1
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Chen H, Nabiei F, Badro J, Alexander DTL, Hébert C. Non-negative matrix factorization-aided phase unmixing and trace element quantification of STEM-EDXS data. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 263:113981. [PMID: 38805837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2024.113981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) mapping with a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is commonly used for chemical characterization of materials. However, STEM-EDXS quantification becomes challenging when the phases constituting the sample under investigation share common elements and overlap spatially. In this paper, we present a methodology to identify, segment, and unmix phases with a substantial spectral and spatial overlap in a semi-automated fashion through combining non-negative matrix factorization with a priori knowledge of the sample. We illustrate the methodology using a sample taken from an electron beam-sensitive mineral assemblage representing Earth's deep mantle. With it, we retrieve the true EDX spectra of the constituent phases and their corresponding phase abundance maps. It further enables us to achieve a reliable quantification for trace elements having concentration levels of ∼100 ppm. Our approach can be adapted to aid the analysis of many materials systems that produce STEM-EDXS datasets having phase overlap and/or limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in spatially-integrated spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory (LSME), Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | | | - James Badro
- Earth and Planetary Science Laboratory (EPSL), Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland; Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris FR-75005, France
| | - Duncan T L Alexander
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory (LSME), Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Hébert
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory (LSME), Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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2
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Feng J, Feng Z, Xu L, Meng H, Chen X, Ma M, Wang L, Song B, Tang X, Dai S, Wei F, Cheng T, Shen B. Real-space imaging for discovering a rotated node structure in metal-organic framework. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6962. [PMID: 39138219 PMCID: PMC11322488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Resolving the detailed structures of metal organic frameworks is of great significance for understanding their structure-property relation. Real-space imaging methods could exhibit superiority in revealing not only the local structure but also the bulk symmetry of these complex porous materials, compared to reciprocal-space diffraction methods, despite the technical challenges. Here we apply a low-dose imaging technique to clearly resolve the atomic structures of building units in a metal-organic framework, MIL-125. An unexpected node structure is discovered by directly imaging the rotation of Ti-O nodes, different from the unrotated structure predicted by previous X-ray diffraction. The imaged structure and symmetry can be confirmed by the structural simulations and energy calculations. Then, the distribution of node rotation from the edge to the center of a MIL-125 particle is revealed by the image analysis of Ti-O rotation. The related defects and surface terminations in MIL-125 are also investigated in the real-space images. These results not only unraveled the node symmetry in MIL-125 with atomic resolution but also inspired further studies on discovering more unpredicted structural changes in other porous materials by real-space imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhipeng Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Haibing Meng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bin Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Boyuan Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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3
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Yuan L, Zhou T, Jin F, Liang G, Liao Y, Zhao A, Yan W. Transmission Electron Microscopy Peeled Surface Defect of Perovskite Quantum Dots to Improve Crystal Structure. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6010. [PMID: 37687703 PMCID: PMC10489022 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an excellent characterization method to analyze the size, morphology, crystalline state, and microstructure of perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs). Nevertheless, the electron beam of TEM as an illumination source provides high energy, which causes morphological variation (fusion and melting) and recession of the crystalline structure in low radiolysis tolerance specimens. Hence, a novel and facile strategy is proposed: electron beam peel [PbBr6]4- octahedron defects from the surface of QDs to optimize the crystal structure. TEM and high-angle annular dark-field scanning TEM (HAADF) tests indicate that the [PbBr6]4- octahedron would be peeled from the surface of QDs when QDs samples were irradiated under high-power irradiation, and then a clear image would be obtained. To avoid interference from a protective film of "carbon deposits" on the surface of the sample when using high resolution TEM, amorphous carbon film (15-20 nm) was deposited on the surface of QDs film and then characterized by TEM and HAADF. The detection consequences showed that the defection of PbBr2 on the surface of QDs will gradually disappear with the extension of radiation time, which further verifies the conjecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (L.Y.); (T.Z.); (F.J.); (Y.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Taixin Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (L.Y.); (T.Z.); (F.J.); (Y.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Fengmin Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (L.Y.); (T.Z.); (F.J.); (Y.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Guohong Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (L.Y.); (T.Z.); (F.J.); (Y.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Yuxiang Liao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (L.Y.); (T.Z.); (F.J.); (Y.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Aijuan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (L.Y.); (T.Z.); (F.J.); (Y.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Wenbo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China;
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4
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Bui TA, Leuthner GT, Madsen J, Monazam MRA, Chirita AI, Postl A, Mangler C, Kotakoski J, Susi T. Creation of Single Vacancies in hBN with Electron Irradiation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301926. [PMID: 37259696 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding electron irradiation effects is vital not only for reliable transmission electron microscopy characterization, but increasingly also for the controlled manipulation of 2D materials. The displacement cross sections of monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are measured using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy in near ultra-high vacuum at primary beam energies between 50 and 90 keV. Damage rates below 80 keV are up to three orders of magnitude lower than previously measured at edges under poorer residual vacuum conditions, where chemical etching appears to dominate. Notably, it is possible to create single vacancies in hBN using electron irradiation, with boron almost twice as likely as nitrogen to be ejected below 80 keV. Moreover, any damage at such low energies cannot be explained by elastic knock-on, even when accounting for the vibrations of the atoms. A theoretical description is developed to account for the lowering of the displacement threshold due to valence ionization resulting from inelastic scattering of probe electrons, modeled using charge-constrained density functional theory molecular dynamics. Although significant reductions are found depending on the constrained charge, quantitative predictions for realistic ionization states are currently not possible. Nonetheless, there is potential for defect-engineering of hBN at the level of single vacancies using electron irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy An Bui
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Gregor T Leuthner
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Jacob Madsen
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Mohammad R A Monazam
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Alexandru I Chirita
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Andreas Postl
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Clemens Mangler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Toma Susi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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5
