1
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Swami R, Julié G, Le-Denmat S, Pernot G, Singhal D, Paterson J, Maire J, Motte JF, Paillet N, Guillou H, Gomès S, Bourgeois O. Experimental setup for thermal measurements at the nanoscale using a SThM probe with niobium nitride thermometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:054904. [PMID: 38814363 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) has become an important measurement technique for characterizing the thermal properties of materials at the nanometer scale. This technique requires a SThM probe that combines an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) probe and a very sensitive resistive thermometer; the thermometer being located at the apex of the probe tip allows for the mapping of temperature or thermal properties of nanostructured materials with very high spatial resolution. The high interest of the SThM technique in the field of thermal nanoscience currently suffers from a low temperature sensitivity despite its high spatial resolution. To address this challenge, we developed a high vacuum-based AFM system hosting a highly sensitive niobium nitride (NbN) SThM probe to demonstrate its unique performance. As a proof of concept, we utilized this custom-built system to carry out thermal measurements using the 3ω method. By measuring the V3ω voltage on the NbN resistive thermometer under vacuum conditions, we were able to determine the SThM probe's thermal conductance and thermal time constant. The performance of the probe is demonstrated by performing thermal measurements in-contact with a sapphire sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Swami
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - G Julié
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - S Le-Denmat
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - G Pernot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - D Singhal
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J Paterson
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J Maire
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J F Motte
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - N Paillet
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - H Guillou
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - S Gomès
- CETHIL, CNRS, 9 Rue de la Physique, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - O Bourgeois
- Institut Néel, CNRS, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
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2
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Nguyen HD, Yamada I, Nishimura T, Pang H, Cho H, Tang DM, Kikkawa J, Mitome M, Golberg D, Kimoto K, Mori T, Kawamoto N. STEM in situ thermal wave observations for investigating thermal diffusivity in nanoscale materials and devices. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj3825. [PMID: 38215197 PMCID: PMC10786416 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Practical techniques to identify heat routes at the nanoscale are required for the thermal control of microelectronic, thermoelectric, and photonic devices. Nanoscale thermometry using various approaches has been extensively investigated, yet a reliable method has not been finalized. We developed an original technique using thermal waves induced by a pulsed convergent electron beam in a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) mode at room temperature. By quantifying the relative phase delay at each irradiated position, we demonstrate the heat transport within various samples with a spatial resolution of ~10 nm and a temperature resolution of 0.01 K. Phonon-surface scatterings were quantitatively confirmed due to the suppression of thermal diffusivity. The phonon-grain boundary scatterings and ballistic phonon transport near the pulsed convergent electron beam were also visualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Duy Nguyen
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Isamu Yamada
- Yamada R&D Support Enterprise, 2-8-3 Minamidai, Ishioka, Ibaraki 315-0035, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nishimura
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Hong Pang
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hyunyong Cho
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Dai-Ming Tang
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jun Kikkawa
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masanori Mitome
- Research Network and Facility Services Division, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Koji Kimoto
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takao Mori
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8671, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kawamoto
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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3
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Ukraintsev E, Rezek B. Non-contact non-resonant atomic force microscopy method for measurements of highly mobile molecules and nanoparticles. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 253:113816. [PMID: 37531754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is nowadays indispensable versatile scanning probe method widely employed for fundamental and applied research in physics, chemistry, biology as well as industrial metrology. Conventional AFM systems can operate in various environments such as ultra-high vacuum, electrolyte solutions, or controlled gas atmosphere. Measurements in ambient air are prevalent due to their technical simplicity; however, there are drawbacks such as formation of water meniscus that greatly increases attractive interaction (adhesion) between the tip and the sample, reduced spatial resolution, and too strong interactions leading to tip and/or sample modifications. Here we show how the attractive forces in AFM under ambient conditions can be used with advantage to probe surface properties in a very sensitive way even on highly mobile molecules and nanoparticles. We introduce a stable non-contact non-resonant (NCNR) AFM method which enables to reliably perform measurements in the attractive force regime even in air by controlling the tip position in the intimate surface vicinity without touching it. We demonstrate proof-of-concept results on helicene-based macrocycles, DNA on mica, and nanodiamonds on SiO2. We compare the results with other conventional AFM regimes, showing NCNR advantages such as higher spatial resolution, reduced tip contamination, and negligible sample modification. We analyze principle physical and chemical mechanisms influencing the measurements, discuss issues of stability and various possible method implementations. We explain how the NCNR method can be applied in any AFM system by a mere software modification. The method thus opens a new research field for measurements of highly sensitive and mobile nanoscale objects under air and other environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Ukraintsev
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, Prague 6, 166 27, Czech Republic.
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, Prague 6, 166 27, Czech Republic
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4
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Swoboda T, Gao X, Rosário CMM, Hui F, Zhu K, Yuan Y, Deshmukh S, Köroǧlu Ç, Pop E, Lanza M, Hilgenkamp H, Rojo MM. Spatially-Resolved Thermometry of Filamentary Nanoscale Hot Spots in TiO 2 Resistive Random Access Memories to Address Device Variability. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2023; 5:5025-5031. [PMID: 37779889 PMCID: PMC10537448 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Resistive random access memories (RRAM), based on the formation and rupture of conductive nanoscale filaments, have attracted increased attention for application in neuromorphic and in-memory computing. However, this technology is, in part, limited by its variability, which originates from the stochastic formation and extreme heating of its nanoscale filaments. In this study, we used scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) to assess the effect of filament-induced heat spreading on the surface of metal oxide RRAMs with different device designs. We evaluate the variability of TiO2 RRAM devices with area sizes of 2 × 2 and 5 × 5 μm2. Electrical characterization shows that the variability indicated by the standard deviation of the forming voltage is ∼2 times larger for 5 × 5 μm2 devices than for the 2 × 2 μm2 ones. Further knowledge on the reason for this variability is gained through the SThM thermal maps. These maps show that for 2 × 2 μm2 devices the formation of one filament, i.e., hot spot at the device surface, happens reliably at the same location, while the filament location varies for the 5 × 5 μm2 devices. The thermal information, combined with the electrical, interfacial, and geometric characteristics of the device, provides additional insights into the operation and variability of RRAMs. This work suggests thermal engineering and characterization routes to optimize the efficiency and reliability of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Swoboda
- Department
of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Xing Gao
- Faculty
of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos M. M. Rosário
- Faculty
of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Fei Hui
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kaichen Zhu
- MIND,
Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08007, Spain
| | - Yue Yuan
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering
Division, King Abdullah University of Science
and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Sanchit Deshmukh
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Çaǧıl Köroǧlu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric Pop
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Precourt
Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mario Lanza
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering
Division, King Abdullah University of Science
and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Hans Hilgenkamp
- Faculty
of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Muñoz Rojo
- Department
of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
- 2D
Foundry,
Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
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5
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Swoboda T, Wainstein N, Deshmukh S, Köroğlu Ç, Gao X, Lanza M, Hilgenkamp H, Pop E, Yalon E, Muñoz Rojo M. Nanoscale temperature sensing of electronic devices with calibrated scanning thermal microscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7139-7146. [PMID: 37006192 PMCID: PMC10099078 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00343d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat dissipation threatens the performance and lifetime of many electronic devices. As the size of devices shrinks to the nanoscale, we require spatially and thermally resolved thermometry to observe their fine thermal features. Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) has proven to be a versatile measurement tool for characterizing the temperature at the surface of devices with nanoscale resolution. SThM can obtain qualitative thermal maps of a device using an operating principle based on a heat exchange process between a thermo-sensitive probe and the sample surface. However, the quantification of these thermal features is one of the most challenging parts of this technique. Developing reliable calibration approaches for SThM is therefore an essential aspect to accurately determine the temperature at the surface of a sample or device. In this work, we calibrate a thermo-resistive SThM probe using heater-thermometer metal lines with different widths (50 nm to 750 nm), which mimic variable probe-sample thermal exchange processes. The sensitivity of the SThM probe when scanning the metal lines is also evaluated under different probe and line temperatures. Our results reveal that the calibration factor depends on the probe measuring conditions and on the size of the surface heating features. This approach is validated by mapping the temperature profile of a phase change electronic device. Our analysis provides new insights on how to convert the thermo-resistive SThM probe signal to the scanned device temperature more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Swoboda
- Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicolás Wainstein
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sanchit Deshmukh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Çağıl Köroğlu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Xing Gao
- Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Lanza
- Materials Science and Engineering Program Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans Hilgenkamp
- Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Eilam Yalon
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Miguel Muñoz Rojo
- Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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6
