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Luo Y, Ye W, Zhou L, Xie J. Manipulating terahertz guided wave excitation with Fabry-Perot cavity-assisted metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:21216-21229. [PMID: 38859481 DOI: 10.1364/oe.525377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are emerging as powerful tools for manipulating complex light fields, offering enhanced control in free space and on-chip waveguide applications. Their ability to customize refractive indices and dispersion properties opens up new possibilities in light guiding, yet their efficiency in exciting guided waves, particularly through metallic structures, is not fully explored. Here, we present a new method for exciting terahertz (THz) guided waves using Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity-assisted metasurfaces that enable spin-selective directional coupling and mode selection. Our design uses a substrate-free ridge silicon THz waveguide with air cladding and a supporting slab, incorporating placed metallic metasurfaces to exploit their unique interaction with the guided waves. With the silicon thin layer and air serving as an FP cavity, THz waves enter from the bottom of the device, thereby intensifying the impact of the metasurfaces. The inverse-structured complementary metasurface could enhance excitation performance. We demonstrate selective excitation of TE00 and TE10 modes with directional control, confirmed through simulations and experimental validations using a THz vector network analyzer (VNA) system. This work broadens the potential of metasurfaces for advanced THz waveguide technologies.
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2
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Yu X, Weeber JC, Markey L, Arocas J, Bouhelier A, Leray A, Colas des Francs G. Nano antenna-assisted quantum dots emission into high-index planar waveguide. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:265201. [PMID: 38522099 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Integrated quantum photonic circuits require the efficient coupling of photon sources to photonic waveguides. Hybrid plasmonic/photonic platforms are a promising approach, taking advantage of both plasmon modal confinement for efficient coupling to a nearby emitter and photonic circuitry for optical data transfer and processing. In this work, we established directional quantum dot (QD) emission coupling to a planar TiO2waveguide assisted by a Yagi-Uda antenna. Antenna on waveguide is first designed by scaling radio frequency dimensions to nano-optics, taking into account the hybrid plasmonic/photonic platform. Design is then optimized by full numerical simulations. We fabricate the antenna on a TiO2planar waveguide and deposit a few QDs close to the Yagi-Uda antenna. The optical characterization shows clear directional coupling originating from antenna effect. We estimate the coupling efficiency and directivity of the light emitted into the waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yu
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), CNRS UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - J-C Weeber
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), CNRS UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - L Markey
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), CNRS UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - J Arocas
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), CNRS UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - A Bouhelier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), CNRS UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - A Leray
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), CNRS UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
| | - G Colas des Francs
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), CNRS UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon, France
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3
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Saha S, Hong C, Fomra D, Ozgur U, Avrutin V, Ndukaife JC, Kinsey N. On-chip integrated quantum emitter with 'trap-enhance-guide': a simulation approach. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:48051-48060. [PMID: 36558720 DOI: 10.1364/oe.477164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To address the challenges of developing a scalable system of an on-chip integrated quantum emitter, we propose to leverage the loss in our hybrid plasmonic-photonic structure to simultaneously achieve Purcell enhancement as well as on-chip maneuvering of nanoscale emitter via optical trapping with guided excitation-emission routes. In this report, we have analyzed the feasibility of the functional goals of our proposed system in the metric of trapping strength (∼8KBT), Purcell factor (>1000∼), and collection efficiency (∼10%). Once realized, the scopes of the proposed device can be advanced to develop a scalable platform for integrated quantum technology.
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4
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Meng Y, Chen Y, Lu L, Ding Y, Cusano A, Fan JA, Hu Q, Wang K, Xie Z, Liu Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Gong M, Xiao Q, Sun S, Zhang M, Yuan X, Ni X. Optical meta-waveguides for integrated photonics and beyond. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:235. [PMID: 34811345 PMCID: PMC8608813 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing maturity of nanofabrication has ushered massive sophisticated optical structures available on a photonic chip. The integration of subwavelength-structured metasurfaces and metamaterials on the canonical building block of optical waveguides is gradually reshaping the landscape of photonic integrated circuits, giving rise to numerous meta-waveguides with unprecedented strength in controlling guided electromagnetic waves. Here, we review recent advances in meta-structured waveguides that synergize various functional subwavelength photonic architectures with diverse waveguide platforms, such as dielectric or plasmonic waveguides and optical fibers. Foundational results and representative applications are comprehensively summarized. Brief physical models with explicit design tutorials, either physical intuition-based design methods or computer algorithms-based inverse designs, are cataloged as well. We highlight how meta-optics can infuse new degrees of freedom to waveguide-based devices and systems, by enhancing light-matter interaction strength to drastically boost device performance, or offering a versatile designer media for manipulating light in nanoscale to enable novel functionalities. We further discuss current challenges and outline emerging opportunities of this vibrant field for various applications in photonic integrated circuits, biomedical sensing, artificial intelligence and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Longhui Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yimin Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Optoelectronic Division, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Qiaomu Hu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhoutian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qirong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Minming Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Blanquer G, Loo V, Rahbany N, Couteau C, Blaize S, Salas-Montiel R, De Wilde Y, Krachmalnicoff V. Waveguide efficient directional coupling and decoupling via an integrated plasmonic nanoantenna. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:29034-29043. [PMID: 34615021 DOI: 10.1364/oe.432637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of integrated photonic devices has led to important advancements in the field of light-matter interaction at the nanoscale. One of the main focal points is the coupling between single photon emitters and optical waveguides aiming to achieve efficient optical confinement and propagation. In this work, we focus on the characterization of a hybrid dielectric/plasmonic waveguide consisting of a gold triangular nanoantenna placed on top of a TiO2 waveguide. The strong directionality of the device is experimentally demonstrated by comparing the intensity scattered by the nanotriangle to the one scattered by a SNOM tip for different illumination geometries. The ability of the plasmonic antenna to generate powerful coupling between a single emitter and the waveguide will also be highlighted through numerical simulations.
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Qi Z, Hu G, Liu B, Li Y, Deng C, Zheng P, Wang F, Zhao L, Cui Y. Plasmonic nanocavity for obtaining bound state in the continuum in silicon waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:9312-9323. [PMID: 33820362 DOI: 10.1364/oe.419815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bound states in the continuum (BICs) have become a new trend in the area of metaoptics and nanophotonics. Strong interactions in electromagnetic fields are analogous to electron transitions in atoms, giving rise to BICs with vanishing radiative losses. However, it is still a great challenge to realize BICs in the lossy plasmonic systems. For this problem, we propose a supercavity-like plasmonic nanocavity consisting of an Au nanorod deposited inside an Au symmetric split ring, and explore the possibility of exciting quasi-BICs that own finite but high quality (Q) factors. In such hybrid configuration, the excited resonances can be easily engineered by modifying the rotation angle or the length of the Au nanorod. With the integration of such nanocavity in silicon (Si) waveguides, sharp transmission spectra could be achieved with fiber-chip in-parallel excitations and detections. Besides, the ultracompact geometry of this plasmonic nanocavity provides a route to boost enhanced electric fields, thus improving sensing performances significantly. Our study not only offers a novel platform for the realization of chip-scale quasi-BICs, but extends functionalities of photonic-plasmonic hybrid circuits.