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Dyck O, Yeom S, Lupini AR, Swett JL, Hensley D, Yoon M, Jesse S. Top-Down Fabrication of Atomic Patterns in Twisted Bilayer Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302906. [PMID: 37309684 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-scale engineering typically involves bottom-up approaches, leveraging parameters such as temperature, partial pressures, and chemical affinity to promote spontaneous arrangement of atoms. These parameters are applied globally, resulting in atomic-scale features scattered probabilistically throughout the material. In a top-down approach, different regions of the material are exposed to different parameters, resulting in structural changes varying on the scale of the resolution. In this work, the application of global and local parameters is combined in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to demonstrate atomic-scale precision patterning of atoms in twisted bilayer graphene. The focused electron beam is used to define attachment points for foreign atoms through the controlled ejection of carbon atoms from the graphene lattice. The sample environment is staged with nearby source materials such that the sample temperature can induce migration of the source atoms across the sample surface. Under these conditions, the electron-beam (top-down) enables carbon atoms in the graphene to be replaced spontaneously by diffusing adatoms (bottom-up). Using image-based feedback control, arbitrary patterns of atoms and atom clusters are attached to the twisted bilayer graphene with limited human interaction. The role of substrate temperature on adatom and vacancy diffusion is explored by first-principles simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Dyck
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Sinchul Yeom
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Andrew R Lupini
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Jacob L Swett
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 87287, USA
| | - Dale Hensley
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Mina Yoon
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
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6
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Dyck O, Lupini AR, Jesse S. Atom-by-Atom Direct Writing. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2339-2346. [PMID: 36877825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Direct-write processes enable the alteration or deposition of materials in a continuous, directable, sequential fashion. In this work, we demonstrate an electron beam direct-write process in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. This process has several fundamental differences from conventional electron-beam-induced deposition techniques, where the electron beam dissociates precursor gases into chemically reactive products that bond to a substrate. Here, we use elemental tin (Sn) as a precursor and employ a different mechanism to facilitate deposition. The atomic-sized electron beam is used to generate chemically reactive point defects at desired locations in a graphene substrate. Temperature control of the sample is used to enable the precursor atoms to migrate across the surface and bond to the defect sites, thereby enabling atom-by-atom direct writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Dyck
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Andrew R Lupini
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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7
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Wang L, Ma M, Wang H, Xiong H, Chen X, Wei F, Shen B. Real-Space Imaging of the Molecular Changes in Metal-Organic Frameworks under Electron Irradiation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4740-4747. [PMID: 36811555 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electron-induced structural changes influence the characterizations of the local structure of various materials by electron microscope. However, for beam-sensitive materials, it is still challenging to detect such changes by electron microscopy, which may help us quantitatively reveal how electrons interact with materials under electron irradiation. Here, we use an emergent phase contrast technique in electron microscopy to clearly image a metal-organic framework, UiO-66 (Zr), at an ultralow electron dose and dose rate. The effects of both the dose and dose rate on the UiO-66 (Zr) structure are visualized, which induce obvious missing organic linkers. The kinetics of the missing linker based on the radiolysis mechanism are semiquantitatively expressed by the different intensities of the imaged organic linkers. Deformation of the UiO-66 (Zr) lattice after the missing linker is also observed. These observations make it possible to visually investigate the electron-induced chemistry in various beam-sensitive materials and avoid electron damage to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huiqiu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Boyuan Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
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8
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Su F, Zhang S, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Li Z, Lu S, Zhang M, Fang F, Kang S, Guo C, Su C, Yu X, Wang H, Li X. Precise Synthesis of Concentric Ring, Helicoid, and Ladder Metallo-Polymers with Chevron-Shaped Monomers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16559-16571. [PMID: 35998652 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular geometry represents one of the most important structural features and governs physical properties and functions of materials. Nature creates a wide array of substances with distinct geometries but similar chemical composition with superior efficiency and precision. However, it remains a formidable challenge to construct abiological macromolecules with various geometries based on identical repeating units, owing to the lack of corresponding synthetic approaches for precisely manipulating the connectivity between monomers and feasible techniques for characterizing macromolecules at the single-molecule level. Herein, we design and synthesize a series of tetratopic monomers with chevron stripe shape which serve as the key precursors to produce four distinct types of metallo-macromolecules with well-defined geometries, viz., the concentric hexagon, helicoid polymer, ladder polymer, and cross-linked polymer, via platinum-acetylide couplings. Concentric hexagon, helicoid, and ladder metallo-polymers are directly visualized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and ultra-high-vacuum low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy at the single-molecule level. Finally, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are selected as the guest to investigate the structure-property relationship based on such macromolecules, among which the helicoid metallo-polymer shows high efficiency in wrapping SWCNTs with geometry-dependent selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Shunran Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523106, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Zeyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhikai Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Shimin Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523106, China
| | - Chenxing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Chenliang Su
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xiujun Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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9
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Li Y, Shan W, Zachman MJ, Wang M, Hwang S, Tabassum H, Yang J, Yang X, Karakalos S, Feng Z, Wang G, Wu G. Atomically Dispersed Dual-Metal Site Catalysts for Enhanced CO 2 Reduction: Mechanistic Insight into Active Site Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205632. [PMID: 35470950 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-supported nitrogen-coordinated single-metal site catalysts (i.e., M-N-C, M: Fe, Co, or Ni) are active for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) to CO. Further improving their intrinsic activity and selectivity by tuning their N-M bond structures and coordination is limited. Herein, we expand the coordination environments of M-N-C catalysts by designing dual-metal active sites. The Ni-Fe catalyst exhibited the most efficient CO2RR activity and promising stability compared to other combinations. Advanced structural characterization and theoretical prediction suggest that the most active N-coordinated dual-metal site configurations are 2N-bridged (Fe-Ni)N6 , in which FeN4 and NiN4 moieties are shared with two N atoms. Two metals (i.e., Fe and Ni) in the dual-metal site likely generate a synergy to enable more optimal *COOH adsorption and *CO desorption than single-metal sites (FeN4 or NiN4 ) with improved intrinsic catalytic activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Weitao Shan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael J Zachman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Maoyu Wang
- School of Chemical Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Hassina Tabassum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Stavros Karakalos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Zhenxing Feng
- School of Chemical Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Guofeng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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10
