1
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Jung HI, Choi H, Song YJ, Kim JH, Yoon Y. Synergistic augmentation and fundamental mechanistic exploration of β-Ga 2O 3-rGO photocatalyst for efficient CO 2 reduction. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:4611-4624. [PMID: 39263398 PMCID: PMC11385812 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
We explore the novel photodecomposition capabilities of β-Ga2O3 when augmented with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Employing real-time spectroscopy, this study unveils the sophisticated mechanisms of photodecomposition, identifying an optimal 1 wt% β-Ga2O3-rGO ratio that substantially elevates the degradation efficiency of Methylene Blue (MB). Our findings illuminate a direct relationship between the photocatalyst's composition and its performance, with the quantity of rGO synthesis notably influencing the catalyst's morphology and consequently, its photodegradation potency. The 1 wt% β-Ga2O3-rGO composition stands out in its class, showing a notable 4.7-fold increase in CO production over pristine β-Ga2O3 and achieving CO selectivity above 98%. This remarkable performance is a testament to the significant improvements rendered by our novel rGO integration technique. Such promising results highlight the potential of our custom-designed β-Ga2O3-rGO photocatalyst for critical environmental applications, representing a substantial leap forward in photocatalytic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Jung
- Korea Aerospace University, Department of Materials Engineering Goyang Republic of Korea
| | - Hangyeol Choi
- Korea Aerospace University, Department of Materials Engineering Goyang Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Song
- Dong-A University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Dong-A University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Korea Aerospace University, Department of Materials Engineering Goyang Republic of Korea
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2
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Lalaguna PL, Souchu P, Mackinnon N, Crimin F, Kumar R, Chaubey SK, Sarguroh A, McWilliam A, Ganin AY, MacLaren DA, Franke-Arnold S, Götte JB, Barnett SM, Gadegaard N, Kadodwala M. Spatial Control of 2D Nanomaterial Electronic Properties Using Chiral Light Beams. ACS NANO 2024; 18:20401-20411. [PMID: 39074067 PMCID: PMC11313125 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Single-layer two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials exhibit physical and chemical properties which can be dynamically modulated through out-of-plane deformations. Existing methods rely on intricate micromechanical manipulations (e.g., poking, bending, rumpling), hindering their widespread technological implementation. We address this challenge by proposing an all-optical approach that decouples strain engineering from micromechanical complexities. This method leverages the forces generated by chiral light beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). The inherent sense of twist of these beams enables the exertion of controlled torques on 2D monolayer materials, inducing tailored strain. This approach offers a contactless and dynamically tunable alternative to existing methods. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate control over the conductivity of graphene transistors using chiral light beams, showcasing the potential of this approach for manipulating properties in future electronic devices. This optical control mechanism holds promise in enabling the reconfiguration of devices through optically patterned strain. It also allows broader utilization of strain engineering in 2D nanomaterials for advanced functionalities in next-generation optoelectronic devices and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Souchu
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
- Faculté
des sciences et ingénierie, Université
de Toulouse UPS, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Neel Mackinnon
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Frances Crimin
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Rahul Kumar
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | | | - Asma Sarguroh
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Amy McWilliam
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Alexey Y. Ganin
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Donald A. MacLaren
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Sonja Franke-Arnold
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Jörg B. Götte
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Stephen M. Barnett
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- James
Watt School of Engineering, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
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3
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Koo Y, Moon T, Kang M, Joo H, Lee C, Lee H, Kravtsov V, Park KD. Dynamical control of nanoscale light-matter interactions in low-dimensional quantum materials. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:30. [PMID: 38272869 PMCID: PMC10810844 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced nano-spectroscopy and -imaging have significantly advanced our understanding of low-dimensional quantum materials and their interactions with light, providing a rich insight into the underlying physics at their natural length scale. Recently, various functionalities of the plasmonic tip expand the capabilities of the nanoscopy, enabling dynamic manipulation of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. In this review, we focus on a new paradigm of the nanoscopy, shifting from the conventional role of imaging and spectroscopy to the dynamical control approach of the tip-induced light-matter interactions. We present three different approaches of tip-induced control of light-matter interactions, such as cavity-gap control, pressure control, and near-field polarization control. Specifically, we discuss the nanoscale modifications of radiative emissions for various emitters from weak to strong coupling regime, achieved by the precise engineering of the cavity-gap. Furthermore, we introduce recent works on light-matter interactions controlled by tip-pressure and near-field polarization, especially tunability of the bandgap, crystal structure, photoluminescence quantum yield, exciton density, and energy transfer in a wide range of quantum materials. We envision that this comprehensive review not only contributes to a deeper understanding of the physics of nanoscale light-matter interactions but also offers a valuable resource to nanophotonics, plasmonics, and materials science for future technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjeong Koo
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Moon
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Huitae Joo
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongwoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Vasily Kravtsov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Kyoung-Duck Park
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Sharma A, Dantham VR. Enhancement of Raman signal of monolayer graphene films using a single optical microsphere-assisted Raman microscopic technique. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 297:122736. [PMID: 37062118 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, we report the enhancement of the Raman scattering signal of monolayer graphene films (MGFs) on Cu foils using a single optical microsphere-assisted Raman microscopic (SOMRM) technique. Initially, the Raman scattering spectra of MGF on Cu foil are recorded using the conventional Raman microscopic (CRM) technique, where the excitation laser is directly focused on the MGFs with the help of a different microscopic objective lens. The obtained spectra are observed to consist of only the low-intensity G and 2D bands but not the D band, known as the disorder or defect band. However, the intensity of all three bands is enhanced significantly using the SOMRM technique. Finally, the numerical investigation is performed on the SOMRM technique to understand the origin of the enhancement of the Raman scattering signal of MGF on the Cu substrates. The role of the substrate for MGF and the radius of the microsphere on the enhancement of the Raman scattering signal of MGFs is also investigated numerically in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801103, India
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5
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Chhikara M, Bratina G, Pavlica E. Role of Graphene Topography in the Initial Stages of Pentacene Layer Growth. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27534-27542. [PMID: 37546596 PMCID: PMC10398842 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Using atomic force microscopy, we probed the growth of pentacene molecules on graphene that was fabricated by chemical vapor deposition and transferred onto 300 nm-thick SiO2 substrates. The topography of such graphene has two important properties. First, its surface is comprised of folds that have different orientations, and second, it has several multilayer-graphene regions distributed over the monolayer-graphene surface. On such folded graphene features, we vacuum evaporated pentacene and observed three-dimensional islands with an average height of ∼15 nm. They are oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the folds, and they are also predominantly oriented along the symmetry axes of graphene. Orientation of pentacene islands on graphene evaporated at room temperature has a wide distribution. On the contrary, most of the pentacene islands evaporated at 60 °C are oriented at 30° with respect to the fold direction. We observed that the folds act as a potential barrier for the surface transport of pentacene molecules. In addition, we interpret the 3D growth of pentacene islands on graphene in terms of reduced polar components of the surface energy on graphene investigated with contact angle measurements.