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7
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Mu X, Hu L, Cheng Y, Fang Y, Sun M. Chiral surface plasmon-enhanced chiral spectroscopy: principles and applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:581-601. [PMID: 33410859 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06272c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the development context and scientific research results of chiral surface plasmons (SPs) in recent years are classified and described in detail. First, the principle of chiral SPs is introduced through classical and quantum theory. Following this, the classification and properties of different chiral structures, as well as the superchiral near-field, are introduced in detail. Second, we describe the excitation and propagation properties of chiral SPs, which lays a good foundation for the application of chiral SPs and their chiral spectra in various fields. After that, we have summarized the recent research results of chiral SPs and their applications in the areas of biology, two-dimensional materials, topological materials, analytical chemistry, chiral sensing, chiral optical force, and chiral light detection. Chiral SPs are a new type of optical phenomenon that have useful application potential in many fields and are worth exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijiao Mu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Li Hu
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Detection, Control and Integrated System, School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Cheng
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Yurui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Mengtao Sun
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Light Manipulations and Applications, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, P. R. China
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8
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Chen C, Mi J, Chen P, Du X, Xi J, Liang L, Shi J. Broadband Spin-Dependent Directional Coupler via Single Optimized Metallic Catenary Antenna. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020326. [PMID: 33435186 PMCID: PMC7827409 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of on-chip optics, integrated optical devices with better performance are desirable. Waveguide couplers are the typical integrated optical devices, allowing for the fast transmission and conversion of optical signals in a broad working band. However, traditional waveguide couplers are limited by the narrow operation band to couple the spatial light into the chip and the fixed unidirectional transmission of light flow. Furthermore, most of the couplers only realize unidirectional transmission under the illumination of the linear polarized light. In this work, a broadband polarization directional coupler based on a metallic catenary antenna integrated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide has been designed and demonstrated under the illumination of the circularly polarized light. By applying the genetic algorithm to optimize the multiple widths of the metallic catenary antenna, the numerical simulation results show that the extinction ratio of the coupler can be maintained larger than 18 dB in a wide operation band of 300 nm (from 1400 to 1700 nm). Moreover, the coupler can couple the spatial beam into the plane and transmit in the opposite direction by modulating the rotation direction of the incident light. The broadband polarization directional coupler might have great potential in integrated optoelectronic devices and on-chip optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (C.C.); (J.M.); (P.C.); (X.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiajia Mi
- College of Physics and Electronic Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (C.C.); (J.M.); (P.C.); (X.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Panpan Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (C.C.); (J.M.); (P.C.); (X.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiang Du
- College of Physics and Electronic Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (C.C.); (J.M.); (P.C.); (X.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianxin Xi
- College of Physics and Electronic Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (C.C.); (J.M.); (P.C.); (X.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Li Liang
- College of Physics and Electronic Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (C.C.); (J.M.); (P.C.); (X.D.); (J.X.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Materials Science and Technology, Wuhu 241000, China
- Correspondence: and (L.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jianping Shi
- College of Physics and Electronic Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (C.C.); (J.M.); (P.C.); (X.D.); (J.X.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Materials Science and Technology, Wuhu 241000, China
- Correspondence: and (L.L.); (J.S.)
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9
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Kim HM, Kim MK. Beam steering of a single nanoantenna. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:16822-16833. [PMID: 32549496 DOI: 10.1364/oe.392999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoantennas play an important role as mediators to efficiently convert free-space light into localized optical energy and vice versa. However, effective control of the beam direction of a single nanoantenna remains a great challenge. In this paper, we propose an approach to steer the beam direction of a single nanoantenna by adjusting two antenna modes with opposite phase symmetry. Our theoretical study confirmed that the combination of even- and odd-symmetric modes with a phase difference of π/2 enables effective beam steering of a single nanoantenna whose steering angle is controlled by adjusting the amplitude ratio of the two antenna modes. To implement our theory in real devices, we introduced asymmetric trapezoidal nano-slot antennas with different side air-gaps of 10 and 50 nm. The trapezoidal nanoantennas can simultaneously excite the dipole and quadrupole modes in a single nanoantenna and enables effective beam steering with an angle of greater than 35° near the resonance of the quadrupole mode. In addition, the steering angle can also be controlled by adjusting the degree of asymmetry of the trapezoidal slot structure. We believe that our beam steering method for a single nanoantenna will find many potential applications in fields such as imaging, sensing, optical communication, and quantum optics.
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10
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Ma Y, Dong B, Lee C. Progress of infrared guided-wave nanophotonic sensors and devices. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:12. [PMID: 32239361 PMCID: PMC7113365 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-020-00222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics, manipulating light-matter interactions at the nanoscale, is an appealing technology for diversified biochemical and physical sensing applications. Guided-wave nanophotonics paves the way to miniaturize the sensors and realize on-chip integration of various photonic components, so as to realize chip-scale sensing systems for the future realization of the Internet of Things which requires the deployment of numerous sensor nodes. Starting from the popular CMOS-compatible silicon nanophotonics in the infrared, many infrared guided-wave nanophotonic sensors have been developed, showing the advantages of high sensitivity, low limit of detection, low crosstalk, strong detection multiplexing capability, immunity to electromagnetic interference, small footprint and low cost. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress of research on infrared guided-wave nanophotonic sensors. The sensor configurations, sensing mechanisms, sensing performances, performance improvement strategies, and system integrations are described. Future development directions are also proposed to overcome current technological obstacles toward industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608 Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Bowei Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608 Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123 China
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
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Dhawan AR, Belacel C, Esparza-Villa JU, Nasilowski M, Wang Z, Schwob C, Hugonin JP, Coolen L, Dubertret B, Senellart P, Maître A. Extreme multiexciton emission from deterministically assembled single-emitter subwavelength plasmonic patch antennas. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:33. [PMID: 32194947 PMCID: PMC7054275 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coupling nano-emitters to plasmonic antennas is a key milestone for the development of nanoscale quantum light sources. One challenge, however, is the precise nanoscale positioning of the emitter in the structure. Here, we present a laser etching protocol that deterministically positions a single colloidal CdSe/CdS core/shell quantum dot emitter inside a subwavelength plasmonic patch antenna with three-dimensional nanoscale control. By exploiting the properties of metal-insulator-metal structures at the nanoscale, the fabricated single-emitter antenna exhibits a very high-Purcell factor (>72) and a brightness enhancement of a factor of 70. Due to the unprecedented quenching of Auger processes and the strong acceleration of the multiexciton emission, more than 4 photons per pulse can be emitted by a single quantum dot, thus increasing the device yield. Our technology can be applied to a wide range of photonic nanostructures and emitters, paving the way for scalable and reliable fabrication of ultra-compact light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Raj Dhawan
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, UMR 7588, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cherif Belacel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, UMR 7588, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies et de Nanostructures, CNRS UMR9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Marcoussis, France
| | | | - Michel Nasilowski
- Laboratoire de Physique et d’Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Catherine Schwob
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, UMR 7588, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Hugonin
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS UMR 8501, Université Paris Saclay, 2 avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Coolen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, UMR 7588, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Dubertret
- Laboratoire de Physique et d’Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Pascale Senellart
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies et de Nanostructures, CNRS UMR9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Marcoussis, France
| | - Agnès Maître
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, UMR 7588, 75005 Paris, France
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12
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Tellez-Limon R, Blaize S, Gardillou F, Coello V, Salas-Montiel R. Excitation of surface plasmon polaritons in a gold nanoslab on ion-exchanged waveguide technology. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:572-578. [PMID: 32225343 DOI: 10.1364/ao.381915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Integrated metaphotonic devices has opened new horizons to control light-guiding properties at nanoscale; particularly interesting is the application of plasmonic nanostructures coupled to dielectric waveguides to reduce the inherent light propagation losses in metallic metamaterials. In this contribution, we show the feasibility of using ion-exchanged glass waveguides (IExWg) as a platform for the efficient excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP). These IExWg provide high coupling efficiency and low butt-coupling with conventional dielectric optical waveguides and fibers, overcoming the hard fabrication tunability of commonly used CMOS-guiding platforms. We present a near-field scanning optical microscopy characterization of the propagation characteristics of SPP supported in a gold nanoslab fabricated on top of an IExWg. We found that the SPP can be only be excited with the fundamental TM photonic mode of the waveguide. Thanks to the low propagation loss, low birefringence, and compatibility with optical fibers, glass waveguide technology is a promising platform for the development of integrated plasmonic devices operating at visible and near infrared wavelengths with potential applications in single molecule emission routing or biosensing devices.
