1
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Allard C, Alvarez L, Bantignies JL, Bendiab N, Cambré S, Campidelli S, Fagan JA, Flahaut E, Flavel B, Fossard F, Gaufrès E, Heeg S, Lauret JS, Loiseau A, Marceau JB, Martel R, Marty L, Pichler T, Voisin C, Reich S, Setaro A, Shi L, Wenseleers W. Advanced 1D heterostructures based on nanotube templates and molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:8457-8512. [PMID: 39036944 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00467h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in materials science have shed light on the potential of exploring hierarchical assemblies of molecules on surfaces, driven by both fundamental and applicative challenges. This field encompasses diverse areas including molecular storage, drug delivery, catalysis, and nanoscale chemical reactions. In this context, the utilization of nanotube templates (NTs) has emerged as promising platforms for achieving advanced one-dimensional (1D) molecular assemblies. NTs offer cylindrical, crystalline structures with high aspect ratios, capable of hosting molecules both externally and internally (Mol@NT). Furthermore, NTs possess a wide array of available diameters, providing tunability for tailored assembly. This review underscores recent breakthroughs in the field of Mol@NT. The first part focuses on the diverse panorama of structural properties in Mol@NT synthesized in the last decade. The advances in understanding encapsulation, adsorption, and ordering mechanisms are detailed. In a second part, the review highlights the physical interactions and photophysics properties of Mol@NT obtained by the confinement of molecules and nanotubes in the van der Waals distance regime. The last part of the review describes potential applicative fields of these 1D heterostructures, providing specific examples in photovoltaics, luminescent materials, and bio-imaging. A conclusion gathers current challenges and perspectives of the field to foster discussion in related communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Alvarez
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse INP, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, cedex 9, France
| | | | - Frédéric Fossard
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Microstructures, CNRS-Onera, Chatillon, France
| | - Etienne Gaufrès
- Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IOGS, Talence, France.
| | | | - Jean-Sebastien Lauret
- LUMIN, Université Paris Saclay, ENS Paris Saclay, Centrale Supelec, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - Annick Loiseau
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Microstructures, CNRS-Onera, Chatillon, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Marceau
- Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IOGS, Talence, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Setaro
- Free University of Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Pegaso University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Nanotechnology and Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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2
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Wang N, Zhang K, Zhu K, Chen X, Sun Q, Zhang D, Wang Y, He Q, Zheng W, Xu W, Yao Y. "Surface-Like Growth" Strategy for the Direct Synthesis of Horizontally Aligned Boron Nitride Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9442-9450. [PMID: 39054654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The inherent properties of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) can be further enhanced through the control of their anisotropy. In particular, horizontally aligned BNNTs (HABNNTs) exhibit considerable potential for various applications. However, directly synthesizing HABNNTs is difficult owing to the random floating of BNNTs and the absence of directional forces. Here, we employed a simple, efficient, and universal "surface-like growth" strategy to synthesize high-density and high-quality HABNNTs in the W2B5/Zn precursor system. First, the floating range of BNNTs was restricted to the vicinity of the precursor, and then, directional forces were applied to induce BNNT directional growth along the substrate surface. Experiments and simulations confirmed that the HABNNT orientation could be controlled through manipulation of the directional forces. Furthermore, the strategy was employed for HABNNTs synthesis using the MoB2/Zn, further demonstrating the universality of the approach. Overall, this work offers a fresh perspective on the synthesis of HABNNTs, further expanding their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyang Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Kaiping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Qianlu Sun
- Key Laboratory Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Dongxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Qian He
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zheng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Weigao Xu
- Key Laboratory Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yagang Yao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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3
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Rust C, Schill E, Garrity O, Spari M, Li H, Bacher A, Guttmann M, Reich S, Flavel BS. Radial Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes via Dead-End Filtration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207684. [PMID: 36775908 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dead-end filtration is a facile method to globally align single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in large area films with a 2D order parameter, S2D , approaching unity. Uniaxial alignment has been achieved using pristine and hot-embossed membranes but more sophisticated geometries have yet to be investigated. In this work, three different patterns with radial symmetry and an area of 3.8 cm2 are created. Two of these patterns are replicated by the filtered SWCNTs and S2D values of ≈0.85 are obtained. Each of the radially aligned SWCNT films is characterized by scanning cross-polarized microscopy in reflectance and laser imaging in transmittance with linear, radial, and azimuthal polarized light fields. The former is used to define a novel indicator akin to the 2D order parameter using Malu's law, yielding 0.82 for the respective film. The films are then transferred to a flexible printed circuit board and terminal two-probe electrical measurements are conducted to explore the potential of those new alignment geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rust
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elias Schill
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Oisín Garrity
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Spari
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bacher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Guttmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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4
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Rust C, Shapturenka P, Spari M, Jin Q, Li H, Bacher A, Guttmann M, Zheng M, Adel T, Walker ARH, Fagan JA, Flavel BS. The Impact of Carbon Nanotube Length and Diameter on their Global Alignment by Dead-End Filtration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206774. [PMID: 36549899 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dead-end filtration has proven to effectively prepare macroscopically (3.8 cm2 ) aligned thin films from solutionbased single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). However, to make this technique broadly applicable, the role of SWCNT length and diameter must be understood. To date, most groups report the alignment of unsorted, large diameter (≈1.4 nm) SWCNTs, but systematic studies on their small diameter are rare (≈0.78 nm). In this work, films with an area of A = 3.81 cm2 and a thickness of ≈40 nm are prepared from length-sorted fractions comprising of small and large diameter SWCNTs, respectively. The alignment is characterized by cross-polarized microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, absorption and Raman spectroscopy. For the longest fractions (Lavg = 952 nm ± 431 nm, Δ = 1.58 and Lavg = 667 nm ± 246 nm, Δ = 1.55), the 2D order parameter, S2D, values of ≈0.6 and ≈0.76 are reported for the small and large diameter SWCNTs over an area of A = 625 µm2 , respectively. A comparison of Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) theory calculations with the aligned domain size is then used to propose a law identifying the required length of a carbon nanotube with a given diameter and zeta potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rust
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Pavel Shapturenka
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Manuel Spari
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Qihao Jin
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bacher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Guttmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Tehseen Adel
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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5
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Chen Y, Lyu M, Zhang Z, Yang F, Li Y. Controlled Preparation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Materials for Electronics. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1490-1505. [PMID: 36439305 PMCID: PMC9686200 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are of particular interest as channel materials for field-effect transistors due to their unique structure and excellent properties. The controlled preparation of SWCNTs that meet the requirement of semiconducting and chiral purity, high density, and good alignment for high-performance electronics has become a key challenge in this field. In this Outlook, we outline the efforts in the preparation of SWCNTs for electronics from three main aspects, structure-controlled growth, selective sorting, and solution assembly, and discuss the remaining challenges and opportunities. We expect that this Outlook can provide some ideas for addressing the existing challenges and inspire the development of SWCNT-based high-performance electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Chen
