1
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Chen S, Bashir R. Advances in field-effect biosensors towards point-of-use. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:492002. [PMID: 37625391 PMCID: PMC10523595 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf3f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The future of medical diagnostics calls for portable biosensors at the point of care, aiming to improve healthcare by reducing costs, improving access, and increasing quality-what is called the 'triple aim'. Developing point-of-care sensors that provide high sensitivity, detect multiple analytes, and provide real time measurements can expand access to medical diagnostics for all. Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors have several advantages, including ultrahigh sensitivity, label-free and amplification-free detection, reduced cost and complexity, portability, and large-scale multiplexing. They can also be integrated into wearable or implantable devices and provide continuous, real-time monitoring of analytesin vivo, enabling early detection of biomarkers for disease diagnosis and management. This review analyzes advances in the sensitivity, parallelization, and reusability of FET biosensors, benchmarks the limit of detection of the state of the art, and discusses the challenges and opportunities of FET biosensors for future healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Chen
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
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2
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Nami M, Han P, Hanlon D, Tatsuno K, Wei B, Sobolev O, Pitruzzello M, Vassall A, Yosinski S, Edelson R, Reed M. Rapid Screen for Antiviral T-Cell Immunity with Nanowire Electrochemical Biosensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109661. [PMID: 35165959 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly assess and monitor patient immune responses is critical for clinical diagnostics, vaccine design, and fundamental investigations into the presence or generation of protective immunity against infectious diseases. Recently, findings on the limits of antibody-based protection provided by B-cells have highlighted the importance of engaging pathogen-specific T-cells for long-lasting and broad protection against viruses and their emergent variants such as in SARS-CoV-2. However, low-cost and point-of-care tools for detecting engagement of T-cell immunity in patients are conspicuously lacking in ongoing efforts to assess and control population-wide disease risk. Currently available tools for human T-cell analysis are time and resource-intensive. Using multichannel silicon-nanowire field-effect transistors compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, a device designed for rapid and label-free detection of human T-cell immune responses is developed. The generalizability of this approach is demonstrated by measuring T-cell responses against melanoma antigen MART1, common and seasonal viruses CMV, EBV, flu, as well as emergent pandemic coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Further, this device provides a modular and translational platform for optimizing vaccine formulations and combinations, offering quick and quantitative readouts for acquisition and persistence of T-cell immunity against variant-driven pathogens such as flu and pandemic SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nami
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Patrick Han
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Douglas Hanlon
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Kazuki Tatsuno
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Brian Wei
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Olga Sobolev
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mary Pitruzzello
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Aaron Vassall
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Shari Yosinski
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Richard Edelson
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mark Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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3
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Szittner Z, Péter B, Kurunczi S, Székács I, Horváth R. Functional blood cell analysis by label-free biosensors and single-cell technologies. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 308:102727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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4
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Ma J, Du M, Wang C, Xie X, Wang H, Li T, Chen S, Zhang L, Mao S, Zhou X, Wu M. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by an Enhanced Nanobiosensor. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3367-3376. [PMID: 34470206 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) mostly spreads from person to person through Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). However, the majority of conventional detection methods for MTB cannot satisfy the requirements for actual TB detection. As one of the most promising powerful platforms, a silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW-FET) biosensor shows good prospect in TB detection. In this study, an enhanced SiNW-FET biosensor was developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of MTB. The surface functional parameters of the biosensor were explored and optimized. The SiNW-FET biosensor has good sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.01 fg/mL toward protein. The current change value shows a linear upward trend with the increase in protein concentration in the range of 1 fg/mL to 100 μg/mL. One whole test cycle can be accomplished within only 30 s. More importantly, a good distinction was realized in the sputum without pretreatment between normal people and TB patients, which greatly shortened the TB detection time (only 2-5 min, considering the dilution of sputum). Compared with other methods, the SiNW-FET biosensor can detect MTB with a remarkably broad dynamic linear range in a shorter time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Manman Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xinwu Xie
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin 300161, PR China
- National Bio-Protection Engineering Center, Tianjin 300161, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin 300161, PR China
- School of Electronic Information and Automation, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, PR China
| | - Tie Li
- Science and Technology on Micro-system Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Shixing Chen
- Science and Technology on Micro-system Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Shun Mao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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5
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Shinde A, Illath K, Gupta P, Shinde P, Lim KT, Nagai M, Santra TS. A Review of Single-Cell Adhesion Force Kinetics and Applications. Cells 2021; 10:577. [PMID: 33808043 PMCID: PMC8000588 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells exert, sense, and respond to the different physical forces through diverse mechanisms and translating them into biochemical signals. The adhesion of cells is crucial in various developmental functions, such as to maintain tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis and activate critical signaling pathways regulating survival, migration, gene expression, and differentiation. More importantly, any mutations of adhesion receptors can lead to developmental disorders and diseases. Thus, it is essential to understand the regulation of cell adhesion during development and its contribution to various conditions with the help of quantitative methods. The techniques involved in offering different functionalities such as surface imaging to detect forces present at the cell-matrix and deliver quantitative parameters will help characterize the changes for various diseases. Here, we have briefly reviewed single-cell mechanical properties for mechanotransduction studies using standard and recently developed techniques. This is used to functionalize from the measurement of cellular deformability to the quantification of the interaction forces generated by a cell and exerted on its surroundings at single-cell with attachment and detachment events. The adhesive force measurement for single-cell microorganisms and single-molecules is emphasized as well. This focused review should be useful in laying out experiments which would bring the method to a broader range of research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shinde
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Pallavi Shinde
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-Do 24341, Korea;
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan;
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.S.); (K.I.); (P.G.); (P.S.)
