemical redox, reaction mechanism, kinetics, and degradation. Critical challenges and perspectives are discussed for advancing new knowledge that can bridge the gap between prototype materials and real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Hongkui Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Kai He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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Zhou X, Li T, Cui Y, Meyerson ML, Weeks JA, Mullins CB, Jin Y, Shin H, Liu Y, Zhu L. Blade-Type Reaction Front in Micrometer-Sized Germanium Particles during Lithiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:47574-47579. [PMID: 32985874 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the lithium transport mechanism in micrometer-sized germanium (Ge) particles, in situ focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy was used to monitor the structural evolution of individual Ge particles during lithiation. Our results show that there are two types of reaction fronts during lithiation, representing the differences of reactions on the surface and in bulk. The cross-sectional SEM images and transmission electron microscopy characterizations show that the interface between amorphous LixGe and Ge has a wedge shape because of the higher Li transport rate on the surface of the particle. The blade-type reaction front is formed at the interface of the amorphous LixGe and crystalline Ge and is attributed to the large strain at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Melissa L Meyerson
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jason A Weeks
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - C Buddie Mullins
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hosop Shin
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Likun Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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Hwang S, Ji X, Bak SM, Sun K, Bai J, Fan X, Gan H, Wang C, Su D. Revealing Reaction Pathways of Collective Substituted Iron Fluoride Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10276-10283. [PMID: 32639719 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal fluorides present a high redox potential among the conversion-type compounds, which make them specially work as cathode materials of lithium ion batteries. To mitigate the notorious cycling instability of conversion-type materials, substitutions of anion and cation have been proposed but the role of foreign elements in reaction pathway is not fully assessed. In this work, we explored the lithiation pathway of a rutile-Fe0.9Co0.1OF cathode with multimodal analysis, including ex situ and in situ transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray techniques. Our work revealed a prolonged intercalation-extrusion-cation disordering process during phase transformations from the rutile phase to rocksalt phase, which microscopically corresponds to topotactic rearrangement of Fe/Co-O/F octahedra. During this process, the diffusion channels of lithium transformed from 3D to 2D while the corner-sharing octahedron changed to edge-sharing octahedron. DFT calculations indicate that the Co and O cosubstitution of the Fe0.9Co0.1OF cathode can improve its structural stability by stabilizing the thermodynamic semistable phases and reducing the thermodynamic potentials. We anticipate that our study will inspire further explorations on untraditional intercalation systems for secondary battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Xiao Ji
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Seong-Min Bak
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ke Sun
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jianming Bai
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Xiulin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hong Gan
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Tran Huu H, Im WB. Facile Green Synthesis of Pseudocapacitance-Contributed Ultrahigh Capacity Fe 2(MoO 4) 3 as an Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35152-35163. [PMID: 32805793 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The investigation into the use of earth-abundant elements as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming more urgent because of the high demand for electric vehicles and portable devices. Herein, a new green synthesis strategy, based on a facile solid-state reaction with the assistance of water droplets' vapor, was conducted to prepare Fe2(MoO4)3 nanosheets as anode materials for LIBs. The obtained sample possesses a two-dimensional stacked nanosheet construction with open gaps providing a much higher surface area compared to the bulk sample conventionally synthesized. The nanosheet sample delivers an ultrahigh reversible capacity (1983.6 mA h g-1) at a current density of 100 mA g-1 after 400 cycles, which could be related to the contribution of pseudocapacitance. The enhancement in cyclability and rated performance with an interesting increased capacity could be caused by the effect of electrochemical milling and the in situ formation of metallic particles in its lithium-ion storage mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Tran Huu
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bin Im
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Zhang C, Feng Y, Han Z, Gao S, Wang M, Wang P. Electrochemical and Structural Analysis in All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries by Analytical Electron Microscopy: Progress and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903747. [PMID: 31660670 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and its associated instruments have made significant contributions to the characterization of all-solid-state (ASS) Li batteries, as these tools provide localized information on the structure, morphology, chemistry, and electronic state of electrodes, electrolytes, and their interfaces at the nano- and atomic scale. Furthermore, the rapid development of in situ techniques has enabled a deep understanding of interfacial dynamic behavior and heterogeneous characteristics during the cycling process. However, due to the beam-sensitive nature of light elements in the interphases, e.g., Li and O, thorough and reliable studies of the interfacial structure and chemistry at an ultrahigh spatial resolution without beam damage is still a formidable challenge. Herein, the following points are discussed: (1) the recent contributions of advanced STEM to the study of ASS Li batteries; (2) current challenges associated with using this method; and (3) potential opportunities for combining cryo-electron microscopy and the STEM phase contrast imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchen Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yuzhang Feng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhen Han
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Si Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Peng Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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14