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the
Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare
Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Lyu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the
Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare
Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeyao Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the
Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare
Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Southern University of Science
and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the
Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare
Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- PKU-HKUST
ShenZhen-HongKong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, People’s
Republic of China
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6
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Simonsen Ginestra CJ, Martínez-Jiménez C, Matatyaho Ya'akobi A, Dewey OS, Smith McWilliams AD, Headrick RJ, Acapulco JA, Scammell LR, Smith MW, Kosynkin DV, Marincel DM, Park C, Chu SH, Talmon Y, Martí AA, Pasquali M. Liquid crystals of neat boron nitride nanotubes and their assembly into ordered macroscopic materials. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3136. [PMID: 35672288 PMCID: PMC9174261 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) have attracted attention for their predicted extraordinary properties; yet, challenges in synthesis and processing have stifled progress on macroscopic materials. Recent advances have led to the production of highly pure BNNTs. Here we report that neat BNNTs dissolve in chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) and form birefringent liquid crystal domains at concentrations above 170 ppmw. These tactoidal domains merge into millimeter-sized regions upon light sonication in capillaries. Cryogenic electron microscopy directly shows nematic alignment of BNNTs in solution. BNNT liquid crystals can be processed into aligned films and extruded into neat BNNT fibers. This study of nematic liquid crystals of BNNTs demonstrates their ability to form macroscopic materials to be used in high-performance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric J Simonsen Ginestra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - Asia Matatyaho Ya'akobi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oliver S Dewey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - Robert J Headrick
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jesus A Acapulco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lyndsey R Scammell
- BNNT Materials, LLC, 300 Ed Wright Lane Suite A, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - Michael W Smith
- BNNT Materials, LLC, 300 Ed Wright Lane Suite A, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - Dmitry V Kosynkin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Daniel M Marincel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Optical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Ave, CM 169, Terre Haute, IN, 47803, USA
| | - Cheol Park
- Advanced Materials and Processing Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
| | - Sang-Hyon Chu
- National Institute of Aerospace, 100 Exploration Way, Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Angel A Martí
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of BioEngineering, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 369, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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7
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Kaniyoor A, Gspann TS, Mizen JE, Elliott JA. Quantifying alignment in carbon nanotube yarns and similar two‐dimensional anisotropic systems. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Kaniyoor
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Thurid S. Gspann
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Jenifer E. Mizen
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - James A. Elliott
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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8
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Dwyer JH, Suresh A, Jinkins KR, Zheng X, Arnold MS, Berson A, Gopalan P. Chemical and topographical patterns combined with solution shear for selective-area deposition of highly-aligned semiconducting carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1767-1775. [PMID: 36132553 PMCID: PMC9419110 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00033k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective deposition of semiconducting carbon nanotubes (s-CNTs) into densely packed, aligned arrays of individualized s-CNTs is necessary to realize their potential in semiconductor electronics. We report the combination of chemical contrast patterns, topography, and pre-alignment of s-CNTs via shear to achieve selective-area deposition of aligned arrays of s-CNTs. Alternate stripes of surfaces favorable and unfavorable to s-CNT adsorption were patterned with widths varying from 2000 nm down to 100 nm. Addition of topography to the chemical contrast patterns combined with shear enabled the selective-area deposition of arrays of quasi-aligned s-CNTs (∼14°) even in patterns that are wider than the length of individual nanotubes (>500 nm). When the width of the chemical and topographical contrast patterns is less than the length of individual nanotubes (<500 nm), confinement effects become dominant enabling the selective-area deposition of much more tightly aligned s-CNTs (∼7°). At a trench width of 100 nm, we demonstrate the lowest standard deviation in alignment degree of 7.6 ± 0.3° at a deposition shear rate of 4600 s-1, while maintaining an individualized s-CNT density greater than 30 CNTs μm-1. Chemical contrast alone enables selective-area deposition, but chemical contrast in addition to topography enables more effective selective-area deposition and stronger confinement effects, with the advantage of removal of nanotubes deposited in spurious areas via selective lift-off of the topographical features. These findings provide a methodology that is inherently scalable, and a means to deposit spatially selective, aligned s-CNT arrays for next-generation semiconducting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Dwyer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Anjali Suresh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1509 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Katherine R Jinkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1509 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Xiaoqi Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1509 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Michael S Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1509 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Arganthaël Berson
- Multiphase Flow Visualization and Analysis Laboratory (MFVAL), University of Wisconsin-Madison 1500 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1509 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
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9
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He M, Zhang S, Zhang J. Horizontal Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays: Controlled Synthesis, Characterizations, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12592-12684. [PMID: 33064453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) emerge as a promising material to advance carbon nanoelectronics. However, synthesizing or assembling pure metallic/semiconducting SWNTs required for interconnects/integrated circuits, respectively, by a conventional chemical vapor deposition method or by an assembly technique remains challenging. Recent studies have shown significant scientific breakthroughs in controlled SWNT synthesis/assembly and applications in scaled field effect transistors, which are a critical component in functional nanodevices, thereby rendering the horizontal SWNT array an important candidate for innovating nanotechnology. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the controlled synthesis, surface assembly, characterization techniques, and potential applications of horizontally aligned SWNT arrays. This review begins with the discussion of synthesis of horizontally aligned SWNTs with regulated direction, density, structure, and theoretical models applied to understand the growth results. Several traditional procedures applied for assembling SWNTs on target surface are also briefly discussed. It then discusses the techniques adopted to characterize SWNTs, ranging from electron/probe microscopy to various optical spectroscopy methods. Prototype applications based on the horizontally aligned SWNTs, such as interconnects, field effect transistors, integrated circuits, and even computers, are subsequently described. Finally, this review concludes with challenges and a brief outlook of the future development in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshuai He
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuchen Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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10