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6
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Oo SL, Venkatesh S, Ilyas AM, Karthikeyan V, Arava CM, Kong EY, Yeung CC, Chen X, Yu PKN, Roy VAL. Gating a Single Cell: A Label-Free and Real-Time Measurement Method for Cellular Progression. Anal Chem 2020; 92:1738-1745. [PMID: 31904934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an ever-growing need for more advanced methods to study the response of cancer cells to new therapies. To determine cancer cells' response from a cell-mortality perspective to various cancer therapies, we report a label-free and real time method to monitor the in situ response of individual HeLa cells using a single cell gated transistor (SCGT). As a cell undergoes apoptotic cell death, it experiences changes in morphology and ion concentrations. This change is well in line with the threshold voltage of the SCGT, which has been verified by correlating the data with the cell morphologies by scanning electron microscopy and the ion-concentration analysis by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). This SCGT could replace patch clamps to study single cell activity via direct measurement in real time. Importantly, this SCGT can be used to study the electrical response of a single cell to stimuli that leaves the membrane intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saw Lin Oo
- State Key Laboratory for THz and Millimeter Waves and Department of Material Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong, S.A.R
| | - Shishir Venkatesh
- State Key Laboratory for THz and Millimeter Waves and Department of Material Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong, S.A.R
| | - Abdul-Mojeed Ilyas
- State Key Laboratory for THz and Millimeter Waves and Department of Material Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong, S.A.R
| | - Vaithinathan Karthikeyan
- State Key Laboratory for THz and Millimeter Waves and Department of Material Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong, S.A.R
| | - Clement Manohar Arava
- State Key Laboratory for THz and Millimeter Waves and Department of Material Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong, S.A.R
| | - Eva Yi Kong
- Department of Physics , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong, S.A.R
| | - Chi-Chung Yeung
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong, S.A.R
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering , The University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, Mayfield Road , Edinburgh EH9 3JL , United Kingdom
| | - Peter K N Yu
- Department of Physics , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong, S.A.R
| | - Vellaisamy A L Roy
- James Watt School of Engineering , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
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7
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Dey S, Kamil Reza K, Wuethrich A, Korbie D, Ibn Sina AA, Trau M. Tracking antigen specific T-cells: Technological advancement and limitations. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:145-153. [PMID: 30508573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Assessing T-cell mediated immune status can help to understand the body's response to disease and also provide essential diagnostic information. However, detection and characterization of immune response are challenging due to the rarity of signature biomolecules in biological fluid and require highly sensitive and specific assay technique for the analysis. Until now, several techniques spanning from flow cytometry to microsensors have been developed or under investigation for T-cell mediated immune response monitoring. Most of the current assays are designed to estimate average immune responses, i.e., total functional protein analysis and detection of total T-cells irrespective of their antigen specificity. Although potential, immune response analysis without detecting and characterizing the rare subset of T-cell population could lead to over or underestimation of patient's immune status. Addressing this limitation, recently a number of technological advancements in biosensing have been developed for this. The potential of simple and precise micro-technologies including microarray and microfluidic platforms for assessing antigen-specific T-cells will be highlighted in this review, together with a discussion on existing challenges and future aspects of immune-sensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvashis Dey
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - K Kamil Reza
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Darren Korbie
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Abu Ali Ibn Sina
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
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8
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Dong J, Salem DP, Sun JH, Strano MS. Analysis of Multiplexed Nanosensor Arrays Based on Near-Infrared Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2018; 12:3769-3779. [PMID: 29614219 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The high-throughput, label-free detection of biomolecules remains an important challenge in analytical chemistry with the potential of nanosensors to significantly increase the ability to multiplex such assays. In this work, we develop an optical sensor array, printable from a single-walled carbon nanotube/chitosan ink and functionalized to enable a divalent ion-based proximity quenching mechanism for transducing binding between a capture protein or an antibody with the target analyte. Arrays of 5 × 6, 200 μm near-infrared (nIR) spots at a density of ≈300 spots/cm2 are conjugated with immunoglobulin-binding proteins (proteins A, G, and L) for the detection of human IgG, mouse IgM, rat IgG2a, and human IgD. Binding kinetics are measured in a parallel, multiplexed fashion from each sensor spot using a custom laser scanning imaging configuration with an nIR photomultiplier tube detector. These arrays are used to examine cross-reactivity, competitive and nonspecific binding of analyte mixtures. We find that protein G and protein L functionalized sensors report selective responses to mouse IgM on the latter, as anticipated. Optically addressable platforms such as the one examined in this work have potential to significantly advance the real-time, multiplexed biomolecular detection of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Daniel P Salem
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Jessica H Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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9
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Yang F, Zuo X, Fan C, Zhang XE. Biomacromolecular nanostructures-based interfacial engineering: from precise assembly to precision biosensing. Natl Sci Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Biosensors are a type of important biodevice that integrate biological recognition elements, such as enzyme, antibody and DNA, and physical or chemical transducers, which have revolutionized clinical diagnosis especially under the context of point-of-care tests. Since the performance of a biosensor depends largely on the bio–solid interface, design and engineering of the interface play a pivotal role in developing quality biosensors. Along this line, a number of strategies have been developed to improve the homogeneity of the interface or the precision in regulating the interactions between biomolecules and the interface. Especially, intense efforts have been devoted to controlling the surface chemistry, orientation of immobilization, molecular conformation and packing density of surface-confined biomolecular probes (proteins and nucleic acids). By finely tuning these surface properties, through either gene manipulation or self-assembly, one may reduce the heterogeneity of self-assembled monolayers, increase the accessibility of target molecules and decrease the binding energy barrier to realize high sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we summarize recent progress in interfacial engineering of biosensors with particular focus on the use of protein and DNA nanostructures. These biomacromolecular nanostructures with atomistic precision lead to highly regulated interfacial assemblies at the nanoscale. We further describe the potential use of the high-performance biosensors for precision diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Excellence Center for Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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10
