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Bagheri R, Ball AK, Kasraie M, Chandra A, Chen X, Miskioglu I, Shan Z, Pour Shahid Saeed Abadi P. Conductive 3D nano-biohybrid systems based on densified carbon nanotube forests and living cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2023; 39:137-149. [PMID: 38223564 PMCID: PMC10784361 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-023-01163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Conductive biohybrid cell-material systems have applications in bioelectronics and biorobotics. To date, conductive scaffolds are limited to those with low electrical conductivity or 2D sheets. Here, 3D biohybrid conductive systems are developed using fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes integrated with carbon nanotube (CNT) forests that are densified due to interactions with a gelatin coating. CNT forest scaffolds with a height range of 120-240 µm and an average electrical conductivity of 0.6 S/cm are developed and shown to be cytocompatible as evidenced from greater than 89% viability measured by live-dead assay on both cells on day 1. The cells spread on top and along the height of the CNT forest scaffolds. Finally, the scaffolds have no adverse effects on the expression of genes related to cardiomyocyte maturation and functionality, or fibroblast migration, adhesion, and spreading. The results show that the scaffold could be used in applications ranging from organ-on-a-chip systems to muscle actuators. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Bagheri
- Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Alicia K. Ball
- Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Masoud Kasraie
- Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Aparna Chandra
- Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Xinqian Chen
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Ibrahim Miskioglu
- Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Zhiying Shan
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Parisa Pour Shahid Saeed Abadi
- Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
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2
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Bellott E, Li Y, Gunter C, Kovaleski S, Maschmann MR. Investigating the Electromechanical Sensitivity of Carbon-Nanotube-Coated Microfibers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115190. [PMID: 37299915 DOI: 10.3390/s23115190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The piezoresistance of carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated microfibers is examined using diametric compression. Diverse CNT forest morphologies were studied by changing the CNT length, diameter, and areal density via synthesis time and fiber surface treatment prior to CNT synthesis. Large-diameter (30-60 nm) and relatively low-density CNTs were synthesized on as-received glass fibers. Small-diameter (5-30 nm) and-high density CNTs were synthesized on glass fibers coated with 10 nm of alumina. The CNT length was controlled by adjusting synthesis time. Electromechanical compression was performed by measuring the electrical resistance in the axial direction during diametric compression. Gauge factors exceeding three were measured for small-diameter (<25 μm) coated fibers, corresponding to as much as 35% resistance change per micrometer of compression. The gauge factor for high-density, small-diameter CNT forests was generally greater than those for low-density, large-diameter forests. A finite element simulation shows that the piezoresistive response originates from both the contact resistance and intrinsic resistance of the forest itself. The change in contact and intrinsic resistance are balanced for relatively short CNT forests, while the response is dominated by CNT electrode contact resistance for taller CNT forests. These results are expected to guide the design of piezoresistive flow and tactile sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bellott
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yushan Li
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Connor Gunter
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Scott Kovaleski
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Matthew R Maschmann
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- MU Materials Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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3
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Jagtap P, Kumar P. Effect of electric field on mechanical behavior of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube structures. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-023-00161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Edalatmanesh A, Mahnama M, Feghhi F, Mashhadi MM. Mechanical characterization of reinforced vertically-aligned carbon nanotube array synthesized by shock-induced partial phase transition: insight from molecular dynamics simulations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:235401. [PMID: 35294943 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac5e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite intriguing mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), vertically-aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) array does not possess a high strength against compression along the CNT axis and also the loadings perpendicular to the CNT axis. Here in this study, shock compression is introduced as a means for partial phase transition (PPT) in the VACNT array to reinforce the structure against the mentioned loadings. Molecular dynamics simulations are exploited to investigate the synthesis of a novel nanostructure from a VACNT array with 10 nm long (5, 5) CNTs. Employing Hugoniostat method, shockwave pressures of 6.6 GPa and 55 GPa are extracted from Hugoniot curves as the instability limit and the PPT point, respectively. Coordination analysis reveals the nucleation of carbon atoms in sp3hybridization while preserving the dominant nature of CNT due to the high percent of sp2hybridization. Recovery of the shocked samples yields the final structure to be tested for mechanical characteristics. Tensile and compression tests on the samples reveal that for the shockwave pressures below the PPT point, an increase of the shock strength leads to higher compliance in the VACNT array. However, beyond the PPT point the novel nanostructure shows an extraordinary strong behavior against loading along all directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Edalatmanesh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahnama