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Du Y, He J, Hou G, Yuan F. α-MoO3 sheets with high exposed plane reinforced by thermal plasma for stable Li-ion storage. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Kim S, Cui J, Dravid VP, He K. Orientation-Dependent Intercalation Channels for Lithium and Sodium in Black Phosphorus. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904623. [PMID: 31588649 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) with unique 2D structure enables the intercalation of foreign elements or molecules, which makes BP directly relevant to high-capacity rechargeable batteries and also opens a promising strategy for tunable electronic transport and superconductivity. However, the underlying intercalation mechanism is not fully understood. Here, a comparative investigation on the electrochemically driven intercalation of lithium and sodium using in situ transmission electron microscopy is presented. Despite the same preferable intercalation channels along [100] (zigzag) direction, distinct anisotropic intercalation behaviors are observed, i.e., Li ions activate lateral intercalation along [010] (armchair) direction to form an overall uniform propagation, whereas Na diffusion is limited in the zigzag channels to cause the columnar intercalation. First-principles calculations indicate that the diffusion of both Li and Na ions along the zigzag direction is energetically favorable, while Li/Na diffusion long the armchair direction encounters an increased energy barrier, but that of Na is significantly larger and insurmountable, which accounts for the orientation-dependent intercalation channels. The evolution of chemical states during phase transformations (from Lix P/Nax P to Li3 P/Na3 P) is identified by analytical electron diffraction and energy-loss spectroscopy. The findings elucidate atomistic Li/Na intercalation mechanisms in BP and show potential implications for other similar 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Mechanical Engineering and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jiang Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kai He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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16
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Kalinin SV, Dyck O, Balke N, Neumayer S, Tsai WY, Vasudevan R, Lingerfelt D, Ahmadi M, Ziatdinov M, McDowell MT, Strelcov E. Toward Electrochemical Studies on the Nanometer and Atomic Scales: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9735-9780. [PMID: 31433942 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions and ionic transport underpin the operation of a broad range of devices and applications, from energy storage and conversion to information technologies, as well as biochemical processes, artificial muscles, and soft actuators. Understanding the mechanisms governing function of these applications requires probing local electrochemical phenomena on the relevant time and length scales. Here, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for extending electrochemical characterization probes to the nanometer and ultimately atomic scales, including challenges in down-scaling classical methods, the emergence of novel probes enabled by nanotechnology and based on emergent physics and chemistry of nanoscale systems, and the integration of local data into macroscopic models. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods based on strain detection, potential detection, and hysteretic current measurements are discussed. We further compare SPM to electron beam probes and discuss the applicability of electron beam methods to probe local electrochemical behavior on the mesoscopic and atomic levels. Similar to a SPM tip, the electron beam can be used both for observing behavior and as an active electrode to induce reactions. We briefly discuss new challenges and opportunities for conducting fundamental scientific studies, matter patterning, and atomic manipulation arising in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Ondrej Dyck
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Sabine Neumayer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Wan-Yu Tsai
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Rama Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - David Lingerfelt
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Mahshid Ahmadi
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Maxim Ziatdinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Matthew T McDowell
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Evgheni Strelcov
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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17
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Liu D, Shadike Z, Lin R, Qian K, Li H, Li K, Wang S, Yu Q, Liu M, Ganapathy S, Qin X, Yang QH, Wagemaker M, Kang F, Yang XQ, Li B. Review of Recent Development of In Situ/Operando Characterization Techniques for Lithium Battery Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806620. [PMID: 31099081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demands of energy storage require the significant improvement of current Li-ion battery electrode materials and the development of advanced electrode materials. Thus, it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the reaction processes, degradation mechanism, and thermal decomposition mechanisms under realistic operation conditions. This understanding can be obtained by in situ/operando characterization techniques, which provide information on the structure evolution, redox mechanism, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, side reactions, and Li-ion transport properties under operating conditions. Here, the recent developments in the in situ/operando techniques employed for the investigation of the structural stability, dynamic properties, chemical environment changes, and morphological evolution are described and summarized. The experimental approaches reviewed here include X-ray, electron, neutron, optical, and scanning probes. The experimental methods and operating principles, especially the in situ cell designs, are described in detail. Representative studies of the in situ/operando techniques are summarized, and finally the major current challenges and future opportunities are discussed. Several important battery challenges are likely to benefit from these in situ/operando techniques, including the inhomogeneous reactions of high-energy-density cathodes, the development of safe and reversible Li metal plating, and the development of stable SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Liu
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ruoqian Lin
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Nano Energy Materials Laboratory (NEM), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai Li
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaikai Li
- Interdisciplinary Division of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qipeng Yu
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Swapna Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Xianying Qin
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan-Hong Yang
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Nano Energy Materials Laboratory (NEM), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Baohua Li
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Materials and Devices Testing Center, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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18