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Alikin D, Zakharchuk K, Xie W, Romanyuk K, Pereira MJ, Arias-Serrano BI, Weidenkaff A, Kholkin A, Kovalevsky AV, Tselev A. Quantitative Characterization of Local Thermal Properties in Thermoelectric Ceramics Using "Jumping-Mode" Scanning Thermal Microscopy. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201516. [PMID: 36775977 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric conversion may take a significant share in future energy technologies. Oxide-based thermoelectric composite ceramics attract attention for promising routes for control of electrical and thermal conductivity for enhanced thermoelectric performance. However, the variability of the composite properties responsible for the thermoelectric performance, despite nominally identical preparation routes, is significant, and this cannot be explained without detailed studies of thermal transport at the local scale. Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is a scanning probe microscopy method providing access to local thermal properties of materials down to length scales below 100 nm. To date, realistic quantitative SThM is shown mostly for topographically very smooth materials. Here, methods for SThM imaging of bulk ceramic samples with relatively rough surfaces are demonstrated. "Jumping mode" SThM (JM-SThM), which serves to preserve the probe integrity while imaging rough surfaces, is developed and applied. Experiments with real thermoelectric ceramics show that the JM-SThM can be used for meaningful quantitative imaging. Quantitative imaging is performed with the help of calibrated finite-elements model of the SThM probe. The modeling reveals non-negligible effects associated with the distributed nature of the resistive SThM probes used; corrections need to be made depending on probe-sample contact thermal resistance and probe current frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Alikin
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Kiryl Zakharchuk
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Wenjie Xie
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Konstantin Romanyuk
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Maria J Pereira
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Blanca I Arias-Serrano
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Anke Weidenkaff
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies IWKS, 63755, Alzenau, Germany
| | - Andrei Kholkin
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Andrei V Kovalevsky
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Alexander Tselev
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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7
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Nam K, Kim H, Park W, Ahn JS, Choi S. Probing the optical near-field of plasmonic nano structure using scanning thermal microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:105202. [PMID: 36562519 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aca90f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) enables to obtain thermal characteristic information such as temperature and thermal conductivity from the signals obtained by scanning a thermometer probe over a sample surface. Particularly, the precise control of the thermometer probe makes it possible to study near-field radiative heat transfer by measuring the near-field thermal energy, which implies that when light is used as a local heat source, photothermal energy can be detected from the optical near-field by approaching the probe in the near-field region. In this study, SThM is applied to generate sub-wavelength near-field optical image in the plasmonic grating coupler. Herein, by controlling the surface plasmon polariton generation, we show that the dominant component of SThM signal is from the optical response rather than the thermal response. The obtained near-field optical images have a spatial resolution of 40 nm and signal to noise ratio of up to 19.8. In addition, field propagation images in theZ-direction can be visualised with the precise control of the distance between the thermometer probe and the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiin Nam
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuntae Kim
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Woongkyu Park
- Medical & Bio Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Ahn
- Medical & Bio Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobong Choi
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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8
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Sun L, Wang W, Jiang P, Bao X. Nanoscale thermometry under ambient conditions via scanning thermal microscopy with 3D scanning differential method. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:114902. [PMID: 36461479 DOI: 10.1063/5.0107102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Local temperature measurement with high resolution and accuracy is a key challenge in nowadays science and technologies at nanoscale. Quantitative characterization on temperature with sub-100 nm resolution is of significance for understanding the physical mechanisms of phonon transport and energy dissipation in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and thermoelectric devices. Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) has been proved to be a versatile method for nanoscale thermometry. In particular, 2D profiling of the temperature field on the order of 10 nm and 10 mK has already been achieved by SThM with modulation techniques in ultrahigh vacuum to exclude the parasitic heat flow between air and the cantilever. However, few attempts have been made to truly realize 2D profiling of temperature quantitatively under ambient conditions, which is more relevant to realistic applications. Here, a 3D scanning differential method is developed to map the 2D temperature field of an operating nanodevice under ambient environment. Our method suppresses the thermal drift and the parasitic heat flow between air and the cantilever by consecutively measuring the temperatures in thermal contact and nonthermal contact scenarios rather than in a double-scan manner. The local 2D temperature field of a self-heating metal line with current crowding by a narrowing channel is mapped quantitatively by a sectional calibration with a statistic null-point method and a pixel-by-pixel correction with iterative calculation. Furthermore, we propose a figure of merit to evaluate the performance of thermocouple probes on temperature field profiling. The development of nanoscale thermometry under ambient environment would facilitate thermal manipulation on nanomaterials and nanodevices under practical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
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9
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Yang B, Li C, Wang Z, Dai Q. Thermoplasmonics in Solar Energy Conversion: Materials, Nanostructured Designs, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107351. [PMID: 35271744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The indispensable requirement for sustainable development of human society has forced almost all countries to seek highly efficient and cost-effective ways to harvest and convert solar energy. Though continuous progress has advanced, it remains a daunting challenge to achieve full-spectrum solar absorption and maximize the conversion efficiency of sunlight. Recently, thermoplasmonics has emerged as a promising solution, which involves several beneficial effects including enhanced light absorption and scattering, generation and relaxation of hot carriers, as well as localized/collective heating, offering tremendous opportunities for optimized energy conversion. Besides, all these functionalities can be tailored via elaborated designs of materials and nanostructures. Here, first the fundamental physics governing thermoplasmonics is presented and then the strategies for both material selection and nanostructured designs toward more efficient energy conversion are summarized. Based on this, recent progress in thermoplasmonic applications including solar evaporation, photothermal chemistry, and thermophotovoltaic is reviewed. Finally, the corresponding challenges and prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Solar Thermal Energy and Photovoltaic System, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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10
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Pico-Watt Scanning Thermal Microscopy for Thermal Energy Transport Investigation in Atomic Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091479. [PMID: 35564188 PMCID: PMC9100069 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The thermophysical properties at the nanoscale are key characteristics that determine the operation of nanoscale devices. Additionally, it is important to measure and verify the thermal transfer characteristics with a few nanometer or atomic-scale resolutions, as the nanomaterial research field has expanded with respect to the development of molecular and atomic-scale devices. Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is a well-known method for measuring the thermal transfer phenomena with the highest spatial resolution. However, considering the rapid development of atomic materials, the development of an ultra-sensitive SThM for measuring pico-watt (pW) level heat transfer is essential. In this study, to measure molecular- and atomic-scale phenomena, a pico-watt scanning thermal microscopy (pW-SThM) equipped with a calorimeter capable of measuring heat at the pW level was developed. The heat resolution of the pW-SThM was verified through an evaluation experiment, and it was confirmed that the temperature of the metal line heater sample could be quantitatively measured by using the pW-SThM. Finally, we demonstrated that pW-SThM detects ultra-small differences of local heat transfer that may arise due to differences in van der Waals interactions between the graphene sheets in highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. The pW-SThM probe is expected to significantly contribute to the discovery of new heat and energy transfer phenomena in nanodevices and two-dimensional materials that have been inaccessible through experiments.
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11
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Reihani A, Luan Y, Yan S, Lim JW, Meyhofer E, Reddy P. Quantitative Mapping of Unmodulated Temperature Fields with Nanometer Resolution. ACS NANO 2022; 16:939-950. [PMID: 34958551 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative mapping of temperature fields with nanometric resolution is critical in various areas of scientific research and emerging technology, such as nanoelectronics, surface chemistry, plasmonic devices, and quantum systems. A key challenge in achieving quantitative thermal imaging with scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is the lack of knowledge of the tip-sample thermal resistance (RTS), which varies with local topography and is critical for quantifying the sample temperature. Recent advances in SThM have enabled simultaneous quantification of RTS and topography in situations where the temperature field is modulated enabling quantitative thermometry even when topographical features cause significant variations in RTS. However, such an approach is not applicable to situations where the temperature modulation of the device is not readily possible. Here we show, using custom-fabricated scanning thermal probes (STPs) with a sharp tip (radius ∼25 nm) and an integrated heater/thermometer, that one can quantitatively map unmodulated temperature fields, in a single scan, with ∼7 nm spatial resolution and ∼50 mK temperature resolution in a bandwidth of 1 Hz. This is accomplished by introducing a modulated heat input to the STP and measuring the AC and DC responses of the probe's temperature which allow for simultaneous mapping of the tip-sample thermal resistance and sample surface temperature. The approach presented here─contact resistance resolved scanning thermal microscopy (CR-SThM)─can greatly facilitate temperature mapping of a variety of microdevices under practical operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Reihani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuxuan Luan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shen Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ju Won Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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12
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Liu Y, Zhou Y, Xu Y. State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Bottom-up Synthesis of Polymers with High Thermal Conductivity. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00272h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to metals, polymers are predominantly thermal and electrical insulators. With their unparalleled advantages such as light weight, turning polymer insulators into heat conductors with metal-like thermal conductivity is...