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Goh GL, Agarwala S, Yeong WY. Aerosol-Jet-Printed Preferentially Aligned Carbon Nanotube Twin-Lines for Printed Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43719-43730. [PMID: 31660713 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The alignment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is of great importance for the fabrication of high-speed electronic devices such as a transistor as the electron mobilities can be greatly enhanced with aligned CNT architectures. Here, we report, for the first time, a methodology to obtain preferentially aligned CNT traces on a flexible polyimide substrate utilizing the high-resolution aerosol jet printing technique and evaporation-driven self-assembly process. A self-assembled twin-line of CNT ("coffee-ring" effect) is observed in the deposit patterns, and the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images reveal highly self-ordered CNT in the resulting CNT twin-line. Various aerosol jet parameters have been investigated to obtain printed tracks in the range of 30-80 μm and conductive tracks (single CNT twin-line width) in the range of 600-1500 nm. The smallest CNT twin-line obtained in this experiment is found to be approximately 16 μm using a suitable sheath-to-atomizer flow ratio. Image analysis of FESEM images confirms the formation of aligned CNT traces at the ink periphery. The effect of the line width on the degree of alignment of the CNT is studied and evaluated. The electrical resistance of the CNT trace is adjustable by controlling the number of print passes and print speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Liang Goh
- Singapore Center for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
| | - Shweta Agarwala
- Department of Engineering , Aarhus University , 8200 Aarhus N , Denmark
| | - Wai Yee Yeong
- Singapore Center for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
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11
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Goh GL, Agarwala S, Yeong WY. Aerosol-Jet-Printed Preferentially Aligned Carbon Nanotube Twin-Lines for Printed Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019. [PMID: 31660713 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201801318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The alignment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is of great importance for the fabrication of high-speed electronic devices such as a transistor as the electron mobilities can be greatly enhanced with aligned CNT architectures. Here, we report, for the first time, a methodology to obtain preferentially aligned CNT traces on a flexible polyimide substrate utilizing the high-resolution aerosol jet printing technique and evaporation-driven self-assembly process. A self-assembled twin-line of CNT ("coffee-ring" effect) is observed in the deposit patterns, and the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images reveal highly self-ordered CNT in the resulting CNT twin-line. Various aerosol jet parameters have been investigated to obtain printed tracks in the range of 30-80 μm and conductive tracks (single CNT twin-line width) in the range of 600-1500 nm. The smallest CNT twin-line obtained in this experiment is found to be approximately 16 μm using a suitable sheath-to-atomizer flow ratio. Image analysis of FESEM images confirms the formation of aligned CNT traces at the ink periphery. The effect of the line width on the degree of alignment of the CNT is studied and evaluated. The electrical resistance of the CNT trace is adjustable by controlling the number of print passes and print speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Liang Goh
- Singapore Center for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
| | - Shweta Agarwala
- Department of Engineering , Aarhus University , 8200 Aarhus N , Denmark
| | - Wai Yee Yeong
- Singapore Center for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
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12
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Walker JS, Fagan JA, Biacchi AJ, Kuehl VA, Searles TA, Hight Walker AR, Rice WD. Global Alignment of Solution-Based Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Films via Machine-Vision Controlled Filtration. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7256-7264. [PMID: 31507183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, substantial progress has been made in the chemical control (chiral enrichment, length sorting, handedness selectivity, and filling substance) of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Recently, it was shown that large, horizontally aligned films can be created out of postprocessed SWCNT solutions. Here, we use machine-vision automation and parallelization to simultaneously produce globally aligned SWCNT films using pressure-driven filtration. Feedback control enables filtration to occur with a constant flow rate that not only improves the nematic ordering of the SWCNT films but also provides the ability to align a wide range of SWCNT types and on a variety of nanoporous membranes using the same filtration parameters. Using polarized optical spectroscopic techniques, we show that under standard implementation, meniscus combing produces a two-dimensional radial SWCNT alignment on one side of the film. After we flatten the meniscus through silanization, spatially resolved nematicity maps on both sides of the SWCNT film reveal global alignment across the entire structure. From experiments changing ionic strength and membrane charging, we provide evidence that the SWCNT alignment mechanism stems from an interplay of intertube interactions and ordered membrane charging. This work opens up the possibility of creating globally aligned SWCNT film structures for a new generation of nanotube electronics and optical control elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Walker
- Department of Physics , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Adam J Biacchi
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Valerie A Kuehl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - Thomas A Searles
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Howard University , Washington , D.C. 20059 , United States
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - William D Rice
- Department of Physics , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
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13
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Dwyer JH, Shen Z, Jinkins KR, Wei W, Arnold MS, Van Lehn RC, Gopalan P. Solvent-Mediated Affinity of Polymer-Wrapped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Chemically Modified Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:12492-12500. [PMID: 31461294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (s-CNT) arrays are being explored for next-generation semiconductor electronics. Even with the multitude of alignment and spatially localized s-CNT deposition methods designed to control s-CNT deposition, fundamental understanding of the driving forces for s-CNT deposition is still lacking. The individual roles of the dispersant, solvent, target substrate composition, and the s-CNT itself are not completely understood because it is difficult to decouple deposition parameters. Here, we study poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(6,6'-[2,2'-{bipyridine}])] (PFO-BPy)-wrapped s-CNT deposition from solution onto a chemically modified substrate. We fabricate various self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to gain a greater understanding of substrate effects on PFO-BPy-wrapped s-CNT deposition. We observe that s-CNT deposition is dependent on both the target substrate and s-CNT dispersion solvent. To complement the experiments, molecular dynamics simulations of PFO-BPy-wrapped s-CNT deposition on two different SAMs are performed to obtain mechanistic insights into the effect of the substrate and solvent on s-CNT deposition. We find that the global free-energy minimum associated with favorable s-CNT adsorption occurs for a configuration in which the minimum of the solvent density around the s-CNT coincides with the minimum of the solvent density above a SAM-grafted surface, indicating that solvent structure near a SAM-grafted surface determines the adsorption free-energy landscape driving s-CNT deposition. Our results will help guide informative substrate design for s-CNT array fabrication in semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Dwyer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Zhizhang Shen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Katherine R Jinkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1509 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1509 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Michael S Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1509 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Reid C Van Lehn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1509 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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14
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Perspectives in Liquid-Crystal-Aided Nanotechnology and Nanoscience. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The research field of liquid crystals and their applications is recently changing from being largely focused on display applications and optical shutter elements in various fields, to quite novel and diverse applications in the area of nanotechnology and nanoscience. Functional nanoparticles have recently been used to a significant extent to modify the physical properties of liquid crystals by the addition of ferroelectric and magnetic particles of different shapes, such as arbitrary and spherical, rods, wires and discs. Also, particles influencing optical properties are increasingly popular, such as quantum dots, plasmonic, semiconductors and metamaterials. The self-organization of liquid crystals is exploited to order templates and orient nanoparticles. Similarly, nanoparticles such as rods, nanotubes and graphene oxide are shown to form lyotropic liquid crystal phases in the presence of isotropic host solvents. These effects lead to a wealth of novel applications, many of which will be reviewed in this publication.