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13
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Key Roles of Plasmonics in Wireless THz Nanocommunications—A Survey. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9245488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Wireless data traffic has experienced an unprecedented boost in past years, and according to data traffic forecasts, within a decade, it is expected to compete sufficiently with wired broadband infrastructure. Therefore, the use of even higher carrier frequency bands in the THz range, via adoption of new technologies to equip future THz band wireless communication systems at the nanoscale is required, in order to accommodate a variety of applications, that would satisfy the ever increasing user demands of higher data rates. Certain wireless applications such as 5G and beyond communications, network on chip system architectures, and nanosensor networks, will no longer satisfy speed and latency demands with existing technologies and system architectures. Apart from conventional CMOS technology, and the already tested, still promising though, photonic technology, other technologies and materials such as plasmonics with graphene respectively, may offer a viable infrastructure solution on existing THz technology challenges. This survey paper is a thorough investigation on the current and beyond state of the art plasmonic system implementation for THz communications, by providing in-depth reference material, highlighting the fundamental aspects of plasmonic technology roles in future THz band wireless communication and THz wireless applications, that will define future demands coping with users’ needs.
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14
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Cao Q, Feng J, Lu H, Zhang H, Zhang F, Zeng H. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering using nanoporous gold on suspended silicon nitride waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:24614-24620. [PMID: 30469574 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.024614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid integration of nanoporous gold with silicon nitride waveguide has been realized for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) at 633-nm wavelength. The SERS signal is excited through 580-nm-thick T-shape suspended waveguides and collected through an objective lens. Raman spectra for different mesa width at either transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) mode are measured and compared. The localized surface plasmon resonance of the nanoporous gold can result in a waveguide and polarization-dependent SERS enhancement. The presented miniaturized SERS chips can work from visible to near-infrared wavelength and a wide application prospect could be expected.
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15
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Dasgupta A, Buret M, Cazier N, Mennemanteuil MM, Chacon R, Hammani K, Weeber JC, Arocas J, Markey L, des Francs GC, Uskov A, Smetanin I, Bouhelier A. Electromigrated electrical optical antennas for transducing electrons and photons at the nanoscale. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1964-1976. [PMID: 30116688 PMCID: PMC6071726 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Electrically controlled optical metal antennas are an emerging class of nanodevices enabling a bilateral transduction between electrons and photons. At the heart of the device is a tunnel junction that may either emit light upon injection of electrons or generate an electrical current when excited by a light wave. The current study explores a technological route for producing these functional units based upon the electromigration of metal constrictions. Results: We combine multiple nanofabrication steps to realize in-plane tunneling junctions made of two gold electrodes, separated by a sub-nanometer gap acting as the feedgap of an optical antenna. We electrically characterize the transport properties of the junctions in the light of the Fowler-Nordheim representation and the Simmons model for electron tunneling. We demonstrate light emission from the feedgap upon electron injection and show examples of how this nanoscale light source can be coupled to waveguiding structures. Conclusion: Electromigrated in-plane tunneling optical antennas feature interesting properties with their unique functionality enabling interfacing electrons and photons at the atomic scale and with the same device. This technology may open new routes for device-to-device communication and for interconnecting an electronic control layer to a photonic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Dasgupta
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Mickaël Buret
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Cazier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Maxime Mennemanteuil
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Reinaldo Chacon
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Kamal Hammani
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Weeber
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Juan Arocas
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Markey
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Colas des Francs
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Alexander Uskov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky pr. 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- ITMO University, Kronverkskiy pr. 49, 197101 Sankt-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor Smetanin
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninsky pr. 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandre Bouhelier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, CNRS-UMR 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
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16
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Optical wireless link between a nanoscale antenna and a transducing rectenna. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1992. [PMID: 29777104 PMCID: PMC5959908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiated as a cable-replacement solution, short-range wireless power transfer has rapidly become ubiquitous in the development of modern high-data throughput networking in centimeter to meter accessibility range. Wireless technology is now penetrating a higher level of system integration for chip-to-chip and on-chip radiofrequency interconnects. However, standard CMOS integrated millimeter-wave antennas have typical size commensurable with the operating wavelength, and are thus an unrealistic solution for downsizing transmitters and receivers to the micrometer and nanometer scale. Herein, we demonstrate a light-in and electrical signal-out, on-chip wireless near-infrared link between a 220 nm optical antenna and a sub-nanometer rectifying antenna converting the transmitted optical energy into direct electrical current. The co-integration of subwavelength optical functional devices with electronic transduction offers a disruptive solution to interface photons and electrons at the nanoscale for on-chip wireless optical interconnects. Integrating optical and electrical components for communication systems is challenging due to the differences of scale. The authors have developed an on-chip light-to-electrical wireless link between a nanoantenna and an optical rectifier, envisioned as a solution for future integrated wireless interconnects.