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Feghhi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mosavi Mashhadi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang N, Xiang D. Self-assembling of versatile Si 3N 4@SiO 2 nanofibre sponges by direct nitridation of photovoltaic silicon waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126385. [PMID: 34175705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solar cells based on crystalline silicon wafers have dominated the global photovoltaic market for many years. Unfortunately, a large amount of photovoltaic silicon waste (PSW) also was produced during the process of cutting silicon ingot into silicon wafer. The improperly discarded PSW will bring about serious environmental hazardous problems, so it is highly necessary to safely and effectively recover and utilize PSW. Here, we report self-assembled 3D Si3N4@SiO2 nanofibre sponges utilising PSW as silicon sources for the first time. This kind of ceramic sponge displays excellent compression resilience under a maximum strain of 67% due to the flexibility of the Si3N4@SiO2 nanofibres. The Si3N4@SiO2 nanofibre sponges can withstand high temperatures beyond 1200 °C with negligible weight loss and demonstrates favourable thermal insulation properties. Furthermore, the porous Si3N4@SiO2 nanofibre sponges possess ultra-low dielectric properties, with the minimum dielectric constant and dielectric loss approaching 1 and 0, respectively. In short, a simple and low-cost technology using industrial waste to fabricate versatile Si3N4@SiO2 nanofibre sponges with prominent performance is of great significance for the development and application of 3D ceramic architectures in various industry fields including aerospace, electronic devices and thermal insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Daoping Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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6
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Ghosh R, Misra A. Tailored viscoelasticity of a polymer cellular structure through nanoscale entanglement of carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:5375-5383. [PMID: 36132051 PMCID: PMC9417187 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional carbon nanotube (CNT) cellular structure presents a unique revelation of microstructure dependent mechanical and viscoelastic properties. Tailored CNT-CNT entanglement demonstrated a direct impact on both the strength and viscosity of the structure. Unlike traditional foams, an increase in the CNT-CNT entanglement progressively increases both the strength and the viscosity. The study reveals that an effective load is directly transferred within the structure through the short-range entanglements (nodes) resulting in an enhanced mechanical strength, whereas the long-range entanglements (bundles) regulate the energy absorption capacity. A three-dimensional structure of entangled CNT-CNT shows ∼15 and ∼26 times enhancement in the storage and loss moduli, respectively. The higher peak stress and energy loss are increased by ∼9.2 fold and ∼8.8 fold, respectively, compared to those of the cellular structures without entanglement. The study also revealed that the viscoelastic properties i.e. the Young's modulus, stress relaxation, strain rate sensitivity and fatigue properties can be modulated by tailoring the CNT-CNT entanglements within the cellular structure. A qualitative analysis is performed using finite element simulation to show the impact of CNT-CNT entanglements on the viscoelastic properties. The finding paves a way for designing a new class of meta-cellular materials which are viscous yet strong for shock absorbing or mechanical damping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Ghosh
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Karnataka India 560012 +91-80-2293-3198
| | - Abha Misra
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Karnataka India 560012 +91-80-2293-3198
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Park SJ, Shin J, Magagnosc DJ, Kim S, Cao C, Turner KT, Purohit PK, Gianola DS, Hart AJ. Strong, Ultralight Nanofoams with Extreme Recovery and Dissipation by Manipulation of Internal Adhesive Contacts. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8383-8391. [PMID: 32348120 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in three-dimensional nanofabrication techniques have enabled the development of lightweight solids, such as hollow nanolattices, having record values of specific stiffness and strength, albeit at low production throughput. At the length scales of the structural elements of these solids-which are often tens of nanometers or smaller-forces required for elastic deformation can be comparable to adhesive forces, rendering the possibility to tailor bulk mechanical properties based on the relative balance of these forces. Herein, we study this interplay via the mechanics of ultralight ceramic-coated carbon nanotube (CNT) structures. We show that ceramic-CNT foams surpass other architected nanomaterials in density-normalized strength and that, when the structures are designed to minimize internal adhesive interactions between CNTs, more than 97% of the strain after compression beyond densification is recovered. Via experiments and modeling, we study the dependence of the recovery and dissipation on the coating thickness, demonstrate that internal adhesive contacts impede recovery, and identify design guidelines for ultralight materials to have maximum recovery. The combination of high recovery and dissipation in ceramic-CNT foams may be useful in structural damping and shock absorption, and the general principles could be broadly applied to both architected and stochastic nanofoams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Jin Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jungho Shin
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Daniel J Magagnosc
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sanha Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Prashant K Purohit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daniel S Gianola
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - A John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Jarząbek DM, Harvey C, Levintant-Zayonts N, Wojciechowski T, Gniadek M, Krajewski M, Pathak S. Enhancement of mechanical properties of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays due to N + ion irradiation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:285703. [PMID: 32244241 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work we apply N+ ion irradiation on vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) arrays in order to increase the number of connections and joints in the CNT network. The ions energy was 50 keV and fluence 5 × 1017 ions cm-2. The film was 160 μm thick. SEM images revealed the ion irradiation altered the carbon bonding and created a sponge-like, brittle structure at the surface of the film, with the ion irradiation damage region extending ∼4 μm in depth. TEM images showed the brittle structure consists of amorphous carbon forming between nanotubes. The significant enhancement of mechanical properties of the irradiated sample studied by the cyclic nanoindentation with a flat punch indenter was observed. Irradiation on the VACNT film made the structure stiffer, resulted in a higher percentage recovery, and reduced the energy dissipation under compression. The results are encouraging for further studies which will lead to create a class of materials-ion-irradiated VACNT films-which after further research may find application in storage or harvesting energy at the micro/nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz M Jarząbek