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Zagler G, Stecher M, Trentino A, Kraft F, Su C, Postl A, Längle M, Pesenhofer C, Mangler C, Åhlgren EH, Markevich A, Zettl A, Kotakoski J, Susi T, Mustonen K. Beam-driven Dynamics of Aluminium Dopants in Graphene. 2D MATERIALS 2022; 9:035009. [PMID: 35694040 PMCID: PMC9186522 DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/ac6c30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Substituting heteroatoms into graphene can tune its properties for applications ranging from catalysis to spintronics. The further recent discovery that covalent impurities in graphene can be manipulated at atomic precision using a focused electron beam may open avenues towards sub-nanometer device architectures. However, the preparation of clean samples with a high density of dopants is still very challenging. Here, we report vacancy-mediated substitution of aluminium into laser-cleaned graphene, and without removal from our ultra-high vacuum apparatus, study their dynamics under 60 keV electron irradiation using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy. Three- and four-coordinated Al sites are identified, showing excellent agreement with ab initio predictions including binding energies and electron energy-loss spectrum simulations. We show that the direct exchange of carbon and aluminium atoms predicted earlier occurs under electron irradiation, although unexpectedly it is less probable than the same process for silicon. We also observe a previously unknown nitrogen-aluminium exchange that occurs at Al─N double-dopant sites at graphene divacancies created by our plasma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Zagler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Austria
| | - Maximilian Stecher
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Austria
| | - Alberto Trentino
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Austria
| | - Fabian Kraft
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Austria
| | - Cong Su
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andreas Postl
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Austria
| | - Manuel Längle
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Austria
| | | | - Clemens Mangler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Austria
| | - E. Harriet Åhlgren
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Austria
| | | | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Austria
| | - Toma Susi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Austria
| | - Kimmo Mustonen
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Austria
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11
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Li Y, Shan W, Zachman MJ, Wang M, Hwang S, Tabassum H, Yang J, Yang X, Karakalos S, Feng Z, Wang G, Wu G. Atomically Dispersed Dual‐Metal Site Catalysts for Enhanced CO
2
Reduction: Mechanistic Insight into Active Site Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo The State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Weitao Shan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Michael J. Zachman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Maoyu Wang
- School of Chemical Biological and Environmental Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Hassina Tabassum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo The State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Xiaoxuan Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo The State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Stavros Karakalos
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Zhenxing Feng
- School of Chemical Biological and Environmental Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Guofeng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo The State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
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12
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Zhang Y, Mo Y, Cao Z. Rational Design of Main Group Metal-Embedded Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials as Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysts for CO 2 Hydrogenation to Formic Acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1002-1014. [PMID: 34935336 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and inexpensive main group catalysts for CO2 conversion and utilization has attracted increasing attention, as the conversion process would be both economical and environmentally benign. Here, based on the main group element Al, we designed several heterogeneous frustrated Lewis acid/base pair (FLP) catalysts and performed extensive first-principles calculations for the hydrogenation of CO2. These catalysts, including Al@N-Gr-1, Al@N-Gr-2, and Al@C2N, are composed of a single Al atom and two-dimensional (2D) N-doped carbon-based materials to form frustrated Al/C or Al/N Lewis acid/base pairs, which are all predicted to have high reactivity to absorb and activate hydrogen (H2). Compared with Al@N-Gr-1, both Al@N-Gr-2 and Al@C2N, especially Al@N-Gr-2, containing Al/N Lewis pairs exhibit better catalytic activity for CO2 hydrogenation with lower activation energies. CO2 hydrogenation on the three catalysts prefers to go through a three-step mechanism, i.e., the heterolytic dissociation of H2, followed by the transfer of the hydride near Al to CO2, and finally the activation of a second H2 molecule. Other IIIA group element (B and Ga)-embedded N-Gr-2 materials (B@N-Gr-2 and Ga@N-Gr-2) were also explored and compared. Both Al@N-Gr-2 and Ga@N-Gr-2 show higher catalytic activity for CO2 hydrogenation to HCOOH than B@N-Gr-2. However, the CO2 hydrogenation path on Ga@N-Gr-2 tends to follow a two-step mechanism, including H2 dissociation and subsequent hydrogen transfer. The present study provides a potential solution for CO2 hydrogenation by designing novel and effective FLP catalysts based on main group elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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13
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Lehnert T, Kretschmer S, Bräuer F, Krasheninnikov AV, Kaiser U. Quasi-two-dimensional NaCl crystals encapsulated between graphene sheets and their decomposition under an electron beam. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19626-19633. [PMID: 34816852 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04792b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-two-dimensional (2D) sodium chloride (NaCl) crystals of various lateral sizes between graphene sheets were manufactured via supersaturation from a saline solution. Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy was used for systematic in situ investigations of the crystals and their decomposition under an 80 kV electron beam. Counterintuitively, bigger clusters were found to disintegrate faster under electron irradiation, but in general no correlation between crystal sizes and electron doses at which the crystals decompose was found. As for the destruction process, an abrupt decomposition of the crystals was observed, which can be described by a logistic decay function. Density-functional theory molecular dynamics simulations provide insights into the destruction mechanism, and indicate that even without account for ionization and electron excitations, free-standing NaCl crystals must quickly disintegrate due to the ballistic displacement of atoms from their surface and edges during imaging. However, graphene sheets mitigate damage development by stopping the displaced atoms and enable the immediate recombination of defects at the surface of the crystal. At the same time, once a hole in graphene appears, the displaced atoms escape, giving rise to the quick destruction of the crystal. Our results provide quantitative data on the stability of encapsulated quasi 2D NaCl crystals under electron irradiation and allow the conclusion that only high-quality graphene is suitable for protecting ionic crystals from beam damage in electron microscopy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Lehnert
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Silvan Kretschmer
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fredrik Bräuer
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Arkady V Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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14