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Mu L, Droujinine IA, Lee J, Wipf M, Davis P, Adams C, Hannant J, Reed MA. Nanoelectronic Platform for Ultrasensitive Detection of Protein Biomarkers in Serum using DNA Amplification. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11325-11331. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luye Mu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Ilia A. Droujinine
- Department
of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mathias Wipf
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Paschall Davis
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Chris Adams
- QuantuMDx Group, Newcastle NE1 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark A. Reed
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department
of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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11
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Janissen R, Sahoo PK, Santos CA, da Silva AM, von Zuben AAG, Souto DEP, Costa ADT, Celedon P, Zanchin NIT, Almeida DB, Oliveira DS, Kubota LT, Cesar CL, Souza APD, Cotta MA. InP Nanowire Biosensor with Tailored Biofunctionalization: Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Disease Biomarker Detection. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5938-5949. [PMID: 28895736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrically active field-effect transistors (FET) based biosensors are of paramount importance in life science applications, as they offer direct, fast, and highly sensitive label-free detection capabilities of several biomolecules of specific interest. In this work, we report a detailed investigation on surface functionalization and covalent immobilization of biomarkers using biocompatible ethanolamine and poly(ethylene glycol) derivate coatings, as compared to the conventional approaches using silica monoliths, in order to substantially increase both the sensitivity and molecular selectivity of nanowire-based FET biosensor platforms. Quantitative fluorescence, atomic and Kelvin probe force microscopy allowed detailed investigation of the homogeneity and density of immobilized biomarkers on different biofunctionalized surfaces. Significantly enhanced binding specificity, biomarker density, and target biomolecule capture efficiency were thus achieved for DNA as well as for proteins from pathogens. This optimized functionalization methodology was applied to InP nanowires that due to their low surface recombination rates were used as new active transducers for biosensors. The developed devices provide ultrahigh label-free detection sensitivities ∼1 fM for specific DNA sequences, measured via the net change in device electrical resistance. Similar levels of ultrasensitive detection of ∼6 fM were achieved for a Chagas Disease protein marker (IBMP8-1). The developed InP nanowire biosensor provides thus a qualified tool for detection of the chronic infection stage of this disease, leading to improved diagnosis and control of spread. These methodological developments are expected to substantially enhance the chemical robustness, diagnostic reliability, detection sensitivity, and biomarker selectivity for current and future biosensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Janissen
- "Gleb Wataghin" Physics Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Prasana K Sahoo
- "Gleb Wataghin" Physics Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Clelton A Santos
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Biology Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-875, Brazil
| | - Aldeliane M da Silva
- "Gleb Wataghin" Physics Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Antonio A G von Zuben
- "Gleb Wataghin" Physics Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Denio E P Souto
- Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Alexandre D T Costa
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Carlos Chagas Institute , Curitiba, Paraná 81310-020 Brazil
| | - Paola Celedon
- Molecular Biology Institute of Paraná , Curitiba, Paraná 81310-020 Brazil
| | - Nilson I T Zanchin
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Carlos Chagas Institute , Curitiba, Paraná 81310-020 Brazil
| | - Diogo B Almeida
- "Gleb Wataghin" Physics Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Douglas S Oliveira
- "Gleb Wataghin" Physics Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Lauro T Kubota
- Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos L Cesar
- "Gleb Wataghin" Physics Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Anete P de Souza
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Biology Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-875, Brazil
| | - Monica A Cotta
- "Gleb Wataghin" Physics Institute, University of Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
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12
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Quantifying in vivo murine antigen-specific T cell responses without requirement for prior knowledge of antigen identity. Transfus Apher Sci 2016; 56:179-189. [PMID: 28007431 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely applied anti-cancer immunotherapy for patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). By using apoptotic malignant cells as a source of patient-specific tumor antigen, it enables clinically relevant and curative anti-CTCL immunity, with potential efficacy in other tumors. Currentmethods to track patient-specific responses are tedious, and new methods are needed to assess putative global immunity. We developed a clinically practical method to assess antigen-specific T cell activation that does not rely on knowledge of the particular antigen, thereby eliminating the requirement for patient-specific reagents. In the OT-I transgenic murine system, we quantified calcium flux to reveal early T cell engagement by antigen presenting cells constitutively displaying a model antigenic peptide, ovalbumin (OVA)-derived SIINFEKL. We detected calcium flux in OVA-specific T cells, triggered by specific T cell receptor engagement by SIINFEKL peptide-loaded DC. This approach led to sensitive detection of antigen-specific calcium flux (ACF) down to a peptide-loading concentration of ∼10-3uM and at a frequency of ∼0.1% OT-I cells among wild-type (WT), non-responding cells. Antigen-specific T cells were detected in spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood after adoptive transfer into control recipient mice. Methods like this for assessing therapeutic response are lacking in patients currently on immune-based therapies, such as ECP, where assessment of clinical response is made by delayed measurement of the size of the malignant clone. These findings suggest an early, practical way to measure therapeutically-induced anti-tumor responses in ECP-treated patients that have been immunized against their malignant cells.
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Non-Faradaic Electrochemical Detection of Exocytosis from Mast and Chromaffin Cells Using Floating-Gate MOS Transistors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18477. [PMID: 26686301 PMCID: PMC4685269 DOI: 10.1038/srep18477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present non-faradaic electrochemical recordings of exocytosis from populations of mast and chromaffin cells using chemoreceptive neuron MOS (CνMOS) transistors. In comparison to previous cell-FET-biosensors, the CνMOS features control (CG), sensing (SG) and floating gates (FG), allows the quiescent point to be independently controlled, is CMOS compatible and physically isolates the transistor channel from the electrolyte for stable long-term recordings. We measured exocytosis from RBL-2H3 mast cells sensitized by IgE (bound to high-affinity surface receptors FcεRI) and stimulated using the antigen DNP-BSA. Quasi-static I-V measurements reflected a slow shift in surface potential () which was dependent on extracellular calcium ([Ca]o) and buffer strength, which suggests sensitivity to protons released during exocytosis. Fluorescent imaging of dextran-labeled vesicle release showed evidence of a similar time course, while un-sensitized cells showed no response to stimulation. Transient recordings revealed fluctuations with a rapid rise and slow decay. Chromaffin cells stimulated with high KCl showed both slow shifts and extracellular action potentials exhibiting biphasic and inverted capacitive waveforms, indicative of varying ion-channel distributions across the cell-transistor junction. Our approach presents a facile method to simultaneously monitor exocytosis and ion channel activity with high temporal sensitivity without the need for redox chemistry.