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Brown J, Hajilounezhad T, Dee NT, Kim S, Hart AJ, Maschmann MR. Delamination Mechanics of Carbon Nanotube Micropillars. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:35221-35227. [PMID: 31478639 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion of carbon nanotube (CNT) forests to their growth substrate is a critical concern for many applications. Here, we measured the delamination force of CNT forest micropillars using in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tensile testing. A flat tip with epoxy adhesive first established contact with the top surface of freestanding CNT pillars and then pulled the pillars in displacement-controlled tension until delamination was observed. An average delamination stress of 6.1 MPa was measured, based on the full pillar cross-sectional area, and detachment was observed to occur between catalyst particles and the growth substrate. Finite element simulations of CNT forest delamination show that force and strain are heterogeneously distributed among CNTs during tensile loading and that CNTs progressively lose adhesion with increased displacement. Based on combined experiments and simulations, an adhesion strength of approximately 350 MPa was estimated between each CNT and the substrate. These findings provide important insight into CNT applications such as thermal interfaces, mechanical sensors, and structural composites while also suggesting a potential upper limit of tensile forces allowed during CNT forest synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Brown
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65201 , United States
| | - Taher Hajilounezhad
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65201 , United States
| | - Nicholas T Dee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Sanha Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - A John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Matthew R Maschmann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65201 , United States
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10
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Zhao K, Zhang T, Chang H, Yang Y, Xiao P, Zhang H, Li C, Tiwary CS, Ajayan PM, Chen Y. Super-elasticity of three-dimensionally cross-linked graphene materials all the way to deep cryogenic temperatures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav2589. [PMID: 30993202 PMCID: PMC6461457 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Until now, materials with high elasticity at deep cryogenic temperatures have not been observed. Previous reports indicated that graphene and carbon nanotube-based porous materials can exhibit reversible mechano-elastic behavior from liquid nitrogen temperature up to nearly a thousand degrees Celsius. Here, we report wide temperature-invariant large-strain super-elastic behavior in three-dimensionally cross-linked graphene materials that persists even to a liquid helium temperature of 4 K, a property not previously observed for any other material. To understand the mechanical properties of these graphene materials, we show by in situ experiments and modeling results that these remarkable properties are the synergetic results of the unique architecture and intrinsic elastic/flexibility properties of individual graphene sheets and the covalent junctions between the sheets that persist even at harsh temperatures. These results suggest possible applications for such materials at extremely low temperature environments such as those in outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huicong Chang
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Peishuang Xiao
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Pulickel M. Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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11
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Roumeli E, Diamantopoulou M, Serra-Garcia M, Johanns P, Parcianello G, Daraio C. Characterization of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Forests Grown on Stainless Steel Surfaces. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030444. [PMID: 30875999 PMCID: PMC6474093 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) forests are a particularly interesting class of nanomaterials, because they combine multifunctional properties, such as high energy absorption, compressive strength, recoverability, and super-hydrophobicity with light weight. These characteristics make them suitable for application as coating, protective layers, and antifouling substrates for metallic pipelines and blades. Direct growth of CNT forests on metals offers the possibility of transferring the tunable CNT functionalities directly onto the desired substrates. Here, we focus on characterizing the structure and mechanical properties, as well as wettability and adhesion, of CNT forests grown on different types of stainless steel. We investigate the correlations between composition and morphology of the steel substrates with the micro-structure of the CNTs and reveal how the latter ultimately controls the mechanical and wetting properties of the CNT forest. Additionally, we study the influence of substrate morphology on the adhesion of CNTs to their substrate. We highlight that the same structure-property relationships govern the mechanical performance of CNT forests grown on steels and on Si.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Roumeli
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Marianna Diamantopoulou
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marc Serra-Garcia
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Johanns
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Chiara Daraio
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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12
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Tsui MN, Kim KH, Islam MF. Drastically Enhancing Moduli of Graphene-Coated Carbon Nanotube Aerogels via Densification while Retaining Temperature-Invariant Superelasticity and Ultrahigh Efficiency. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:37954-37961. [PMID: 28991429 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight open-cell foams that are simultaneously superelastic, possess exceptionally high Young's moduli (Y), exhibit ultrahigh efficiency, and resist fatigue as well as creep are particularly desirable as structural frameworks. Unfortunately, many of these features are orthogonal in foams of metals, ceramics, and polymers, particularly under large temperature variations. In contrast, foams of carbon allotropes including carbon nanotubes and graphene developed over the past few years exhibit these desired properties but have low Y due to low density, ρ = 0.5-10 mg/mL. Densification of these foams enhances Y although below expectation and also dramatically degrades other properties because of drastic changes in microstructure. We have recently developed size- and shape-tunable graphene-coated single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) aerogels that display superelasticity at least up to a compressive strain (ε) = 80%, fatigue and creep resistance, and ultrahigh efficiency over -100-500 °C. Unfortunately, Y of these aerogels is only ∼0.75 MPa due to low ρ ≈ 14 mg/mL, limiting their competitiveness as structural foams. We report fabrication of similar aerogels but with ρ spanning more than an order of magnitude from 16-400 mg/mL through controlled isostatic compression in the presence of a polymer coating circumventing any microstructural changes in stark contrast to other foams of carbon allotropes. The compressive stress (σ) versus ε measurements show that the densification of aerogels from ρ ≈ 16 to 400 mg/mL dramatically enhances Y from 0.9 to 400 MPa while maintaining superelasticity at least up to ε = 10% even at the highest ρ. The storage (E') and loss (E″) moduli measured in the linear regime show ultralow loss coefficient, tan δ = E″/E' ≈ 0.02, that remains constant over three decades of frequencies (0.628-628 rad/s), suggesting unusually high frequency-invariant efficiency. Furthermore, these aerogels retain exceptional fatigue resistance for 106 loading-unloading cycles to ε = 2% and creep resistance for at least 30 min under σ = 0.02 MPa with ρ = 16 mg/mL and σ = 2.5 MPa with higher ρ = 400 mg/mL. Lastly, these robust mechanical properties are stable over a broad temperature range of -100-500 °C, motivating their use as highly efficient structural components in environments with extreme temperature variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Tsui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3815, United States
| | - Kyu Hun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3815, United States
| | - Mohammad F Islam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3815, United States
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13
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Liang X, Chernysh I, Purohit PK, Weisel JW. Phase transitions during compression and decompression of clots from platelet-poor plasma, platelet-rich plasma and whole blood. Acta Biomater 2017; 60:275-290. [PMID: 28694237 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood clots are required to stem bleeding and are subject to a variety of stresses, but they can also block blood vessels and cause heart attacks and ischemic strokes. We measured the compressive response of human platelet-poor plasma (PPP) clots, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) clots and whole blood clots and correlated these measurements with confocal and scanning electron microscopy to track changes in clot structure. Stress-strain curves revealed four characteristic regions, for compression-decompression: (1) linear elastic region; (2) upper plateau or softening region; (3) non-linear elastic region or re-stretching of the network; (4) lower plateau in which dissociation of some newly made connections occurs. Our experiments revealed that compression proceeds by the passage of a phase boundary through the clot separating rarefied and densified phases. This observation motivates a model of fibrin mechanics based on the continuum theory of phase transitions, which accounts for the pre-stress caused by platelets, the adhesion of fibrin fibers in the densified phase, the compression of red blood cells (RBCs), and the pumping of liquids through the clot during compression/decompression. Our experiments and theory provide insights into the mechanical behavior of blood clots that could have implications clinically and in the design of fibrin-based biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The objective of this paper is to measure and mathematically model the compression behavior of various human blood clots. We show by a combination of confocal and scanning electron microscopy that compression proceeds by the passage of a front through the sample that separates a densified region of the clot from a rarefied region, and that the compression/decompression response is reversible with hysteresis. These observations form the basis of a model for the compression response of clots based on the continuum theory of phase transitions. Our studies may reveal how clot rheology under large compression in vivo due to muscle contraction, platelet retraction and hydrodynamic flow varies under various pathophysiological conditions and could inform the design of fibrin based biomaterials.
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14
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Wang H, Zhang X, Wang N, Li Y, Feng X, Huang Y, Zhao C, Liu Z, Fang M, Ou G, Gao H, Li X, Wu H. Ultralight, scalable, and high-temperature-resilient ceramic nanofiber sponges. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603170. [PMID: 28630915 PMCID: PMC5457032 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultralight and resilient porous nanostructures have been fabricated in various material forms, including carbon, polymers, and metals. However, the development of ultralight and high-temperature resilient structures still remains extremely challenging. Ceramics exhibit good mechanical and chemical stability at high temperatures, but their brittleness and sensitivity to flaws significantly complicate the fabrication of resilient porous ceramic nanostructures. We report the manufacturing of large-scale, lightweight, high-temperature resilient, three-dimensional sponges based on a variety of oxide ceramic (for example, TiO2, ZrO2, yttria-stabilized ZrO2, and BaTiO3) nanofibers through an efficient solution blow-spinning process. The ceramic sponges consist of numerous tangled ceramic nanofibers, with densities varying from 8 to 40 mg/cm3. In situ uniaxial compression in a scanning electron microscope showed that the TiO2 nanofiber sponge exhibits high energy absorption (for example, dissipation of up to 29.6 mJ/cm3 in energy density at 50% strain) and recovers rapidly after compression in excess of 20% strain at both room temperature and 400°C. The sponge exhibits excellent resilience with residual strains of only ~1% at 800°C after 10 cycles of 10% compression strain and maintains good recoverability after compression at ~1300°C. We show that ceramic nanofiber sponges can serve multiple functions, such as elasticity-dependent electrical resistance, photocatalytic activity, and thermal insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Corresponding author. (H. Wu); (H.G.); (X.L.); (N.W.)
| | - Yan Li
- Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ya Huang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chunsong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenglian Liu
- School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Minghao Fang
- School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gang Ou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterial Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Corresponding author. (H. Wu); (H.G.); (X.L.); (N.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Centre for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding author. (H. Wu); (H.G.); (X.L.); (N.W.)