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6
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Wan Q, Guo H, Lin S. Corrugation-Induced Active Sites on Pristine Graphene for H 2 Activation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States
| | - Sen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou350002, China
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7
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Curving of graphene quantum dots by external electric field. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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A novel IONP-decorated two-dimensional [Zn2+]:[Insulin] nanosheet with ordered array of surface channels and cellular uptake potential. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Bao L, Huang L, Guo H, Gao HJ. Construction and physical properties of low-dimensional structures for nanoscale electronic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9082-9117. [PMID: 35383791 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05981e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, construction of nanoscale electronic devices with novel functionalities based on low-dimensional structures, such as single molecules and two-dimensional (2D) materials, has been rapidly developed. To investigate their intrinsic properties for versatile functionalities of nanoscale electronic devices, it is crucial to precisely control the structures and understand the physical properties of low-dimensional structures at the single atomic level. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the construction of nanoelectronic devices based on single molecules and 2D materials and the investigation of their physical properties. For single molecules, we focus on the construction of single-molecule devices, such as molecular motors and molecular switches, by precisely controlling their self-assembled structures on metal substrates and charge transport properties. For 2D materials, we emphasize their spin-related electrical transport properties for spintronic device applications and the role that interfaces among 2D semiconductors, contact electrodes, and dielectric substrates play in the electrical performance of electronic, optoelectronic, and memory devices. Finally, we discuss the future research direction in this field, where we can expect a scientific breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Bao
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
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10
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Friedrich M, Seitz M, Stefanelli U. Tilings with Nonflat Squares: A Characterization. MILAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS 2022; 90:131-175. [PMID: 35784394 PMCID: PMC9242529 DOI: 10.1007/s00032-022-00350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the modelization of 2D materials systems, we characterize arrangements of identical nonflat squares in 3D. We prove that the fine geometry of such arrangements is completely characterized in terms of patterns of mutual orientations of the squares and that these patterns are periodic and one-dimensional. In contrast to the flat case, the nonflatness of the tiles gives rise to nontrivial geometries, with configurations bending, wrinkling, or even rolling up in one direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Friedrich
- Department of Mathematics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 11, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Mathematics Münster, University of Münster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Seitz
- Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, and Vienna School of Mathematics, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulisse Stefanelli
- Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Research Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Istituto di Matematica Applicata e Tecnologie Informatiche E. Magenes, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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11
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Shen Y, Zheng W, Zhu K, Xiao Y, Wen C, Liu Y, Jing X, Lanza M. Variability and Yield in h-BN-Based Memristive Circuits: The Role of Each Type of Defect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103656. [PMID: 34480775 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the race of fabricating solid-state nano/microelectronic devices using 2D layered materials (LMs), achieving high yield and low device-to-device variability are the two main challenges. Electronic devices that drive currents in-plane and homogeneously along the 2D-LMs (i.e., transistors, memtransistors) are strongly affected by local defects (i.e., grain boundaries, wrinkles, thickness fluctuations, polymer residues), as they create inhomogeneities and increase the device-to-device variability, resulting in a poor performance at the circuit level. Here, it is shown that memristors are insensitive to most types of defects in 2D-LMs, even when fabricated in academic laboratories that do not meet industrial standards. The reason is that the currents produced in these devices, which flow out-of-plane across the 2D-LM, are always driven locally by the most conductive locations. Consequently, it is concluded that it is much easier to fabricate 2D-LMs-based solid-state nano/microelectronic circuits using memristors than using transistors or memtransistors, not only due to the inherent simpler fabrication process (i.e., less lithography steps) but also because the local defects do not degrade the yield and variability of memristors considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kaichen Zhu
- MIND, Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona, E-08028, Spain
| | - Yiping Xiao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chao Wen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yingwen Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xu Jing
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mario Lanza
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Liao Y, Li Z, Ghazanfari S, Croll AB, Xia W. Understanding the Role of Self-Adhesion in Crumpling Behaviors of Sheet Macromolecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8627-8637. [PMID: 34227388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the crumpling behavior of two-dimensional (2D) macromolecular sheet materials is of fundamental importance in engineering and technological applications. Among the various properties of these sheets, interfacial adhesion critically contributes to the formation of crumpled structures. Here, we present a coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulation study to explore the fundamental role of self-adhesion in the crumpling behaviors of macromolecular sheets having varying masses or sizes. By evaluating the potential energy evolution, our results show that the self-adhesion plays a dominant role in the crumpling behavior of the sheets compared to in-plane and out-of-plane stiffnesses. The macromolecular sheets with higher adhesion tend to form a self-folding planar structure at the quasi-equilibrium state of the crumpling and exhibit a lower packing efficiency as evaluated by the fractal dimension of the system. Notably, during the crumpling process, both the radius of gyration Rg and the hydrodynamic radius Rh of the macromolecular sheet can be quantitatively described by the power-law scaling relationships associated with adhesion. The evaluation of the shape descriptors indicates that the overall crumpling behavior of macromolecular sheets can be characterized by three regimes, i.e., the less bent, intermediate, and highly crumpled regimes, dominated by edge-bending, self-adhesion, and further compression, respectively. The internal structural analysis further reveals that the sheet transforms from the initially ordered state to the disordered glassy state upon crumpling, which can be facilitated by greater self-adhesion. Our study provides fundamental insights into the adhesion-dependent structural behavior of macromolecular sheets under crumpling, which is essential for establishing the structure-processing-property relationships for crumpled macromolecular sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchao Liao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1410 14th Ave N, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Zhaofan Li
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1410 14th Ave N, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Sarah Ghazanfari
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1410 14th Ave N, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Andrew B Croll
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, 1211 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Materials and Nanotechnology, North Dakota State University, 1410 14th Ave N, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1410 14th Ave N, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Materials and Nanotechnology, North Dakota State University, 1410 14th Ave N, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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13
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McClimon JB, Milne Z, Hasz K, Carpick RW. Linescan Lattice Microscopy: A Technique for the Accurate Measurement and Mapping of Lattice Spacing and Strain with Atomic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8261-8269. [PMID: 34170699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lateral resolution and accuracy in scanning probe microscopies are limited by the nonideality of piezoelectric scanning elements due to phenomena including nonlinearity, hysteresis, and creep. By taking advantage of the well-established atomic-scale stick-slip phenomenon in contact-mode atomic force microscopy, we have developed a method for simultaneously indexing and measuring the spacing of surface atomic lattices using only Fourier analysis of unidirectional linescan data. The first step of the technique is to calibrate the X-piezo response using the stick-slip behavior itself. This permits lateral calibration to better than 1% error between 2.5 nm and 9 μm, without the use of calibration gratings. Lattice indexing and lattice constant determination are demonstrated in this way on the NaCl(001) crystal surface. After piezo calibration, lattice constant measurement on a natural bulk MoS2(0001) surface is demonstrated with better than 0.2% error. This is used to measure nonuniform thermal mismatch strain for chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown monolayer MoS2 as small as 0.5%. A spatial mapping technique for the lattice spacing is developed and demonstrated, with absolute accuracy better than 0.2% and relative accuracy better than 0.1%, within a map of 12.5 × 12.5 nm2 pixels using bulk highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and MoS2 as reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brandon McClimon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zac Milne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kathryn Hasz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert W Carpick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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14