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Peretz-Soroka H, Pevzner A, Davidi G, Naddaka V, Kwiat M, Huppert D, Patolsky F. Manipulating and Monitoring On-Surface Biological Reactions by Light-Triggered Local pH Alterations. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:4758-4768. [PMID: 26086686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Significant research efforts have been dedicated to the integration of biological species with electronic elements to yield smart bioelectronic devices. The integration of DNA, proteins, and whole living cells and tissues with electronic devices has been developed into numerous intriguing applications. In particular, the quantitative detection of biological species and monitoring of biological processes are both critical to numerous areas of medical and life sciences. Nevertheless, most current approaches merely focus on the "monitoring" of chemical processes taking place on the sensing surfaces, and little efforts have been invested in the conception of sensitive devices that can simultaneously "control" and "monitor" chemical and biological reactions by the application of on-surface reversible stimuli. Here, we demonstrate the light-controlled fine modulation of surface pH by the use of photoactive molecularly modified nanomaterials. Through the use of nanowire-based FET devices, we showed the capability of modulating the on-surface pH, by intensity-controlled light stimulus. This allowed us simultaneously and locally to control and monitor pH-sensitive biological reactions on the nanodevices surfaces, such as the local activation and inhibition of proteolytic enzymatic processes, as well as dissociation of antigen-antibody binding interactions. The demonstrated capability of locally modulating the on-surface effective pH, by a light stimuli, may be further applied in the local control of on-surface DNA hybridization/dehybridization processes, activation or inhibition of living cells processes, local switching of cellular function, local photoactivation of neuronal networks with single cell resolution and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Peretz-Soroka
- †School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Alexander Pevzner
- †School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Guy Davidi
- †School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Vladimir Naddaka
- †School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Moria Kwiat
- †School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Huppert
- †School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Fernando Patolsky
- †School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- ‡The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, the Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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15
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Lu N, Dai P, Gao A, Valiaho J, Kallio P, Wang Y, Li T. Label-free and rapid electrical detection of hTSH with CMOS-compatible silicon nanowire transistor arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20378-20384. [PMID: 25338002 DOI: 10.1021/am505915y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Now a human thyroid stimulating hormone (hTSH) assay has been considered as a screening tool for thyroid disease. However, some existing methods employed for in-hospital diagnosis still suffer from labor-intensive experimental steps, and expensive instrumentation. It is of great significance to meet the ever growing demand for development of label-free, disposable, and low-cost productive hTSH detection biosensors. Herein, we demonstrate a novel sensing strategy for highly sensitive and selective immunodetection of hTSH by using a CMOS-compatible silicon nanowire field effect transistor (SiNW-FET) device. The SiNW chips were manufactured by a top-down approach, allowing for the possibility of low-cost and large-scale production. By using the antibody-functionalized SiNW-FET nanosensors, we performed the label-free and rapid electrical detection of hTSH without any nanoparticle conjugation or signal amplifications. The proposed SiNW biosensor could detect hTSH binding down to a concentration of at least 0.02 mIU/L (0.11 pM), which is more sensitive than other sensing techniques. We also investigated the influence of Debye screening with varied ionic strength on hTSH detection sensitivity, and real-time measurements on various concentrations of the diluted buffer. The simple, label-free, low-cost, and miniaturized SiNW-FET chip has a potential perspective in point-of-care diagnosis of thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200050, Shanghai, China
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16
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Law JKY, Susloparova A, Vu XT, Zhou X, Hempel F, Qu B, Hoth M, Ingebrandt S. Human T cells monitored by impedance spectrometry using field-effect transistor arrays: a novel tool for single-cell adhesion and migration studies. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:170-6. [PMID: 25155061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in the immune system by recognizing and eliminating pathogen-infected and tumorigenic cells. In order to achieve their function, T cells have to migrate throughout the whole body and identify the respective targets. In conventional immunology studies, interactions between CTLs and targets are usually investigated using tedious and time-consuming immunofluorescence imaging. However, there is currently no straightforward measurement tool available to examine the interaction strengths. In the present study, adhesion strengths and migration of single human CD8(+) T cells on pre-coated field-effect transistor (FET) devices (i.e. fibronectin, anti-CD3 antibody, and anti-LFA-1 antibody) were measured using impedance spectroscopy. Adhesion strengths to different protein and antibody coatings were compared. By fitting the data to an electronically equivalent circuit model, cell-related parameters (cell membrane capacitance referring to cell morphology and seal resistance referring to adhesion strength) were obtained. This electronically-assessed adhesion strength provides a novel, fast, and important index describing the interaction efficiency. Furthermore, the size of our detection transistor gates as well as their sensitivity reaches down to single cell resolution. Real-time motions of individually migrating T cells can be traced using our FET devices. The in-house fabricated FETs used in the present study are providing a novel and very efficient insight to individual cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ka Yan Law
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany.
| | - Anna Susloparova
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Xuan Thang Vu
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Felix Hempel
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
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17
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He Y, Su Y. Silicon-Based Platform for Biosensing Applications. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-54668-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Wang Y, Li T, Yang H. Nanofabrication, effects and sensors based on micro-electro-mechanical systems technology. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120315. [PMID: 24000366 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, our investigation of nanofabrication, effects and sensors based on the traditional micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology has been reviewed. Thanks to high selectivity in anisotropic etching and sacrificial layer processes, nanostructures such as nanobeams and nanowires have been fabricated in top-down batch process, in which beams with thickness of only 20 nm and nanowires whose width and thickness is only 20 nm were achieved. With the help of MEMS chip, the scale effect of Young's modulus in silicon has been studied and confirmed directly in a tensile experiment using electron microscopy. Because of their high surface-to-volume ratio and small size, silicon nanowire (SiNW)-based field-effect transistors (FETs) have been shown as one of the most promising electronic devices and ultrasensitive detectors in biological applications. We demonstrated that an SiNW-FET sensor can reveal ultrahigh sensitivity for rapid and reliable detection of 0.1 fM of target DNA with high specificity. All these indicate that the MEMS technology can pave the way to nanoapplications with its advantages of batch production, low cost and high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Wang
- Science and Technology on Micro-system Laboratory and State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
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19
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Lee MH, Lee K, Jung SW. Multiplexed detection of protein markers with silicon nanowire FET and sol-gel matrix. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2012:570-3. [PMID: 23365956 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6345995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new modified top-down based fabrication method has been developed to obtain highly ordered silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays. With this method, we could produce as many as 500 chips (size dependable) in an 8 inch wafer. The immobilization of multiple proteins on each chip was performed by spotting sol/gel materials encapsulating antibodies on the different regions. The most commonly used protein markers in clinics, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA), were systematically entrapped in sol-gel materials and used for multiplexed testing. Upon formation, the electrical signal of different concentrations of CRP and PSA could be simultaneously determined in the range of 0.12 ∼ 10 ng/mL and 0.18 ∼ 8.87 ng/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Lee
- Medical IT research center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 463-816, Korea.