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding author. (H. Wu); (H.G.); (X.L.); (N.W.)
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15
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Lee WL, Low HY, Ortiz C. Geometry-dependent compressive responses in nanoimprinted submicron-structured shape memory polyurethane. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3314-3327. [PMID: 28418057 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High resolution surface textures, when rationally designed, provide an attractive surface engineering approach to enhance surface functionalities. Designing smart surfaces by coupling surface texture with shape memory polymers has garnered attention in achieving tunable mechanical properties. We investigate the structure-mechanical property relationships for programmable, shape-memorizing submicron-scale pillar arrays subjected to flat-punch compression. The geometrically-dependent deformation of structured surfaces with two different aspect ratios (250 nm-pillars 1 : 1 and 550 nm-pillars 2.4 : 1) were investigated, and their moduli were found to be lower than that of non-patterned surface. From finite element analysis, the pillar deformation is correlated to a mechanistic transition from a discrete, unidirectional compression of 250 nm-pillars to lateral constraints caused by interpillar contact in 550 nm-pillars. This lateral pillar-pillar contact in the 550 nm-pillars resulted in an increased and maximum strain-dependent modulus but lower elastic recovery and energy dissipation as compared with the 250 nm-pillars. Furthermore, the compressive responses of temporarily shaped pillars (programmed by stretching) were compared with the permanently shaped pillars. The extent of lateral constraints controlled by pillar shape and spacing in 550 nm-pillars was responsible for the modulus differences between the original and stretched patterns, whereas the modulus of 250 nm-pillars remained as a constant value with different levels of stretching. This study provides mechanistic insights into how the mechanical behavior can be modulated by designing the aspect ratio of shape memory pillar arrays and by programming the surface geometry, thus revealing the potential of developing ingenious designs of responsive surfaces sensitive to mechanical deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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16
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Kim S, Sojoudi H, Zhao H, Mariappan D, McKinley GH, Gleason KK, Hart AJ. Ultrathin high-resolution flexographic printing using nanoporous stamps. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601660. [PMID: 27957542 PMCID: PMC5142799 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its invention in ancient times, relief printing, commonly called flexography, has been used to mass-produce artifacts ranging from decorative graphics to printed media. Now, higher-resolution flexography is essential to manufacturing low-cost, large-area printed electronics. However, because of contact-mediated liquid instabilities and spreading, the resolution of flexographic printing using elastomeric stamps is limited to tens of micrometers. We introduce engineered nanoporous microstructures, comprising polymer-coated aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as a next-generation stamp material. We design and engineer the highly porous microstructures to be wetted by colloidal inks and to transfer a thin layer to a target substrate upon brief contact. We demonstrate printing of diverse micrometer-scale patterns of a variety of functional nanoparticle inks, including Ag, ZnO, WO3, and CdSe/ZnS, onto both rigid and compliant substrates. The printed patterns have highly uniform nanoscale thickness (5 to 50 nm) and match the stamp features with high fidelity (edge roughness, ~0.2 μm). We derive conditions for uniform printing based on nanoscale contact mechanics, characterize printed Ag lines and transparent conductors, and achieve continuous printing at a speed of 0.2 m/s. The latter represents a combination of resolution and throughput that far surpasses industrial printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanha Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hossein Sojoudi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hangbo Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dhanushkodi Mariappan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gareth H. McKinley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karen K. Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A. John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Davis BF, Yan X, Muralidharan N, Oakes L, Pint CL, Maschmann MR. Electrically Conductive Hierarchical Carbon Nanotube Networks with Tunable Mechanical Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:28004-28011. [PMID: 27689747 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Small diameter carbon nanotube (CNTs) are synthesized directly from a parent CNT forest using a floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. To support a new CNT generation from an existing forest, an alumina coating was applied to the CNT forest using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The new generation of small diameter CNTs (8 nm average) surround the first generation, filling the interstitial regions. The hierarchical forests exhibit a 5-10-fold increase in stiffness, and the two generations are electrically addressable in spite of the interfacial alumina layer between them. This work enables the design of complex CNT architectures with hierarchical features that bring tailored properties such as high specific surface area and robust mechanical properties that can benefit a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Davis
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Xingyi Yan
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Nitin Muralidharan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Landon Oakes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Cary L Pint
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Matthew R Maschmann
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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18
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Yang Z, Huang Y, Ma F, Miao Y, Bao H, Xu K, Chu PK. Energy dissipation in mechanical loading of nano-grained graphene sheets. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05167g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loading and unloading behavior of nanocrystalline graphene are studied by MDs. The energy dissipation in one loading circle are counted. The energy dissipation increases as the grain size decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- College of Physics and Information Technology
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Fei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
| | - Yaping Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
| | - Hongwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Kewei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
- Department of Physics and Opt-electronic Engineering
| | - Paul K. Chu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- China
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19
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Jagtap P, Kumar A, Kumar P. Effect of electric field on creep and stress-relaxation behavior of carbon nanotube forests. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16091c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotube forests (CNTFs) are porous ensembles of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, exhibiting excellent reversible compressibility and electric field tunable stress–strain, creep, and viscoelastic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Jagtap