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Chandrasekaran S, Zhang C, Shu Y, Wang H, Chen S, Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel Edison T, Liu Y, Karthik N, Misra R, Deng L, Yin P, Ge Y, Al-Hartomy OA, Al-Ghamdi A, Wageh S, Zhang P, Bowen C, Han Z. Advanced opportunities and insights on the influence of nitrogen incorporation on the physico-/electro-chemical properties of robust electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic energy conversion. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Makgopa K, Ratsoma MS, Raju K, Mabena LF, Modibane KD. One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide/Hausmannite Manganese Oxide for Symmetric and Asymmetric Pseudocapacitors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31421-31434. [PMID: 34869969 PMCID: PMC8637592 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the pseudocapacitive performance of nitrogen-doped and undoped reduced graphene oxide/tetragonal hausmannite nanohybrids (N-rGO/Mn3O4 and rGO/Mn3O4) synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal method is reported. The nanohybrid electrode materials displayed exceptional electrochemical performance relative to their respective individual precursors (i.e., reduced graphene oxide (rGO), nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO), and tetragonal hausmannite (Mn3O4)) for symmetric pseudocapacitors. Among the two nanohybrids, N-rGO/Mn3O4 displayed greater performance with a high specific capacitance of 345 F g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A g-1, excellent specific energy of 12.0 Wh kg-1 (0.1 A g-1), and a high power density of 22.5 kW kg-1 (10.0 A g-1), while rGO/Mn3O4 demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 264 F g-1 (0.1 A g-1) with specific energy and power densities of 9.2 Wh kg-1 (0.1 A g-1) and 23.6 kW kg-1 (10.0 A g-1), respectively. Furthermore, the N-rGO/Mn3O4 nanohybrid exhibited an impressive pseudocapacitive performance when fabricated in an asymmetric configuration, having a stable potential window of 2.0 V in 1.0 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. The nanohybrid showed excellent specific energy and power densities of 34.6 Wh kg-1 (0.1 A g-1) and 14.01 kW kg-1 (10.0 A g-1), respectively. These promising results provide a good substance for developing novel carbon-based metal oxide electrode materials in pseudocapacitor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlego Makgopa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tshwane
University of Technology (Arcadia Campus), Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Mpho S. Ratsoma
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tshwane
University of Technology (Arcadia Campus), Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Kumar Raju
- Electrochemical
Energy Technologies (EET), Energy Centre,
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Letlhogonolo F. Mabena
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tshwane
University of Technology (Arcadia Campus), Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Kwena D. Modibane
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mineral Sciences, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Sovenga, 0727 Polokwane, South Africa
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16
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Kalosakas G, Lathiotakis NN, Papagelis K. Width Dependent Elastic Properties of Graphene Nanoribbons. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14175042. [PMID: 34501132 PMCID: PMC8433791 DOI: 10.3390/ma14175042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical response of graphene nanoribbons under uniaxial tension, as well as its dependence on the nanoribbon width, is presented by means of numerical simulations. Both armchair and zigzag edged graphene nanoribbons are considered. We discuss results obtained through two different theoretical approaches, viz. density functional methods and molecular dynamics atomistic simulations using empirical force fields especially designed to describe interactions within graphene sheets. Apart from the stress-strain curves, we calculate several elastic parameters, such as the Young’s modulus, the third-order elastic modulus, the intrinsic strength, the fracture strain, and the Poisson’s ratio versus strain, presenting their variation with the width of the nanoribbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kalosakas
- Materials Science Department, University of Patras, GR-26504 Rio, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2610-996310
| | - Nektarios N. Lathiotakis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Vass. Constantinou 48, GR-11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Papagelis
- School of Physics, Department of Solid State Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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17
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Markevich A, Hudak BM, Madsen J, Song J, Snijders PC, Lupini AR, Susi T. Mechanism of Electron-Beam Manipulation of Single-Dopant Atoms in Silicon. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:16041-16048. [PMID: 34354792 PMCID: PMC8327312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The precise positioning of dopant atoms within bulk crystal lattices could enable novel applications in areas including solid-state sensing and quantum computation. Established scanning probe techniques are capable tools for the manipulation of surface atoms, but at a disadvantage due to their need to bring a physical tip into contact with the sample. This has prompted interest in electron-beam techniques, followed by the first proof-of-principle experiment of bismuth dopant manipulation in crystalline silicon. Here, we use first-principles modeling to discover a novel indirect exchange mechanism that allows electron impacts to non-destructively move dopants with atomic precision within the silicon lattice. However, this mechanism only works for the two heaviest group V donors with split-vacancy configurations, Bi and Sb. We verify our model by directly imaging these configurations for Bi and by demonstrating that the promising nuclear spin qubit Sb can be manipulated using a focused electron beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Markevich
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bethany M. Hudak
- Naval
Research Laboratory, Material Sciences and Technology, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Jacob Madsen
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiaming Song
- School
of Physics, Northwest University, 1 Xuefu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Paul C. Snijders
- Materials
Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Andrew R. Lupini
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Toma Susi
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Castano I, Evans AM, Dos Reis R, Dravid VP, Gianneschi NC, Dichtel WR. Mapping Grains, Boundaries, and Defects in 2D Covalent Organic Framework Thin Films. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:1341-1352. [PMID: 35296112 PMCID: PMC8922717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To improve their synthesis and ultimately realize the technical promise of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs), it is imperative that a robust understanding of their structure be developed. However, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging of such beam-sensitive materials is an outstanding characterization challenge. Here, we overcome this challenge by leveraging low electron flux imaging conditions and high-speed direct electron counting detectors to acquire high-resolution images of 2D COF films. We developed a Fourier mapping technique to rapidly extract nanoscale structural information from these TEM images. This postprocessing script analyzes the evolution of 2D Fourier transforms across a TEM image, which yields information about polycrystalline domain orientations and enables quantification of average domain sizes. Moreover, this approach provides information about several types of defects present in a film, such as overlapping grains and various types of grain boundaries. We also find that the pre-eminent origin of defects in COF-5 films, a prototypical boronate ester-linked COF, arises as a consequence of broken B-O bonds formed during polymerization. These results suggest that the nanoscale features observed are a direct consequence of chemical phenomena. Taken together, this mapping approach provides information about the fundamental microstructure and crystallographic underpinnings of 2D COF films, which will guide the development of future 2D polymerization strategies and help realize the goal of using 2D COFs in a host of thin-film device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Center, and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, Simpson Querrey Institute, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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19
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Feng L, Wang KY, Day GS, Ryder MR, Zhou HC. Destruction of Metal-Organic Frameworks: Positive and Negative Aspects of Stability and Lability. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13087-13133. [PMID: 33049142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), constructed from organic linkers and inorganic building blocks, are well-known for their high crystallinity, high surface areas, and high component tunability. The stability of MOFs is a key prerequisite for their potential practical applications in areas including storage, separation, catalysis, and biomedicine since it is essential to guarantee the framework integrity during utilization. However, MOFs are prone to destruction under external stimuli, considerably hampering their commercialization. In this Review, we provide an overview of the situations where MOFs undergo destruction due to external stimuli such as chemical, thermal, photolytic, radiolytic, electronic, and mechanical factors and offer guidelines to avoid unwanted degradation happened to the framework. Furthermore, we discuss possible destruction mechanisms and their varying derived products. In particular, we highlight cases that utilize MOF instability to fabricate varying materials including hierarchically porous MOFs, monolayer MOF nanosheets, amorphous MOF liquids and glasses, polymers, metal nanoparticles, metal carbide nanoparticles, and carbon materials. Finally, we provide a perspective on the utilization of MOF destruction to develop advanced materials with a superior hierarchy for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kun-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gregory S Day