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15
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Headrick RJ, Tsentalovich DE, Berdegué J, Bengio EA, Liberman L, Kleinerman O, Lucas MS, Talmon Y, Pasquali M. Structure-Property Relations in Carbon Nanotube Fibers by Downscaling Solution Processing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704482. [PMID: 29322634 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
At the microscopic scale, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) combine impressive tensile strength and electrical conductivity; however, their macroscopic counterparts have not met expectations. The reasons are variously attributed to inherent CNT sample properties (diameter and helicity polydispersity, high defect density, insufficient length) and manufacturing shortcomings (inadequate ordering and packing), which can lead to poor transmission of stress and current. To efficiently investigate the disparity between microscopic and macroscopic properties, a new method is introduced for processing microgram quantities of CNTs into highly oriented and well-packed fibers. CNTs are dissolved into chlorosulfonic acid and processed into aligned films; each film can be peeled and twisted into multiple discrete fibers. Fibers fabricated by this method and solution-spinning are directly compared to determine the impact of alignment, twist, packing density, and length. Surprisingly, these discrete fibers can be twice as strong as their solution-spun counterparts despite a lower degree of alignment. Strength appears to be more sensitive to internal twist and packing density, while fiber conductivity is essentially equivalent among the two sets of samples. Importantly, this rapid fiber manufacturing method uses three orders of magnitude less material than solution spinning, expanding the experimental parameter space and enabling the exploration of unique CNT sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Headrick
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Dmitri E Tsentalovich
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Julián Berdegué
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Elie Amram Bengio
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lucy Liberman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Olga Kleinerman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Matthew S Lucas
- Universal Technology Corporation, 1270 North Fairfield Road, Dayton, OH, 45432, USA
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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16
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Matsuzawa Y, Negoro C, Jintoku H, Kihara H, Yoshida M. Formation of a Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Phase in a Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Aqueous Ink with Low-molecular-weight Electrolyte. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuzawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565
| | - Chie Negoro
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565
| | - Hirokuni Jintoku
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565
| | - Hideyuki Kihara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565
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17
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Gooneie A, Sapkota J, Shirole A, Holzer C. Length controlled kinetics of self-assembly of bidisperse nanotubes/nanorods in polymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Srikantharajah R, Schindler T, Landwehr I, Romeis S, Unruh T, Peukert W. From evaporation-induced self-assembly to shear-induced alignment. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19882-19893. [PMID: 27878180 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The functionality of compact nanostructured thin films depends critically on the degree of order and hence on the underlying ordering mechanisms during film formation. For dip coating of rigid nanorods the counteracting mechanisms, evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) and shear-induced alignment (SIA) have recently been identified as competing ordering mechanisms. Here, we show how to achieve highly ordered and homogeneous thin films by controlling EISA and SIA in dip coating. Therefore we identify the influences of the process parameters including temperature, initial volume fraction and nanorod aspect ratio on evaporation-induced convective flow and externally applied shear forces and evaluate the resulting films. The impact of evaporation and shear can be distinguished by analysing film thickness, surface order and bulk order by careful in situ SAXS, Raman and SEM-based image analysis. For the first time we derive processing guidelines for the controlled application of EISA and SIA towards highly ordered thin nematic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Srikantharajah
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - T Schindler
- Chair for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - I Landwehr
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Romeis
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - T Unruh
- Chair for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - W Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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19
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Colloidal cholesteric liquid crystal in spherical confinement. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12520. [PMID: 27561545 PMCID: PMC5007446 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of nanoparticles in constrained geometries is an area of fundamental and practical importance. Spherical confinement of nanocolloids leads to new modes of packing, self-assembly, phase separation and relaxation of colloidal liquids; however, it remains an unexplored area of research for colloidal liquid crystals. Here we report the organization of cholesteric liquid crystal formed by nanorods in spherical droplets. For cholesteric suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals, with progressive confinement, we observe phase separation into a micrometer-size isotropic droplet core and a cholesteric shell formed by concentric nanocrystal layers. Further confinement results in a transition to a bipolar planar cholesteric morphology. The distribution of polymer, metal, carbon or metal oxide nanoparticles in the droplets is governed by the nanoparticle size and yields cholesteric droplets exhibiting fluorescence, plasmonic properties and magnetic actuation. This work advances our understanding of how the interplay of order, confinement and topological defects affects the morphology of soft matter.