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17
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Camposeo A, Jurga R, Moffa M, Portone A, Cardarelli F, Della Sala F, Ciracì C, Pisignano D. Nanowire-Intensified Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence in Hybrid Polymer-Plasmonic Electrospun Filaments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800187. [PMID: 29655227 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid polymer-plasmonic nanostructures might combine high enhancement of localized fields from metal nanoparticles with light confinement and long-range transport in subwavelength dielectric structures. Here, the complex behavior of fluorophores coupling to Au nanoparticles within polymer nanowires, which features localized metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) with unique characteristics compared to conventional structures, is reported. The intensification effect when the particle is placed in the organic filaments is remarkably higher with respect to thin films of comparable thickness, thus highlighting a specific, nanowire-related enhancement of MEF effects. A dependence on the confinement volume in the dielectric nanowire is also indicated, with MEF significantly increasing upon reduction of the wire diameter. These findings are rationalized by finite element simulations, predicting a position-dependent enhancement of the quantum yield of fluorophores embedded in the fibers. Calculation of the ensemble-averaged fluorescence enhancement unveils the possibility of strongly enhancing the overall emission intensity for structures with size twice the diameter of the embedded metal particles. These new, hybrid fluorescent systems with localized enhanced emission, and the general nanowire-enhanced MEF effects associated to them, are highly relevant for developing nanoscale light-emitting devices with high efficiency and intercoupled through nanofiber networks, highly sensitive optical sensors, and novel laser architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Camposeo
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Radoslaw Jurga
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, I-73010, Arnesano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio De Giorgi", Università del Salento, via Arnesano, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Moffa
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Portone
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio De Giorgi", Università del Salento, via Arnesano, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Della Sala
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, I-73010, Arnesano, Italy
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Cristian Ciracì
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, I-73010, Arnesano, Italy
| | - Dario Pisignano
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Zhang T, Wang M, Yang Y, Fan F, Lee T, Liu H, Xiang D. An on-chip hybrid plasmonic light steering concentrator with ∼96% coupling efficiency. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:5097-5104. [PMID: 29460949 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00213d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We, for the first time, propose and theoretically study a plasmonic light steering concentrator (PLSC) that is based on a hybrid photonic-plasmonic sandwich structure. In this device, a transverse electric (TE) polarization guided mode supported by a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide is vertically coupled to a metal-dielectric-metal sandwich structure, while the structure steers the light to a perpendicular metal taper and focuses the light on the apex of the taper with a small radius of 15 nm. Based on the coupled-mode theory, the two supermodes (quasi-TM modes) are clarified to illustrate the coupling mechanism of the device. We numerically obtain over 96% coupling efficiency at the 1500 nm telecommunication wavelength, and the mode width supported by the apex is limited laterally within the range of ∼110 nm, where the field enhancement calculated is found to be more than 107 compared to that of light in the silicon waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China.
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19
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Chen B, Bruck R, Traviss D, Khokhar AZ, Reynolds S, Thomson DJ, Mashanovich GZ, Reed GT, Muskens OL. Hybrid Photon-Plasmon Coupling and Ultrafast Control of Nanoantennas on a Silicon Photonic Chip. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:610-617. [PMID: 29272140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid integration of nanoplasmonic devices with silicon photonic circuits holds promise for a range of applications in on-chip sensing, field-enhanced and nonlinear spectroscopy, and integrated nanophotonic switches. Here, we demonstrate a new regime of photon-plasmon coupling by combining a silicon photonic resonator with plasmonic nanoantennas. Using principles from coherent perfect absorption, we make use of standing-wave light fields to maximize the photon-plasmon interaction strength. Precise placement of the broadband antennas with respect to the narrowband photonic racetrack modes results in controlled hybridization of only a subset of these modes. By combining antennas into groups of radiating dipoles with opposite phase, far-field scattering is effectively suppressed. We achieve ultrafast tuning of photon-plasmon hybridization including reconfigurable routing of the standing-wave input between two output ports. Hybrid photonic-plasmonic resonators provide conceptually new approaches for on-chip integrated nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bigeng Chen
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Roman Bruck
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Daniel Traviss
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Ali Z Khokhar
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Scott Reynolds
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - David J Thomson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Goran Z Mashanovich
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Graham T Reed
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Otto L Muskens
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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20
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Sun YZ, Feng LS, Bachelot R, Blaize S, Ding W. Full control of far-field radiation via photonic integrated circuits decorated with plasmonic nanoantennas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:17417-17430. [PMID: 28789234 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically develop a hybrid architecture consisting of photonic integrated circuit and plasmonic nanoantennas to fully control optical far-field radiation with unprecedented flexibility. By exploiting asymmetric and lateral excitation from silicon waveguides, single gold nanorod and cascaded nanorod pair can function as component radiation pixels, featured by full 2π phase coverage and nanoscale footprint. These radiation pixels allow us to design scalable on-chip devices in a wavefront engineering fashion. We numerically demonstrate beam collimation with 30° out of the incident plane and nearly diffraction limited divergence angle. We also present high-numerical-aperture (NA) beam focusing with NA ≈0.65 and vector beam generation (the radially-polarized mode) with the mode similarity greater than 44%. This concept and approach constitutes a designable optical platform, which might be a future bridge between integrated photonics and metasurface functionalities.
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21
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Guo R, Decker M, Setzpfandt F, Gai X, Choi DY, Kiselev R, Chipouline A, Staude I, Pertsch T, Neshev DN, Kivshar YS. High-bit rate ultra-compact light routing with mode-selective on-chip nanoantennas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700007. [PMID: 28776027 PMCID: PMC5517110 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical nanoantennas provide a promising pathway toward advanced manipulation of light waves, such as directional scattering, polarization conversion, and fluorescence enhancement. Although these functionalities were mainly studied for nanoantennas in free space or on homogeneous substrates, their integration with optical waveguides offers an important "wired" connection to other functional optical components. Taking advantage of the nanoantenna's versatility and unrivaled compactness, their imprinting onto optical waveguides would enable a marked enhancement of design freedom and integration density for optical on-chip devices. Several examples of this concept have been demonstrated recently. However, the important question of whether nanoantennas can fulfill functionalities for high-bit rate signal transmission without degradation, which is the core purpose of many integrated optical applications, has not yet been experimentally investigated. We introduce and investigate directional, polarization-selective, and mode-selective on-chip nanoantennas integrated with a silicon rib waveguide. We demonstrate that these nanoantennas can separate optical signals with different polarizations by coupling the different polarizations of light vertically to different waveguide modes propagating into opposite directions. As the central result of this work, we show the suitability of this concept for the control of optical signals with ASK (amplitude-shift keying) NRZ (nonreturn to zero) modulation [10 Gigabit/s (Gb/s)] without significant bit error rate impairments. Our results demonstrate that waveguide-integrated nanoantennas have the potential to be used as ultra-compact polarization-demultiplexing on-chip devices for high-bit rate telecommunication applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Manuel Decker
- Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Frank Setzpfandt
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Xin Gai
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Duk-Yong Choi
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Roman Kiselev
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Arkadi Chipouline
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Merckstraße 25, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Isabelle Staude
- Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Pertsch
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dragomir N. Neshev
- Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yuri S. Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Centre and Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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22
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Wuytens PC, Skirtach AG, Baets R. On-chip surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using nanosphere-lithography patterned antennas on silicon nitride waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12926-12934. [PMID: 28786644 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid integration of nanoplasmonic antennas with silicon nitride waveguides enables miniaturized chips for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. This integration can result in high-throughput SERS assays on low sampling volumes. However, current fabrication methods are complex and rely on electron-beam lithography, thereby obstructing the full use of an integrated photonics platform. Here, we demonstrate the electron-beam-free fabrication of gold nanotriangles on deep-UV patterned silicon nitride waveguides using nanosphere lithography. The localized surface-plasmon resonance of these nanotriangles is optimized for Raman excitation at 785 nm, resulting in a SERS substrate enhancement factor of 2.5 × 105. Furthermore, the SERS signal excited and collected through the waveguide is as strong as the free-space excited and collected signal through a high NA objective.