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.,Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matthew R Ryder
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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20
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Shen B, Chen X, Shen K, Xiong H, Wei F. Imaging the node-linker coordination in the bulk and local structures of metal-organic frameworks. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2692. [PMID: 32483138 PMCID: PMC7264187 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown wide applications in catalysis, gas storage and separation due to their highly tunable porosity, connectivity and local structures. However, the electron-beam sensitivity of MOFs makes it difficult to achieve the atomic imaging of their bulk and local structures under (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) to study their structure-property relations. Here, we report the low-dose imaging of a beam-sensitive MOF, MIL-101, under a Cs-corrected STEM based on the integrated differential phase contrast (iDPC) technique. The images resolve the coordination of Cr nodes and organic linkers inside the frameworks with an information transfer of ~1.8Å. The local structures in MIL-101 are also revealed under iDPC-STEM, including the surfaces, interfaces and defects. These results provide an extensible method to image various beam-sensitive materials with ultrahigh resolution, and unravel the whole framework architectures for further defect and surface engineering of MOFs towards tailored functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyuan Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Kui Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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21
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Wang L, Song B, Li Y, Gong L, Jiang X, Wang M, Lu S, Hao XQ, Xia Z, Zhang Y, Hla SW, Li X. Self-Assembly of Metallo-Supramolecules under Kinetic or Thermodynamic Control: Characterization of Positional Isomers Using Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9809-9817. [PMID: 32311259 PMCID: PMC7375329 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coordination-driven self-assembly has been extensively employed to construct a variety of discrete structures as a bottom-up strategy. However, mechanistic understanding regarding whether self-assembly is under kinetic or thermodynamic control is less explored. To date, such mechanistic investigation has been limited to distinct, assembled structures. It still remains a formidable challenge to study the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of self-assembly systems with multiple assembled isomers due to the lack of characterization methods. Herein, we use a stepwise strategy which combined self-recognition and self-assembly processes to construct giant metallo-supramolecules with 8 positional isomers in solution. With the help of ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we were able to unambiguously differentiate 14 isomers on the substrate which correspond to 8 isomers in solution. Through measurement of 162 structures, the experimental probability of each isomer was obtained and compared with the theoretical probability. Such a comparison along with density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggested that although both kinetic and thermodynamic control existed in this self-assembly, the increased experimental probabilities of isomers compared to theoretical probabilities should be attributed to thermodynamic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Lele Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Zhenhai Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Physics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Saw Wai Hla
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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22
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Chen Q, Dwyer C, Sheng G, Zhu C, Li X, Zheng C, Zhu Y. Imaging Beam-Sensitive Materials by Electron Microscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907619. [PMID: 32108394 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy allows the extraction of multidimensional spatiotemporally correlated structural information of diverse materials down to atomic resolution, which is essential for figuring out their structure-property relationships. Unfortunately, the high-energy electrons that carry this important information can cause damage by modulating the structures of the materials. This has become a significant problem concerning the recent boost in materials science applications of a wide range of beam-sensitive materials, including metal-organic frameworks, covalent-organic frameworks, organic-inorganic hybrid materials, 2D materials, and zeolites. To this end, developing electron microscopy techniques that minimize the electron beam damage for the extraction of intrinsic structural information turns out to be a compelling but challenging need. This article provides a comprehensive review on the revolutionary strategies toward the electron microscopic imaging of beam-sensitive materials and associated materials science discoveries, based on the principles of electron-matter interaction and mechanisms of electron beam damage. Finally, perspectives and future trends in this field are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Chen
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Christian Dwyer
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1504, USA
| | - Guan Sheng
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chongzhi Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaonian Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Changlin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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23
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Lingerfelt DB, Ganesh P, Jakowski J, Sumpter BG. Understanding Beam-Induced Electronic Excitations in Materials. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1200-1214. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Lingerfelt
- Nanomaterials Theory Institute, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Panchapakesan Ganesh
- Nanomaterials Theory Institute, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jacek Jakowski
- Nanomaterials Theory Institute, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Nanomaterials Theory Institute, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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24
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Maruyama M, Okada S. Asymptotic behavior of the energetics and electronic structures of graphene with pyridinic defects. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cai Z, Chen S, Wang LW. Dissociation path competition of radiolysis ionization-induced molecule damage under electron beam illumination. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10706-10715. [PMID: 32153746 PMCID: PMC7020931 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiolysis ionization under electron beam illumination induces dissociation and damage of organic and biological molecules; thus, it is impossible to image the related materials by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To understand the atomistic mechanism of radiolysis damage, we developed a systematical procedure based on real-time time-dependent density functional theory (rt-TDDFT) for simulating the radiolysis damage processes of molecules; this procedure can describe the ionization cross sections of the electronic states and the fast dissociation processes caused by hot carrier cooling and the Auger decay on deep levels. For the radiolysis damage of C2H6O2, our simulation unexpectedly showed that there is strong competition among three different dissociation paths, including fast dissociation caused by nonadiabatic cooling of the hot carrier; fast dissociation caused by Auger decay, which induces double ionization and Coulomb explosion; and slow dissociation caused by increased kinetic energy. As the energy of the incident electron beam changes, the time scales of these dissociation paths and their relative contributions to the molecule damage change significantly. These simulation results explain the measured mass spectra of the C2H6O2 dissociation fragments and also provide clear competition mechanisms for blocking these dissociation paths in the TEM imaging of organic and biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy , Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE) , Department of Electronics , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China .