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20
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He X, Gao W, Xie L, Li B, Zhang Q, Lei S, Robinson JM, Hároz EH, Doorn SK, Wang W, Vajtai R, Ajayan PM, Adams WW, Hauge RH, Kono J. Wafer-scale monodomain films of spontaneously aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:633-8. [PMID: 27043199 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The one-dimensional character of electrons, phonons and excitons in individual single-walled carbon nanotubes leads to extremely anisotropic electronic, thermal and optical properties. However, despite significant efforts to develop ways to produce large-scale architectures of aligned nanotubes, macroscopic manifestations of such properties remain limited. Here, we show that large (>cm(2)) monodomain films of aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes can be prepared using slow vacuum filtration. The produced films are globally aligned within ±1.5° (a nematic order parameter of ∼1) and are highly packed, containing 1 × 10(6) nanotubes in a cross-sectional area of 1 μm(2). The method works for nanotubes synthesized by various methods, and film thickness is controllable from a few nanometres to ∼100 nm. We use the approach to create ideal polarizers in the terahertz frequency range and, by combining the method with recently developed sorting techniques, highly aligned and chirality-enriched nanotube thin-film devices. Semiconductor-enriched devices exhibit polarized light emission and polarization-dependent photocurrent, as well as anisotropic conductivities and transistor action with high on/off ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Lijuan Xie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Sidong Lei
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - John M Robinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Erik H Hároz
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Robert Vajtai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - W Wade Adams
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Robert H Hauge
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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21
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Abstract
Nano-bioelectronics represents a rapidly expanding interdisciplinary field that combines nanomaterials with biology and electronics and, in so doing, offers the potential to overcome existing challenges in bioelectronics. In particular, shrinking electronic transducer dimensions to the nanoscale and making their properties appear more biological can yield significant improvements in the sensitivity and biocompatibility and thereby open up opportunities in fundamental biology and healthcare. This review emphasizes recent advances in nano-bioelectronics enabled with semiconductor nanostructures, including silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. First, the synthesis and electrical properties of these nanomaterials are discussed in the context of bioelectronics. Second, affinity-based nano-bioelectronic sensors for highly sensitive analysis of biomolecules are reviewed. In these studies, semiconductor nanostructures as transistor-based biosensors are discussed from fundamental device behavior through sensing applications and future challenges. Third, the complex interface between nanoelectronics and living biological systems, from single cells to live animals, is reviewed. This discussion focuses on representative advances in electrophysiology enabled using semiconductor nanostructures and their nanoelectronic devices for cellular measurements through emerging work where arrays of nanoelectronic devices are incorporated within three-dimensional cell networks that define synthetic and natural tissues. Last, some challenges and exciting future opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - Charles M. Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
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22
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Tune DD, Blanch AJ, Shearer CJ, Moore KE, Pfohl M, Shapter JG, Flavel BS. Aligned Carbon Nanotube Thin Films from Liquid Crystal Polyelectrolyte Inks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25857-25864. [PMID: 26511159 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Single walled carbon nanotube thin films are fabricated by solution shearing from high concentration sodium nanotubide polyelectrolyte inks. The solutions are produced by simple stirring of the nanotubes with elemental sodium in dimethylacetamide, and the nanotubes are thus not subject to any sonication-induced damage. At such elevated concentrations (∼4 mg mL(-1)), the solutions exist in the liquid crystal phase and during deposition this order is transferred to the films, which are well aligned in the direction of shear with a 2D nematic order parameter of ∼0.7 determined by polarized absorption measurements. Compared to similarly formed films made from superacids, the polyelectrolyte films contain smaller bundles and a much narrower distribution of bundle diameters. After p-doping with an organic oxidizer, the films exhibit a very high DC electrical to optical conductivity ratio of σ(DC)/σ(OP) ∼ 35, corresponding to a calculated DC conductivity of over 7000 S cm(-1). When very thin (T550 ∼ 96%), smooth (RMS roughness, R(q) ∼ 2.2 nm), and highly aligned films made via this new route are used as the front electrodes of carbon nanotube-silicon solar cells, the power conversion efficiency is almost an order of magnitude greater than that obtained when using the much rougher (R(q) ∼ 20-30 nm) and less conductive (peak σ(DC)/σ(OP) ∼ 2.5) films formed by common vacuum filtration of the same starting material, and having the same transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Tune
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Adam J Blanch
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Cameron J Shearer
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Katherine E Moore
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Moritz Pfohl
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joseph G Shapter
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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23
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Yang Y, Zhan W, Peng R, He C, Pang X, Shi D, Jiang T, Lin Z. Graphene-Enabled Superior and Tunable Photomechanical Actuation in Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Nanocomposites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:6376-81. [PMID: 26389820 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Programmable photoactuation enabled by graphene: Graphene sheets aligned in liquid crystalline elastomers are capable of absorbing near-infrared light. They thereafter act as nanoheaters and provide thermally conductive pathways to trigger the nematic-to-isotropic transition of elastomers, leading to macroscopic mechanical deformation of nanocomposites. Large strain, high actuation force, high initial sensitivity, fast reversible response, and long cyclability are concurrently achieved in nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkui Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Wenjie Zhan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Rengui Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Chengen He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xinchang Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Dean Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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24
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Frusawa H, Yoshii G. Anisotropic micro-cloths fabricated from DNA-stabilized carbon nanotubes: one-stop manufacturing with electrode needles. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:107. [PMID: 25852402 PMCID: PMC4385237 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Among a variety of solution-based approaches to fabricate anisotropic films of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we focus on the dielectrophoretic assembly method using AC electric fields in DNA-stabilized CNT suspensions. We demonstrate that a one-stop manufacturing system using electrode needles can draw anisotropic DNA-CNT hybrid films of 10 to 100 µm in size (i.e., free-standing DNA-CNT micro-cloths) from the remaining suspension into the atmosphere while maintaining structural order. It has been found that a maximal degree of polarization (ca. 40%) can be achieved by micro-cloths fabricated from a variety of DNA-CNT mixtures. Our results suggest that the one-stop method can impart biocompatibility to the downsized CNT films and that the DNA-stabilized CNT micro-cloths directly connected to an electrode could be useful for biofuel cells in terms of electron transfer and/or enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Frusawa
- Institute for Nanotechnology, Kochi University of Technology, Tosa-Yamada, 782-8502 Kochi Japan
| | - Gen Yoshii
- Institute for Nanotechnology, Kochi University of Technology, Tosa-Yamada, 782-8502 Kochi Japan