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23
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Fan Y, Le Roux X, Korovin A, Lupu A, de Lustrac A. Integrated 2D-Graded Index Plasmonic Lens on a Silicon Waveguide for Operation in the Near Infrared Domain. ACS NANO 2017; 11:4599-4605. [PMID: 28463497 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article we address the nanoscale engineering of the effective index of silicon on insulator waveguides by using plasmonic metasurface resonances to realize a graded index lens. We report the design, implementation, and experimental demonstration of this plasmonic metasurface-based graded index lens integrated on a silicon waveguide for operation in the near-infrared domain. The 2D-graded index lens consists of an array of gold cut wires fabricated on the top of a silicon waveguide. These gold cut wires modify locally the effective index of the silicon waveguide and allow the realization of this gradient lens. The reported solution represents a promising alternative to the bulky or multilayered metamaterials approach in the near IR domain. This enabling technology may have found its place in silicon photonic applications by exploiting the plasmonic resonances to control the light at nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Fan
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Le Roux
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Alexander Korovin
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Anatole Lupu
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Andre de Lustrac
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
- Université Paris Nanterre , 92410 Ville d'Avray, France
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24
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Koenderink AF. Single-Photon Nanoantennas. ACS PHOTONICS 2017; 4:710-722. [PMID: 29354664 PMCID: PMC5770162 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon nanoantennas are broadband strongly scattering nanostructures placed in the near field of a single quantum emitter, with the goal to enhance the coupling between the emitter and far-field radiation channels. Recently, great strides have been made in the use of nanoantennas to realize fluorescence brightness enhancements, and Purcell enhancements, of several orders of magnitude. This perspective reviews the key figures of merit by which single-photon nanoantenna performance is quantified and the recent advances in measuring these metrics unambiguously. Next, this perspective discusses what the state of the art is in terms of fluoresent brightness enhancements, Purcell factors, and directivity control on the level of single photons. Finally, I discuss future challenges for single-photon nanoantennas.
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25
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Lin L, Wang M, Wei X, Peng X, Xie C, Zheng Y. Photoswitchable Rabi Splitting in Hybrid Plasmon-Waveguide Modes. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7655-7663. [PMID: 27960522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rabi splitting that arises from strong plasmon-molecule coupling has attracted tremendous interests. However, it has remained elusive to integrate Rabi splitting into the hybrid plasmon-waveguide modes (HPWMs), which have advantages of both subwavelength light confinement of surface plasmons and long-range propagation of guided modes in dielectric waveguides. Herein, we explore a new type of HPWMs based on hybrid systems of Al nanodisk arrays covered by PMMA thin films that are doped with photochromic molecules and demonstrate the photoswitchable Rabi splitting with a maximum splitting energy of 572 meV in the HPWMs by controlling the photoisomerization of the molecules. Through our experimental measurements combined with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, we reveal that the photoswitchable Rabi splitting arises from the switchable coupling between the HPWMs and molecular excitons. By harnessing the photoswitchable Rabi splitting, we develop all-optical light modulators and rewritable waveguides. The demonstration of Rabi splitting in the HPWMs will further advance scientific research and device applications of hybrid plasmon-molecule systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mingsong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Xiaoling Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Xiaolei Peng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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26
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Song H, Zhang J, Fei G, Wang J, Jiang K, Wang P, Lu Y, Iorsh I, Xu W, Jia J, Zhang L, Kivshar YS, Zhang L. Near-field coupling and resonant cavity modes in plasmonic nanorod metamaterials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:415708. [PMID: 27607837 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/41/415708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic resonant cavities are capable of confining light at the nanoscale, resulting in both enhanced local electromagnetic fields and lower mode volumes. However, conventional plasmonic resonant cavities possess large Ohmic losses at metal-dielectric interfaces. Plasmonic near-field coupling plays a key role in a design of photonic components based on the resonant cavities because of the possibility to reduce losses. Here, we study the plasmonic near-field coupling in the silver nanorod metamaterials treated as resonant nanostructured optical cavities. Reflectance measurements reveal the existence of multiple resonance modes of the nanorod metamaterials, which is consistent with our theoretical analysis. Furthermore, our numerical simulations show that the electric field at the longitudinal resonances forms standing waves in the nanocavities due to the near-field coupling between the adjacent nanorods, and a new hybrid mode emerges due to a coupling between nanorods and a gold-film substrate. We demonstrate that this coupling can be controlled by changing the gap between the silver nanorod array and gold substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Song
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China
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27
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Dagens B, Février M, Gogol P, Blaize S, Apuzzo A, Magno G, Mégy R, Lerondel G. Direct Observation of Optical Field Phase Carving in the Vicinity of Plasmonic Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4014-4018. [PMID: 27172348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic surfaces are mainly used for their optical intensity concentration properties that allow for enhancement of physical interaction like in nonlinear optics, optical sensors, or tweezers. Phase response in plasmonic resonances can also play a major role, especially in a periodic assembly of plasmonic resonators like metasurfaces. Here we show that localized surface plasmons collectively excited by a guided mode in a metallic nanostructure periodic chain present nonmonotonous phase variation along the 1D metasurface, resulting from both selective Bloch mode coupling and dipolar coupling. As shown by near-field measurements, the phase profile of the highly concentrated optical field is carved out in the vicinity of the metallic metasurface, paving the way to unusual local optical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dagens
- IEF, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405, Orsay, France
| | - M Février
- IEF, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405, Orsay, France
| | - P Gogol
- IEF, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405, Orsay, France
| | - S Blaize
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, CNRS-UMR 6279, Université de technologie de Troyes , 12 rue Marie Curie CS 42060, 10004 Troyes cedex, France
| | - A Apuzzo
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, CNRS-UMR 6279, Université de technologie de Troyes , 12 rue Marie Curie CS 42060, 10004 Troyes cedex, France
| | - G Magno
- IEF, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405, Orsay, France
| | - R Mégy
- IEF, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405, Orsay, France
| | - G Lerondel
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, CNRS-UMR 6279, Université de technologie de Troyes , 12 rue Marie Curie CS 42060, 10004 Troyes cedex, France
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28
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Li J, Verellen N, Vercruysse D, Bearda T, Lagae L, Van Dorpe P. All-Dielectric Antenna Wavelength Router with Bidirectional Scattering of Visible Light. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4396-403. [PMID: 27244478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An optical antenna forms the subwavelength bridge between free space optical radiation and localized electromagnetic energy. Its localized electromagnetic modes strongly depend on its geometry and material composition. Here, we present the design and experimental realization of a novel V-shaped all-dielectric antenna based on high-index amorphous silicon with a strong magnetic dipole resonance in the visible range. As a result, it exhibits extraordinary bidirectional scattering into diametrically opposite directions. The scattering direction is effectively controlled by the incident wavelength, rendering the antenna a passive bidirectional wavelength router. A detailed multipole decomposition analysis reveals that the excitation and abrupt phase change of an out-of-plane polarized magnetic dipole and an in-plane electric quadrupole are essential for the directivity switching. Previously, noble metals have been extensively exploited for plasmonic directional nanoantenna design. However, these inevitably suffer from high intrinsic ohmic losses and a relatively weak magnetic response to the incident light. Compared to a similar gold plasmonic nanoantenna design, we show that the silicon-based antennas demonstrate stronger magnetic scattering with minimal absorption losses. Our results indicate that all-dielectric antennas will open exciting possibilities for efficient manipulation of light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niels Verellen
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Liesbet Lagae
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pol Van Dorpe
- IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Tellez-Limon R, Bahari B, Hsu L, Park JH, Kodigala A, Kanté B. Integrated metaphotonics: symmetries and confined excitation of LSP resonances in a single metallic nanoparticle. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:13875-13880. [PMID: 27410550 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.013875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the dipolar plasmonic resonance of a single metallic nanoparticle inserted in the core of a dielectric waveguide can be excited with higher order photonic modes of the waveguide only if their symmetry is compatible with the charge distribution of the plasmonic mode. For the case of a symmetric waveguide, we demonstrate that this condition is only achieved if the particle is shifted from the center of the core. The simple and comprehensive analysis presented in this contribution will serve as basis for applications in integrated nanophotonic/metamaterials devices, such as optical filters, modulators and mode converters.