| | - Shiyou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy , Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE) , Department of Electronics , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China .
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , China
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Mail Stop 66 , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA .
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Direct imaging of light-element impurities in graphene reveals triple-coordinated oxygen. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4570. [PMID: 31594951 PMCID: PMC6783479 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are the arguably most
important elements for organic chemistry. Due to their rich variety of possible
bonding configurations, they can form a staggering number of compounds. Here, we
present a detailed analysis of nitrogen and oxygen bonding configurations in a
defective carbon (graphene) lattice. Using aberration-corrected scanning
transmission electron microscopy and single-atom electron energy loss spectroscopy,
we directly imaged oxygen atoms in graphene oxide, as well as nitrogen atoms
implanted into graphene. The collected data allows us to compare nitrogen and oxygen
bonding configurations, showing clear differences between the two elements. As
expected, nitrogen forms either two or three bonds with neighboring carbon atoms,
with three bonds being the preferred configuration. Oxygen, by contrast, tends to
bind with only two carbon atoms. Remarkably, however, triple-coordinated oxygen with
three carbon neighbors is also observed, a configuration that is exceedingly rare in
organic compounds. Annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy is able to
distinguish the contrasts between light elements. Here, the authors directly image
the bonding configurations of oxygen and nitrogen atoms in defective graphene, and
surprisingly identify instances of unusual triple-coordinated oxygen with three
carbon neighbors.
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27
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Liu C, Li X, Li J, Sun L, Zhou Y, Guan J, Wang H, Huo P, Ma C, Yan Y. Carbon dots modifying sphere-flower CdIn2S4 on N-rGO sheet muti-dimensional photocatalyst for efficient visible degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Su C, Tripathi M, Yan QB, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Hofer C, Wang H, Basile L, Su G, Dong M, Meyer JC, Kotakoski J, Kong J, Idrobo JC, Susi T, Li J. Engineering single-atom dynamics with electron irradiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav2252. [PMID: 31114798 PMCID: PMC6524980 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atomic engineering is envisioned to involve selectively inducing the desired dynamics of single atoms and combining these steps for larger-scale assemblies. Here, we focus on the first part by surveying the single-step dynamics of graphene dopants, primarily phosphorus, caused by electron irradiation both in experiment and simulation, and develop a theory for describing the probabilities of competing configurational outcomes depending on the postcollision momentum vector of the primary knock-on atom. The predicted branching ratio of configurational transformations agrees well with our atomically resolved experiments. This suggests a way for biasing the dynamics toward desired outcomes, paving the road for designing and further upscaling atomic engineering using electron irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Su
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Research Lab of Electronics (RLE), Massachusetts Institutes of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mukesh Tripathi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Qing-Bo Yan
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zegao Wang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNano), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Christoph Hofer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Haozhe Wang
- Research Lab of Electronics (RLE), Massachusetts Institutes of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leonardo Basile
- Department of Physics, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito 170517, Ecuador
| | - Gang Su
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences, and CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNano), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Jannik C. Meyer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jing Kong
- Research Lab of Electronics (RLE), Massachusetts Institutes of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Juan-Carlos Idrobo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Toma Susi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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29
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Rummeli MH, Ta HQ, Mendes RG, Gonzalez-Martinez IG, Zhao L, Gao J, Fu L, Gemming T, Bachmatiuk A, Liu Z. New Frontiers in Electron Beam-Driven Chemistry in and around Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1800715. [PMID: 29888408 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Modern aberration corrected transmission electron microscopes offer the potential for electron beam sensitive materials, such as graphene, to be examined with low energy electrons to minimize, and even avoid, damage while still affording atomic resolution, and thus providing excellent characterization. Here in this review, the exploits in which the electron beam interactions, which are often considered negative, are explored to usefully drive a wealth of chemistry in and around graphene, importantly, with no other external stimuli. After introducing the technique, this review covers carbon phase reactions between amorphous carbon, graphene, fullerenes, carbon chains, and carbon nanotubes. It then explores different studies with clusters and nanoparticles, followed by coverage of single atom and molecule interactions with graphene, and finally concludes and highlights the anticipated exciting future for electron beam driving chemistry in and around graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Rummeli
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze, 41-819, Poland
- IFW Dresden, P.O. Box D-01171, Dresden, Germany
| | - Huy Q Ta
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Rafael G Mendes
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- IFW Dresden, P.O. Box D-01171, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Liang Zhao
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | | | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze, 41-819, Poland
- IFW Dresden, P.O. Box D-01171, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Centre for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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30
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Cooperative Spin Transition of Monodispersed FeN3 Sites within Graphene Induced by CO Adsorption. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15149-15152. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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31