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13
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Du J, Liu J, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Miao Y. Lanthanide-doped bismuth-based nanophosphors for ratiometric upconversion optical thermometry. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8743-8749. [PMID: 35424804 PMCID: PMC8985227 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01181f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanothermometry could realize stable, efficient, and noninvasive temperature detection at the nanoscale. Unfortunately, most applications of nanothermometers are still limited due to their intricate synthetic process and low-temperature sensitivity. Herein, we reported a kind of novel bismuth-based upconversion nanomaterial with a fast and facile preparation strategy. The bismuth-based upconversion luminophore was synthesized by the co-precipitation method within 1 minute. By optimizing the doping ratio of the sensitizer Yb ion and the activator Er ion and adjusting the synthetic solvent strategy, the crystallinity of the nanomaterials was increased and the upconversion luminescence intensity was improved. Ratiometric upconversion optical measurements of temperature in the range of 278 K to 358 K can be achieved by ratiometric characteristic emission peaks of thermally sensitive Er ion. This method of rapidly constructing nanometer temperature probes provides a feasible strategy for the construction of novel fluorescent temperature probes. Lanthanide-doped bismuth-based nanospheres can be rapidly synthesized within 1 minute for upconversion luminescence ratiometric temperature detection.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Du
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yuefeng Zhao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Therapy for Tumors, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Therapy for Tumors, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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14
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Tian B, Cheng G, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zhang B, Liu J, Li L, Fan X, Lei J, Zhao L, Shi P, Lin Q, Jiang Z. Optimization on thermoelectric characteristics of indium tin oxide/indium oxide thin film thermocouples based on screen printing technology. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:105001. [PMID: 34717407 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, indium tin oxide (ITO)/indium oxide (In2O3) thin film thermocouples (TFTCs) were prepared based on screen printing technology for high temperature measurement. With terpilenol as solvent, epoxy resin and polyether amine as binders and glass powders as additives, the ITO and In2O3 slurries were printed onto the Al2O3 substrate to form thermocouples. The effect on thermoelectric properties of the TFTCs with heat treatment and different contents of additives was investigated through microstructure observation and thermal cycle test. The static calibration experiment shows that the annealed TFTCs with 7.5 wt. % glass powders additives have the maximum Seebeck coefficient. The thermoelectric voltage output of the TFTCs can reach 126.5 mV at 1275 °C while the temperature difference is 1160 °C and the sensitivity of the TFTCs was 109.1 µV/°C. The drift rate of the TFTCs was 8.34 °C/h at a measuring time of 20 min at 1275 °C. The TFTCs prepared via screen printing technology with excellent thermoelectric properties and thermal stability are aimed to be a viable replacement for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bingfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiangjiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Le Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xu Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiaming Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qijing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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15
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Gottlieb S, Pigard L, Ryu YK, Lorenzoni M, Evangelio L, Fernández-Regúlez M, Rawlings CD, Spieser M, Perez-Murano F, Müller M, Knoll AW. Thermal Imaging of Block Copolymers with Sub-10 nm Resolution. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9005-9016. [PMID: 33938722 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermal silicon probes have demonstrated their potential to investigate the thermal properties of various materials at high resolution. However, a thorough assessment of the achievable resolution is missing. Here, we present a probe-based thermal-imaging technique capable of providing sub-10 nm lateral resolution at a sub-10 ms pixel rate. We demonstrate the resolution by resolving microphase-separated PS-b-PMMA block copolymers that self-assemble in 11 to 19 nm half-period lamellar structures. We resolve an asymmetry in the heat flux signal at submolecular dimensions and assess the ratio of heat flux into both polymers in various geometries. These observations are quantitatively compared with coarse-grained molecular simulations of energy transport that reveal an enhancement of transport along the macromolecular backbone and a Kapitza resistance at the internal interfaces of the self-assembled structure. This comparison discloses a tip-sample contact radius of a ≈ 4 nm and identifies combinations of enhanced intramolecular transport and Kapitza resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Gottlieb
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Carrer dels Tillers s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louis Pigard
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yu Kyoung Ryu
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Lorenzoni
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Carrer dels Tillers s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Evangelio
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Carrer dels Tillers s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Fernández-Regúlez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Carrer dels Tillers s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Colin D Rawlings
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Martin Spieser
- SwissLitho AG, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8805 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francesc Perez-Murano
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Carrer dels Tillers s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcus Müller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin W Knoll
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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16
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Nexha A, Carvajal JJ, Pujol MC, Díaz F, Aguiló M. Lanthanide doped luminescence nanothermometers in the biological windows: strategies and applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7913-7987. [PMID: 33899861 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of lanthanide-doped non-contact luminescent nanothermometers with accuracy, efficiency and fast diagnostic tools attributed to their versatility, stability and narrow emission band profiles has spurred the replacement of conventional contact thermal probes. The application of lanthanide-doped materials as temperature nanosensors, excited by ultraviolet, visible or near infrared light, and the generation of emissions lying in the biological window regions, I-BW (650 nm-950 nm), II-BW (1000 nm-1350 nm), III-BW (1400 nm-2000 nm) and IV-BW (centered at 2200 nm), are notably growing due to the advantages they present, including reduced phototoxicity and photobleaching, better image contrast and deeper penetration depths into biological tissues. Here, the different mechanisms used in lanthanide ion-doped nanomaterials to sense temperature in these biological windows for biomedical and other applications are summarized, focusing on factors that affect their thermal sensitivity, and consequently their temperature resolution. Comparing the thermometric performance of these nanomaterials in each biological window, we identified the strategies that allow boosting of their sensing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albenc Nexha
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Física i Cristal·lografia de Materials i Nanomaterials (FiCMA-FiCNA)-EMaS, Campus Sescelades, E-43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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17
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Park Y, Shin DG, Lee JZ, Kim HW, Seo S. Evaluation of thickness‐dependent temperature coefficient in a thin film thermocouple and its in vivo test using a porcine model. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Lucchesi C, Vaillon R, Chapuis PO. Radiative heat transfer at the nanoscale: experimental trends and challenges. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:201-208. [PMID: 33533775 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00609b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Energy transport theories are being revisited at the nanoscale, as macroscopic laws known for a century are broken at dimensions smaller than those associated with energy carriers. For thermal radiation, where the typical dimension is provided by Wien's wavelength, Planck's law and associated concepts describing surface-to-surface radiative transfer have to be replaced by a full electromagnetic framework capturing near-field radiative heat transfer (photon tunnelling between close bodies), interference effects and sub-wavelength thermal emission (emitting body of small size). It is only during the last decade that nanotechnology has allowed for many experimental verifications - with a recent boom - of the large increase of radiative heat transfer at the nanoscale. In this minireview, we highlight the parameter space that has been investigated until now, showing that it is limited in terms of inter-body distance, temperature and object size, and provide clues about possible thermal-energy harvesting, sensing and management applications. We also provide an outlook on open topics, underlining some difficulties in applying single-wavelength approaches to broadband thermal emitters while acknowledging the promise of thermal nanophotonics and observing that molecular/chemical viewpoints have been hardly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lucchesi
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CETHIL UMR5008, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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19
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Zhang Y, Zhu W, Borca-Tasciuc T. Thermal conductivity measurements of thin films by non-contact scanning thermal microscopy under ambient conditions. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:692-702. [PMID: 36133831 PMCID: PMC9417296 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00657b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Thermal conductivity measurements using Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) usually involve heat transfer across the mechanical contact and liquid meniscus between the thermal probe and the sample. However, variations in contact conditions due to capillary effects at probe-sample contact and probe and sample wear due to mechanical contact interfere with accurate determination of the thermal conductivity. This paper presents measurements of thin film thermal conductivity using a SThM method employing a Wollaston probe in non-contact mode in synergy with detailed heat transfer analysis. In this technique, the thermal probe is scanned above the sample at a distance comparable with the mean free path of the ambient gas molecules. A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model (3DFEM) that includes the specifics of the heat transfer between the sample and the probe in transition heat conduction regime was developed to predict the SThM probe thermal resistance and fit the thermal conductivity of the measured thin films. Proof-of-concept experimental in-plane thermal conductivity results for 240 nm and 46.6 nm Au films deposited on glass and silicon substrates were validated by experimental measurements of their electrical conductivity coupled with the Wiedemann-Franz law, with a discrepancy < 6.4%. Moreover, predictions based on a kinetic theory model for thin-film thermal conductivity agreed with the experimental results for the Au films with <6.6% discrepancy. To reduce the time and complexity of data analysis and facilitate experimental planning, an analytical model was also developed for the thermal transport between the Wollaston probe, ambient, and film-on-substrate samples. The accuracy of thin film thermal conductivity measurements using the analytical model was investigated using 3DFEM simulations. Fitted functions were developed for fast data analysis of thermal conductivity of thin films in the range of ∼100-600 W m-1 K-1 and thickness between ∼50-300 nm deposited on the two types of substrates investigated in this work, which yielded results with a discrepancy of 6-16.7% when compared to the Au films' thermal conductivity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY 12180 USA
| | - Wenkai Zhu
- Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY 12180 USA
| | - Theodorian Borca-Tasciuc
- Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY 12180 USA
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20
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El Sachat A, Alzina F, Sotomayor Torres CM, Chavez-Angel E. Heat Transport Control and Thermal Characterization of Low-Dimensional Materials: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:175. [PMID: 33450930 PMCID: PMC7828386 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat dissipation and thermal management are central challenges in various areas of science and technology and are critical issues for the majority of nanoelectronic devices. In this review, we focus on experimental advances in thermal characterization and phonon engineering that have drastically increased the understanding of heat transport and demonstrated efficient ways to control heat propagation in nanomaterials. We summarize the latest device-relevant methodologies of phonon engineering in semiconductor nanostructures and 2D materials, including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides. Then, we review recent advances in thermal characterization techniques, and discuss their main challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros El Sachat
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (F.A.); (C.M.S.T.); (E.C.-A.)