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Wang Y, Meng Z. Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of Wrinkled Graphene Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites - Effect of Interlayer Sliding within Graphene Sheets. CARBON 2021; 177:128-137. [PMID: 33776064 PMCID: PMC7990119 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer graphene sheets (MLGSs) are promising nano-reinforcements that can effectively enhance the properties of polymer matrices. Despite many studies on MLGSs-reinforced polymer nanocomposites, the effect of wrinkles formed in MLGSs on the reinforcement effect and the viscoelastic properties of polymer nanocomposites has remained unknown. In this study, building upon previously developed coarse-grained models of MLGSs and poly(methyl methacrylate) coupled with molecular dynamics simulations, we have systematically investigated nanocomposites with different numbers of graphene layers and various wrinkle configurations. We find that with decreasing degree of waviness and increasing numbers of layers, the elastic modulus of the nanocomposites increases. Interestingly, we observe a sudden stress drop during shear deformation of certain wrinkled MLGSs-reinforced nanocomposites. We further conduct small amplitude oscillatory shear simulations on these nanocomposites and find that the nanocomposites with these specific wrinkle configurations also show peculiarly large loss tangents, indicating an increasing capability of energy dissipation. These behaviors are attributed to the activation of the interlayer sliding among these wrinkled MLGSs, as their interlayer shear strengths are indeed lower than flat MLGSs measured by steered molecular dynamics technique. Our study demonstrates that the viscoelastic properties and deformation mechanisms of polymer nanocomposites can be tuned through MLGS wrinkle engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Zhaoxu Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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15
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Arndt C, Hauck M, Wacker I, Zeller-Plumhoff B, Rasch F, Taale M, Nia AS, Feng X, Adelung R, Schröder RR, Schütt F, Selhuber-Unkel C. Microengineered Hollow Graphene Tube Systems Generate Conductive Hydrogels with Extremely Low Filler Concentration. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3690-3697. [PMID: 33724848 PMCID: PMC8155331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of electrically conductive hydrogels is challenging as the introduction of an electrically conductive filler often changes mechanical hydrogel matrix properties. Here, we present an approach for the preparation of hydrogel composites with outstanding electrical conductivity at extremely low filler loadings (0.34 S m-1, 0.16 vol %). Exfoliated graphene and polyacrylamide are microengineered to 3D composites such that conductive graphene pathways pervade the hydrogel matrix similar to an artificial nervous system. This makes it possible to combine both the exceptional conductivity of exfoliated graphene and the adaptable mechanical properties of polyacrylamide. The demonstrated approach is highly versatile regarding porosity, filler material, as well as hydrogel system. The important difference to other approaches is that we keep the original properties of the matrix, while ensuring conductivity through graphene-coated microchannels. This novel approach of generating conductive hydrogels is very promising, with particular applications in the fields of bioelectronics and biohybrid robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Arndt
- Biocompatible
Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margarethe Hauck
- Functional
Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Irene Wacker
- Cryo
Electron Microscopy, Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berit Zeller-Plumhoff
- Institute
of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Florian Rasch
- Functional
Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohammadreza Taale
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Shaygan Nia
- Department
of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics
Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Department
of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics
Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional
Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Cryo
Electron Microscopy, Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Schütt
- Functional
Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Selhuber-Unkel
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max
Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Ma RS, Ma J, Yan J, Wu L, Guo W, Wang S, Huan Q, Bao L, Pantelides ST, Gao HJ. Wrinkle-induced highly conductive channels in graphene on SiO 2/Si substrates. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12038-12045. [PMID: 32469037 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A graphene wrinkle is a quasi-one-dimensional structure and can alter the intrinsic physical and chemical activity, modify the band structure and introduce transport anisotropy in graphene thin films. However, the quasi-one-dimensional electrical transport contribution of wrinkles to the whole graphene films compared to that of the two-dimensional flat graphene nearby has still been elusive. Here, we report measurements of relatively high conductivity in micrometer-wide graphene wrinkles on SiO2/Si substrates using an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) four-probe scanning tunneling microscope. Combining the experimental results with resistor network simulations, the wrinkle conductivity at the charge neutrality point shows a much higher conductivity up to ∼33.6 times compared to that of the flat monolayer region. The high conductivity can be attributed not only to the wrinkled multilayer structure but also to the large strain gradients located mainly in the boundary area. This method can also be extended to evaluate the electrical-transport properties of wrinkled structures in other two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Song Ma
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Yan
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangmei Wu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Huan
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Bao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China and Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Sokrates T Pantelides
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China and Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China and Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
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17
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Li C, Hu R, Lu X, Bashir S, Liu JL. Efficiency enhancement of photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline using reduced graphene oxide coordinated titania nanoplatelet. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Zheng F, Thi QH, Wong LW, Deng Q, Ly TH, Zhao J. Critical Stable Length in Wrinkles of Two-Dimensional Materials. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2137-2144. [PMID: 31951371 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergent two-dimensional (2D) materials are atomically thin and ultraflexible, promising for a variety of miniaturized, high-performance, and flexible devices in applications. On one hand, the ultrahigh flexibility causes problems: the prevalent wrinkles in 2D materials may undermine the ideal properties and create barriers in fabrication, processing, and quality control of materials. On the other hand, in some cases the wrinkles are used for the architecturing of surface texture and the modulation of physical/chemical properties. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the mechanism and stability of wrinkles is highly needed. Herein, we report a critical length for stabilizing the wrinkles in 2D materials, observed in the wrinkling and wrinkle elimination processes upon thermal annealing as well as by our in situ TEM manipulations on individual wrinkles, which directly capture the evolving wrinkles with variable lengths. The experiments, mechanical modeling, and self-consistent charge density functional tight binding (SCC-DFTB) simulations reveal that a minimum critical length is required for stabilizing the wrinkles in 2D materials. Wrinkles with lengths below a critical value are unstable and removable by thermal annealing, while wrinkles with lengths above a critical value are self-stabilized by van der Waals interactions. It additionally confirms the pronounced frictional effects in wrinkles with lengths above critical value during dynamical movement or sliding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zheng
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518000 , China
| | - Quoc Huy Thi
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF) , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518000 , China
| | - Lok Wing Wong
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518000 , China
| | - Qingming Deng
- Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF) , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518000 , China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518000 , China
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19
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Zhang J, Yang Y, Yang S, Song J, Wang Y, Liu X, Yang Q, Shen Y, Wang S, Yang H, Lü J, Li B, Fang H, Lal R, Czajkowsky DM, Hu J, Shi G, Zhang Y. Unconventional Atomic Structure of Graphene Sheets on Solid Substrates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902637. [PMID: 31468738 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The atomic structure of free-standing graphene comprises flat hexagonal rings with a 2.5 Å period, which is conventionally considered the only atomic period and determines the unique properties of graphene. Here, an unexpected highly ordered orthorhombic structure of graphene is directly observed with a lattice constant of ≈5 Å, spontaneously formed on various substrates. First-principles computations show that this unconventional structure can be attributed to the dipole between the graphene surface and substrates, which produces an interfacial electric field and induces atomic rearrangement on the graphene surface. Further, the formation of the orthorhombic structure can be controlled by an artificially generated interfacial electric field. Importantly, the 5 Å crystal can be manipulated and transformed in a continuous and reversible manner. Notably, the orthorhombic lattice can control the epitaxial self-assembly of amyloids. The findings reveal new insights about the atomic structure of graphene, and open up new avenues to manipulate graphene lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhang
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Yizhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Junhong Lü
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Bin Li