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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20
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Understanding Mechanical Response of Elastomeric Graphene Networks. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13712. [PMID: 26348898 PMCID: PMC4562249 DOI: 10.1038/srep13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-light porous networks based on nano-carbon materials (such as graphene or carbon nanotubes) have attracted increasing interest owing to their applications in wide fields from bioengineering to electrochemical devices. However, it is often difficult to translate the properties of nanomaterials to bulk three-dimensional networks with a control of their mechanical properties. In this work, we constructed elastomeric graphene porous networks with well-defined structures by freeze casting and thermal reduction, and investigated systematically the effect of key microstructural features. The porous networks made of large reduced graphene oxide flakes (>20 μm) are superelastic and exhibit high energy absorption, showing much enhanced mechanical properties than those with small flakes (<2 μm). A better restoration of the graphitic nature also has a considerable effect. In comparison, microstructural differences, such as the foam architecture or the cell size have smaller or negligible effect on the mechanical response. The recoverability and energy adsorption depend on density with the latter exhibiting a minimum due to the interplay between wall fracture and friction during deformation. These findings suggest that an improvement in the mechanical properties of porous graphene networks significantly depend on the engineering of the graphene flake that controls the property of the cell walls.
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21
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Li Y, Kang J, Choi JB, Nam JD, Suhr J. Determination of material constants of vertically aligned carbon nanotube structures in compressions. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:245701. [PMID: 26011574 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/24/245701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Different chemical vapour deposition (CVD) fabrication conditions lead to a wide range of variation in the microstructure and morphologies of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which actually determine the compressive mechanical properties of CNTs. However, the underlying relationship between the structure/morphology and mechanical properties of CNTs is not fully understood. In this study, we characterized and compared the structural and morphological properties of three kinds of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) arrays from different CVD fabrication methods and performed monotonic compressive tests for each VACNT array. The compressive stress-strain responses and plastic deformation were first compared and analyzed with nanotube buckling behaviours. To quantify the compressive properties of the VACNT arrays, a strain density energy function was used to determine their intrinsic material constants. Then, the structural and morphological effects on the quantified material constants of the VACNTs were statistically investigated and analogized to cellular materials with an open-cell model. The statistical analysis shows that density, defect degree, and the moment of inertia of the CNTs are key factors in the improvement of the compressive mechanical properties of VACNT arrays. This approach could allow a model-driven CNT synthesis for engineering their mechanical behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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22
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Lin Z, Gui X, Gan Q, Chen W, Cheng X, Liu M, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Cao A, Tang Z. In-Situ Welding Carbon Nanotubes into a Porous Solid with Super-High Compressive Strength and Fatigue Resistance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11336. [PMID: 26067176 PMCID: PMC4464184 DOI: 10.1038/srep11336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene-based sponges and aerogels have an isotropic porous structure and their mechanical strength and stability are relatively lower. Here, we present a junction-welding approach to fabricate porous CNT solids in which all CNTs are coated and welded in situ by an amorphous carbon layer, forming an integral three-dimensional scaffold with fixed joints. The resulting CNT solids are robust, yet still highly porous and compressible, with compressive strengths up to 72 MPa, flexural strengths up to 33 MPa, and fatigue resistance (recovery after 100,000 large-strain compression cycles at high frequency). Significant enhancement of mechanical properties is attributed to the welding-induced interconnection and reinforcement of structural units, and synergistic effects stemming from the core-shell microstructures consisting of a flexible CNT framework and a rigid amorphous carbon shell. Our results provide a simple and effective method to manufacture high-strength porous materials by nanoscale welding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Lin
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xuchun Gui
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Qiming Gan
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Cheng
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yanbing Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Anyuan Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zikang Tang
- 1] State Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China [2] Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Misra A, Kumar P. Tailoring viscoelastic response of carbon nanotubes cellular structure using electric field. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13668-13677. [PMID: 25277155 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04766d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular structures of carbon nanotubes (CNT) are novel engineering materials, which are finding applications due to their remarkable structural and functional properties. Here, we report the effects of electric field, one of the most frequently used stimulants for harnessing the functional properties of CNT, on the viscoelastic response, an important design consideration for the structural applications of a cellular CNT sample. The application of an electric field results in electrostriction induced large actuation in freestanding CNT samples; however, if the CNT are prohibited to expand, an electric field dependent force is exerted by the sample on the constraining platens. In addition, the above force monotonically decreases with the pre-compressive strain imposed onto the sample. The viscoelastic recovery reveals a decrease in the stress relaxation with an increase in the pre-compressive strain in both the presence and absence of the electric field; however, the stress relaxation was significantly higher in the presence of the electric field. A model, based on a simple linear viscoelastic solid incorporating electric field, is developed to understand the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Misra
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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24