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Size-dependent kinetics during non-equilibrium lithiation of nano-sized zinc ferrite. Nat Commun 2019; 10:93. [PMID: 30626870 PMCID: PMC6327060 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinel transition metal oxides (TMOs) have emerged as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. It has been shown that reducing their particle size to nanoscale dimensions benefits overall electrochemical performance. Here, we use in situ transmission electron microscopy to probe the lithiation behavior of spinel ZnFe2O4 as a function of particle size. We have found that ZnFe2O4 undergoes an intercalation-to-conversion reaction sequence, with the initial intercalation process being size dependent. Larger ZnFe2O4 particles (40 nm) follow a two-phase intercalation reaction. In contrast, a solid-solution transformation dominates the early stages of discharge when the particle size is about 6–9 nm. Using a thermodynamic analysis, we find that the size-dependent kinetics originate from the interfacial energy between the two phases. Furthermore, the conversion reaction in both large and small particles favors {111} planes and follows a core-shell reaction mode. These results elucidate the intrinsic mechanism that permits fast reaction kinetics in smaller nanoparticles. Reducing particle size of electrode materials to nanoscale dimensions is believed responsible for their enhanced reaction kinetics and electrochemical performance. Here, the authors use in situ transmission electron microscopy to study the dynamic process of the spinel zinc ferrite nanoparticles as a function of size, finding that the intercalation reaction pathway changes below a critical particle size.
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19
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Kim S, Yao Z, Lim JM, Hersam MC, Wolverton C, Dravid VP, He K. Atomic-Scale Observation of Electrochemically Reversible Phase Transformations in SnSe 2 Single Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804925. [PMID: 30368925 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2D materials have shown great promise to advance next-generation lithium-ion battery technology. Specifically, tin-based chalcogenides have attracted widespread attention because lithium insertion can introduce phase transformations via three types of reactions-intercalation, conversion, and alloying-but the corresponding structural changes throughout these processes, and whether they are reversible, are not fully understood. Here, the first real-time and atomic-scale observation of reversible phase transformations is reported during the lithiation and delithiation of SnSe2 single crystals, using in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy complemented by first-principles calculations. Lithiation proceeds sequentially through intercalation, conversion, and alloying reactions (SnSe2 → Lix SnSe2 → Li2 Se + Sn → Li2 Se + Li17 Sn4 ) in a manner that maintains structural and crystallographic integrity, whereas delithiation forms numerous well-aligned SnSe2 nanodomains via a homogeneous deconversion process, but gradually loses the coherent orientation in subsequent cycling. Furthermore, alloying and dealloying reactions cause dramatic structural reorganization and thereby consequently reduce structural stability and electrochemical cyclability, which implies that deep discharge for Sn chalcogenide electrodes should be avoided. Overall, the findings elucidate atomistic lithiation and delithiation mechanisms in SnSe2 with potential implications for the broader class of 2D metal chalcogenides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jin-Myoung Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chris Wolverton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kai He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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20
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Farooqi SA, Wang X, Lu H, Li Q, Tang K, Chen Y, Yan C. Single-Nanostructured Electrochemical Detection for Intrinsic Mechanism of Energy Storage: Progress and Prospect. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803482. [PMID: 30375720 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage appliances are active by means of accompanying components for renewable energy resources that play a significant role in the advanced world. To further improve the electrochemical properties of the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, the electrochemical detection of the intrinsic mechanisms and dynamics of electrodes in batteries is required to guide the rational design of electrodes. Thus, several researches have conducted in situ investigations and real-time observations of electrode evolution, ion diffusion pathways, and side reactions during battery operation at the nanoscale, which are proven to be extremely insightful. However, the in situ cells are required to be compatible for electrochemical tests and are therefore often challenging to operate. In the past few years, tremendous progresses have been made with novel and more advanced in situ electrochemical detection methods for mechanism studies, especially single-nanostructured electrodes. Herein, a comprehensive review of in situ techniques based on single-nanostructured electrodes for studying electrodes changes in LIBs, SIBs, and Li-S batteries, including structure evolution, phase transition, interface formation, and the ion diffusion pathway is provided, which is instructive and meaningful for the optimization of battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Anis Farooqi
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xianfu Wang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Haoliang Lu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Qun Li
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Chenglin Yan
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
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21
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Propagation topography of redox phase transformations in heterogeneous layered oxide cathode materials. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2810. [PMID: 30022082 PMCID: PMC6052144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox phase transformations are relevant to a number of metrics pertaining to the electrochemical performance of batteries. These phase transformations deviate from and are more complicated than the conventional theory of phase nucleation and propagation, owing to simultaneous changes of cationic and anionic valence states as well as the polycrystalline nature of battery materials. Herein, we propose an integrative approach of mapping valence states and constructing chemical topographies to investigate the redox phase transformation in polycrystalline layered oxide cathode materials under thermal abuse conditions. We discover that, in addition to the three-dimensional heterogeneous phase transformation, there is a mesoscale evolution of local valence curvatures in valence state topographies. The relative probability of negative and positive local valence curvatures alternates during the layered-to-spinel/rocksalt phase transformation. The implementation of our method can potentially provide a universal approach to study phase transformation behaviors in battery materials and beyond.