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20
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Peretz-Soroka H, Pevzner A, Davidi G, Naddaka V, Tirosh R, Flaxer E, Patolsky F. Optically-gated self-calibrating nanosensors: monitoring pH and metabolic activity of living cells. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:3157-3168. [PMID: 23772673 DOI: 10.1021/nl401169k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative detection of biological and chemical species is critical to numerous areas of medical and life sciences. In this context, information regarding pH is of central importance in multiple areas, from chemical analysis, through biomedical basic studies and medicine, to industry. Therefore, a continuous interest exists in developing new, rapid, miniature, biocompatible and highly sensitive pH sensors for minute fluid volumes. Here, we present a new paradigm in the development of optoelectrical sensing nanodevices with built-in self-calibrating capabilities. The proposed electrical devices, modified with a photoactive switchable molecular recognition layer, can be optically switched between two chemically different states, each having different chemical binding constants and as a consequence affecting the device surface potential at different extents, thus allowing the ratiometric internal calibration of the sensing event. At each point in time, the ratio of the electrical signals measured in the ground and excited states, respectively, allows for the absolute concentration measurement of the molecular species under interest, without the need for electrical calibration of individual devices. Furthermore, we applied these devices for the real-time monitoring of cellular metabolic activity, extra- and intracellularly, as a potential future tool for the performance of basic cell biology studies and high-throughput personalized medicine-oriented research, involving single cells and tissues. This new concept can be readily expanded to the sensing of additional chemical and biological species by the use of additional photoactive switchable receptors. Moreover, this newly demonstrated coupling between surface-confined photoactive molecular species and nanosensing devices could be utilized in the near future in the development of devices of higher complexity for both the simultaneous control and monitoring of chemical and biological processes with nanoscale resolution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Peretz-Soroka
- School of Chemistry, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and ‡The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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21
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Baumgartner S, Heitzinger C, Vacic A, Reed MA. Predictive simulations and optimization of nanowire field-effect PSA sensors including screening. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:225503. [PMID: 23644739 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/22/225503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We apply our self-consistent PDE model for the electrical response of field-effect sensors to the 3D simulation of nanowire PSA (prostate-specific antigen) sensors. The charge concentration in the biofunctionalized boundary layer at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface is calculated using the propka algorithm, and the screening of the biomolecules by the free ions in the liquid is modeled by a sensitivity factor. This comprehensive approach yields excellent agreement with experimental current-voltage characteristics without any fitting parameters. Having verified the numerical model in this manner, we study the sensitivity of nanowire PSA sensors by changing device parameters, making it possible to optimize the devices and revealing the attributes of the optimal field-effect sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Baumgartner
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Donau-City-Strasse 1, A-1220 Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Adiguzel Y, Kulah H. CMOS cell sensors for point-of-care diagnostics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:10042-66. [PMID: 23112587 PMCID: PMC3472815 DOI: 10.3390/s120810042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The burden of health-care related services in a global era with continuously increasing population and inefficient dissipation of the resources requires effective solutions. From this perspective, point-of-care diagnostics is a demanded field in clinics. It is also necessary both for prompt diagnosis and for providing health services evenly throughout the population, including the rural districts. The requirements can only be fulfilled by technologies whose productivity has already been proven, such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS). CMOS-based products can enable clinical tests in a fast, simple, safe, and reliable manner, with improved sensitivities. Portability due to diminished sensor dimensions and compactness of the test set-ups, along with low sample and power consumption, is another vital feature. CMOS-based sensors for cell studies have the potential to become essential counterparts of point-of-care diagnostics technologies. Hence, this review attempts to inform on the sensors fabricated with CMOS technology for point-of-care diagnostic studies, with a focus on CMOS image sensors and capacitance sensors for cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekbun Adiguzel
- METU-MEMS Research and Application Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Haluk Kulah
- METU-MEMS Research and Application Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; E-Mail:
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23
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Chiang PL, Chou TC, Wu TH, Li CC, Liao CD, Lin JY, Tsai MH, Tsai CC, Sun CJ, Wang CH, Fang JM, Chen YT. Nanowire transistor-based ultrasensitive virus detection with reversible surface functionalization. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2073-9. [PMID: 22715151 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have applied a reusable silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW-FET) as a biosensor to conduct ultrasensitive detection of H5N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in very dilute solution. The reversible surface functionalization of SiNW-FET was made possible using a disulfide linker. In the surface functionalization, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) was first modified on the SiNW-FET (referred to as MPTMS/SiNW-FET), with subsequent dithiothreitol washing to reduce any possible disulfide bonding between the thiol groups of MPTMS. Subsequently, receptor molecules could be immobilized on the MPTMS/SiNW-FET by the formation of a disulfide bond. The success of the reversible surface functionalization was verified with fluorescence examination and electrical measurements. A surface topograph of the SiNW-FET biosensor modified with a monoclonal antibody against H5N2 virus (referred to as mAb(H5)/SiNW-FET) after detecting approximately 10(-17) M H5N2 AIVs was scanned by atomic force microscopy to demonstrate that the SiNW-FET is capable of detecting very few H5N2 AIV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C
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24
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Kwiat M, Elnathan R, Kwak M, de Vries JW, Pevzner A, Engel Y, Burstein L, Khatchtourints A, Lichtenstein A, Flaxer E, Herrmann A, Patolsky F. Non-covalent monolayer-piercing anchoring of lipophilic nucleic acids: preparation, characterization, and sensing applications. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:280-92. [PMID: 22084968 DOI: 10.1021/ja206639d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Functional interfaces of biomolecules and inorganic substrates like semiconductor materials are of utmost importance for the development of highly sensitive biosensors and microarray technology. However, there is still a lot of room for improving the techniques for immobilization of biomolecules, in particular nucleic acids and proteins. Conventional anchoring strategies rely on attaching biomacromolecules via complementary functional groups, appropriate bifunctional linker molecules, or non-covalent immobilization via electrostatic interactions. In this work, we demonstrate a facile, new, and general method for the reversible non-covalent attachment of amphiphilic DNA probes containing hydrophobic units attached to the nucleobases (lipid-DNA) onto SAM-modified gold electrodes, silicon semiconductor surfaces, and glass substrates. We show the anchoring of well-defined amounts of lipid-DNA onto the surface by insertion of their lipid tails into the hydrophobic monolayer structure. The surface coverage of DNA molecules can be conveniently controlled by modulating the initial concentration and incubation time. Further control over the DNA layer is afforded by the additional external stimulus of temperature. Heating the DNA-modified surfaces at temperatures >80 °C leads to the release of the lipid-DNA structures from the surface without harming the integrity of the hydrophobic SAMs. These supramolecular DNA layers can be further tuned by anchoring onto a mixed SAM containing hydrophobic molecules of different lengths, rather than a homogeneous SAM. Immobilization of lipid-DNA on such SAMs has revealed that the surface density of DNA probes is highly dependent on the composition of the surface layer and the structure of the lipid-DNA. The formation of the lipid-DNA sensing layers was monitored and characterized by numerous techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance, ellipsometry, contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, and confocal fluorescence imaging. Finally, this new DNA modification strategy was applied for the sensing of target DNAs using silicon-nanowire field-effect transistor device arrays, showing a high degree of specificity toward the complementary DNA target, as well as single-base mismatch selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moria Kwiat
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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25