| | - Francesc Alzina
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (F.A.); (C.M.S.T.); (E.C.-A.)
| | - Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (F.A.); (C.M.S.T.); (E.C.-A.)
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emigdio Chavez-Angel
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (F.A.); (C.M.S.T.); (E.C.-A.)
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21
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Precise nanoscale temperature mapping in operational microelectronic devices by use of a phase change material. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20087. [PMID: 33208765 PMCID: PMC7674486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The microelectronics industry is pushing the fundamental limit on the physical size of individual elements to produce faster and more powerful integrated chips. These chips have nanoscale features that dissipate power resulting in nanoscale hotspots leading to device failures. To understand the reliability impact of the hotspots, the device needs to be tested under the actual operating conditions. Therefore, the development of high-resolution thermometry techniques is required to understand the heat dissipation processes during the device operation. Recently, several thermometry techniques have been proposed, such as radiation thermometry, thermocouple based contact thermometry, scanning thermal microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and transition based threshold thermometers. However, most of these techniques have limitations including the need for extensive calibration, perturbation of the actual device temperature, low throughput, and the use of ultra-high vacuum. Here, we present a facile technique, which uses a thin film contact thermometer based on the phase change material \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Ge_2 Sb_2 Te_5$$\end{document}Ge2Sb2Te5, to precisely map thermal contours from the nanoscale to the microscale. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Ge_2 Sb_2 Te_5$$\end{document}Ge2Sb2Te5 undergoes a crystalline transition at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {T}_{{g}}$$\end{document}Tg with large changes in its electric conductivity, optical reflectivity and density. Using this approach, we map the surface temperature of a nanowire and an embedded micro-heater on the same chip where the scales of the temperature contours differ by three orders of magnitude. The spatial resolution can be as high as 20 nanometers thanks to the continuous nature of the thin film.
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22
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Jacquod P. Eigenstate thermalization and ensemble equivalence in few-body fermionic systems. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:062141. [PMID: 32688560 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.062141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigate eigenstate thermalization from the point of view of vanishing particle and heat currents between a few-body fermionic Hamiltonian prepared in one of its eigenstates and an external, weakly coupled Fermi-Dirac gas. The latter acts as a thermometric probe, with its temperature and chemical potential set so that there is neither particle nor heat current between the two subsystems. We argue that the probe temperature can be attributed to the few-fermion eigenstate in the sense that (i) it varies smoothly with energy from eigenstate to eigenstate, (ii) it is equal to the temperature obtained from a thermodynamic relation in a wide energy range, (iii) it is independent of details of the coupling between the two systems in a finite parameter range, (iv) it satisfies the transitivity condition underlying the zeroth law of thermodynamics, and (v) it is consistent with Carnot's theorem. For the spinless fermion model considered here, these conditions are essentially independent of the interaction strength. When the latter is weak, however, orbital occupancies in the few-fermion system differ from the Fermi-Dirac distribution so that partial currents from or to the probe will eventually change its state. We find that (vi) above a certain critical interaction strength, orbital occupancies become close to the Fermi-Dirac distribution, leading to a true equilibrium between the few-fermion system and the probe. In that case, the coupling between the Fermi-Dirac gas and few-fermion system does not modify the state of the latter, which justifies our approach a posteriori. From these results, we conjecture that for few-body systems with sufficiently strong interaction, the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis is complemented by ensemble equivalence: individual many-body eigenstates define a microcanonical ensemble that is equivalent to a canonical ensemble with grand canonical orbital occupancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ph Jacquod
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland and School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland HES-SO, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
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23
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Ridier K, Bas AC, Zhang Y, Routaboul L, Salmon L, Molnár G, Bergaud C, Bousseksou A. Unprecedented switching endurance affords for high-resolution surface temperature mapping using a spin-crossover film. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3611. [PMID: 32681047 PMCID: PMC7367879 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature measurement at the nanoscale is of paramount importance in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology, and calls for the development of versatile, high-resolution thermometry techniques. Here, the working principle and quantitative performance of a cost-effective nanothermometer are experimentally demonstrated, using a molecular spin-crossover thin film as a surface temperature sensor, probed optically. We evidence highly reliable thermometric performance (diffraction-limited sub-µm spatial, µs temporal and 1 °C thermal resolution), which stems to a large extent from the unprecedented quality of the vacuum-deposited thin films of the molecular complex [Fe(HB(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)3)2] used in this work, in terms of fabrication and switching endurance (>107 thermal cycles in ambient air). As such, our results not only afford for a fully-fledged nanothermometry method, but set also a forthcoming stage in spin-crossover research, which has awaited, since the visionary ideas of Olivier Kahn in the 90’s, a real-world, technological application. Developing novel thermometry techniques for nanoscale temperature measurements are vital for realizing efficient thermal management of nanoscale devices. Here, the authors report thermally stable spin-crossover material-based nanothermometers for high-resolution surface temperature mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ridier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Alin-Ciprian Bas
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Yuteng Zhang
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Routaboul
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Salmon
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Gábor Molnár
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France.
| | - Christian Bergaud
- Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes, CNRS UPR 8001, 7 avenue du Colonel Roche, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Azzedine Bousseksou
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France.
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24
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Ismael AK, Lambert CJ. Molecular-scale thermoelectricity: a worst-case scenario. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1073-1080. [PMID: 32432630 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00164c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article highlights a novel strategy for designing molecules with high thermoelectric performance, which are resilient to fluctuations. In laboratory measurements of thermoelectric properties of single-molecule junctions and self-assembled monolayers, fluctuations in frontier orbital energies relative to the Fermi energy EF of electrodes are an important factor, which determine average values of transport coefficients, such as the average Seebeck coefficient 〈S〉. In a worst-case scenario, where the relative value of EF fluctuates uniformly over the HOMO-LUMO gap, a "worst-case scenario theorem" tells us that the average Seebeck coefficient will vanish unless the transmission coefficient at the LUMO and HOMO resonances take different values. This implies that junction asymmetry is a necessary condition for obtaining non-zero values of 〈S〉 in the presence of large fluctuations. This conclusion that asymmetry can drive high thermoelectric performance is supported by detailed simulations on 17 molecules using density functional theory. Importantly, junction asymmetry does not imply that the molecules themselves should be asymmetric. We demonstrate that symmetric molecules possessing a localised frontier orbital can achieve even higher thermoelectric performance than asymmetric molecules, because under laboratory conditions of slight symmetry breaking, such orbitals are 'silent' and do not contribute to transport. Consequently, transport is biased towards the nearest "non-silent" frontier orbital and leads to a high ensemble averaged Seebeck coefficient. This effect is demonstrated for a spatially-symmetric 1,2,3-triazole-based molecule, a rotaxane-hexayne macrocycle and a phthalocyanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K Ismael
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK.