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22
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Castro FC, Dravid VP. Characterization of Lithium Ion Battery Materials with Valence Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:214-220. [PMID: 29877170 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutting-edge research on materials for lithium ion batteries regularly focuses on nanoscale and atomic-scale phenomena. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is one of the most powerful ways of characterizing composition and aspects of the electronic structure of battery materials, particularly lithium and the transition metal mixed oxides found in the electrodes. However, the characteristic EELS signal from battery materials is challenging to analyze when there is strong overlap of spectral features, poor signal-to-background ratios, or thicker and uneven sample areas. A potential alternative or complementary approach comes from utilizing the valence EELS features (<20 eV loss) of battery materials. For example, the valence EELS features in LiCoO2 maintain higher jump ratios than the Li-K edge, most notably when spectra are collected with minimal acquisition times or from thick sample regions. EELS maps of these valence features give comparable results to the Li-K edge EELS maps of LiCoO2. With some spectral processing, the valence EELS maps more accurately highlight the morphology and distribution of LiCoO2 than the Li-K edge maps, especially in thicker sample regions. This approach is beneficial for cases where sample thickness or beam sensitivity limit EELS analysis, and could be used to minimize electron dosage and sample damage or contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Castro
- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Northwestern University,2220 Campus Drive, Cook Hall, Room 1137, Evanston,IL 60208,USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Northwestern University,2220 Campus Drive, Cook Hall, Room 1137, Evanston,IL 60208,USA
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23
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24
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Hwang S, Yao Z, Zhang L, Fu M, He K, Mai L, Wolverton C, Su D. Multistep Lithiation of Tin Sulfide: An Investigation Using in Situ Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:3638-3645. [PMID: 29613765 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) metal sulfides have been widely explored as promising electrodes for lithium-ion batteries since their two-dimensional layered structure allows lithium ions to intercalate between layers. For tin disulfide, the lithiation process proceeds via a sequence of three different types of reactions: intercalation, conversion, and alloying, but the full scenario of reaction dynamics remains nebulous. Here, we investigate the dynamical process of the multistep reactions using in situ electron microscopy and discover the formation of an intermediate rock-salt phase with the disordering of Li and Sn cations after initial 2D intercalation. The disordered cations occupy all the octahedral sites and block the channels for intercalation, which alter the reaction pathways during further lithiation. Our first-principles calculations of the nonequilibrium lithiation of SnS2 corroborate the energetic preference of the disordered rock-salt structure over known layered polymorphs. The in situ observations and calculations suggest a two-phase reaction nature for intercalation, disordering, and following conversion reactions. In addition, in situ delithiation observation confirms that the alloying reaction is reversible, while the conversion reaction is not, which is consistent with the ex situ analysis. This work reveals the full lithiation characteristic of SnS2 and sheds light on the understanding of complex multistep reactions in 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Maosen Fu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
- Shanxi Materials Analysis and Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710000 , P. R. China
| | - Kai He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Liqiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Chris Wolverton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
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25
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He K, Yao Z, Hwang S, Li N, Sun K, Gan H, Du Y, Zhang H, Wolverton C, Su D. Kinetically-Driven Phase Transformation during Lithiation in Copper Sulfide Nanoflakes. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5726-5733. [PMID: 28800243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal chalcogenides have been widely studied and utilized as electrode materials for lithium ion batteries due to their unique layered structures to accommodate reversible lithium insertion. Real-time observation and mechanistic understanding of the phase transformations during lithiation of these materials are critically important for improving battery performance by controlling structures and reaction pathways. Here, we use in situ transmission electron microscopy methods to study the structural, morphological, and chemical evolutions in individual copper sulfide (CuS) nanoflakes during lithiation. We report a highly kinetically driven phase transformation in which lithium ions rapidly intercalate into the 2D van der Waals-stacked interlayers in the initial stage, and further lithiation induces the Cu extrusion via a displacement reaction mechanism that is different from the typical conversion reactions. Density functional theory calculations have confirmed both the thermodynamically favored and the kinetically driven reaction pathways. Our findings elucidate the reaction pathways of the Li/CuS system under nonequilibrium conditions and provide valuable insight into the atomistic lithiation mechanisms of transition metal sulfides in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11953, United States
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11953, United States
| | - Na Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology jointly with College of Science, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Energy Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11953, United States
| | - Hong Gan
- Energy Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11953, United States
| | - Yaping Du