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Sabatte G, Feitsma H, Evers TH, Prins MW. Protein biomarker enrichment by biomarker antibody complex elution for immunoassay biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 29:18-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Baumgartner S, Vasicek M, Bulyha A, Heitzinger C. Optimization of nanowire DNA sensor sensitivity using self-consistent simulation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:425503. [PMID: 21945993 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/42/425503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to facilitate the rational design and the characterization of nanowire field-effect sensors, we have developed a model based on self-consistent charge-transport equations combined with interface conditions for the description of the biofunctionalized surface layer at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Crucial processes at the interface, such as the screening of the partial charges of the DNA strands and the influence of the angle of the DNA strands with respect to the nanowire, are computed by a Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm for charged molecules at interfaces. In order to investigate the sensing mechanism of the device, we have computed the current–voltage characteristics, the electrostatic potential and the concentrations of electrons and holes. Very good agreement with measurements has been found and optimal device parameters have been identified. Our approach provides the capability to study the device sensitivity, which is of fundamental importance for reliable sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baumgartner
- Wolfgang Pauli Institute c/o Department of Mathematics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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27
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Chang KS, Sun CJ, Chiang PL, Chou AC, Lin MC, Liang C, Hung HH, Yeh YH, Chen CD, Pan CY, Chen YT. Monitoring extracellular K+ flux with a valinomycin-coated silicon nanowire field-effect transistor. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 31:137-43. [PMID: 22036669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW-FET) coated with a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane containing valinomycin (VAL) was employed as a biosensor (referred to as VAL-PVC/SiNW-FET) to detect the K(+)-efflux from live chromaffin cells. The detection sensitivity of K(+) with the VAL-PVC/SiNW-FET covers a broad range of concentrations from 10(-6) to 10(-2) M. The apparent association constants between VAL and Li(+), Na(+), K(+), and Cs(+) in Tris buffer solution were determined to be 67±42, 120±23, 5974±115, and 4121±140 M(-1), respectively. By culturing chromaffin cells on the VAL-PVC/SiNW-FET, the conductance was significantly increased by nicotine stimulation in a bath buffer without Na(+). The K(+) concentration at the cell surface was determined to be ~20 μM under the stimulation of 5 mM nicotine. These results demonstrate that the VAL-PVC/SiNW-FET is sensitive and selective to detect the released K(+) from cells and is suitable for applications in cellular recording investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Shing Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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28
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Vaknin O, Khamaisi B, Mizrahi M, Ashkenasy N. Controlling Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor Electrical Characteristics Using Immunosorbent Assay. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Gao A, Lu N, Dai P, Li T, Pei H, Gao X, Gong Y, Wang Y, Fan C. Silicon-nanowire-based CMOS-compatible field-effect transistor nanosensors for ultrasensitive electrical detection of nucleic acids. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:3974-3978. [PMID: 21848308 DOI: 10.1021/nl202303y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the design of a novel semiconducting silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW-FET) biosensor array for ultrasensitive label-free and real-time detection of nucleic acids. Highly responsive SiNWs with narrow sizes and high surface-to-volume-ratios were "top-down" fabricated with a complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatible anisotropic self-stop etching technique. When SiNWs were covalently modified with DNA probes, the nanosensor showed highly sensitive concentration-dependent conductance change in response to specific target DNA sequences. This SiNW-FET nanosensor revealed ultrahigh sensitivity for rapid and reliable detection of 1 fM of target DNA and high specificity single-nucleotide polymorphism discrimination. As a proof-of-concept for multiplex detection with this small-size and mass producible sensor array, we demonstrated simultaneous selective detection of two pathogenic strain virus DNA sequences (H1N1 and H5N1) of avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Gao
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology & Science and Technology on Micro-system Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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Li J, Zhang Y, To S, You L, Sun Y. Effect of nanowire number, diameter, and doping density on nano-FET biosensor sensitivity. ACS NANO 2011; 5:6661-6668. [PMID: 21815637 DOI: 10.1021/nn202182p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductive nanowire-based biosensors are capable of label-free detection of biological molecules. Nano-FET (field-effect transistor) biosensors exhibiting high sensitivities toward proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses have been demonstrated. Rational device design methodologies, particularly those based on theoretical predictions, were reported. However, few experimental studies have investigated the effect of nanowire diameter, doping density, and number on nano-FET sensitivity. In this study, we devised a fabrication process based on parallel approaches and nanomanipulation-based post-processing for constructing nano-FET biosensor devices with carefully controlled nanowire parameters (diameter, doping density, and number). We experimentally reveal the effect of these nanowire parameters on nano-FET biosensor sensitivity. The experimental findings quantitatively demonstrate that device sensitivity decreases with increasing number of nanowires (4 and 7 nanowire devices exhibited a ∼38 and ∼82% decrease in sensitivity as compared to a single-nanowire device), larger nanowire diameters (sensors with 81-100 and 101-120 nm nanowire diameters exhibited a ∼16 and ∼37% decrease in sensitivity compared to devices with nanowire diameters of 60-80 nm), and higher nanowire doping densities (∼69% decrease in sensitivity due to an increase in nanowire doping density from 10(17) to 10(19) atoms·cm(-3)). These results provide insight into the importance of controlling nanowire properties for maximizing sensitivity and minimizing performance variation across devices when designing and manufacturing nano-FET biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 3G8, Canada
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31
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Vacic A, Criscione JM, Rajan NK, Stern E, Fahmy TM, Reed MA. Determination of molecular configuration by debye length modulation. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13886-9. [PMID: 21815673 DOI: 10.1021/ja205684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silicon nanowire field effect transistors (FETs) have emerged as ultrasensitive, label-free biodetectors that operate by sensing bound surface charge. However, the ionic strength of the environment (i.e., the Debye length of the solution) dictates the effective magnitude of the surface charge. Here, we show that control of the Debye length determines the spatial extent of sensed bound surface charge on the sensor. We apply this technique to different methods of antibody immobilization, demonstrating different effective distances of induced charge from the sensor surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Vacic
- Departments of Electrical, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.
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Vacic A, Criscione JM, Stern E, Rajan NK, Fahmy T, Reed MA. Multiplexed SOI BioFETs. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:239-42. [PMID: 21820303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale Field Effect Transistors have emerged as a promising technology for ultrasensitive, unlabeled diagnostic applications. However, their use as quantitative sensors has been problematic because of the need for individual sensor calibration. In this work we demonstrate an internal calibration scheme for multiplexed nanoribbon field effect sensors by utilizing the initial current rates rather than end point detection. A linear response is observed consistent with initial binding kinetics. Moreover, we are able to show that top-down fabrication techniques yield reproducible device results with minimal fluctuations, enabling internal calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Vacic
- Department of Electrical, Yale University, 15 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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High-k dielectric Al₂O₃ nanowire and nanoplate field effect sensors for improved pH sensing. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:335-44. [PMID: 21203849 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, field-effect transistors (FETs) with nanoscale dimensions have emerged as possible label-free biological and chemical sensors capable of highly sensitive detection of various entities and processes. While significant progress has been made towards improving their sensitivity, much is yet to be explored in the study of various critical parameters, such as the choice of a sensing dielectric, the choice of applied front and back gate biases, the design of the device dimensions, and many others. In this work, we present a process to fabricate nanowire and nanoplate FETs with Al(2)O(3) gate dielectrics and we compare these devices with FETs with SiO(2) gate dielectrics. The use of a high-k dielectric such as Al(2)O(3) allows for the physical thickness of the gate dielectric to be thicker without losing sensitivity to charge, which then reduces leakage currents and results in devices that are highly robust in fluid. This optimized process results in devices stable for up to 8 h in fluidic environments. Using pH sensing as a benchmark, we show the importance of optimizing the device bias, particularly the back gate bias which modulates the effective channel thickness. We also demonstrate that devices with Al(2)O(3) gate dielectrics exhibit superior sensitivity to pH when compared to devices with SiO(2) gate dielectrics. Finally, we show that when the effective electrical silicon channel thickness is on the order of the Debye length, device response to pH is virtually independent of device width. These silicon FET sensors could become integral components of future silicon based Lab on Chip systems.