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30
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Espinosa-Soria A, Griol A, Martínez A. Experimental measurement of plasmonic nanostructures embedded in silicon waveguide gaps. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:9592-9601. [PMID: 27137572 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.009592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report numerical simulations and experiments of the optical response of a gold nanostrip embedded in a silicon strip waveguide gap at telecom wavelengths. We show that the spectral features observed in transmission and reflection when the metallic nanostructure is inserted in the gap are extremely different than those observed in free-space excitation. First, we find that interference between the guided field and the electric dipolar resonance of the metallic nanostructure results in high-contrast (> 10) spectral features showing an asymmetric Fano spectral profile. Secondly, we reveal a crossing in the transmission and reflection responses close to the nanostructure resonance wavelength as a key feature of our system. This approach, which can be realized using standard semiconductor nanofabrication tools, could lead to a full exploitation of the extreme properties of subwavelength metallic nanostructures in an on-chip configuration, with special relevance in fields such as biosensing or optical switching.
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31
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Compaijen PJ, Malyshev VA, Knoester J. Elliptically polarized modes for the unidirectional excitation of surface plasmon polaritons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:3858-3872. [PMID: 26907039 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.003858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new method for the directional excitation of surface plasmon polaritons by a metal nanoparticle antenna, based on the elliptical polarization of the normal modes of the antenna when it is in close proximity to a metallic substrate. The proposed theoretical model allows for the full characterization of the modes, giving the dipole configuration, frequency and lifetime. As a proof of principle, we have performed calculations for a dimer antenna and we report that surface plasmon polaritons can be excited in a given direction with an intensity of more than two orders of magnitude larger than in the opposite direction. Furthermore, using the fact that the response to any excitation can be written as a superposition of the normal modes, we show that this directionality can easily be accessed by exciting the system with a local source or a plane wave. Lastly, exploiting the interference between the normal modes, the directionality can be switched for a specific excitation. We envision the proposed mechanism to be a very useful tool for the design of antennas in layered media.
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32
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Gordel M, Piela K, Kołkowski R, Koźlecki T, Buckle M, Samoć M. End-to-end self-assembly of gold nanorods in isopropanol solution: experimental and theoretical studies. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 17:477. [PMID: 26696774 PMCID: PMC4676789 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-015-3285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We describe here a modification of properties of colloidal gold nanorods (NRs) resulting from the chemical treatment used to carry out their transfer into isopropanol (IPA) solution. The NRs acquire a tendency to attach one to another by their ends (end-to-end assembly). We focus on the investigation of the change in position and shape of the longitudinal surface plasmon (l-SPR) band after self-assembly. The experimental results are supported by a theoretical calculation, which rationalizes the dramatic change in optical properties when the NRs are positioned end-to-end at short distances. The detailed spectroscopic characterization performed at the consecutive stages of transfer of the NRs from water into IPA solution revealed the features of the interaction between the polymers used as ligands and their contribution to the final stage, when the NRs were dispersed in IPA solution. The efficient method of aligning the NRs detailed here may facilitate applications of the self-assembled NRs as building blocks for optical materials and biological sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gordel
- />Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, WybrzeżeWyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
- />Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Avenue du Président Wilson 61, 94230 Cachan, France
| | - K. Piela
- />Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - R. Kołkowski
- />Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, WybrzeżeWyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
- />Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Moléculaire, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Avenue du Président Wilson 61, 94230 Cachan, France
| | - T. Koźlecki
- />Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - M. Buckle
- />Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Avenue du Président Wilson 61, 94230 Cachan, France
| | - M. Samoć
- />Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, WybrzeżeWyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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33
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Kurvits JA, Jiang M, Zia R. Comparative analysis of imaging configurations and objectives for Fourier microscopy. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2015; 32:2082-2092. [PMID: 26560923 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.32.002082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fourier microscopy is becoming an increasingly important tool for the analysis of optical nanostructures and quantum emitters. However, achieving quantitative Fourier space measurements requires a thorough understanding of the impact of aberrations introduced by optical microscopes that have been optimized for conventional real-space imaging. Here we present a detailed framework for analyzing the performance of microscope objectives for several common Fourier imaging configurations. To this end, we model objectives from Nikon, Olympus, and Zeiss using parameters that were inferred from patent literature and confirmed, where possible, by physical disassembly. We then examine the aberrations most relevant to Fourier microscopy, including the alignment tolerances of apodization factors for different objective classes, the effect of magnification on the modulation transfer function, and vignetting-induced reductions of the effective numerical aperture for wide-field measurements. Based on this analysis, we identify an optimal objective class and imaging configuration for Fourier microscopy. In addition, the Zemax files for the objectives and setups used in this analysis have been made publicly available as a resource for future studies.
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34
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Directional radiation of Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with plasmonic waveguide. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11832. [PMID: 26135115 PMCID: PMC4488836 DOI: 10.1038/srep11832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with a plasmonic waveguide. Using an integrated nanoantenna, we can couple the plasmon guide mode in a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure into the resonant antenna feed directly. The resonantly excited feed slot then radiates to free space and generates a magnetic dipole-like far-field pattern. The coupling efficiency of the integrated nanoantenna is calculated as being approximately 19% using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D FDTD) simulation. By adding an auxiliary groove structure along with the feed, the radiation direction can be controlled similar to an optical Yagi-Uda antenna. We also determine, both theoretically and experimentally, that groove depth plays a significant role to function groove structure as a reflector or a director. The demonstrated Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with a plasmonic waveguide can be used as a “plasmonic via” in plasmonic nanocircuits.