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology jointly with College of Science, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chris Wolverton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11953, United States
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26
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Understanding materials challenges for rechargeable ion batteries with in situ transmission electron microscopy. Nat Commun 2017. [PMCID: PMC5579442 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of material behaviours under complex electrochemical environment is critical for the development of advanced materials for the next-generation rechargeable ion batteries. The dynamic conditions inside a working battery had not been intensively explored until the advent of various in situ characterization techniques. Real-time transmission electron microscopy of electrochemical reactions is one of the most significant breakthroughs poised to enable radical shift in our knowledge on how materials behave in the electrochemical environment. This review, therefore, summarizes the scientific discoveries enabled by in situ transmission electron microscopy, and specifically emphasizes the applicability of this technique to address the critical challenges in the rechargeable ion battery electrodes, electrolyte and their interfaces. New electrochemical systems such as lithium–oxygen, lithium–sulfur and sodium ion batteries are included, considering the rapidly increasing application of in situ transmission electron microscopy in these areas. A systematic comparison between lithium ion-based electrochemistry and sodium ion-based electrochemistry is also given in terms of their thermodynamic and kinetic differences. The effect of the electron beam on the validity of in situ observation is also covered. This review concludes by providing a renewed perspective for the future directions of in situ transmission electron microscopy in rechargeable ion batteries. In situ TEM is a powerful tool that helps to understand energy storage behaviors of various materials. This review summarizes the critical discoveries, enabled by in situ TEM, in rechargeable ion batteries, and foresees its bright future for extensive applications.
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27
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Hwang S, Meng Q, Chen P, Kisslinger K, Cen J, Orlov A, Zhu Y, Stach EA, Chu Y, Su D. Strain Coupling of Conversion‐type Fe
3
O
4
Thin Films for Lithium Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ping‐Fan Chen
- Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | | | - Jiajie Cen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stonybrook University Stonybrook NY 11794 USA
| | - Alexander Orlov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stonybrook University Stonybrook NY 11794 USA
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | | | - Ying‐Hao Chu
- Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Electrophysics National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 3 0010 Taiwan
| | - Dong Su
- Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stonybrook University Stonybrook NY 11794 USA
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28
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Hwang S, Meng Q, Chen P, Kisslinger K, Cen J, Orlov A, Zhu Y, Stach EA, Chu Y, Su D. Strain Coupling of Conversion‐type Fe
3
O
4
Thin Films for Lithium Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7813-7816. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ping‐Fan Chen
- Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | | | - Jiajie Cen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stonybrook University Stonybrook NY 11794 USA
| | - Alexander Orlov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stonybrook University Stonybrook NY 11794 USA
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | | | - Ying‐Hao Chu
- Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Electrophysics National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 3 0010 Taiwan
| | - Dong Su
- Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stonybrook University Stonybrook NY 11794 USA
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29
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Guan BY, Kushima A, Yu L, Li S, Li J, Lou XWD. Coordination Polymers Derived General Synthesis of Multishelled Mixed Metal-Oxide Particles for Hybrid Supercapacitors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605902. [PMID: 28244164 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or coordination polymers (CPs) have been used as precursors for synthesis of materials. Unlike crystalline MOF, amorphous CP is nonspecific to metal cation species, therefore its composition can be tuned easily. Here, it is shown that amorphous CP can be used as general synthesis precursors of highly complex mixed metal oxide shells. As a proof of concept, NiCo coordination polymer spheres are first synthesized and subsequently transformed into seven-layered NiCo oxide onions by rapid thermal oxidation. This approach is very versatile and can be applied to produce ternary and quaternary metal oxide onions with tunable size and composition. The NiCo oxide onions exhibit exceptional charge storage capability in aqueous electrolyte with high specific capacitance (≈1900 F g-1 at 2 A g-1 ), good rate capability, and ultrahigh cycling stability (93.6% retention over 20 000 cycles). A hybrid supercapacitor against graphene/multishelled mesoporous carbon sphere shows a high energy density of 52.6 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 1604 W kg-1 (based on active materials weight), as well as remarkable cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu Yuan Guan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Akihiro Kushima
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Le Yu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Sa Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xiong Wen David Lou
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
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30