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Pham TN, Samikannu A, Kukkola J, Rautio AR, Pitkänen O, Dombovari A, Lorite GS, Sipola T, Toth G, Mohl M, Mikkola JP, Kordas K. Industrially benign super-compressible piezoresistive carbon foams with predefined wetting properties: from environmental to electrical applications. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6933. [PMID: 25375221 PMCID: PMC5381471 DOI: 10.1038/srep06933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work electrically conductive, flexible, lightweight carbon sponge materials derived from open-pore structure melamine foams are studied and explored. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface properties - depending on the chosen treatment conditions - allow the separation and storage of liquid chemical compounds. Activation of the carbonaceous structures substantially increases the specific surface area from ~4 m2g−1 to ~345 m2g−1, while retaining the original three-dimensional, open-pore structure suitable for hosting, for example, Ni catalyst nanoparticles. In turn the structure is rendered suitable for hydrogenating acetone to 2-propanol and methyl isobutyl ketone as well for growing hierarchical carbon nanotube structures used as electric double-layer capacitor electrodes with specific capacitance of ~40 F/g. Mechanical stress-strain analysis indicates the materials are super-compressible (>70% volume reduction) and viscoelastic with excellent damping behavior (loss of 0.69 ± 0.07), while piezoresistive measurements show very high gauge factors (from ~20 to 50) over a large range of deformations. The cost-effective, robust and scalable synthesis - in conjunction with their fascinating multifunctional utility - makes the demonstrated carbon foams remarkable competitors with other three-dimensional carbon materials typically based on pyrolyzed biopolymers or on covalently bonded graphene and carbon nanotube frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Ngoc Pham
- Technical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ajaikumar Samikannu
- Technical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jarmo Kukkola
- Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne-Riikka Rautio
- Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Pitkänen
- Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Aron Dombovari
- Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Gabriela Simone Lorite
- Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Teemu Sipola
- Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Geza Toth
- Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Melinda Mohl
- Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyri-Pekka Mikkola
- 1] Technical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical-Biological Centre, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden [2] Industrial Chemistry &Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500, Åbo-Turku, Finland
| | - Krisztian Kordas
- Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
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25
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Hu H, Zhao Z, Wan W, Gogotsi Y, Qiu J. Polymer/graphene hybrid aerogel with high compressibility, conductivity, and "sticky" superhydrophobicity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:3242-3249. [PMID: 24524309 DOI: 10.1021/am4050647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The idea of extending functions of graphene aerogels and achieving specific applications has aroused wide attention recently. A solution to this challenge is the formation of a hybrid structure where the graphene aerogels are decorated with other functional nanostructures. An infiltration-evaporation-curing strategy has been proposed by the formation of hybrid structure containing poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and compressible graphene aerogel (CGA), where the cellular walls of the CGA are coated uniformly with an integrated polymer layer. The resulting composite shows enhanced compressive strength and a stable Young's modulus that are superior to those of pure CGAs. This unique structure combines the advantages of both components, giving rise to an excellent electromechanical performance, where the bulk resistance repeatedly shows a synchronous and linear response to variation of the volume during compression at a wide range of compressed rates. Furthermore, the foamlike structure delivers a water droplet with "sticky" superhydrophobicity and a size as large as 32 μL that remains tightly pinned to the composite, even when it is turned upside-down. This is the first demonstration of superhydrophobicity with strong adhesion on a foamlike structure. These outstanding properties qualify the PDMS/CGA composites developed here as promising candidates for a wide range of applications such as in sensors, actuators, and materials used for biochemical separation and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hu
- Carbon Research Laboratory, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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Zeng Z, Gui X, Gan Q, Lin Z, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Xiang R, Cao A, Tang Z. Integrated random-aligned carbon nanotube layers: deformation mechanism under compression. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1748-1755. [PMID: 24352698 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04667b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes have the potential to construct highly compressible and elastic macroscopic structures such as films, aerogels and sponges. The structure-related deformation mechanism determines the mechanical behavior of those structures and niche applications. Here, we show a novel strategy to integrate aligned and random nanotube layers and reveal their deformation mechanism under uniaxial compression with a large range of strain and cyclic testing. Integrated nanotube layers deform sequentially with different mechanisms due to the distinct morphology of each layer. While the aligned layer forms buckles under compression, nanotubes in the random layer tend to be parallel and form bundles, resulting in the integration of quite different properties (strength and stiffness) and correspondingly distinct plateau regions in the stress-strain curves. Our results indicate a great promise of constructing hierarchical carbon nanotube structures with tailored energy absorption properties, for applications such as cushioning and buffering layers in microelectromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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Abadi PPSS, Maschmann MR, Baur JW, Graham S, Cola BA. Deformation response of conformally coated carbon nanotube forest. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:475707. [PMID: 24192522 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/47/475707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The deformation mechanism and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) forests conformally coated with alumina using atomic layer deposition (ALD) are investigated using in situ and ex situ micro-indentation. While micro-indentation of a CNT forest coated with a thin discontinuous layer using 20 ALD cycles results in a deformation response similar to the response of uncoated CNT forests, a similar test on a CNT forest coated with a sufficiently thick and continuous layer using 100 ALD cycles causes fracture of both the alumina coatings and the core CNTs. With a 10 nm coating, 4-fold and 14-fold stiffness increases are measured using a flat punch and a Berkovich tip, respectively. Indentation testing with the Berkovich tip also reveals increased recoverability at relatively low strains. The results show that ALD coated CNT forests could be useful for applications that require higher stiffness or recoverability. Also, fracturing of the nanotubes shows that upper limits exist in the loading of conformally coated CNT forests.