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25
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Covito F, Rubio A, Eich FG. Nonadiabatic Electron Dynamics in Tunneling Junctions: Lattice Exchange-Correlation Potential. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:295-301. [PMID: 31738542 PMCID: PMC6964416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The search for exchange-correlation functionals going beyond the adiabatic approximation has always been a challenging task for time-dependent density-functional theory. Starting from known results and using symmetry properties, we put forward a nonadiabatic exchange-correlation functional for lattice models describing a generic transport setup. We show that this functional reduces to known results for a single quantum dot connected to one or two reservoirs and furthermore yields the adiabatic local-density approximation in the static limit. Finally, we analyze the features of the exchange-correlation potential and the physics it describes in a linear chain connected to two reservoirs where the transport is induced by a bias voltage applied to the reservoirs. We find that the Coulomb blockade is correctly described for a half-filled chain, while additional effects arise as the doping of the chain changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Covito
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Florian G Eich
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
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26
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Zhang Y, Zhu W, Han L, Borca-Tasciuc T. Quantitative temperature distribution measurements by non-contact scanning thermal microscopy using Wollaston probes under ambient conditions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:014901. [PMID: 32012522 DOI: 10.1063/1.5099981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Temperature measurement using Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) usually involves heat transfer across the mechanical contact and liquid meniscus between the thermometer probe and the sample. Variations in contact conditions due to capillary effects at sample-probe contact and wear and tear of the probe and sample interfere with the accurate determination of the sample surface temperature. This paper presents a method for quantitative temperature sensing using SThM in noncontact mode. In this technique, the thermal probe is scanned above the sample at a distance comparable with the mean free path of ambient gas molecules. A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model (3DFEM) that includes the details of the heat transfer between the sample and the probe in the diffusive and transition heat conduction regimes was found to accurately simulate the temperature profiles measured using a Wollaston thermal probe setup. In order to simplify the data reduction for the local sample temperature, analytical models were developed for noncontact measurements using Wollaston probes. Two calibration strategies (active calibration and passive calibration) for the sample-probe thermal exchange parameters are presented. Both calibration methods use sample-probe thermal exchange resistance correlations developed using the 3DFEM to accurately capture effects due to sample-probe gap geometry and the thermal exchange radii in the diffusive and transition regimes. The analytical data reduction methods were validated by experiments and 3DFEM simulations using microscale heaters deposited on glass and on dielectric films on silicon substrates. Experimental and predicted temperature profiles were independent of the probe-sample clearance in the range of 100-200 nm, where the sample-probe thermal exchange resistance is practically constant. The difference between the SThM determined and actual average microheater temperature rise was between 0.1% and 0.5% when using active calibration on samples with known thermal properties and between ∼1.6% and 3.5% when using passive calibration, which yields robust sample-probe thermal exchange parameters that can be used also on samples with unknown thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Wenkai Zhu
- Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Liang Han
- Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Theodorian Borca-Tasciuc
- Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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27
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Kim J, Lee D, Park K, Goh H, Lee Y. Silver fractal dendrites for highly sensitive and transparent polymer thermistors. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15464-15471. [PMID: 31265046 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effective temperature measurement using non-invasive sensors finds applications in virtually every field of human life. Recently, significant efforts have been made toward developing polymer positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistors because they have advantages including flexibility, conformability, and biocompatibility. However, most polymer PTC thermistors still have issues such as low sensitivity, low optical transparency, and poor operational durability because of low electrical conductivity and inefficient hopping transport of conventional conductive filler. Here, a highly sensitive and transparent polymer thermistor composed of silver fractal dendrites (AgFDs) and a polyacrylate (PA) matrix has been successfully demonstrated. A AgFDs-PA composite film exhibits a superior PTC effect (about 104Ω°C-1) around 35 °C because of the high electrical conductivity of the AgFDs and the quantum tunneling effect among them. A thermistor based on the AgFDs-PA composite shows excellent sensitivity, PTC intensity (∼107), and sensing resolution through dramatic resistance changes from thousands to billions of ohms in the human body temperature range (34-37 °C). Moreover, it exhibits excellent optical transparency (82.14%), mechanical flexibility, and operational durability. An electrical impedance spectroscopy analysis shows that the distance between the AgFDs increases with temperature, which implies that the quantum tunneling effect amplified by the branches of the AgFDs has a significant influence on the changes in resistance. This characteristic makes the thermistor immediately suitable for monitoring body temperature. We anticipate that the new thermistor based on the AgFDs-PA composite can be a key component of various sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyoun Kim
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donghwa Lee
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyutae Park
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeonjin Goh
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngu Lee
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Quantum Phonon Transport in Nanomaterials: Combining Atomistic with Non-Equilibrium Green's Function Techniques. ENTROPY 2019; 21:e21080735. [PMID: 33267449 PMCID: PMC7515264 DOI: 10.3390/e21080735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A crucial goal for increasing thermal energy harvesting will be to progress towards atomistic design strategies for smart nanodevices and nanomaterials. This requires the combination of computationally efficient atomistic methodologies with quantum transport based approaches. Here, we review our recent work on this problem, by presenting selected applications of the PHONON tool to the description of phonon transport in nanostructured materials. The PHONON tool is a module developed as part of the Density-Functional Tight-Binding (DFTB) software platform. We discuss the anisotropic phonon band structure of selected puckered two-dimensional materials, helical and horizontal doping effects in the phonon thermal conductivity of boron nitride-carbon heteronanotubes, phonon filtering in molecular junctions, and a novel computational methodology to investigate time-dependent phonon transport at the atomistic level. These examples illustrate the versatility of our implementation of phonon transport in combination with density functional-based methods to address specific nanoscale functionalities, thus potentially allowing for designing novel thermal devices.
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29
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Yasaei P, Murthy AA, Xu Y, Dos Reis R, Shekhawat GS, Dravid VP. Spatial Mapping of Hot-Spots at Lateral Heterogeneities in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808244. [PMID: 31034105 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lateral heterogeneities in atomically thin 2D materials such as in-plane heterojunctions and grain boundaries (GBs) provide an extrinsic knob for manipulating the properties of nano- and optoelectronic devices and harvesting novel functionalities. However, these heterogeneities have the potential to adversely affect the performance and reliability of the 2D devices through the formation of nanoscopic hot-spots. In this report, scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is utilized to map the spatial distribution of the temperature rise within monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) devices upon dissipating a high electrical power through a lateral interface. The results directly demonstrate that lateral heterojunctions between MoS2 and WS2 do not largely impact the distribution of heat dissipation, while GBs of MoS2 appreciably localize heating in the device. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals that the atomic structure is nearly flawless around heterojunctions but can be quite defective near GBs. The results suggest that the interfacial atomic structure plays a crucial role in enabling uniform charge transport without inducing localized heating. Establishing such structure-property-processing correlation provides a better understanding of lateral heterogeneities in 2D TMD systems which is crucial in the design of future all-2D electronic circuitry with enhanced functionalities, lifetime, and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poya Yasaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Akshay A Murthy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yaobin Xu
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Gajendra S Shekhawat
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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30
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The Seebeck Coefficient of Sputter Deposited Metallic Thin Films: The Role of Process Conditions. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9050299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because of their reduced dimensions and mass, thin film thermocouples are a promising candidate for embedded sensors in composite materials, especially for application in lightweight and smart structures. The sensitivity of the thin film thermocouple depends however on the process conditions during deposition. In this work, the influence of the discharge current and residual gas impurities on the Seebeck coefficient is experimentally investigated for sputter deposited copper and constantan thin films. The influence of the layer thickness on the film Seebeck coefficient is also discussed. Our observations indicate that both a decreasing discharge current or an increasing background pressure results in a growing deviation of the film Seebeck coefficient compared to its bulk value. Variations in discharge current or background pressure are linked as they both induce a variation in the ratio between the impurity flux to metal flux towards the growing film. This latter parameter is considered a quantitative measure for the background residual gas incorporation in the film and is known to act as a grain refiner. The observed results emphasize the importance of the domain size on the Seebeck coefficient of metallic thin films.