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Azoz S, Exarhos AL, Marquez A, Gilbertson LM, Nejati S, Cha JJ, Zimmerman JB, Kikkawa JM, Pfefferle LD. Highly conductive single-walled carbon nanotube thin film preparation by direct alignment on substrates from water dispersions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:1155-1163. [PMID: 25547120 DOI: 10.1021/la503919u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A safe, scalable method for producing highly conductive aligned films of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) from water suspensions is presented. While microfluidic assembly of SWNTs has received significant attention, achieving desirable SWNT dispersion and morphology in fluids without an insulating surfactant or toxic superacid is challenging. We present a method that uniquely produces a noncorrosive ink that can be directly applied to a device in situ, which is different from previous fabrication techniques. Functionalized SWNTs (f-SWNTs) are dispersed in an aqueous urea solution to leverage binding between the amine group of urea and the carboxylic acid group of f-SWNTs and obtain urea-SWNT. Compared with SWNTs dispersed using conventional methods (e.g., superacid and surfactants), the dispersed urea-SWNT aggregates have a higher aspect ratio with a rodlike morphology as measured by light scattering. The Mayer rod technique is used to prepare urea-SWNT, highly aligned films (two-dimensional nematic order parameter of 0.6, 5 μm spot size, via polarized Raman) with resistance values as low as 15-1700 Ω/sq in a transmittance range of 2-80% at 550 nm. These values compete with the best literature values for conductivity of SWNT-enabled thin films. The findings offer promising opportunities for industrial applications relying on highly conductive thin SWNT films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyla Azoz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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26
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Oh JY, Yang SJ, Park JY, Kim T, Lee K, Kim YS, Han HN, Park CR. Easy preparation of self-assembled high-density buckypaper with enhanced mechanical properties. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:190-197. [PMID: 25495117 DOI: 10.1021/nl5033588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A controlled assembly and alignment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a high-packing density with a scalable way remains challenging. This paper focuses on the preparation of self-assembled and well-aligned CNTs with a densely packed nanostructure in the form of buckypaper via a simple filtration method. The CNT suspension concentration is strongly reflected in the alignment and assembly behavior of CNT buckypaper. We further demonstrated that the horizontally aligned CNT domain gradually increases in size when increasing the deposited CNT quantity. The resultant aligned buckypaper exhibited notably enhanced packing density, strength, modulus, and hardness compared to previously reported buckypapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Oh
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory, Global Research Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Korea
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27
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Kim JW, Sauti G, Siochi EJ, Smith JG, Wincheski RA, Cano RJ, Connell JW, Wise KE. Toward high performance thermoset/carbon nanotube sheet nanocomposites via resistive heating assisted infiltration and cure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18832-18843. [PMID: 25325388 DOI: 10.1021/am5046718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermoset/carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet nanocomposites were successfully fabricated by resistive heating assisted infiltration and cure (RHAIC) of the polymer matrix resin. Resistive heating takes advantage of the electrical and thermal conductivity of CNTs to rapidly and uniformly introduce heat into the CNT sheet. Heating the CNT sheet reduces the viscosity of the polymer resin due to localized temperature rise in close proximity to the resin, which enhances resin flow, penetration, and wetting of the CNT reinforcement. Once the resin infusion process is complete, the applied power is increased to raise the temperature of the CNT sheet, which rapidly cures the polymer matrix. Tensile tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the processed thermoset/CNT sheet nanocomposites. The improved wetting and adhesion of the polymer resin to the CNT reinforcement yield significant improvement of thermoset/CNT nanocomposite mechanical properties. The highest specific tensile strength of bismaleimide(BMI)/CNT sheet nanocomposites was obtained to date was 684 MPa/(g/cm(3)), using 4 V (2 A) for resin infiltration, followed by precure at 10 V (6 A) for 10 min and post curing at 240 °C for 6 h in an oven. The highest specific Young's modulus of BMI/CNT sheet nanocomposite was 71 GPa/(g/cm(3)) using resistive heating infiltration at 8.3 V (4.7 A) for 3 min followed by resistive heating cure at 12.5 V (7 A) for 30 min. In both cases, the CNT sheets were stretched and held in tension to prevent relaxation of the aligned CNTs during the course of RHAIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Woo Kim
- National Institute of Aerospace , Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
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28
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King B, Panchapakesan B. Vacuum filtration based formation of liquid crystal films of semiconducting carbon nanotubes and high performance transistor devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:175201. [PMID: 24721979 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/17/175201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report ultra-thin liquid crystal films of semiconducting carbon nanotubes using a simple vacuum filtration process. Vacuum filtration of nanotubes in aqueous surfactant solution formed nematic domains on the filter membrane surface and exhibited local ordering. A 2D fast Fourier transform was used to calculate the order parameters from scanning electron microscopy images. The order parameter was observed to be sensitive to the filtration time demonstrating different regions of transformation namely nucleation of nematic domains, nanotube accumulation and large domain growth.Transmittance versus sheet resistance measurements of such films resulted in optical to dc conductivity of σ(opt)/σ(dc) = 9.01 indicative of purely semiconducting nanotube liquid crystal network.Thin films of nanotube liquid crystals with order parameters ranging from S = 0.1-0.5 were patterned into conducting channels of transistor devices which showed high I(on)/I(off) ratios from 10-19,800 and electron mobility values μ(e) = 0.3-78.8 cm(2) (V-s)(-1), hole mobility values μ(h) = 0.4-287 cm(2) (V-s)(-1). High I on/I off ratios were observed at low order parameters and film mass. A Schottky barrier transistor model is consistent with the observed transistor characteristics. Electron and hole mobilities were seen to increase with order parameters and carbon nanotube mass fractions. A fundamental tradeoff between decreasing on/off ratio and increasing mobility with increasing nanotube film mass and order parameter is therefore concluded. Increase in order parameters of nanotubes liquid crystals improved the electronic transport properties as witnessed by the increase in σ(dc)/σ(opt) values on macroscopic films and high mobilities in microscopic transistors. Liquid crystal networks of semiconducting nanotubes as demonstrated here are simple to fabricate, transparent, scalable and could find wide ranging device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin King
- Small Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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29
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Honglawan A, Yang S. Directing 3D Topological Defects in Smectic Liquid Crystals and Their Applications as an Emerging Class of Building Blocks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04867-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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30