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Haiping Fang
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Ratnesh Lal
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Daniel M Czajkowsky
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Guosheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
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20
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Rajesh A, Mangamma G, Sairam T, Subramanian S. Probing host-guest interactions in hydroxyapatite intercalated graphene oxide nanocomposite: NMR and scanning probe microscopy studies. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Xiao Y, Su Y, Liu X, Xu W. Defect-Driven Heterogeneous Electron Transfer between an Individual Graphene Sheet and Electrode. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5402-5407. [PMID: 31460765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the heterogeneous electron-transfer (ET) kinetics on graphene is essential for its extensive applications. Here, on the basis of the redox-induced fluorescence variation of monolayer graphene itself, the heterogeneous ET kinetics at the interface between the electrode and the monolayer graphene was studied label-freely at the single-sheet level. By tuning the defect density on graphene, an optimal heterogeneous ET rate was observed at a moderate defect density, indicating defect-driven ET kinetics. The heterogeneities of both the intrasheet and intersheet ET kinetics were revealed at the single-sheet level. With the optimal defective graphene sheets as a sensing material for oxygen gas, a cost-effective electrochemical oxygen sensor was obtained with high sensitivity, fast response/recovery, and remarkable durability. The results obtained here deepen our understanding of the electrochemical properties of graphene and imply that rational defect control can enhance the ET process between the electrode and graphene and then improve the performance of graphene-based functional materials or devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , People's Republic of China
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22
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Mosaic pattern formation in exfoliated graphene by mechanical deformation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1572. [PMID: 30952849 PMCID: PMC6450902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is susceptible to morphological instabilities such as wrinkles and folds, which result from the imposition of thermo-mechanical stresses upon cooling from high temperatures and/ or under biaxial loading. A particular pattern encountered in CVD graphene is that of mosaic formation. Although it is understood that this pattern results from the severe biaxial compression upon cooling from high temperatures, it has not been possible to create such a complex pattern at room temperature by mechanical loading. Herein, we have managed by means of lateral wrinkling induced by tension and Euler buckling resulting from uniaxial compression upon unloading, to create such patterns in exfoliated graphene. We also show that these patterns can be used as channels for trapping or administering fluids at interstitial space between graphene and its support. This opens a whole dearth of new applications in the area of nano-fluidics but also in photo-electronics and sensor technologies.
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23
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Ren H, Xiong Z, Wang E, Yuan Z, Sun Y, Zhu K, Wang B, Wang X, Ding H, Liu P, Zhang L, Wu J, Fan S, Li X, Liu K. Watching Dynamic Self-Assembly of Web Buckles in Strained MoS 2 Thin Films. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3106-3116. [PMID: 30776213 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thin films with large compressive residual stress and low interface adhesion can buckle and delaminate from relatively rigid substrates, which is a common failure mode of film/substrate interfaces. Current studies mainly focused on the geometry of various buckling patterns and related physical origins based on a static point of view. However, fundamental understanding of dynamic propagation of buckles, particularly for the complicated web buckles, remains challenging. We adopt strained two-dimensional MoS2 thin films to study the phenomenon of web buckling because their interface adhesion, namely van der Waals interaction, is naturally low. With a delicately site-controlled initiation, web buckles can be triggered and their dynamic propagation is in situ observed facilely. Finite element modeling shows that the formation of web buckles involves the propagation and multilevel branching of telephone-cord blisters. These buckled semiconducting films can be patterned by spatial confinement and potentially used in diffuse-reflective coatings, microfluidic channels, and hydrogen evolution reaction electrodes. Our work not only reveals the hidden mechanisms and kinematics of propagation of web buckles on rigid substrates but also sheds light on the development of semiconducting devices based on buckling engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Zixin Xiong
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Enze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Zhiquan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yufei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Kunlei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Bolun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Hanyuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Shoushan Fan
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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24
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Chen W, Gui X, Yang L, Zhu H, Tang Z. Wrinkling of two-dimensional materials: methods, properties and applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2019; 4:291-320. [PMID: 32254086 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene, its derivatives, metal films, MXenes and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), have been widely studied because of their tunable electronic structures and special electrical and optical properties. However, during the fabrication of these 2D materials with atomic thickness, formation of wrinkles or folds is unavoidable to enable their stable existence. Meaningfully, it is found that wrinkled structures simultaneously impose positive changes on the 2D materials. Specifically, the architecture of wrinkled structures in 2D materials additionally induces excellent properties, which are of great importance for their practical applications. In this review, we provide an overview of categories of 2D materials, which contains formation and fabrication methods of wrinkled patterns and relevant mechanisms, as well as the induced mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties. Furthermore, these properties are modifiable by controlling the surface topography or even by dynamically stretching the 2D materials. Wrinkling offers a platform for 2D materials to be applied in some promising fields such as field emitters, energy containers and suppliers, field effect transistors, hydrophobic surfaces, sensors for flexible electronics and artificial intelligence. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of wrinkled 2D materials in the near future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
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25
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Asha S, Ananth AN, Jose SP, Rajan MAJ. Flexible and free-standing reduced graphene oxide thick films with PMMA stabilized silver nanoparticles, as a potential probe for cancer thermal therapy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aae90c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Park H, Lim C, Lee CJ, Kang J, Kim J, Choi M, Park H. Optimized poly(methyl methacrylate)-mediated graphene-transfer process for fabrication of high-quality graphene layer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:415303. [PMID: 30028310 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aad4d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene grown on a copper (Cu) substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is typically required to be transferred to another substrate for the fabrication of various electrical devices. PMMA-mediated wet process is the most widely used method for CVD-graphene-transfer. However, PMMA residue and wrinkles that inevitably remain on the graphene surface during the transfer process are critical issues degrading the electrical properties of graphene. In this paper, we report on a PMMA-mediated graphene-transfer method that can effectively reduce the density and size of the PMMA residue and the height of wrinkles on the transferred graphene layer. We found out that acetic acid is the most effective PMMA stripper among the typically used solutions to remove the PMMA residue. In addition, we observed that an optimized annealing process can reduce the height of the wrinkles on the transferred graphene layer without degrading the graphene quality. The effects of the suggested wet transfer process were also investigated by evaluating the electrical properties of field-effect transistors fabricated on the transferred graphene layer. The results of this work will contribute to the development of fabrication processes for high-quality graphene devices, given that the transfer of graphene from the Cu substrate is essential process to the application of CVD-graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghwi Park
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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27
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Du Z, Hu B, Liu W, Tao J, Liu J, Wang Y. Plasmonic resonance of distorted graphene nano-ribbon analyzed by boundary element method. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:25962-25973. [PMID: 30469690 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.025962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) of graphene nano-ribbons (GNRs) have great application potentials in sensing, wave-front control and wave absorbing. However, as a flexible material, graphene is often observed with corrugations in the fabrication and transfer processes. Here the scattering properties of a distorted GNR with a bending ridge are studied by the boundary element method (BEM). It is found that, compared with the flat GNRs, the resonant wavelengths are red-shifted, and the resonant intensity of the 1st order mode is decreased, while that of the higher order modes are increased dramatically for the distorted GNRs. Particularly, due to the appearance of the ridge, both odd modes and even modes are able to be stimulated under tilted incidence. In addition, as the ridge increases, the resonances corresponding to various order modes change in different ways. Applying the spring oscillator theoretical model, these results are explained by the blocking effect of the ridge on the motions of electrons. This work is anticipated to help to understand the physical mechanisms of plasmonic resonances of curved GNRs and distorted structures.