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Tsai CC, Chiang PL, Sun CJ, Lin TW, Tsai MH, Chang YC, Chen YT. Surface potential variations on a silicon nanowire transistor in biomolecular modification and detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:135503. [PMID: 21343647 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/13/135503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using a silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW-FET) for biomolecule detections, we selected 3-(mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), N-[6-(biotinamido)hexyl]-3(')-(2(')-pyridyldithio) propionamide (biotin-HPDP), and avidin, respectively, as the designated linker, receptor, and target molecules as a study model, where the biotin molecules were modified on the SiNW-FET to act as a receptor for avidin. We applied high-resolution scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) to detect the modified/bound biomolecules by measuring the induced change of the surface potential (ΔΦ(s)) on the SiNW-FET under ambient conditions. After biotin-immobilization and avidin-binding, the ΔΦ(s) on the SiNW-FET characterized by KPFM was demonstrated to correlate to the conductance change inside the SiNW-FET acquired in aqueous solution. The ΔΦ(s) values on the SiNW-FET caused by the same biotin-immobilization and avidin-binding were also measured from drain current versus gate voltage curves (I(d)-V(g)) in both aqueous condition and dried state. For comparison, we also study the ΔΦ(s) values on a Si wafer caused by the same biotin-immobilization and avidin-binding through KPFM and ζ potential measurements. This study has demonstrated that the surface potential measurement on a SiNW-FET by KPFM can be applied as a diagnostic tool that complements the electrical detection with a SiNW-FET sensor. Although the KPFM experiments were carried out under ambient conditions, the measured surface properties of a SiNW-FET are qualitatively valid compared with those obtained by other biosensory techniques performed in liquid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chang Tsai
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, PO Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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35
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Pui TS, Agarwal A, Ye F, Huang Y, Chen P. Nanoelectronic detection of triggered secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines using CMOS compatible silicon nanowires. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:2746-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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MacKenzie R, Fraschina C, Sannomiya T, Auzelyte V, Vörös J. Optical sensing with simultaneous electrochemical control in metal nanowire arrays. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:9808-30. [PMID: 22163441 PMCID: PMC3231022 DOI: 10.3390/s101109808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the alternative use of noble metal nanowire systems in large-scale array configurations to exploit both the nanowires' conductive nature and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The first known nanowire-based system has been constructed, with which optical signals are influenced by the simultaneous application of electrochemical potentials. Optical characterization of nanowire arrays was performed by measuring the bulk refractive index sensitivity and the limit of detection. The formation of an electrical double layer was controlled in NaCl solutions to study the effect of local refractive index changes on the spectral response. Resonance peak shifts of over 4 nm, a bulk refractive index sensitivity up to 115 nm/RIU and a limit of detection as low as 4.5 × 10(-4) RIU were obtained for gold nanowire arrays. Simulations with the Multiple Multipole Program (MMP) confirm such bulk refractive index sensitivities. Initial experiments demonstrated successful optical biosensing using a novel form of particle-based nanowire arrays. In addition, the formation of an ionic layer (Stern-layer) upon applying an electrochemical potential was also monitored by the shift of the plasmon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert MacKenzie
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Fraschina
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takumi Sannomiya
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vaida Auzelyte
- Laboratory for Micro-/Nano-technology, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Janos Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Lu MP, Hsiao CY, Lai WT, Yang YS. Probing the sensitivity of nanowire-based biosensors using liquid-gating. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:425505. [PMID: 20864778 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/42/425505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have used liquid-gating to investigate the sensitivity of nanowire (NW)-based biosensors for application in the field of ultrasensitive biodetection. We developed an equivalent capacitance model of the biosensor system to explore the dependence of the sensitivity on the liquid-gate voltage (V(lg)), which was influenced by capacitive competition between the NW capacitance and the thin oxide capacitance. NW biosensors with highest sensitivity were obtained when we operated the device in the subthreshold regime while applying an appropriate value of V(lg); the influence of leakage paths through the ionic solutions led, however, to significant sensitivity degradation and narrowed the operating window in the subthreshold regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Pei Lu
- National Nano Device Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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38
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Huang Y, Chen P. Nanoelectronic biosensing of dynamic cellular activities based on nanostructured materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:2818-2823. [PMID: 20379973 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Controlling influenza by cytotoxic T-cells: calling for help from destroyers. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:863985. [PMID: 20508820 PMCID: PMC2875772 DOI: 10.1155/2010/863985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a vaccine preventable disease that causes severe illness and excess mortality in humans. Licensed influenza vaccines induce humoral immunity and protect against strains that antigenically match the major antigenic components of the vaccine, but much less against antigenically diverse influenza strains. A vaccine that protects against different influenza viruses belonging to the same subtype or even against viruses belonging to more than one subtype would be a major advance in our battle against influenza. Heterosubtypic immunity could be obtained by cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses against conserved influenza virus epitopes. The molecular mechanisms involved in inducing protective CTL responses are discussed here. We also focus on CTL vaccine design and point to the importance of immune-related databases and immunoinformatics tools in the quest for new vaccine candidates. Some techniques for analysis of T-cell responses are also highlighted, as they allow estimation of cellular immune responses induced by vaccine preparations and can provide correlates of protection.