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Dyck O, Kim S, Jimenez-Izal E, Alexandrova AN, Kalinin SV, Jesse S. Building Structures Atom by Atom via Electron Beam Manipulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801771. [PMID: 30146718 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Building materials from the atom up is the pinnacle of materials fabrication. Until recently the only platform that offered single-atom manipulation was scanning tunneling microscopy. Here controlled manipulation and assembly of a few atom structures are demonstrated by bringing together single atoms using a scanning transmission electron microscope. An atomically focused electron beam is used to introduce Si substitutional defects and defect clusters in graphene with spatial control of a few nanometers and enable controlled motion of Si atoms. The Si substitutional defects are then further manipulated to form dimers, trimers, and more complex structures. The dynamics of a beam-induced atomic-scale chemical process is captured in a time-series of images at atomic resolution. These studies suggest that control of the e-beam-induced local processes offers the next step toward atom-by-atom nanofabrication, providing an enabling tool for the study of atomic-scale chemistry in 2D materials and fabrication of predefined structures and defects with atomic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Dyck
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Songkil Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Elisa Jimenez-Izal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20080, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20080, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- California NanoSystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Stephen Jesse
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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32
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Investigation of active sites for C H functionalization on carbon-based catalyst: Effect of nitrogen-containing functional groups and radicals. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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33
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Zhang D, Zhu Y, Liu L, Ying X, Hsiung CE, Sougrat R, Li K, Han Y. Atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy of electron beam–sensitive crystalline materials. Science 2018; 359:675-679. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution imaging of electron beam–sensitive materials is one of the most difficult applications of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The challenges are manifold, including the acquisition of images with extremely low beam doses, the time-constrained search for crystal zone axes, the precise image alignment, and the accurate determination of the defocus value. We develop a suite of methods to fulfill these requirements and acquire atomic-resolution TEM images of several metal organic frameworks that are generally recognized as highly sensitive to electron beams. The high image resolution allows us to identify individual metal atomic columns, various types of surface termination, and benzene rings in the organic linkers. We also apply our methods to other electron beam–sensitive materials, including the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daliang Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yihan Zhu
- KAUST, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lingmei Liu
- KAUST, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiangrong Ying
- KAUST, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chia-En Hsiung
- KAUST, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachid Sougrat
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kun Li
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu Han
- KAUST, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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34
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Structural Regulation and Electroconductivity Change of Nitrogen-Doping Reduced Graphene Oxide Prepared Using p-Phenylene Diamine as Modifier. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7100292. [PMID: 28946665 PMCID: PMC5666457 DOI: 10.3390/nano7100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using p-phenylene diamine (PPD) as a modifier and nitrogen resource, nitrogen-doping reduced graphene oxide was prepared by one-step refluxing method. The influence of PPD-GO (graphene oxide) mass ratio X on surface functional groups, layer structure, and electroconductivity of nitrogen-doping reduced grapheme oxide (NRGO-X) was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis absorption spectrum, and electrical measurement. The results showed that GO can be simultaneously reduced and nitrogen-doped by PPD. When PPD-GO mass ratio X ≤ 6, there existed three types of N configurations in NRGO-X, including pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, and graphitic N. However, when X > 6, the pyridinic N disappeared in a six-membered ring. Further, the reduction process of NRGO as well as the nitrogen doping level and type can be regulated by changing the mass ratio X. With the increase of X, the d-spacing of NRGO-X layers increased first and then decreased, while the electrical conductivity increased gradually.
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35
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Ma L, Tan Y, Ghorbani-Asl M, Boettger R, Kretschmer S, Zhou S, Huang Z, Krasheninnikov AV, Chen F. Tailoring the optical properties of atomically-thin WS 2via ion irradiation. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11027-11034. [PMID: 28660978 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02025b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the large band gaps in many semiconducting TMDCs make optical absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength regime impossible, which prevents applications of these materials in optical communications. In this work, we demonstrate that Ar+ ion irradiation is a powerful post-synthesis technique to tailor the optical properties of the semiconducting tungsten disulfide (WS2) by creating S-vacancies and thus controlling material stoichiometry. First-principles calculations reveal that the S-vacancies give rise to deep states in the band gap, which determine the NIR optical absorption of the WS2 monolayer. As the density of the S-vacancies increases, the enhanced NIR linear and saturable absorption of WS2 is observed, which is explained by the results of first-principles calculations. We further demonstrate that by using the irradiated WS2 as a saturable absorber in a waveguide system, the passively Q-switched laser operations can be optimized, thus opening new avenues for tailoring the optical response of TMDCs by defect-engineering through ion irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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36
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Chai GL, Shevlin SA, Guo Z. Nitrogen-Mediated Graphene Oxide Enables Highly Efficient Proton Transfer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5213. [PMID: 28701728 PMCID: PMC5507853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) graphene and graphene oxide (GO) offer great potential as a new type of cost-efficient proton-exchange membranes (PEM) for electrochemical devices. However, fundamental issues of proton transfer mechanism via 2D membranes are unclear and the transfer barrier for perfect graphene are too high for practical application. Using ab initio molecular dynamic simulations, we screened the proton transfer barrier for different un-doped and nitrogen doped GO membranes, and clarified the corresponding transfer mechanisms. More significantly, we further identify that N-mediated GO can be built into a highly efficient PEM with a proton transfer rate of seven orders of magnitude higher than an un-doped case via. a proton relay mechanism between a ketone-like oxygen and a pyridine-like nitrogen across the vacancy site. The N-doped 2D GO is also impermeable to small molecules, and hence a highly efficient PEM for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Chai
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Shevlin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengxiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom.