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35
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Arango FB, Thijssen R, Brenny B, Coenen T, Koenderink AF. Robustness of plasmon phased array nanoantennas to disorder. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10911. [PMID: 26038871 PMCID: PMC4454187 DOI: 10.1038/srep10911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present cathodoluminescence experiments that quantify the response of plasmonic Yagi-Uda antennas fabricated on one-dimensional silicon nitride waveguides as function of electron beam excitation position and emission wavelength. At the near-infrared antenna design wavelength cathodoluminescence signal robustly is strongest when exciting the antenna at the reflector element. Yet at just slightly shorter wavelengths the signal is highly variable from antenna to antenna and wavelength to wavelength. Hypothesizing that fabrication randomness is at play, we analyze the resilience of plasmon Yagi-Uda antennas to variations in element size of just 5 nm. While in our calculations the appearance of directivity is robust, both the obtained highest directivity and the wavelength at which it occurs vary markedly between realizations. The calculated local density of states is invariably high at the reflector for the design wavelength, but varies dramatically in spatial distribution for shorter wavelengths, consistent with the cathodoluminescence experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Bernal Arango
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, NL-1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger Thijssen
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, NL-1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Brenny
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, NL-1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toon Coenen
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, NL-1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Femius Koenderink
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, NL-1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Abstract
Surface plasmon resonators can drastically redistribute incident light over different output wave vectors and polarizations. This can lead for instance to sub-diffraction sized nanoapertures in metal films that beam and to nanoparticle antennas that enable efficient conversion of photons between spatial modes, or helicity channels. We present a polarimetric Fourier microscope as a new experimental tool to completely characterize the angle-dependent polarization-resolved scattering of single nanostructures. Polarimetry allows determining the full Stokes parameters from just six Fourier images. The degree of polarization and the polarization ellipse are measured for each scattering direction collected by a high NA objective. We showcase the method on plasmonic bullseye antennas in a metal film, which are known to beam light efficiently. We find rich results for the polarization state of the beamed light, including complete conversion of input polarization from linear to circular and from one helicity to another. In addition to uncovering new physics for plasmonic groove antennas, the described technique projects to have a large impact in nanophotonics, in particular towards the investigation of a broad range of phenomena ranging from photon spin Hall effects, polarization to orbital angular momentum transfer and design of plasmon antennas.
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37
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Dipalo M, Messina GC, Amin H, La Rocca R, Shalabaeva V, Simi A, Maccione A, Zilio P, Berdondini L, De Angelis F. 3D plasmonic nanoantennas integrated with MEA biosensors. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3703-11. [PMID: 25640283 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05578k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal signaling in brain circuits occurs at multiple scales ranging from molecules and cells to large neuronal assemblies. However, current sensing neurotechnologies are not designed for parallel access of signals at multiple scales. With the aim of combining nanoscale molecular sensing with electrical neural activity recordings within large neuronal assemblies, in this work three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic nanoantennas are integrated with multielectrode arrays (MEA). Nanoantennas are fabricated by fast ion beam milling on optical resist; gold is deposited on the nanoantennas in order to connect them electrically to the MEA microelectrodes and to obtain plasmonic behavior. The optical properties of these 3D nanostructures are studied through finite elements method (FEM) simulations that show a high electromagnetic field enhancement. This plasmonic enhancement is confirmed by surface enhancement Raman spectroscopy of a dye performed in liquid, which presents an enhancement of almost 100 times the incident field amplitude at resonant excitation. Finally, the reported MEA devices are tested on cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neurons develop by extending branches on the nanostructured electrodes and extracellular action potentials are recorded over multiple days in vitro. Raman spectra of living neurons cultured on the nanoantennas are also acquired. These results highlight that these nanostructures could be potential candidates for combining electrophysiological measures of large networks with simultaneous spectroscopic investigations at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dipalo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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38
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Luo Y, Chamanzar M, Apuzzo A, Salas-Montiel R, Nguyen KN, Blaize S, Adibi A. On-chip hybrid photonic-plasmonic light concentrator for nanofocusing in an integrated silicon photonics platform. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:849-856. [PMID: 25562706 DOI: 10.1021/nl503409k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement and confinement of electromagnetic radiation to nanometer scale have improved the performances and decreased the dimensions of optical sources and detectors for several applications including spectroscopy, medical applications, and quantum information. Realization of on-chip nanofocusing devices compatible with silicon photonics platform adds a key functionality and provides opportunities for sensing, trapping, on-chip signal processing, and communications. Here, we discuss the design, fabrication, and experimental demonstration of light nanofocusing in a hybrid plasmonic-photonic nanotaper structure. We discuss the physical mechanisms behind the operation of this device, the coupling mechanisms, and how to engineer the energy transfer from a propagating guided mode to a trapped plasmonic mode at the apex of the plasmonic nanotaper with minimal radiation loss. Optical near-field measurements and Fourier modal analysis carried out using a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) show a tight nanofocusing of light in this structure to an extremely small spot of 0.00563(λ/(2n(rmax)))(3) confined in 3D and an exquisite power input conversion of 92%. Our experiments also verify the mode selectivity of the device (low transmission of a TM-like input mode and high transmission of a TE-like input mode). A large field concentration factor (FCF) of about 4.9 is estimated from our NSOM measurement with a radius of curvature of about 20 nm at the apex of the nanotaper. The agreement between our theory and experimental results reveals helpful insights about the operation mechanism of the device, the interplay of the modes, and the gradual power transfer to the nanotaper apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Luo
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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39
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Peyskens F, Subramanian AZ, Neutens P, Dhakal A, Van Dorpe P, Le Thomas N, Baets R. Bright and dark plasmon resonances of nanoplasmonic antennas evanescently coupled with a silicon nitride waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:3088-3101. [PMID: 25836168 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.003088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work we investigate numerically and experimentally the resonance wavelength tuning of different nanoplasmonic antennas excited through the evanescent field of a single mode silicon nitride waveguide and study their interaction with this excitation field. Experimental interaction efficiencies up to 19% are reported and it is shown that the waveguide geometry can be tuned in order to optimize this interaction. Apart from the excitation of bright plasmon modes, an efficient coupling between the evanescent field and a dark plasmonic resonance is experimentally demonstrated and theoretically explained as a result of the propagation induced phase delay.
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40
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Sugita T, Yanazawa K, Maeda S, Hofmann HF, Kadoya Y. Radiation pattern of plasmonic nano-antennas in a homogeneous medium. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:13263-13268. [PMID: 24921520 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.013263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiation patterns from plasmonic nano-antennas formed on a glass substrate were investigated using index-matching oils. It was confirmed that the pattern from single nano-antennas for various cases of index-mismatching between the substrate and the oil is explained well by the patterns of infinitesimal electric dipoles. We found that for an angular resolution of 2°, the index mismatch must be smaller than 0.001 to realize isotropic radiation. By using the appropriate condition, the radiation patterns of nano Yagi-Uda antennas in a quasi-homogeneous medium were obtained experimentally.