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Timko BP, Cohen-Karni T, Qing Q, Tian B, Lieber CM. Design and Implementation of Functional Nanoelectronic Interfaces With Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissue Using Nanowire Device Arrays. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 9:269-280. [PMID: 21785576 PMCID: PMC3140208 DOI: 10.1109/tnano.2009.2031807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire FETs (NWFETs) are promising building blocks for nanoscale bioelectronic interfaces with cells and tissue since they are known to exhibit exquisite sensitivity in the context of chemical and biological detection, and have the potential to form strongly coupled interfaces with cell membranes. We present a general scheme that can be used to assemble NWs with rationally designed composition and geometry on either planar inorganic or biocompatible flexible plastic surfaces. We demonstrate that these devices can be used to measure signals from neurons, cardiomyocytes, and heart tissue. Reported signals are in millivolts range, which are equal to or substantially greater than those recorded with either planar FETs or multielectrode arrays, and demonstrate one unique advantage of NW-based devices. Basic studies showing the effect of device sensitivity and cell/substrate junction quality on signal magnitude are presented. Finally, our demonstrated ability to design high-density arrays of NWFETs enables us to map signal at the subcellular level, a functionality not enabled by conventional microfabricated devices. These advances could have broad applications in high-throughput drug assays, fundamental biophysical studies of cellular function, and development of powerful prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Timko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. He is now with Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Tzahi Cohen-Karni
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Quan Qing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Charles M. Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
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Look M, Bandyopadhyay A, Blum JS, Fahmy TM. Application of nanotechnologies for improved immune response against infectious diseases in the developing world. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:378-93. [PMID: 19922750 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new strategies to combat infectious diseases in developing countries. Many pathogens have evolved to elude immunity and this has limited the utility of current therapies. Additionally, the emergence of co-infections and drug resistant pathogens has increased the need for advanced therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. These challenges can be addressed with therapies that boost the quality and magnitude of an immune response in a predictable, designable fashion that can be applied for wide-spread use. Here, we discuss how biomaterials and specifically nanoscale delivery vehicles can be used to modify and improve the immune system response against infectious diseases. Immunotherapy of infectious disease is the enhancement or modulation of the immune system response to more effectively prevent or clear pathogen infection. Nanoscale vehicles are particularly adept at facilitating immunotherapeutic approaches because they can be engineered to have different physical properties, encapsulated agents, and surface ligands. Additionally, nanoscaled point-of-care diagnostics offer new alternatives for portable and sensitive health monitoring that can guide the use of nanoscale immunotherapies. By exploiting the unique tunability of nanoscale biomaterials to activate, shape, and detect immune system effector function, it may be possible in the near future to generate practical strategies for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in the developing world.
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Stern E, Vacic A, Li C, Ishikawa FN, Zhou C, Reed MA, Fahmy TM. A nanoelectronic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of proteins in physiological solutions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:232-8. [PMID: 19882688 PMCID: PMC2838924 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting nanowires are promising ultrasensitive, label-free sensors for small molecules, DNA, proteins, and cellular function. Nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) function by sensing the charge of a bound molecule. However, solutions of physiological ionic strength compromise the detection of specific binding events due to ionic (Debye) screening. A general solution to this limitation with the development of a hybrid nanoelectronic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ne-ELISA) that combines the power of enzymatic conversion of a bound substrate with electronic detection is demonstrated. This novel configuration produces a local enzyme-mediated pH change proportional to the bound ligand concentration. It is shown that nanowire FETs configured as pH sensors can be used for the quantitative detection of interleukin-2 in physiologically buffered solution at concentrations as low as 1.6 pg mL(-1). By successfully bypassing the Debye screening inherent in physiological fluids, the ne-ELISA promises wide applicability for ligand detection in a range of relevant solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stern
- Department of Biomedical, School of Engineering, Yale University, 15 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Aleksandar Vacic
- Department of Electrical, School of Engineering, Yale University, 15 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3737 Watts Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Fumiaki N. Ishikawa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3737 Watts Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California 3737 Watts Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mark A. Reed
- Department of Electrical, School of Engineering, Yale University, 15 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, Yale University 15 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Tarek M. Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical, School of Engineering, Yale University, 15 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Yale University, 15 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Ishikawa FN, Curreli M, Chang HK, Chen PC, Zhang R, Cote RJ, Thompson ME, Zhou C. A calibration method for nanowire biosensors to suppress device-to-device variation. ACS NANO 2009; 3:3969-76. [PMID: 19921812 PMCID: PMC2805439 DOI: 10.1021/nn9011384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire/nanotube biosensors have stimulated significant interest; however, the inevitable device-to-device variation in the biosensor performance remains a great challenge. We have developed an analytical method to calibrate nanowire biosensor responses that can suppress the device-to-device variation in sensing response significantly. The method is based on our discovery of a strong correlation between the biosensor gate dependence (dI(ds)/dV(g)) and the absolute response (absolute change in current, DeltaI). In(2)O(3) nanowire-based biosensors for streptavidin detection were used as the model system. Studying the liquid gate effect and ionic concentration dependence of strepavidin sensing indicates that electrostatic interaction is the dominant mechanism for sensing response. Based on this sensing mechanism and transistor physics, a linear correlation between the absolute sensor response (DeltaI) and the gate dependence (dI(ds)/dV(g)) is predicted and confirmed experimentally. Using this correlation, a calibration method was developed where the absolute response is divided by dI(ds)/dV(g) for each device, and the calibrated responses from different devices behaved almost identically. Compared to the common normalization method (normalization of the conductance/resistance/current by the initial value), this calibration method was proven advantageous using a conventional transistor model. The method presented here substantially suppresses device-to-device variation, allowing the use of nanosensors in large arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki N. Ishikawa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Marco Curreli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Hsiao-Kang Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Po-Chiang Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Richard J. Cote
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Mark E. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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Feng P, Mönch I, Harazim S, Huang G, Mei Y, Schmidt OG. Giant persistent photoconductivity in rough silicon nanomembranes. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:3453-3459. [PMID: 19637888 DOI: 10.1021/nl9016557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the observation of giant persistent photoconductivity from rough Si nanomembranes. When exposed to light, the current in p-type Si nanomembranes is enhanced by roughly 3 orders of magnitude in comparison with that in the dark and can persist for days at a high conductive state after the light is switched off. An applied gate voltage can tune the persistent photocurrent and accelerate the response to light. By analyzing the band structure of the devices and the surfaces through various coatings, we attribute the observed effect to hole-localized regions in Si nanomembranes due to the rough surfaces, where light can activate the confined holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Feng
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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45
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Abstract
Nanopipette technology can uniquely identify biomolecules such as proteins based on differences in size, shape, and electrical charge. These differences are determined by the detection of changes in ionic current as the proteins interact with the nanopipette tip coated with probe molecules. Here we show that electrostatic, biotin-streptavidin, and antibody-antigen interactions on the nanopipette tip surface affect ionic current flowing through a 50-nm pore. Highly charged polymers interacting with the glass surface modulated the rectification property of the nanopipette electrode. Affinity-based binding between the probes tethered to the surface and their target proteins caused a change in the ionic current due to a partial blockade or an altered surface charge. These findings suggest that nanopipettes functionalized with appropriate molecular recognition elements can be used as nanosensors in biomedical and biological research.
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46
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Nanomedicine: Disease nanosensors. Nature 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/4551010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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