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31
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Yasaei P, Tu Q, Xu Y, Verger L, Wu J, Barsoum MW, Shekhawat GS, Dravid VP. Mapping Hot Spots at Heterogeneities of Few-Layer Ti 3C 2 MXene Sheets. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3301-3309. [PMID: 30811181 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural defects and heterogeneities play an enormous role in the formation of localized hot spots in 2D materials used in a wide range of applications from electronics to energy systems. In this report, we employ scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) to spatially map the temperature rise across various defects and heterogeneities of titanium carbide (Ti3C2T x; T stands for surface terminations) MXene nanostructures under high electrical bias with sub-50 mK temperature resolution and sub-100 nm spatial resolution. We investigated several Ti3C2T x flakes having different thicknesses as well as heterogeneous MXene structures incorporating line defects or vertical heterojunctions. High-resolution temperature rise maps allow us to identify localized hot spots and to quantify the nonuniformity of the temperature fields across various morphological features. The results show that the local heating is most severe in vertical junctions of MXene flakes and is highly affected by nonuniform conduction due to the presence of line defects. These results provide a direct insight into the power dissipation of MXene-based devices and the roles of various heterogeneities that are inherent to the material synthesis process. This study provides a guideline for how a better understanding of the structure-property-processing correlations and further optimization of the synthesis routes could improve the lifetime, safety, and operation limits of the MXene-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poya Yasaei
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Qing Tu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Yaobin Xu
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Louisiane Verger
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Michel W Barsoum
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Gajendra S Shekhawat
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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32
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Harzheim A, Spiece J, Evangeli C, McCann E, Falko V, Sheng Y, Warner JH, Briggs GAD, Mol JA, Gehring P, Kolosov OV. Geometrically Enhanced Thermoelectric Effects in Graphene Nanoconstrictions. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7719-7725. [PMID: 30418781 PMCID: PMC6328283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The influence of nanostructuring and quantum confinement on the thermoelectric properties of materials has been extensively studied. While this has made possible multiple breakthroughs in the achievable figure of merit, classical confinement, and its effect on the local Seebeck coefficient has mostly been neglected, as has the Peltier effect in general due to the complexity of measuring small temperature gradients locally. Here we report that reducing the width of a graphene channel to 100 nm changes the Seebeck coefficient by orders of magnitude. Using a scanning thermal microscope allows us to probe the local temperature of electrically contacted graphene two-terminal devices or to locally heat the sample. We show that constrictions in mono- and bilayer graphene facilitate a spatially correlated gradient in the Seebeck and Peltier coefficient, as evidenced by the pronounced thermovoltage Vth and heating/cooling response Δ TPeltier, respectively. This geometry dependent effect, which has not been reported previously in 2D materials, has important implications for measurements of patterned nanostructures in graphene and points to novel solutions for effective thermal management in electronic graphene devices or concepts for single material thermocouples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Harzheim
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Spiece
- Department
of Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, LA1 4YB, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos Evangeli
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, LA1 4YB, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Edward McCann
- Department
of Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, LA1 4YB, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Falko
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yuewen Sheng
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie H. Warner
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - G. Andrew D. Briggs
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Gehring
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Oleg V. Kolosov
- Department
of Physics, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, LA1 4YB, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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33
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Pickel AD, Teitelboim A, Chan EM, Borys NJ, Schuck PJ, Dames C. Apparent self-heating of individual upconverting nanoparticle thermometers. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4907. [PMID: 30464256 PMCID: PMC6249317 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual luminescent nanoparticles enable thermometry with sub-diffraction limited spatial resolution, but potential self-heating effects from high single-particle excitation intensities remain largely uninvestigated because thermal models predict negligible self-heating. Here, we report that the common "ratiometric" thermometry signal of individual NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticles unexpectedly increases with excitation intensity, implying a temperature rise over 50 K if interpreted as thermal. Luminescence lifetime thermometry, which we demonstrate for the first time using individual NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticles, indicates a similar temperature rise. To resolve this apparent contradiction between model and experiment, we systematically vary the nanoparticle's thermal environment: the substrate thermal conductivity, nanoparticle-substrate contact resistance, and nanoparticle size. The apparent self-heating remains unchanged, demonstrating that this effect is an artifact, not a real temperature rise. Using rate equation modeling, we show that this artifact results from increased radiative and non-radiative relaxation from higher-lying Er3+ energy levels. This study has important implications for single-particle thermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Pickel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ayelet Teitelboim
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Emory M Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas J Borys
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - P James Schuck
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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34
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Assumpcao D, Kumar S, Narasimhan V, Lee J, Choo H. High-performance flexible metal-on-silicon thermocouple. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13725. [PMID: 30214053 PMCID: PMC6137040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated metal-on-silicon thermocouples with a noticeably high Seebeck coefficient and an excellent temperature-sensing resolution. Fabrication of the thermocouples involved only simple photolithography and metal-liftoff procedures on a silicon substrate. The experimentally measured Seebeck coefficient of our thermocouple was 9.17 × 10-4 V/°K, which is 30 times larger than those reported for standard metal thin-film thermocouples and comparable to the values of alloy-based thin-film thermocouples that require sophisticated and costly fabrication processes. The temperature-voltage measurements between 20 to 80 °C were highly linear with a linearity coefficient of 1, and the experimentally demonstrated temperature-sensing resolution was 0.01 °K which could be further improved up to a theoretical limit of 0.00055 °K. Finally, we applied this approach to demonstrate a flexible metal-on-silicon thermocouple with enhanced thermal sensitivity. The outstanding performance of our thermocouple combined with an extremely thin profile, bending flexibility, and simple, highly-compatible fabrication will proliferate its use in diverse applications such as micro-/nanoscale biometrics, energy management, and nanoscale thermography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Assumpcao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Shailabh Kumar
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Vinayak Narasimhan
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Jongho Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Choo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States.
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States.
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35
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Liu X, Hersam MC. Interface Characterization and Control of 2D Materials and Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801586. [PMID: 30039558 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
2D materials and heterostructures have attracted significant attention for a variety of nanoelectronic and optoelectronic applications. At the atomically thin limit, the material characteristics and functionalities are dominated by surface chemistry and interface coupling. Therefore, methods for comprehensively characterizing and precisely controlling surfaces and interfaces are required to realize the full technological potential of 2D materials. Here, the surface and interface properties that govern the performance of 2D materials are introduced. Then the experimental approaches that resolve surface and interface phenomena down to the atomic scale, as well as strategies that allow tuning and optimization of interfacial interactions in van der Waals heterostructures, are systematically reviewed. Finally, a future outlook that delineates the remaining challenges and opportunities for 2D material interface characterization and control is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liu
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA
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36
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Li Y, Mehra N, Ji T, Zhu J. Realizing the nanoscale quantitative thermal mapping of scanning thermal microscopy by resilient tip-surface contact resistance models. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2018; 3:505-516. [PMID: 32254136 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00043c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of thermal properties by scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is a demanded technology, but still not yet available due to the presence of unpredictable thermal contact resistance (TCR) at the tip/substrate interface. The TCR is mainly affected by three major interfacial characteristics including surface roughness, hardness and contacting force. In this work, the TCR is mathematically derived into linear and non-linear models based on the interfacial micro-characteristics. The models have the capability to predict the TCR for both rough and smooth surfaces with satisfactory accuracy. With a predictable TCR, the heat transport across the tip/substrate nanointerface can be precisely described and thus quantitative thermal properties can be predicted from SThM measurements. The models are tested in three polymeric material systems, PDMS, epoxy and PVA. The thermal conductivity from the model prediction matches very well (<10% error) with the measured values from bulk polymer samples. Such models use general surface features as inputs, so they have wide applicability to other similar materials, especially polymers. Moreover, the models have been shown to be valid in doped PVA samples when extrapolated to predict thermal conductivity beyond the range of model development. This work extends the capability of SThM in quantitative measurement and enables a unique platform for thermal conductivity measurement at nanometer spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Intelligent Composites Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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37