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Tkachenko LI, Nikolaeva GV, Efimov ON. Electrochemical behavior of nickel–polyaniline electrode in 1 M LiClO4–propylene carbonate electrolyte. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193517040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Li J, He K, Meng Q, Li X, Zhu Y, Hwang S, Sun K, Gan H, Zhu Y, Mo Y, Stach EA, Su D. Kinetic Phase Evolution of Spinel Cobalt Oxide during Lithiation. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9577-9585. [PMID: 27632252 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinel cobalt oxide has been proposed to undergo a multiple-step reaction during the electrochemical lithiation process. Understanding the kinetics of the lithiation process in this compound is crucial to optimize its performance and cyclability. In this work, we have utilized a low-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy method to visualize the dynamic reaction process in real time and study the reaction kinetics at different rates. We show that the particles undergo a two-step reaction at the single-particle level, which includes an initial intercalation reaction followed by a conversion reaction. At low rates, the conversion reaction starts after the intercalation reaction has fully finished, consistent with the prediction of density functional theoretical calculations. At high rates, the intercalation reaction is overwhelmed by the subsequently nucleated conversion reaction, and the reaction speeds of both the intercalation and conversion reactions are increased. Phase-field simulations show the crucial role of surface diffusion rates of lithium ions in controlling this process. This work provides microscopic insights into the reaction dynamics in non-equilibrium conditions and highlights the effect of lithium diffusion rates on the overall reaction homogeneity as well as the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11720, United States
| | - Kai He
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Qingping Meng
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Xin Li
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yizhou Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ke Sun
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Hong Gan
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dong Su
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
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32
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Gao P, Wang L, Zhang YY, Huang Y, Liao L, Sutter P, Liu K, Yu D, Wang EG. High-Resolution Tracking Asymmetric Lithium Insertion and Extraction and Local Structure Ordering in SnS2. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5582-5588. [PMID: 27504584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the rechargeable lithium ion batteries, the rate capability and energy efficiency are largely governed by the lithium ion transport dynamics and phase transition pathways in electrodes. Real-time and atomic-scale tracking of fully reversible lithium insertion and extraction processes in electrodes, which would ultimately lead to mechanistic understanding of how the electrodes function and why they fail, is highly desirable but very challenging. Here, we track lithium insertion and extraction in the van der Waals interactions dominated SnS2 by in situ high-resolution TEM method. We find that the lithium insertion occurs via a fast two-phase reaction to form expanded and defective LiSnS2, while the lithium extraction initially involves heterogeneous nucleation of intermediate superstructure Li0.5SnS2 domains with a 1-4 nm size. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the Li0.5SnS2 is kinetically favored and structurally stable. The asymmetric reaction pathways may supply enlightening insights into the mechanistic understanding of the underlying electrochemistry in the layered electrode materials and also suggest possible alternatives to the accepted explanation of the origins of voltage hysteresis in the intercalation electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lei Liao
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peter Sutter
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Kaihui Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - En-Ge Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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33
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Yang J, Muhammad S, Jo MR, Kim H, Song K, Agyeman DA, Kim YI, Yoon WS, Kang YM. In situ analyses for ion storage materials. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5717-5770. [PMID: 27441314 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00734h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of high performance electrode materials for energy storage is one of the most important issues for our future society. However, a lack of clear analytical views limits critical understanding of electrode materials. This review covers useful analytical work using X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, microscopy and neutron diffraction for ion storage systems. The in situ observation facilitates comprehending real-time ion storage behaviour while the ion storage system is operating, which help us to understand detailed physical and chemical properties. We will discuss how the tools have been used to reveal detailed reaction mechanisms and underlying properties of electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghoon Yang
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Sun F, Markötter H, Zhou D, Alrwashdeh SSS, Hilger A, Kardjilov N, Manke I, Banhart J. In Situ Radiographic Investigation of (De)Lithiation Mechanisms in a Tin-Electrode Lithium-Ion Battery. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:946-950. [PMID: 27076373 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The lithiation and delithiation mechanisms of multiple-Sn particles in a customized flat radiography cell were investigated by in situ synchrotron radiography. For the first time, four (de)lithiation phenomena in a Sn-electrode battery system are highlighted: 1) the (de)lithiation behavior varies between different Sn particles, 2) the time required to lithiate individual Sn particles is markedly different from the time needed to discharge the complete battery, 3) electrochemical deactivation of originally electrochemically active particles is reported, and 4) a change of electrochemical behavior of individual particles during cycling is found and explained by dynamic changes of (de)lithiation pathways amongst particles within the electrode. These unexpected findings fundamentaly expand the understanding of the underlying (de)lithiation mechanisms inside commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and would open new design principles for high-performance next-generation LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Sun