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41
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Neugebauer M, Bauer T, Banzer P, Leuchs G. Polarization tailored light driven directional optical nanobeacon. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2546-51. [PMID: 24724814 DOI: 10.1021/nl5003526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate all-optical control of the emission directivity of a dipole-like nanoparticle with spinning dipole moment sitting on the interface to an optical denser medium. The particle itself is excited by a tightly focused polarization tailored light beam under normal incidence. The position dependent local polarization of the focal field allows for tuning the dipole moment via careful positioning of the particle relative to the beam axis. As an application of this scheme, we investigate the polarization dependent coupling to a planar two-dimensional dielectric waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Neugebauer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Guenther-Scharowsky-Straße 1/Bldg. 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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42
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Directional emission from a single plasmonic scatterer. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3250. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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43
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Cheng SC, Wen TC, Lan YC. Plasmonic cavities derived from silver nanoparticles atop a massed silver surface for surface enhancement Raman scattering. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06977c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various plasmonic cavities (PC) are formed by positioning silver nanocubes or nanospheres on a massed silver surface, being magnificently useful for surface enhancement Raman scattering (SERS) application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ten-Chin Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics
- National Cheng Kung University
| | - Yung-Chiang Lan
- Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan, Taiwan
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44
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Chamanzar M, Xia Z, Yegnanarayanan S, Adibi A. Hybrid integrated plasmonic-photonic waveguides for on-chip localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensing and spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:32086-32098. [PMID: 24514803 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.032086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate efficient extinction spectroscopy of single plasmonic gold nanorods with exquisite fidelity (SNR > 20dB) and high efficiency light coupling (e. g., 9.7%) to individual plasmonic nanoparticles in an integrated platform. We demonstrate chip-scale integration of lithographically defined plasmonic nanoparticles on silicon nitride (Si3N4) ridge waveguides for on-chip localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensing. The integration of this hybrid plasmonic-photonic platform with microfluidic sample delivery system is also discussed for on-chip LSPR sensing of D-glucose with a large sensitivity of ∼ 250 nm/RIU. The proposed architecture provides an efficient means of interrogating individual plasmonic nanoparticles with large SNR in an integrated alignment-insensitive platform, suitable for high-density on-chip sensing and spectroscopy applications.
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45
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Manekkathodi A, Wu YJ, Chu LW, Gwo S, Chou LJ, Chen LJ. Integrated optical waveguide and photodetector arrays based on comb-like ZnO structures. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:12185-12191. [PMID: 24132455 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03735e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
On-chip integrations of photonic waveguides and high-performance electrically-driven devices, by combining different active or passive optical components, are imperative towards the advancement of nanophotonic circuitry systems. We experimentally demonstrate the collective optical functionalities of ZnO microstructures towards designing an integrated photonic system by combining the optical waveguiding and detection properties. Comb-like microstructures composed of periodic arrays of smooth, single-crystalline ZnO nanowires are synthesized for these purposes. We demonstrate that ZnO comb structures could be used as optical waveguides, which can manipulate the blue, green, and red laser beams to an interconnected waveguide array. These results are substantiated by extensive investigation of waveguiding properties of single, stacked or crossbar nanowires, and different branched microstructures. These waveguide arrays can be successfully coupled with another ZnO comb-based photodetector and the collective performances of the integrated optical micro-device units are investigated in detail. This study shows that ZnO comb-based optical waveguide arrays have the great potential to be used as a bottom-up strategy for the construction of various miniaturized photonic demultiplexer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsal Manekkathodi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan ROC.
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46
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Xu CG, Xiong X, Zou CL, Ren XF, Guo GC. Efficient coupling between dielectric waveguide modes and exterior plasmon whispering gallery modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:31253-31262. [PMID: 24514699 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.031253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient coupling between dielectric guided mode and plasmon mode has been overlooked in the past. The coupling mechanism is essentially different from the conventional coupling between dielectric modes. Based on qualitative theoretical analysis, we proposed two methods to strengthen the coupling between dielectric waveguide modes and exterior plasmon whispering gallery modes. One is using a U-shaped bent waveguide to break the adiabatic mode conversion process, and the other is to utilize higher-order dielectric mode to reach phase matching with plasmon mode. Both the transmission spectrum of waveguide and the energy spectrum of cavity demonstrate that the coupling efficiency can be greatly improved. These simple configurations are potential for wide applications, for example, tunable integrated optical devices and sensors.
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47
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Bruck R, Muskens OL. Plasmonic nanoantennas as integrated coherent perfect absorbers on SOI waveguides for modulators and all-optical switches. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:27662-27671. [PMID: 24514283 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.027652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The performance of plasmonic nanoantenna structures on top of SOI wire waveguides as coherent perfect absorbers for modulators and all-optical switches is explored. The absorption, scattering, reflection and transmission spectra of gold and aluminum nanoantenna-loaded waveguides were calculated by means of 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations for single waves propagating along the waveguide, as well as for standing wave scenarios composed from two counterpropagating waves. The investigated configurations showed losses of roughly 1% and extinction ratios greater than 25 dB for modulator and switching applications, as well as plasmon effects such as strong field enhancement and localization in the nanoantenna region. The proposed plasmonic coherent perfect absorbers can be utilized for ultracompact all-optical switches in coherent networks as well as modulators and can find applications in sensing or in increasing nonlinear effects.
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King NS, Knight MW, Large N, Goodman AM, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Orienting nanoantennas in three dimensions to control light scattering across a dielectric interface. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5997-6001. [PMID: 24205911 DOI: 10.1021/nl403199z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The light scattering properties of hemispherical resonant nanoantennas can be used to redirect normal incidence light to propagate within a thin film or thin film-based device, such as a solar cell, for enhanced efficiency. While planar nanoantennas are typically fabricated as simple nanoparticles or nanostructures in the film plane, here we show that a hemispherical nanoantenna with its symmetry axis tilted out of the plane accomplishes this task with far greater efficacy. The amount of light scattered into an underlying dielectric by the electric and magnetic dipole response of oriented nanocups can be more than three times that achieved using symmetric antenna structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S King
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ∥Department of Electrical and Computational Engineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ‡Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Kriesch A, Burgos SP, Ploss D, Pfeifer H, Atwater HA, Peschel U. Functional plasmonic nanocircuits with low insertion and propagation losses. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4539-4545. [PMID: 23962146 DOI: 10.1021/nl402580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate plasmonic nanocircuits operating as subdiffraction directional couplers optically excited with high efficiency from free-space using optical Yagi-Uda style antennas at λ0 = 1550 nm. The optical Yagi-Uda style antennas are designed to feed channel plasmon waveguides with high efficiency (45% in coupling, 60% total emission), narrow angular directivity (<40°), and low insertion loss. SPP channel waveguides exhibit propagation lengths as large as 34 μm with adiabatically tuned confinement and are integrated with ultracompact (5 × 10 μm(2)), highly dispersive directional couplers, which enable 30 dB discrimination over Δλ = 200 nm with only 0.3 dB device loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Kriesch
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Frimmer M, Koenderink AF. Spontaneous emission control in a tunable hybrid photonic system. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:217405. [PMID: 23745934 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.217405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate control of the rate of spontaneous emission in a tunable hybrid photonic system that consists of two canonical building blocks for spontaneous emission control, an optical antenna and a mirror, each providing a modification of the local density of optical states (LDOS). We couple fluorophores to a plasmonic antenna to create a superemitter with an enhanced decay rate. In a superemitter analog of the seminal Drexhage experiment we probe the LDOS of a nanomechanically approached mirror. Because of the electrodynamic interaction of the antenna with its own mirror image, the superemitter traces the inverse of the LDOS enhancement provided by the mirror, in stark contrast to a bare source, whose decay rate is proportional to the mirror LDOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frimmer
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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