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Rho J, Lim M, Lee SS, Lee BJ. AFM-thermoreflectance for simultaneous measurements of the topography and temperature. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27616-27622. [PMID: 35542752 PMCID: PMC9083913 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05937c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the thermal failure mechanisms of electronic devices, it is essential to measure the temperature and characterize the thermal properties of individual nanometer-scale transistors in electronic devices. Previously, scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) has been used to measure the local temperature with nanometer-scale spatial resolutions using a probe with a built-in temperature sensor. However, this type of temperature measurement requires additional equipment to process the temperature-sensing signals and expensive temperature-sensor-integrated probes fabricated by complicated MEMS processes. Here, we present a novel technique which enables the simultaneous measurement of the temperature and topography of nanostructures only with a conventional atomic force microscope (AFM) of the type commonly used for topography measurements and without any modifications of the probe and extra accessories for data acquisition. The underlying principle of the proposed technique is that the local temperature of a specimen is estimated quantitatively from the thermoreflectance of a bare silicon AFM probe that is in contact with a specimen. The temperature obtained by our technique is found to be consistent with a result obtained by SThM measurements. We propose a novel form of AFM-based thermometry capable of sub-100 nm spatial resolution only with a conventional AFM setup by exploiting the thermoreflectance characteristic of the AFM Si probe.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 South Korea
| | - Mikyung Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 South Korea
| | - Seung S Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 South Korea
| | - Bong Jae Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 South Korea
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38
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Jarzembski A, Hamian S, Yun J, Crossley J, Park I, Francoeur M, Park K. Feedback control of local hotspot temperature using resistive on-substrate nanoheater/thermometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:064902. [PMID: 29960578 DOI: 10.1063/1.5020884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reports the active control of a local hotspot temperature for accurate nanoscale thermal transport measurement. To this end, we have fabricated resistive on-substrate nanoheater/thermometer (NH/T) devices that have a sensing area of ∼350 nm × 300 nm. Feedback-controlled temporal heating and cooling experiments of the NH/T device confirm that the feedback integral gain plays a dominant role in device's response time for various setpoint temperatures. To further verify the integration of the feedback controller with the NH/T devices, a local tip-induced cooling experiment is performed by scanning a silicon tip over the hotspot area in an atomic force microscope platform. By carefully optimizing the feedback gain and the tip scan speed, we can control the hotspot temperature with the accuracy of ∼±1 K for a broad range of setpoints from 325 K to 355 K. The obtained tip-substrate thermal conductance, including the effects of solid-solid conduction, water meniscus, air conduction, and near-field thermal radiation, is found to be a slightly increasing function of temperature in the range of 127 ± 25 to 179 ± 16 nW/K. Our work demonstrates the reliable controllability of a local hotspot temperature, which will allow the further improvement of various nanoscale thermal metrologies including scanning thermal microscopy and nanoscale thermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amun Jarzembski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Sina Hamian
- CaSTL Center, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Jeonghoon Yun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Jacob Crossley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Mathieu Francoeur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Keunhan Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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39
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Inui S, Stafford CA, Bergfield JP. Emergence of Fourier's Law of Heat Transport in Quantum Electron Systems. ACS NANO 2018; 12:4304-4311. [PMID: 29648783 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic origins of Fourier's venerable law of thermal transport in quantum electron systems has remained somewhat of a mystery, given that previous derivations were forced to invoke intrinsic scattering rates far exceeding those occurring in real systems. We propose an alternative hypothesis, namely, that Fourier's law emerges naturally if many quantum states participate in the transport of heat across the system. We test this hypothesis systematically in a graphene flake junction and show that the temperature distribution becomes nearly classical when the broadening of the individual quantum states of the flake exceeds their energetic separation. We develop a thermal resistor network model to investigate the scaling of the sample and contact thermal resistances and show that the latter is consistent with classical thermal transport theory in the limit of large level broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Inui
- Department of Physics , University of Arizona , 1118 East Fourth Street , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
- Department of Physics , Osaka City University , Sugimoto 3-3-138 , Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585 , Japan
| | - Charles A Stafford
- Department of Physics , University of Arizona , 1118 East Fourth Street , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
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40
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Shekhawat GS, Ramachandran S, Jiryaei Sharahi H, Sarkar S, Hujsak K, Li Y, Hagglund K, Kim S, Aden G, Chand A, Dravid VP. Micromachined Chip Scale Thermal Sensor for Thermal Imaging. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1760-1767. [PMID: 29401382 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The lateral resolution of scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) has hitherto never approached that of mainstream atomic force microscopy, mainly due to poor performance of the thermal sensor. Herein, we report a nanomechanical system-based thermal sensor (thermocouple) that enables high lateral resolution that is often required in nanoscale thermal characterization in a wide range of applications. This thermocouple-based probe technology delivers excellent lateral resolution (∼20 nm), extended high-temperature measurements >700 °C without cantilever bending, and thermal sensitivity (∼0.04 °C). The origin of significantly improved figures-of-merit lies in the probe design that consists of a hollow silicon tip integrated with a vertically oriented thermocouple sensor at the apex (low thermal mass) which interacts with the sample through a metallic nanowire (50 nm diameter), thereby achieving high lateral resolution. The efficacy of this approach to SThM is demonstrated by imaging embedded metallic nanostructures in silica core-shell, metal nanostructures coated with polymer films, and metal-polymer interconnect structures. The nanoscale pitch and extremely small thermal mass of the probe promise significant improvements over existing methods and wide range of applications in several fields including semiconductor industry, biomedical imaging, and data storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra S Shekhawat
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- Applied NanoStructures, Inc. , 415 Clyde Ave., Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | - Hossein Jiryaei Sharahi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Souravi Sarkar
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karl Hujsak
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karl Hagglund
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seonghwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gary Aden
- Applied NanoStructures, Inc. , 415 Clyde Ave., Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | - Ami Chand
- Applied NanoStructures, Inc. , 415 Clyde Ave., Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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41
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Nasr Esfahani E, Ma F, Wang S, Ou Y, Yang J, Li J. Quantitative nanoscale mapping of three-phase thermal conductivities in filled skutterudites via scanning thermal microscopy. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In the last two decades, a nanostructuring paradigm has been successfully applied in a wide range of thermoelectric materials, resulting in significant reduction in thermal conductivity and superior thermoelectric performance. These advances, however, have been accomplished without directly investigating the local thermoelectric properties, even though local electric current can be mapped with high spatial resolution. In fact, there still lacks an effective method that links the macroscopic thermoelectric performance to the local microstructures and properties. Here, we show that local thermal conductivity can be mapped quantitatively with good accuracy, nanometer resolution and one-to-one correspondence to the microstructure using a three-phase skutterudite as a model system. Scanning thermal microscopy combined with finite element simulations demonstrate close correlation between sample conductivity and probe resistance, enabling us to distinguish thermal conductivities spanning orders of magnitude, yet resolving thermal variation across a phase interface with small contrast. The technique thus provides a powerful tool to correlate local thermal conductivities, microstructures and macroscopic properties for nanostructured materials in general and nanostructured thermoelectrics in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feiyue Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shanyu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yun Ou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jihui Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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42
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Study of radiative heat transfer in Ångström- and nanometre-sized gaps. Nat Commun 2017; 8:ncomms14479. [PMID: 28198467 PMCID: PMC5330859 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiative heat transfer in Ångström- and nanometre-sized gaps is of great interest because of both its technological importance and open questions regarding the physics of energy transfer in this regime. Here we report studies of radiative heat transfer in few Å to 5 nm gap sizes, performed under ultrahigh vacuum conditions between a Au-coated probe featuring embedded nanoscale thermocouples and a heated planar Au substrate that were both subjected to various surface-cleaning procedures. By drawing on the apparent tunnelling barrier height as a signature of cleanliness, we found that upon systematically cleaning via a plasma or locally pushing the tip into the substrate by a few nanometres, the observed radiative conductances decreased from unexpectedly large values to extremely small ones—below the detection limit of our probe—as expected from our computational results. Our results show that it is possible to avoid the confounding effects of surface contamination and systematically study thermal radiation in Ångström- and nanometre-sized gaps. Here, Cui et al. report radiative heat transfer in few Ångström to 5 nm gap sizes, between a gold-coated probe and a heated planar gold substrate subjected to various surface cleaning procedures. They found that insufficiently cleaned probes and substrates led to unexpectedly large radiative thermal conductances.