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Olivier JH, Deria P, Park J, Kumbhar A, Andrian-Albescu M, Therien MJ. Ionic Self-Assembly Provides Dense Arrays of Individualized, Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Olivier JH, Deria P, Park J, Kumbhar A, Andrian-Albescu M, Therien MJ. Ionic Self-Assembly Provides Dense Arrays of Individualized, Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13080-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Kim JW, Siochi EJ, Carpena-Núñez J, Wise KE, Connell JW, Lin Y, Wincheski RA. Polyaniline/carbon nanotube sheet nanocomposites: fabrication and characterization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:8597-8606. [PMID: 23981043 DOI: 10.1021/am402077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Practical approaches are needed to take advantage of the nanometer-scale mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at the macroscopic scale. This study was conducted to elucidate the salient factors that can maximize the mechanical properties of nanocomposites fabricated from commercially available CNT sheets. The CNT sheets were modified by stretching to improve CNT alignment and in situ polymerization using polyaniline (PANI), a π-conjugated conductive polymer, as a binder. The resulting CNT nanocomposites were subsequently postprocessed by hot pressing and/or high temperature treatment to carbonize the PANI as a means to improve mechanical properties. The PANI/CNT nanocomposites demonstrated significant improvement in mechanical properties compared to pristine CNT sheets. The highest specific tensile strength of PANI/stretched CNT nanocomposite was 484 MPa/(g/cm3), which was achieved in a sample with ∼42 wt % of PANI. This specimen was fabricated by in situ polymerization followed by hot pressing. The highest specific Young's modulus of 17.1 GPa/(g/cm3) was measured on a sample that was hot-pressed and carbonized. In addition, the highest DC-electrical conductivity of 621 S/cm was obtained on a sample prepared by in situ polymerization of PANI on a stretched CNT sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Woo Kim
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
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33
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Zamora-Ledezma C, Buisson L, Moulton SE, Wallace G, Zakri C, Blanc C, Anglaret E, Poulin P. Carbon nanotubes induced gelation of unmodified hyaluronic acid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10247-10253. [PMID: 23848357 DOI: 10.1021/la4016492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work reports an experimental study of the kinetics and mechanisms of gelation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-hyaluronic acid (HA) mixtures. These materials are of great interest as functional biogels for future medical applications and tissue engineering. We show that CNTs can induce the gelation of noncovalently modified HA in water. This gelation is associated with a dynamical arrest of a liquid crystal phase separation, as shown by small-angle light scattering and polarized optical microscopy. This phenomenon is reminiscent of arrested phase separations in other colloidal systems in the presence of attractive interactions. The gelation time is found to strongly vary with the concentrations of both HA and CNTs. Near-infrared photoluminescence reveals that the CNTs remain individualized both in fluid and in gel states. It is concluded that the attractive forces interplay are likely weak depletion interactions and not strong van der Waals interactions which could promote CNT rebundling, as observed in other biopolymer-CNT mixtures. The present results clarify the remarkable efficiency of CNT at inducing the gelation of HA, by considering that CNTs easily phase separate as liquid crystals because of their giant aspect ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Zamora-Ledezma
- Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, Université de Bordeaux-CNRS, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
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34
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Zakri C, Blanc C, Grelet E, Zamora-Ledezma C, Puech N, Anglaret E, Poulin P. Liquid crystals of carbon nanotubes and graphene. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120499. [PMID: 23459968 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal ordering is an opportunity to develop novel materials and applications with spontaneously aligned nanotubes or graphene particles. Nevertheless, achieving high orientational order parameter and large monodomains remains a challenge. In addition, our restricted knowledge of the structure of the currently available materials is a limitation for fundamental studies and future applications. This paper presents recent methodologies that have been developed to achieve large monodomains of nematic liquid crystals. These allow quantification and increase of their order parameters. Nematic ordering provides an efficient way to prepare conductive films that exhibit anisotropic properties. In particular, it is shown how the electrical conductivity anisotropy increases with the order parameter of the nematic liquid crystal. The order parameter can be tuned by controlling the length and entanglement of the nanotubes. In the second part of the paper, recent results on graphene liquid crystals are reported. The possibility to obtain water-based liquid crystals stabilized by surfactant molecules is demonstrated. Structural and thermodynamic characterizations provide indirect but statistical information on the dimensions of the graphene flakes. From a general point of view, this work presents experimental approaches to optimize the use of nanocarbons as liquid crystals and provides new methodologies for the still challenging characterization of such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Zakri
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France
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35
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Puech N, Dennison M, Blanc C, van der Schoot P, Dijkstra M, van Roij R, Poulin P, Grelet E. Orientational order of carbon nanotube guests in a nematic host suspension of colloidal viral rods. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:247801. [PMID: 23004331 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.247801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the coupling between the degrees of alignment of elongated particles in binary nematic dispersions, surfactant stabilized single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been added to nematic suspensions of colloidal rodlike viruses in aqueous solution. We have independently measured the orientational order parameter of both components of the guest-host system by means of polarized Raman spectroscopy and by optical birefringence, respectively. Our system allows us therefore to probe the regime where the guest particles (CNTs) are shorter and thinner than the fd virus host particles. We show that the degree of order of the CNTs is systematically smaller than that of the fd virus particles for the whole nematic range. These measurements are in good agreement with predictions of an Onsager-type second-viral theory, which explicitly includes the flexibility of the virus particles, and the polydispersity of the CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Puech
- Université de Bordeaux et CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
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36
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Beyer ST, Walus K. Controlled orientation and alignment in films of single-walled carbon nanotubes using inkjet printing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:8753-8759. [PMID: 22571740 DOI: 10.1021/la300770b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An inkjet printing procedure for depositing films of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that exhibit a very high degree of long-range mutual alignment as well as a controlled orientation with respect to the printed geometry is presented. CNT self-assembly was induced by the intrinsic lyotropic liquid crystallinity of CNT suspensions. Sufficient concentrations are reached by matching the inkjet deposition rate to the numerically modeled local evaporation rate of the printed feature and enable the CNT suspension to be printed using standard inkjet printing. Surface alignment was verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarized light microscopy. In addition, the bulk morphology was investigated and found to be composed of stacked planar layers that did not necessarily have the same long-range orientation found on the surface. The bulk morphology was characterized by removing layers through an elastomeric peeling process and by observing cross sections of the films using SEM. CNT concentration and length were spanned experimentally, and it was found that very short and very long CNTs as well as low concentration suspensions did not yield long-range alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Beyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
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37