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28
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Pattarapongdilok N, Parasuk V. Theoretical study on electronic properties of curved graphene quantum dots. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Lin J, Tay RY, Li H, Jing L, Tsang SH, Wang H, Zhu M, McCulloch DG, Teo EHT. Smoothening of wrinkles in CVD-grown hexagonal boron nitride films. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:16243-16251. [PMID: 30124699 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03984d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is an ideal substrate for two-dimensional (2D) materials because of its unique electrically insulating nature, atomic smoothness and low density of dangling bonds. Although mechanical exfoliation from bulk crystals produces the most pristine flakes, scalable fabrication of devices is still dependent on other more direct synthetic routes. To date, the most utilized method to synthesize large-area h-BN films is by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using catalytic metal substrates. However, a major drawback for such synthetic films is the manifestation of thermally-induced wrinkles, which severely disrupt the smoothness of the h-BN films. Here, we provide a detailed characterization study of the microstructure of h-BN wrinkles and demonstrate an effective post-synthesis smoothening route by thermal annealing in air. The smoothened h-BN film showed an improved surface smoothness by up to 66% and resulted in a much cleaner surface due to the elimination of polymer residues with no substantial oxidative damage to the film. The unwrinkling effect is attributed to the hydroxylation of the h-BN film as well as the substrate surface, resulting in a reduction in adhesion energy at the interface. Dehydroxylation occurs over time under ambient conditions at room temperature and the smoothened film can be restored back with the intrinsic properties of h-BN. This work provides an efficient route to achieve smoother h-BN films, which are beneficial for high-performance 2D heterostructure devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Lin
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
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30
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Yang G, Li L, Lee WB, Ng MC. Structure of graphene and its disorders: a review. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2018; 19:613-648. [PMID: 30181789 PMCID: PMC6116708 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1494493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer graphene exhibits extraordinary properties owing to the unique, regular arrangement of atoms in it. However, graphene is usually modified for specific applications, which introduces disorder. This article presents details of graphene structure, including sp2 hybridization, critical parameters of the unit cell, formation of σ and π bonds, electronic band structure, edge orientations, and the number and stacking order of graphene layers. We also discuss topics related to the creation and configuration of disorders in graphene, such as corrugations, topological defects, vacancies, adatoms and sp3-defects. The effects of these disorders on the electrical, thermal, chemical and mechanical properties of graphene are analyzed subsequently. Finally, we review previous work on the modulation of structural defects in graphene for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lihua Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Bun Lee
- The State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Man Cheung Ng
- The State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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31
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Basta L, Veronesi S, Murata Y, Dubois Z, Mishra N, Fabbri F, Coletti C, Heun S. A sensitive calorimetric technique to study energy (heat) exchange at the nano-scale. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:10079-10086. [PMID: 29781026 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00747k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Every time a chemical reaction occurs, an energy exchange between reactants and the environment takes place, which is defined as the enthalpy of the reaction. During the last few decades, research has resulted in an increasing number of devices at the micro- or nano-scale. Sensors, catalyzers, and energy storage systems are more and more developed as nano-devices which represent the building blocks for commercial "macroscopic" objects. A general method for the direct evaluation of the energy balance of such systems is not available at present. Calorimetry is a powerful tool to investigate energy exchange, but it usually requires macroscopic sample quantities. Here, we report on the development of an original experimental setup able to detect temperature variations as low as 10 mK in a sample of ∼10 ng using a thermometer device having physical dimensions of 5 × 5 mm2. This technique has been utilized to measure the enthalpy release during the adsorption process of H2 on titanium-decorated monolayer graphene. The sensitivity of these thermometers is high enough to detect a hydrogen uptake of ∼10-10 moles, corresponding to ∼0.2 ng, with an enthalpy release of about 23 μJ. The experimental setup allows, in perspective, scalability to even smaller sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Basta
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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32
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Cui TT, Li JC, Gao W, Jiang Q. Geometric and electronic structure of multilayered graphene: synergy of the nondirective ripples and the number of layers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2230-2237. [PMID: 29303186 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06446b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
According to the Mermin-Wagner theorem, ripple deformation is ubiquitous in a two-dimensional (2D) free-standing sheet, influencing the electronic properties. However, the synergistic effects of the unrestricted ripples and the number of layers have still been a topic of extensive debate. To address this issue, we employed density functional theory including many-body van der Waals (vdW) correction to investigate the effects of the nondirective ripples on the geometric and electronic structures of multilayered graphene. We found that the many-body effects of vdW forces were essential for the binding of multilayered rippled graphene. The increase of curvature affects the electronic structures of rippled graphene by modifying stacking modes, while the increase in the number of layers can reduce band gap and work function directly. The coupling of these two effects can enhance the chemical activity of rippled graphene. Our results facilitate new insights into the geometric and electronic properties of rippled graphene, which can be generalized to other layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ting Cui
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China.