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43
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Eich FG, Di Ventra M, Vignale G. Functional theories of thermoelectric phenomena. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:063001. [PMID: 27991434 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/29/6/063001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We review the progress that has been recently made in the application of time-dependent density functional theory to thermoelectric phenomena. As the field is very young, we emphasize open problems and fundamental issues. We begin by introducing the formal structure of thermal density functional theory, a density functional theory with two basic variables-the density and the energy density-and two conjugate fields-the ordinary scalar potential and Luttinger's thermomechanical potential. The static version of this theory is contrasted with the familiar finite-temperature density functional theory, in which only the density is a variable. We then proceed to constructing the full time-dependent non equilibrium theory, including the practically important Kohn-Sham equations that go with it. The theory is shown to recover standard results of the Landauer theory for thermal transport in the steady state, while showing greater flexibility by allowing a description of fast thermal response, temperature oscillations and related phenomena. Several results are presented here for the first time, i.e. the proof of invertibility of the thermal response function in the linear regime, the full expression of the thermal currents in the presence of Luttinger's thermomechanical potential, an explicit prescription for the evaluation of the Kohn-Sham potentials in the adiabatic local density approximation, a detailed discussion of the leading dissipative corrections to the adiabatic local density approximation and the thermal corrections to the resistivity that follow from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Eich
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany. Department of Physics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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44
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Natesan H, Bischof JC. Multiscale Thermal Property Measurements for Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2669-2691. [PMID: 33418696 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioheat transfer-based innovations in health care include applications such as focal treatments for cancer and cardiovascular disease and the preservation of tissues and organs for transplantation. In these applications, the ability to preserve or destroy a biomaterial is directly dependent on its temperature history. Thus, thermal measurement and modeling are necessary to either avoid or induce the injury required. In this review paper, we will first define and discuss thermal conductivity and calorimetric measurements of biomaterials in the cryogenic (<-40 °C), subzero (<0 °C), hypothermic (<37 °C), and hyperthermic (>37 °C) regimes. For thermal conductivity measurements, we review the use of 3ω and laser flash techniques for measurement of thermal conductivity in thin (1 μm-2 mm thick), anisotropic, and/or multilayered tissues. At the nanoscale, we review the use of pump-probe and scanning probe methods to measure thermal conductivity at short temporal scales (10 ps-100 ns) and spatial scales (1 nm-1 μm), particularly in the coating and surrounding medium around metallic nanoparticles (1 nm-20 nm). For calorimetric techniques, we review differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which is intrinsically at the microscale (e.g., tissue pieces or millions of cells in media). DSC is used with large sample mass (∼3-100 mg) over wide temperature ranges (-180 to 750 °C) with low-temperature scanning rates (<750 °C/min). The need to assess smaller samples at higher rates has led to the development of nanocalorimetry on a silicon based membrane. Here the sample weight is as low as 10 ng, thereby allowing ultra-rapid heating rates (∼1 × 107 C/min). Finally, we discuss various opportunities that are driving the need for new micro- and nanoscale thermal measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harishankar Natesan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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45
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Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Zhou X. Recent advances in hybrid measurement methods based on atomic force microscopy and surface sensitive measurement techniques. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08515j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summaries the recent progress of the combination of optical and non-optical surface sensitive techniques with the atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
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46
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Nanoscale thermal imaging of dissipation in quantum systems. Nature 2016; 539:407-410. [PMID: 27786173 DOI: 10.1038/nature19843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Energy dissipation is a fundamental process governing the dynamics of physical, chemical and biological systems. It is also one of the main characteristics that distinguish quantum from classical phenomena. In particular, in condensed matter physics, scattering mechanisms, loss of quantum information or breakdown of topological protection are deeply rooted in the intricate details of how and where the dissipation occurs. Yet the microscopic behaviour of a system is usually not formulated in terms of dissipation because energy dissipation is not a readily measurable quantity on the micrometre scale. Although nanoscale thermometry has gained much recent interest, existing thermal imaging methods are not sensitive enough for the study of quantum systems and are also unsuitable for the low-temperature operation that is required. Here we report a nano-thermometer based on a superconducting quantum interference device with a diameter of less than 50 nanometres that resides at the apex of a sharp pipette: it provides scanning cryogenic thermal sensing that is four orders of magnitude more sensitive than previous devices-below 1 μK Hz-1/2. This non-contact, non-invasive thermometry allows thermal imaging of very low intensity, nanoscale energy dissipation down to the fundamental Landauer limit of 40 femtowatts for continuous readout of a single qubit at one gigahertz at 4.2 kelvin. These advances enable the observation of changes in dissipation due to single-electron charging of individual quantum dots in carbon nanotubes. They also reveal a dissipation mechanism attributable to resonant localized states in graphene encapsulated within hexagonal boron nitride, opening the door to direct thermal imaging of nanoscale dissipation processes in quantum matter.
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47
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Dramićanin MD. Sensing temperature via downshifting emissions of lanthanide-doped metal oxides and salts. A review. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2016; 4:042001. [PMID: 28192289 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/4/4/042001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is important because it has an effect on even the tiniest elements of daily life and is involved in a broad spectrum of human activities. That is why it is the most commonly measured physical quantity. Traditional temperature measurements encounter difficulties when used in some emerging technologies and environments, such as nanotechnology and biomedicine. The problem may be alleviated using optical techniques, one of which is luminescence thermometry. This paper reviews the state of luminescence thermometry and presents different temperature read-out schemes with an emphasis on those utilizing the downshifting emission of lanthanide-doped metal oxides and salts. The read-out schemes for temperature include those based on measurements of spectral characteristics of luminescence (band positions and shapes, emission intensity and ratio of emission intensities), and those based on measurements of the temporal behavior of luminescence (lifetimes and rise times). This review (with 140 references) gives the basics of the fundamental principles and theory that underlie the methods presented, and describes the methodology for the estimation of their performance. The major part of the text is devoted to those lanthanide-doped metal oxides and salts that are used as temperature probes, and to the comparison of their performance and characteristics.
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48
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Chae H, Hwang G, Kwon O. Fabrication of scanning thermal microscope probe with ultra-thin oxide tip and demonstration of its enhanced performance. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 171:195-203. [PMID: 27694037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
With the vigorous development of new nanodevices and nanomaterials, improvements in the quantitation and resolution of the measurement of nanoscale energy transport/conversion phenomena have become increasingly important. Although several new advanced methods for scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) have been developed to meet these needs, such methods require a drastic enhancement of SThM probe performance. In this study, by taking advantage of the characteristics of micromechanical structures where their mechanical stability is maintained even when the film that composes the structures becomes extremely thin, we develop a new design of SThM probe whose tip is made of ultra-thin SiO2 film (~100nm), fabricate the SThM probes, and demonstrate experimentally that the tip radius, thermal time constant, and thermal sensitivity of the probe are all improved. We expect the development of new high-performance SThM probes, along with the advanced measurement methods, to allow the measurement of temperature and thermal properties with higher spatial resolution and quantitative accuracy, ultimately making essential contributions to diverse areas of science and engineering related to the nanoscale energy transport/conversion phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heebum Chae
- Korea University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Gwangseok Hwang
- Korea University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Ohmyong Kwon
- Korea University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul 136-701, South Korea.
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49
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Antić Ž, Dramićanin MD, Prashanthi K, Jovanović D, Kuzman S, Thundat T. Pulsed Laser Deposited Dysprosium-Doped Gadolinium-Vanadate Thin Films for Noncontact, Self-Referencing Luminescence Thermometry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:7745-7752. [PMID: 27376764 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped vanadate thin films offer (i) a promising platform for luminescence-based noncontact temperature sensing; (ii) ratiometric/self-referencing absolute measurements; (iii) exceptional repeatability and reversibility for multirun uses and a long life cycle; (iv) 2% K(-1) maximum temperature sensitivity (among the highest recorded for inorganic nanothermometers); (v) a temperature resolution greater than 0.5 K; and (vi) the potential for high-resolution 2D temperature mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Antić
- Ingenuity Lab, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2V4, Canada.
| | - Miroslav D Dramićanin
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P. O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kovur Prashanthi
- Ingenuity Lab, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Dragana Jovanović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P. O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Kuzman
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P. O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Thomas Thundat
- Ingenuity Lab, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2V4, Canada.
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50
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Bai T, Gu N. Micro/Nanoscale Thermometry for Cellular Thermal Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4590-610. [PMID: 27172908 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a key parameter to regulate cell function, and biochemical reactions inside a cell in turn affect the intracellular temperature. It's vitally necessary to measure cellular temperature to provide sufficient information to fully understand life science, while the conventional methods are incompetent. Over the last decade, many ingenious thermometers have been developed with the help of nanotechnology, and real-time intracellular temperature measurement at the micro/nanoscale has been realized with high temporal-spatial resolution. With the help of these techniques, several mechanisms of thermogenesis inside cells have been investigated, even in subcellular organelles. Here, current developments in cellular thermometers are highlighted, and a picture of their applications in cell biology is presented. In particular, temperature measurement principle, thermometer design and latest achievements are also introduced. Finally, the existing opportunities and challenges in this ongoing field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China.
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