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Ye Y, Mao Y, Wang H, Ren Z. Hybrid structure of pH-responsive hydrogel and carbon nanotube array with superwettability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm14547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Zamora-Ledezma C, Blanc C, Puech N, Maugey M, Zakri C, Anglaret E, Poulin P. Conductivity anisotropy of assembled and oriented carbon nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:062701. [PMID: 22304136 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.062701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An assembly of packed and oriented rodlike particles exhibit anisotropic physical properties. We investigate in the present work the anisotropic conductivity of films made of intrinsically conducting rods. These films are obtained from more or less ordered carbon nanotube liquid crystals. Their orientational order parameter is measured by polarized Raman spectroscopy. A relationship between the anisotropy of surface conductivity and orientational order parameter is determined. The experimental results are accounted for by a model that takes into account the number of intertube contacts and density of conductive pathways in different directions, as introduced by J. Fischer et al. for magnetically aligned nanotubes. We find that a good agreement, without any fitting parameter, of the proposed model and experiments is obtained when we consider a two-dimensional (2D) Gaussian distribution of the nanotube orientation. The conductivities parallel and perpendicular to the nematic director differ by almost an order of magnitude. This anisotropy is much greater than that of conventional dielectric liquid crystals, where the behavior is governed by the mobility anisotropy of ionic current carriers. The present results do not depend on the intrinsic properties of the nanotubes and are expected to be relevant for other assemblies of conducting rodlike particles, such as metallic or semi-conducting nanowires and ribbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Zamora-Ledezma
- Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, Université de Bordeaux-CNRS, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, F-33600 Pessac, France
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39
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Puech N, Grelet E, Poulin P, Blanc C, van der Schoot P. Nematic droplets in aqueous dispersions of carbon nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:020702. [PMID: 20866768 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.020702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous dispersions of exfoliated, bile-salt stabilized single-wall carbon nanotubes exhibit a first order transition to a nematic liquid-crystalline phase. The nematic phase presents itself in the form of micron-sized nematic droplets also known as tactoids, freely floating in the isotropic host dispersion. The nematic droplets are spindle shaped and have an aspect ratio of about four, irrespective of their size. We attribute this to a director field that is uniform rather than bipolar, which is confirmed by polarization microscopy. It follows that the ratio of the anchoring strength and the surface tension must be about four, which is quite larger than predicted theoretically but in line with earlier observations of bipolar tactoids. From the scatter in the data we deduce that the surface tension of the coexisting isotropic and nematic phases must be extremely low, that is, of the order of nN/m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Puech
- Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, CNRS-Université Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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40
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Wang B, Ma Y, Li N, Wu Y, Li F, Chen Y. Facile and scalable fabrication of well-aligned and closely packed single-walled carbon nanotube films on various substrates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3067-3070. [PMID: 20432225 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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41
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Murali S, Xu T, Marshall BD, Kayatin MJ, Pizarro K, Radhakrishnan VK, Nepal D, Davis VA. Lyotropic liquid crystalline self-assembly in dispersions of silver nanowires and nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11176-11183. [PMID: 20518494 DOI: 10.1021/la101305z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report demixed nematic lyotropic liquid crystalline phase formation in dispersions of silver nanowires and spherical nanoparticle aggregates in ethylene glycol and water. This phase is observed in samples in spite of the high density, large aspect ratio, and long relaxation times of the nanowires which have an average length of 6.8 microm. Remarkably, in the biphasic region, the nanowire-rich liquid crystalline phase exhibits a strandlike morphology which has only previously been reported for single-walled carbon nanotube liquid crystals. Shearing predominantly liquid crystalline dispersions results in both significant nanowire alignment and nanowire-aggregate demixing. The results of this research suggest that the nanoparticle contaminants common to many synthesis schemes facilitate liquid crystalline phase formation and that these dispersions can be processed into aligned coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Murali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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42
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Lu L, Chen W. Large-scale aligned carbon nanotubes from their purified, highly concentrated suspension. ACS NANO 2010; 4:1042-1048. [PMID: 20088601 DOI: 10.1021/nn901326m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale aligned single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composite membranes have been successfully prepared from highly concentrated purified SWCNT suspensions. Biopolymer dispersant gellan gum was used to achieve aqueous dispersion of highly concentrated SWCNTs, which can be used to form the SWCNT liquid crystal phase. To achieve alignment of SWCNTs, purification of SWCNTs is found to be very important. Purification was achieved by a facile and nondestructive physical method that can prepare large volumes of SWCNTs in high yield for experimental use. Composite membranes of aligned SWCNTs could be obtained by simple evaporation SWCNT liquid crystal. The orientation direction of aligned SWCNTs was controlled by mechanical shearing of SWCNT liquid crystal. The aligned SWCNTs in the biopolymer matrix were observed by electron microscopy, and the anisotropic electrical performance of this composite thin film has been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhua Lu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215125, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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43
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Zhang S, Li Q, Kinloch IA, Windle AH. Ordering in a droplet of an aqueous suspension of single-wall carbon nanotubes on a solid substrate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:2107-2112. [PMID: 19772351 DOI: 10.1021/la902642f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on a series of experiments on the aqueous, nematic liquid crystalline phase of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and their ordered assemblies on the solid substrates. The nanotubes were dispersed at a low concentration of isotropic phase, and the concentration was gradually increased by the controlled evaporation of water. In-situ isotropic-to-liquid crystalline phase transition via a biphasic region was observed during water evaporation. Drying on a substrate demonstrated the effect of surface fields on the order and alignment of SWNTs in the liquid suspension and the influence on the structure of the deposited nanotubes after evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanju Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
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44
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Nakato T, Miyamoto N. Liquid Crystalline Behavior and Related Properties of Colloidal Systems of Inorganic Oxide Nanosheets. MATERIALS 2009. [PMCID: PMC5525201 DOI: 10.3390/ma2041734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic layered crystals exemplified by clay minerals can be exfoliated in solvents to form colloidal dispersions of extremely thin inorganic layers that are called nanosheets. The obtained “nanosheet colloids” form lyotropic liquid crystals because of the highly anisotropic shape of the nanosheets. This system is a rare example of liquid crystals consisting of inorganic crystalline mesogens. Nanosheet colloids of photocatalytically active semiconducting oxides can exhibit unusual photoresponses that are not observed for organic liquid crystals. This review summarizes experimental work on the phase behavior of the nanosheet colloids as well as photochemical reactions observed in the clay and semiconducting nanosheets system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Nakato
- Division of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering (BASE), Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +81-42-388-7344
| | - Nobuyoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Life, Environment, and Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1 Wajiro-higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan; E-Mail:
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