- Institute of Material Science and Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany. ,
- Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany. ,
| | - Henning Markötter
- Institute of Material Science and Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dong Zhou
- Institute of Material Science and Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saad Sabe Sulaiman Alrwashdeh
- Institute of Material Science and Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mu'tah University, P.O Box 7, Al-Karak, 61710, Jordan
| | - Andre Hilger
- Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolay Kardjilov
- Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Manke
- Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - John Banhart
- Institute of Material Science and Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
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35
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He K, Zhang S, Li J, Yu X, Meng Q, Zhu Y, Hu E, Sun K, Yun H, Yang XQ, Zhu Y, Gan H, Mo Y, Stach EA, Murray CB, Su D. Visualizing non-equilibrium lithiation of spinel oxide via in situ transmission electron microscopy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11441. [PMID: 27157119 PMCID: PMC4865808 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinel transition metal oxides are important electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, whose lithiation undergoes a two-step reaction, whereby intercalation and conversion occur in a sequential manner. These two reactions are known to have distinct reaction dynamics, but it is unclear how their kinetics affects the overall electrochemical response. Here we explore the lithiation of nanosized magnetite by employing a strain-sensitive, bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy approach. This method allows direct, real-time, high-resolution visualization of how lithiation proceeds along specific reaction pathways. We find that the initial intercalation process follows a two-phase reaction sequence, whereas further lithiation leads to the coexistence of three distinct phases within single nanoparticles, which has not been previously reported to the best of our knowledge. We use phase-field theory to model and describe these non-equilibrium reaction pathways, and to directly correlate the observed phase evolution with the battery's discharge performance. Non-equilibrium intercalation reactions may determine the performance of lithium-ion battery materials undergoing lithiation, but it is difficult to probe in real time. Here, the authors use in situ electron microscopy to identify kinetically-driven phase evolution in magnetite single nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Qingping Meng
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Yizhou Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Ke Sun
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Hongseok Yun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Hong Gan
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Christopher B Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dong Su
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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36
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Luo L, Wu J, Li Q, Dravid VP, Poeppelmeier KR, Rao Q, Xu J. Reactions of graphene supported Co3O4 nanocubes with lithium and magnesium studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:085402. [PMID: 26808457 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/8/085402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reaction beyond intercalation and the utilization of metal ions beyond lithium-ions are two promising approaches for developing the next generation of high capacity and low cost energy storage materials. Here, we use graphene supported Co3O4 nanocubes and study their reaction with lithium, magnesium and aluminum using in situ transmission electron microscopy. On lithiation, the Co3O4 nanocubes decompose to Co metal nanoparticles (2 to 3 nm) and embed in as-formed Li2O matrix; conversely, the CoO nanoparticles form on the Co site accompanying the decomposition of Li2O in the delithiation process. The lithiation process is dominated by surface diffusion of Li(+), and graphene sheets enhance the Li(+) diffusion. However, upon charge with magnesium, the Mg(2+) diffusion is sluggish, and there is no sign of conversion reaction between Mg and Co3O4 at room temperature. Instead, a thin film consisting of metal Mg nanoparticles is formed on the surface of graphene due to a process similar to metal plating. The Al(3+) diffusion is even more sluggish and no reaction between Al and Co3O4 is observed. These findings provide insights to tackle the reaction mechanism of multivalent ions with electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langli Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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37
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Electrochemically driven mechanical energy harvesting. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10146. [PMID: 26733282 PMCID: PMC4729818 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient mechanical energy harvesters enable various wearable devices and auxiliary energy supply. Here we report a novel class of mechanical energy harvesters via stress-voltage coupling in electrochemically alloyed electrodes. The device consists of two identical Li-alloyed Si as electrodes, separated by electrolyte-soaked polymer membranes. Bending-induced asymmetric stresses generate chemical potential difference, driving lithium ion flux from the compressed to the tensed electrode to generate electrical current. Removing the bending reverses ion flux and electrical current. Our thermodynamic analysis reveals that the ideal energy-harvesting efficiency of this device is dictated by the Poisson's ratio of the electrodes. For the thin-film-based energy harvester used in this study, the device has achieved a generating capacity of 15%. The device demonstrates a practical use of stress-composition-voltage coupling in electrochemically active alloys to harvest low-grade mechanical energies from various low-frequency motions, such as everyday human activities.