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Pathak S, Mohan N, Decolvenaere E, Needleman A, Bedewy M, Hart AJ, Greer JR. Local relative density modulates failure and strength in vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8593-8604. [PMID: 24001107 DOI: 10.1021/nn402710j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Micromechanical experiments, image analysis, and theoretical modeling revealed that local failure events and compressive stresses of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) were uniquely linked to relative density gradients. Edge detection analysis of systematically obtained scanning electron micrographs was used to quantify a microstructural figure-of-merit related to relative local density along VACNT heights. Sequential bottom-to-top buckling and hardening in stress-strain response were observed in samples with smaller relative density at the bottom. When density gradient was insubstantial or reversed, bottom regions always buckled last, and a flat stress plateau was obtained. These findings were consistent with predictions of a 2D material model based on a viscoplastic solid with plastic non-normality and a hardening-softening-hardening plastic flow relation. The hardening slope in compression generated by the model was directly related to the stiffness gradient along the sample height, and hence to the local relative density. These results demonstrate that a microstructural figure-of-merit, the effective relative density, can be used to quantify and predict the mechanical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Pathak
- Materials Science, California Institute of Technology (Caltech) , Pasadena, California, United States
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Raney JR, Fraternali F, Daraio C. Rate-independent dissipation and loading direction effects in compressed carbon nanotube arrays. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:255707. [PMID: 23727816 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/25/255707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of nominally-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under compression deform locally via buckling, exhibit a foam-like, dissipative response, and can often recover most of their original height. We synthesize millimeter-scale CNT arrays and report the results of compression experiments at different strain rates, from 10(-4) to 10(-1) s(-1), and for multiple compressive cycles to different strains. We observe that the stress-strain response proceeds independently of the strain rate for all tests, but that it is highly dependent on loading history. Additionally, we examine the effect of loading direction on the mechanical response of the system. The mechanical behavior is modeled using a multiscale series of bistable springs. This model captures the rate independence of the constitutive response, the local deformation, and the history-dependent effects. We develop here a macroscopic formulation of the model to represent a continuum limit of the mesoscale elements developed previously. Utilizing the model and our experimental observations we discuss various possible physical mechanisms contributing to the system's dissipative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Raney
- Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Hu H, Zhao Z, Wan W, Gogotsi Y, Qiu J. Ultralight and highly compressible graphene aerogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:2219-23. [PMID: 23418081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chemically converted graphene aerogels with ultralight density and high compressibility are prepared by diamine-mediated functionalization and assembly, followed by microwave irradiation. The resulting graphene aerogels with density as low as 3 mg cm(-3) show excellent resilience and can completely recover after more than 90% compression. The ultralight graphene aerogels possessing high elasticity are promising as compliant and energy-absorbing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hu
- Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
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Abadi PPSS, Hutchens SB, Greer JR, Cola BA, Graham S. Effects of morphology on the micro-compression response of carbon nanotube forests. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:3373-3380. [PMID: 22543679 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30474k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the mechanical response of distinct carbon nanotube (CNT) morphologies as revealed by flat punch in situ nanoindentation in a scanning electron microscope. We find that the location of incipient deformation varies significantly by changing the CNT growth parameters. The initial buckles formed close to the growth substrate in 70 and 190 μm tall CNT forests grown with low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) and moved to ∼100 μm above the growth substrate when the height increased to 280 μm. Change of the recipe from LPCVD to CVD at pressures near atmospheric changed the location of the initial buckling event from the bottom half to the top half of the CNT forest. Plasma pretreatment of the catalyst also resulted in a unique CNT forest morphology in which deformation started by bending and buckling of the CNT tips. We find that the vertical gradients in CNT morphology dictate the location of incipient buckling. These new insights are critical in the design of CNT forests for a variety of applications where mechanical contact is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Pour Shahid Saeed Abadi
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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