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33
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Deng B, Pang Z, Chen S, Li X, Meng C, Li J, Liu M, Wu J, Qi Y, Dang W, Yang H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Kang N, Xu H, Fu Q, Qiu X, Gao P, Wei Y, Liu Z, Peng H. Wrinkle-Free Single-Crystal Graphene Wafer Grown on Strain-Engineered Substrates. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12337-12345. [PMID: 29191004 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Wrinkles are ubiquitous for graphene films grown on various substrates by chemical vapor deposition at high temperature due to the strain induced by thermal mismatch between the graphene and substrates, which greatly degrades the extraordinary properties of graphene. Here we show that the wrinkle formation of graphene grown on Cu substrates is strongly dependent on the crystallographic orientations. Wrinkle-free single-crystal graphene was grown on a wafer-scale twin-boundary-free single-crystal Cu(111) thin film fabricated on sapphire substrate through strain engineering. The wrinkle-free feature of graphene originated from the relatively small thermal expansion of the Cu(111) thin film substrate and the relatively strong interfacial coupling between Cu(111) and graphene, based on the strain analyses as well as molecular dynamics simulations. Moreover, we demonstrated the transfer of an ultraflat graphene film onto target substrates from the reusable single-crystal Cu(111)/sapphire growth substrate. The wrinkle-free graphene shows enhanced electrical mobility compared to graphene with wrinkles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Deng
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenqian Pang
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Caixia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Juanxia Wu
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenhui Dang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongqi Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujie Wei
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI) , Beijing 100094, China
| | - Hailin Peng
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI) , Beijing 100094, China
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34
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Huang P, Guo D, Xie G, Li J. Softened Mechanical Properties of Graphene Induced by Electric Field. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6280-6286. [PMID: 28880563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The understanding on the mechanical properties of graphene under the applications of physical fields is highly relevant to the reliability and lifetime of graphene-based nanodevices. In this work, we demonstrate that the application of electric field could soften the mechanical properties of graphene dramatically on the basis of the conductive AFM nanoindentation method. It has been found that the Young's modulus and fracture strength of graphene nanosheets suspended on the holes almost stay the same initially and then exhibit a sharp drop when the normalized electric field strength increases to be 0.18 ± 0.03 V/nm. The threshold voltage of graphene nanosheets before the onset of fracture under the fixed applied load increases with the thickness. Supported graphene nanosheets can sustain larger electric field under the same applied load than the suspended ones. The excessively regional Joule heating caused by the high electric current under the applied load is responsible for the electromechanical failure of graphene. These findings can provide a beneficial guideline for the electromechanical applications of graphene-based nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory , Mianyang 621908, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guoxin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Li
- Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection , Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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35
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Cao P, Bai P, Omrani AA, Xiao Y, Meaker KL, Tsai HZ, Yan A, Jung HS, Khajeh R, Rodgers GF, Kim Y, Aikawa AS, Kolaczkowski MA, Liu Y, Zettl A, Xu K, Crommie MF, Xu T. Preventing Thin Film Dewetting via Graphene Capping. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701536. [PMID: 28722188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A monolayer 2D capping layer with high Young's modulus is shown to be able to effectively suppress the dewetting of underlying thin films of small organic semiconductor molecule, polymer, and polycrystalline metal, respectively. To verify the universality of this capping layer approach, the dewetting experiments are performed for single-layer graphene transferred onto polystyrene (PS), semiconducting thienoazacoronene (EH-TAC), gold, and also MoS2 on PS. Thermodynamic modeling indicates that the exceptionally high Young's modulus and surface conformity of 2D capping layers such as graphene and MoS2 substantially suppress surface fluctuations and thus dewetting. As long as the uncovered area is smaller than the fluctuation wavelength of the thin film in a dewetting process via spinodal decomposition, the dewetting should be suppressed. The 2D monolayer-capping approach opens up exciting new possibilities to enhance the thermal stability and expands the processing parameters for thin film materials without significantly altering their physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peigen Cao
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Bai
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Arash A Omrani
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yihan Xiao
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kacey L Meaker
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hsin-Zon Tsai
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Aiming Yan
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Han Sae Jung
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ramin Khajeh
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Griffin F Rodgers
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Youngkyou Kim
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andrew S Aikawa
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mattew A Kolaczkowski
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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36
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Pan M, Zhang Y, Shan C, Zhang X, Gao G, Pan B. Flat Graphene-Enhanced Electron Transfer Involved in Redox Reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8597-8605. [PMID: 28692803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is easily warped in the out-of-plane direction because of its high in-plane Young's modulus, and exploring the influence of wrinkled graphene on its properties is essential for the design of graphene-based materials for environmental applications. Herein, we prepared wrinkled graphene (WGN-1 and WGN-2) by thermal treatment and compared their electrochemical properties with those of flat graphene nanosheets (FGN). FGN exhibit activities that are much better than those of wrinkled graphene nanosheets (WGN), not only in the electrochemical oxidation of methylene blue (MB) but also in the electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene (NB). Transformation ratios of MB and NB in FGN, WGN-1, and WGN-2 were 97.5, 80.1, and 57.9% and 94.6, 92.1, and 81.2%, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the surface resistance of the graphene samples increased in the following order: FGN < WGN-1 < WGN-2. This suggests that the reaction charges transfer faster across the reaction interfaces and along the surface of FGN than that of WGN, and wrinkles restrict reaction charge transfer and reduce the reaction rates. This study reveals that the morphology of the graphene (flat or wrinkle) greatly affects redox reaction activities and may have important implications for the design of novel graphene-based nanostructures and for our understanding of graphene wrinkle-dependent redox reactions in environmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guandao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
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37
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Ly TH, Yun SJ, Thi QH, Zhao J. Edge Delamination of Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. ACS NANO 2017; 11:7534-7541. [PMID: 28696662 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Delamination of thin films from the supportive substrates is a critical issue within the thin film industry. The emergent two-dimensional, atomic layered materials, including transition metal dichalcogenides, are highly flexible; thus buckles and wrinkles can be easily generated and play vital roles in the corresponding physical properties. Here we introduce one kind of patterned buckling behavior caused by the delamination from a substrate initiated at the edges of the chemical vapor deposition synthesized monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, led by thermal expansion mismatch. The atomic force microscopy and optical characterizations clearly showed the puckered structures associated with the strain, whereas the transmission electron microscopy revealed the special sawtooth-shaped edges, which break the geometrical symmetry for the buckling behavior of hexagonal samples. The condition of the edge delamination is in accordance with the fracture behavior of thin film interfaces. This edge delamination and buckling process is universal for most ultrathin two-dimensional materials, which requires more attention in various future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- IBS Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Quoc Huy Thi
- IBS Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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38
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Georgi A, Nemes-Incze P, Carrillo-Bastos R, Faria D, Viola Kusminskiy S, Zhai D, Schneider M, Subramaniam D, Mashoff T, Freitag NM, Liebmann M, Pratzer M, Wirtz L, Woods CR, Gorbachev RV, Cao Y, Novoselov KS, Sandler N, Morgenstern M. Tuning the Pseudospin Polarization of Graphene by a Pseudomagnetic Field. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2240-2245. [PMID: 28211276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the intriguing characteristics of honeycomb lattices is the appearance of a pseudomagnetic field as a result of mechanical deformation. In the case of graphene, the Landau quantization resulting from this pseudomagnetic field has been measured using scanning tunneling microscopy. Here we show that a signature of the pseudomagnetic field is a local sublattice symmetry breaking observable as a redistribution of the local density of states. This can be interpreted as a polarization of graphene's pseudospin due to a strain induced pseudomagnetic field, in analogy to the alignment of a real spin in a magnetic field. We reveal this sublattice symmetry breaking by tunably straining graphene using the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope. The tip locally lifts the graphene membrane from a SiO2 support, as visible by an increased slope of the I(z) curves. The amount of lifting is consistent with molecular dynamics calculations, which reveal a deformed graphene area under the tip in the shape of a Gaussian. The pseudomagnetic field induced by the deformation becomes visible as a sublattice symmetry breaking which scales with the lifting height of the strained deformation and therefore with the pseudomagnetic field strength. Its magnitude is quantitatively reproduced by analytic and tight-binding models, revealing fields of 1000 T. These results might be the starting point for an effective THz valley filter, as a basic element of valleytronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Georgi