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38
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Engineering Heteromaterials to Control Lithium Ion Transport Pathways. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18482. [PMID: 26686655 PMCID: PMC4685276 DOI: 10.1038/srep18482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and efficient operation of lithium ion batteries requires precisely directed flow of lithium ions and electrons to control the first directional volume changes in anode and cathode materials. Understanding and controlling the lithium ion transport in battery electrodes becomes crucial to the design of high performance and durable batteries. Recent work revealed that the chemical potential barriers encountered at the surfaces of heteromaterials play an important role in directing lithium ion transport at nanoscale. Here, we utilize in situ transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate that we can switch lithiation pathways from radial to axial to grain-by-grain lithiation through the systematic creation of heteromaterial combinations in the Si-Ge nanowire system. Our systematic studies show that engineered materials at nanoscale can overcome the intrinsic orientation-dependent lithiation, and open new pathways to aid in the development of compact, safe, and efficient batteries.
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39
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Qi K, Wei J, Sun M, Huang Q, Li X, Xu Z, Wang W, Bai X. Real-time Observation of Deep Lithiation of Tungsten Oxide Nanowires by In Situ Electron Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Qi K, Wei J, Sun M, Huang Q, Li X, Xu Z, Wang W, Bai X. Real-time Observation of Deep Lithiation of Tungsten Oxide Nanowires by In Situ Electron Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15222-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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He K, Lin F, Zhu Y, Yu X, Li J, Lin R, Nordlund D, Weng TC, Richards RM, Yang XQ, Doeff MM, Stach EA, Mo Y, Xin HL, Su D. Sodiation Kinetics of Metal Oxide Conversion Electrodes: A Comparative Study with Lithiation. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5755-63. [PMID: 26288360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of sodium ion batteries (NIBs) can provide an alternative to lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for sustainable, low-cost energy storage. However, due to the larger size and higher m/e ratio of the sodium ion compared to lithium, sodiation reactions of candidate electrodes are expected to differ in significant ways from the corresponding lithium ones. In this work, we investigated the sodiation mechanism of a typical transition metal-oxide, NiO, through a set of correlated techniques, including electrochemical and synchrotron studies, real-time electron microscopy observation, and ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We found that a crystalline Na2O reaction layer that was formed at the beginning of sodiation plays an important role in blocking the further transport of sodium ions. In addition, sodiation in NiO exhibits a "shrinking-core" mode that results from a layer-by-layer reaction, as identified by ab initio MD simulations. For lithiation, however, the formation of Li antisite defects significantly distorts the local NiO lattice that facilitates Li insertion, thus enhancing the overall reaction rate. These observations delineate the mechanistic difference between sodiation and lithiation in metal-oxide conversion materials. More importantly, our findings identify the importance of understanding the role of reaction layers on the functioning of electrodes and thus provide critical insights into further optimizing NIB materials through surface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yizhou Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ruoqian Lin
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ryan M Richards
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Materials Science Program, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Marca M Doeff
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Huolin L Xin
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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42
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Li S, Niu J, Zhao YC, So KP, Wang C, Wang CA, Li J. High-rate aluminium yolk-shell nanoparticle anode for Li-ion battery with long cycle life and ultrahigh capacity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7872. [PMID: 26243004 PMCID: PMC4918313 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloy-type anodes such as silicon and tin are gaining popularity in rechargeable Li-ion batteries, but their rate/cycling capabilities should be improved. Here by making yolk-shell nanocomposite of aluminium core (30 nm in diameter) and TiO2 shell (∼3 nm in thickness), with a tunable interspace, we achieve 10 C charge/discharge rate with reversible capacity exceeding 650 mAh g(-1) after 500 cycles, with a 3 mg cm(-2) loading. At 1 C, the capacity is approximately 1,200 mAh g(-1) after 500 cycles. Our one-pot synthesis route is simple and industrially scalable. This result may reverse the lagging status of aluminium among high-theoretical-capacity anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Li
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Junjie Niu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Yu Cheng Zhao
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kang Pyo So
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Chang An Wang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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43
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Lin L, Liu T, Liu J, Ji K, Sun R, Zeng W, Wang Z. Synthesis of carbon fiber@nickel oxide nanosheet core–shells for high-performance supercapacitors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the design and synthesis of CFs@NiO-NSs by growing nickel oxide nanosheets (NiO-NSs) on carbon fibers (CFs), and find that the system shows a more enhanced electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research
| | - Tianmo Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Jianlin Liu
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
- Department of Applied Physics
| | - Kemeng Ji
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
| | - Rong Sun
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Zhongchang Wang
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
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