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University , 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Nemes-Incze
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University , 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ramon Carrillo-Bastos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California , 21100 Mexicali, Baja California México
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University , Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Daiara Faria
- Instituto Politécnico, Universidade do Estado de Rio de Janeiro , 28625-570 Nova Friburgo, Brasil
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense , Niterói, 24210-340 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Silvia Viola Kusminskiy
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Institut für Theoretische, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics II, University of Erlangen-Nüremberg , 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dawei Zhai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University , Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Martin Schneider
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Institut für Theoretische, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dinesh Subramaniam
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University , 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Torge Mashoff
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils M Freitag
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University , 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Liebmann
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University , 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Pratzer
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University , 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ludger Wirtz
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg , L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Colin R Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Roman V Gorbachev
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Cao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kostya S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Sandler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University , Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Markus Morgenstern
- II. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University , 52062 Aachen, Germany
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39
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Al-Galiby QH, Sadeghi H, Manrique DZ, Lambert CJ. Tuning the Seebeck coefficient of naphthalenediimide by electrochemical gating and doping. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:4819-4825. [PMID: 28352900 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00571g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the sign and magnitude of the single-molecule Seebeck coefficient of naphthalenediimide (NDI) under the influence of electrochemical gating and doping. The molecule consists of a NDI core with two alkyl chains in the bay-area position, connected to gold electrodes via benzothiophene (DBT) anchor groups. By switching between the neutral, radical and di-anion charge states, we are able to tune the molecular energy levels relative to the Fermi energy of the electrodes. The resulting single-molecule room-temperature Seebeck coefficents of the three charge states are -294.5 μV K-1, 122 μV K-1 and 144 μV K-1 respectively and the room-temperature power factors are 4.4 × 10-5 W m-1 K-2, 3 × 10-5 W m-1 K-2 and 8.2 × 10-4 W m-1 K-2. As a further strategy for optimising thermoelectric properties, we also investigate the effect on both phonon and electron transport of doping the NDI with either an electron donor (TTF) or an electron acceptor (TCNE). We find that doping by TTF increases the room-temperature Seebeck coefficient and power factor from -73.7 μV K-1 and 2.6 × 10-7 W m-1 K-2 for bare NDI to -105 μV K-1 and 3.6 × 10-4 W m-1 K-2 in presence of TTF. The low thermal conductance of NDI-TTF, combined with the higher Seebeck coefficient and higher electrical conductance lead to a maximum thermoelectric figure of merit of ZT = 1.2, which is higher than that of bare NDI in several orders of magnitude. This demonstrates that both the sign and magnitude of NDI Seebeck coefficient can be tuned reversibly by electrochemical gating and doping, suggesting that such redox active molecules are attractive materials for ultra-thin-film thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qusiy H Al-Galiby
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK. and Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, 58002 Iraq
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - David Zsolt Manrique
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering - Photonics Group, University College London, UK
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
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Park KD, Raschke MB, Atkin JM, Lee YH, Jeong MS. Probing Bilayer Grain Boundaries in Large-Area Graphene with Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603601. [PMID: 27935201 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The bilayer grain boundaries (GBs) in chemical-vapor-deposition-grown large-area graphene are identified using multispectral tip-enhanced Raman imaging with 18 nm spatial resolution. The misorientation angle of the bilayer GBs is determined from a quantitative analysis of the phonon-scattering properties associated with the modified electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Duck Park
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Joanna M Atkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seok Jeong
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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41
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Bottari G, Herranz MÁ, Wibmer L, Volland M, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Guldi DM, Hirsch A, Martín N, D'Souza F, Torres T. Chemical functionalization and characterization of graphene-based materials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4464-4500. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00229g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview on the chemical functionalization, characterization and applications of graphene-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
| | - Ma Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Leonie Wibmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA-Nanociencia
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
| | | | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
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Ahn W, Lee DU, Li G, Feng K, Wang X, Yu A, Lui G, Chen Z. Highly Oriented Graphene Sponge Electrode for Ultra High Energy Density Lithium Ion Hybrid Capacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25297-25305. [PMID: 27603692 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly oriented rGO sponge (HOG) can be easily synthesized as an effective anode for application in high-capacity lithium ion hybrid capacitors. X-ray diffraction and morphological analyses show that successfully exfoliated rGO sponge on average consists of 4.2 graphene sheets, maintaining its three-dimensional structure with highly oriented morphology even after the thermal reduction procedure. Lithium-ion hybrid capacitors (LIC) are fabricated in this study based on a unique cell configuration which completely eliminates the predoping process of lithium ions. The full-cell LIC consisting of AC/HOG-Li configuration has resulted in remarkably high energy densities of 231.7 and 131.9 Wh kg(-1) obtained at 57 W kg(-1) and 2.8 kW kg(-1). This excellent performance is attributed to the lithium ion diffusivity related to the intercalation reaction of AC/HOG-Li which is 3.6 times higher that of AC/CG-Li. This unique cell design and configuration of LIC presented in this study using HOG as an effective anode is an unprecedented example of performance enhancement and improved energy density of LIC through successful increase in cell operation voltage window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Ahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L3G1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Dong Un Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L3G1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L3G1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Kun Feng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L3G1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L3G1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L3G1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory Lui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L3G1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L3G1 Ontario, Canada
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Yang Y, Li M, Wu Y, Wang T, Choo ESG, Ding J, Zong B, Yang Z, Xue J. Nanoscaled self-alignment of Fe3O4 nanodiscs in ultrathin rGO films with engineered conductivity for electromagnetic interference shielding. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:15989-15998. [PMID: 27540698 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04539a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin (∼2 μm) reduced graphene oxide (rGO) film embedded with self-aligned Fe3O4 nanodiscs were successfully fabricated through the filtration-assisted self-assembly method. In the as-fabricated hybrid film, Fe3O4 nanodiscs with thin thickness (26 nm) and high aspect ratio (∼9) were readily self-assembled and aligned in rGO intersheets under the assistance of hydrostatic forces. Compared with spherical Fe3O4 nanoparticles, introducing the Fe3O4 nanodiscs into rGO paper could not only offer high magnetic permeability and magnetic loss in a broad frequency range at the gigahertz level, but also increase the electrical conductivity of rGO film by means of improving the surface roughness without disrupting the conductive network of the rGO layers. Due to the above advantages, the free-standing rGO/Fe3O4 nanodisc magnetic hybrid film (56 wt%) exhibited an EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of around 11.2 dB in the frequency range of 2-10 GHz, which is about 50% and 72% higher than that of neat rGO film and rGO/Fe3O4 nanosphere hybrid films (with similar particle size and loading weight fraction) prepared under the same conditions, respectively. Furthermore, compared with non-magnetic neat rGO film, the outstanding magnetic properties of the rGO/Fe3O4 nanodisc film paves the way for it to be used as a multifunctional material that can be controlled by magnetic fields. Additionally, the moderate thermal reduction temperature (420 °C) would be meaningful for large scale fabrication. Meanwhile, the strategy of achieving good alignment at the nanoscale could shed light on developing heterogeneous structures with self-aligned two-dimensional (2D) (magnetic or non-magnetic) nano-inclusions for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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44
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Kang MH, Prieto López LO, Chen B, Teo K, Williams JA, Milne WI, Cole MT. Mechanical Robustness of Graphene on Flexible Transparent Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:22506-22515. [PMID: 27482734 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on a facile and widely applicable method of transferring chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene uniformly onto optically transparent and mechanically flexible substrates using commercially available, low-cost ultraviolet adhesive (UVA) and hot-press lamination (HPL). We report on the adhesion potential between the graphene and the substrate, and we compare these findings with those of the more commonly used cast polymer handler transfer processes. Graphene transferred with the two proposed methods showed lower surface energy and displayed a higher degree of adhesion (UVA: 4.40 ± 1.09 N/m, HPL: 0.60 ± 0.26 N/m) compared to equivalent CVD-graphene transferred using conventional poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA: 0.44 ± 0.06 N/m). The mechanical robustness of the transferred graphene was investigated by measuring the differential resistance as a function of bend angle and repeated bend-relax cycles across a range of bend radii. At a bend angle of 100° and a 2.5 mm bend radius, for both transfer techniques, the normalized resistance of graphene transferred on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was around 80 times less than that of indium-tin oxide on PET. After 10(4) bend cycles, the resistance of the transferred graphene on PET using UVA and HPL was found to be, on average, around 25.5 and 8.1% higher than that of PMMA-transferred graphene, indicating that UVA- and HPL-transferred graphene are more strongly adhered compared to PMMA-transferred graphene. The robustness, in terms of maintained electrical performance upon mechanical fatigue, of the transferred graphene was around 60 times improved over ITO/PET upon many thousands of repeated bending stress cycles. On the basis of present production methods, the development of the next-generation of highly conformal, diverse form factor electronics, exploiting the emerging family of two-dimensional materials, necessitates the development of simple, low-cost, and mechanically robust transfer processes; the developed UVA and HPL approaches show significant potential and allow for large-area-compatible, near-room temperature transfer of graphene onto a diverse range of polymeric supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon H Kang
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Lizbeth O Prieto López
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
- Mechanics, Materials & Design Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bingan Chen
- Aixtron , Buckingham Business Park, Swavesey CB24 4FQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Teo
- Aixtron , Buckingham Business Park, Swavesey CB24 4FQ, United Kingdom
| | - John A Williams
- Mechanics, Materials & Design Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - William I Milne
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
- Aixtron , Buckingham Business Park, Swavesey CB24 4FQ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T Cole
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
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45
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A robust molecular probe for Ångstrom-scale analytics in liquids. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12403. [PMID: 27516157 PMCID: PMC4990633 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, nanomaterial profiling using a single-molecule-terminated scanning probe is performed at the vacuum–solid interface often at a few Kelvin, but is not a notion immediately associated with liquid–solid interface at room temperature. Here, using a scanning tunnelling probe functionalized with a single C60 molecule stabilized in a high-density liquid, we resolve low-dimensional surface defects, atomic interfaces and capture Ångstrom-level bond-length variations in single-layer graphene and MoS2. Atom-by-atom controllable imaging contrast is demonstrated at room temperature and the electronic structure of the C60–metal probe complex within the encompassing liquid molecules is clarified using density functional theory. Our findings demonstrates that operating a robust single-molecular probe is not restricted to ultra-high vacuum and cryogenic settings. Hence the scope of high-precision analytics can be extended towards resolving sub-molecular features of organic elements and gauging ambient compatibility of emerging layered materials with atomic-scale sensitivity under experimentally less stringent conditions. Single-molecule-terminated scanning probes typically operate under ultra-high vacuum conditions at low temperatures. Here, the authors show that tips functionalized with C60 can image single-layer graphene and MoS2 with high definition in a liquid environment at room temperature
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46
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Chen PY, Sodhi J, Qiu Y, Valentin TM, Steinberg RS, Wang Z, Hurt RH, Wong IY. Multiscale Graphene Topographies Programmed by Sequential Mechanical Deformation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3564-71. [PMID: 26996525 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multigenerational graphene oxide architectures can be programmed by specific sequences of mechanical deformations. Each new deformation results in a progressively larger set of features decorated by smaller preexisting patterns, indicating a structural "memory." It is shown that these multiscale architectures are superhydrophobic and display excellent functionality as electrochemical electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yen Chen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jaskiranjeet Sodhi
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Yang Qiu
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Thomas M Valentin
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Ruben Spitz Steinberg
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Zhongying Wang
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Ian Y Wong
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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47
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González C, Biel B, Dappe YJ. Theoretical characterisation of point defects on a MoS2 monolayer by scanning tunnelling microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:105702. [PMID: 26862020 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/10/105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Different S and Mo vacancies as well as their corresponding antisite defects in a free-standing MoS2 monolayer are analysed by means of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) simulations. Our theoretical methodology, based on the Keldysh nonequilibrium Green function formalism within the density functional theory (DFT) approach, is applied to simulate STM images for different voltages and tip heights. Combining the geometrical and electronic effects, all features of the different STM images can be explained, providing a valuable guide for future experiments. Our results confirm previous reports on S atom imaging, but also reveal a strong dependence on the applied bias for vacancies and antisite defects that include extra S atoms. By contrast, when additional Mo atoms cover the S vacancies, the MoS2 gap vanishes and a bias-independent bright protrusion is obtained in the STM image. Finally, we show that the inclusion of these point defects promotes the emergence of reactive dangling bonds that may act as efficient adsorption sites for external adsorbates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C González
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuente Nueva & CITIC, Campus de Aynadamar E-18071 Granada, Spain. SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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48
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González C, Abad E, Dappe YJ, Cuevas JC. Theoretical study of carbon-based tips for scanning tunnelling microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:105201. [PMID: 26861537 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/10/105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by recent experiments, we present here a detailed theoretical analysis of the use of carbon-based conductive tips in scanning tunnelling microscopy. In particular, we employ ab initio methods based on density functional theory to explore a graphitic, an amorphous carbon and two diamond-like tips for imaging with a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM), and we compare them with standard metallic tips made of gold and tungsten. We investigate the performance of these tips in terms of the corrugation of the STM images acquired when scanning a single graphene sheet. Moreover, we analyse the impact of the tip-sample distance and show that it plays a fundamental role in the resolution and symmetry of the STM images. We also explore in depth how the adsorption of single atoms and molecules in the tip apexes modifies the STM images and demonstrate that, in general, it leads to an improved image resolution. The ensemble of our results provides strong evidence that carbon-based tips can significantly improve the resolution of STM images, as compared to more standard metallic tips, which may open a new line of research in scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C González
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France. Departamento de electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, Fuente Nueva & CITIC, Aynadamar E-18071 Granada, Spain
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49
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Griep MH, Sandoz-Rosado E, Tumlin TM, Wetzel E. Enhanced Graphene Mechanical Properties through Ultrasmooth Copper Growth Substrates. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:1657-62. [PMID: 26882091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The combination of extraordinary strength and stiffness in conjunction with exceptional electronic and thermal properties in lightweight two-dimensional materials has propelled graphene research toward a wide array of applications including flexible electronics and functional structural components. Tailoring graphene's properties toward a selected application requires precise control of the atomic layer growth process, transfer, and postprocessing procedures. To date, the mechanical properties of graphene are largely controlled through postprocess defect engineering techniques. In this work, we demonstrate the role of varied catalytic surface morphologies on the tailorability of subsequent graphene film quality and breaking strength, providing a mechanism to tailor the physical, electrical, and mechanical properties at the growth stage. A new surface planarization methodology that results in over a 99% reduction in Cu surface roughness allows for smoothness parameters beyond that reported to date in literature and clearly demonstrates the role of Cu smoothness toward a decrease in the formation of bilayer graphene defects, altered domain sizes, monolayer graphene sheet resistance values down to 120 Ω/□ and a 78% improvement in breaking strength. The combined electrical and mechanical enhancements achieved through this methodology allows for the direct growth of application quality flexible transparent conductive films with monolayer graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Griep
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground , 4600 Deer Creek Loop, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Emil Sandoz-Rosado
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground , 4600 Deer Creek Loop, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Travis M Tumlin
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground , 4600 Deer Creek Loop, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Eric Wetzel
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground , 4600 Deer Creek Loop, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005, United States
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50
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Wang L, Zhang J, Liu N, Wang Y, Hu P, Wang Z. Fast Patterned Graphene Ribbons Via Soft–lithography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2016.02.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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