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37
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Computational insights and the observation of SiC nanograin assembly: towards 2D silicon carbide. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4399. [PMID: 28667311 PMCID: PMC5493665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While an increasing number of two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene and silicene, have already been realized, others have only been predicted. An interesting example is the two-dimensional form of silicon carbide (2D-SiC). Here, we present an observation of atomically thin and hexagonally bonded nanosized grains of SiC assembling temporarily in graphene oxide pores during an atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy experiment. Even though these small grains do not fully represent the bulk crystal, simulations indicate that their electronic structure already approaches that of 2D-SiC. This is predicted to be flat, but some doubts have remained regarding the preference of Si for sp3 hybridization. Exploring a number of corrugated morphologies, we find completely flat 2D-SiC to have the lowest energy. We further compute its phonon dispersion, with a Raman-active transverse optical mode, and estimate the core level binding energies. Finally, we study the chemical reactivity of 2D-SiC, suggesting it is like silicene unstable against molecular absorption or interlayer linking. Nonetheless, it can form stable van der Waals-bonded bilayers with either graphene or hexagonal boron nitride, promising to further enrich the family of two-dimensional materials once bulk synthesis is achieved.
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38
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Koh AL, Sinclair R. Assessing and ameliorating the influence of the electron beam on carbon nanotube oxidation in environmental transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 176:132-138. [PMID: 27979618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examine how the imaging electron beam can induce damage in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at varying oxygen gas pressures and electron dose rates using environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM). Our studies show that there is a threshold cumulative electron dose which brings about damage in CNTs in oxygen - through removal of their graphitic walls - which is dependent on O2 pressure, with a 4-5 fold decrease in total electron dose per decade increase at a lower pressure range (10-6 to 10-5mbar) and approximately 1.3 -fold decrease per decade increase at a higher pressure range (10-3 to 100mbar). However, at a given pressure, damage in CNTs was found to occur even at the lowest dose rate utilized, suggesting the absence of a lower limit for the latter parameter. This study provides guidelines on the cumulative dose required to damage nanotubes in the 10-7mbar to 100mbar pressure regimes, and discusses the role of electron dose rate and total electron dose on beam-induced CNT degradation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Leen Koh
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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39
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Isotope analysis in the transmission electron microscope. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13040. [PMID: 27721420 PMCID: PMC5476802 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ångström-sized probe of the scanning transmission electron microscope can visualize and collect spectra from single atoms. This can unambiguously resolve the chemical structure of materials, but not their isotopic composition. Here we differentiate between two isotopes of the same element by quantifying how likely the energetic imaging electrons are to eject atoms. First, we measure the displacement probability in graphene grown from either 12C or 13C and describe the process using a quantum mechanical model of lattice vibrations coupled with density functional theory simulations. We then test our spatial resolution in a mixed sample by ejecting individual atoms from nanoscale areas spanning an interface region that is far from atomically sharp, mapping the isotope concentration with a precision better than 20%. Although we use a scanning instrument, our method may be applicable to any atomic resolution transmission electron microscope and to other low-dimensional materials.
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40
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Pardini L, Löffler S, Biddau G, Hambach R, Kaiser U, Draxl C, Schattschneider P. Mapping Atomic Orbitals with the Transmission Electron Microscope: Images of Defective Graphene Predicted from First-Principles Theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:036801. [PMID: 27472127 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.036801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy has been a promising candidate for mapping atomic orbitals for a long time. Here, we explore its capabilities by a first-principles approach. For the example of defected graphene, exhibiting either an isolated vacancy or a substitutional nitrogen atom, we show that three different kinds of images are to be expected, depending on the orbital character. To judge the feasibility of visualizing orbitals in a real microscope, the effect of the optics' aberrations is simulated. We demonstrate that, by making use of energy filtering, it should indeed be possible to map atomic orbitals in a state-of-the-art transmission electron microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pardini
- Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Löffler
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Giulio Biddau
- Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Hambach
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and precision engineering IOF, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Draxl
- Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
| | - Peter Schattschneider
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
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41
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Bai Z, Zhang L, Liu L. Improving low-energy boron/nitrogen ion implantation in graphene by ion bombardment at oblique angles. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:8761-8772. [PMID: 27065115 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00983b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ion implantation is a widely adopted approach to structurally modify graphene and tune its electrical properties for a variety of applications. Further development of the approach requires a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that govern the ion bombardment process as well as establishment of key relationships between the controlling parameters and the dominant physics. Here, using molecular dynamics simulations with adaptive bond order calculations, we demonstrate that boron and nitrogen ion bombardment at oblique angles (particularly at 70°) can improve both the productivity and quality of perfect substitution by over 25%. We accomplished this by systematically analyzing the effects of the incident angle and ion energy in determining the probabilities of six distinct types of physics that may occur in an ion bombardment event, including reflection, absorption, substitution, single vacancy, double vacancy, and transmission. By analyzing the atomic trajectories from 576,000 simulations, we identified three single vacancy creation mechanisms and four double vacancy creation mechanisms, and quantified their probability distributions in the angle-energy space. These findings further open the door for improved control of ion implantation towards a wide range of applications of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Bai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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42
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Koh AL, Gidcumb E, Zhou O, Sinclair R. Oxidation of Carbon Nanotubes in an Ionizing Environment. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:856-63. [PMID: 26726919 PMCID: PMC4859757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present systematic studies on how an illuminating electron beam which ionizes molecular gas species can influence the mechanism of carbon nanotube oxidation in an environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). We found that preferential attack of the nanotube tips is much more prevalent than for oxidation in a molecular gas environment. We establish the cumulative electron doses required to damage carbon nanotubes from 80 keV electron beam irradiation in gas versus in high vacuum. Our results provide guidelines for the electron doses required to study carbon nanotubes within or without a gas environment, to determine or ameliorate the influence of the imaging electron beam. This work has important implications for in situ studies as well as for the oxidation of carbon nanotubes in an ionizing environment such as that occurring during field emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Leen Koh
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Emily Gidcumb
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Otto Zhou
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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43
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Kepaptsoglou D, Hardcastle TP, Seabourne CR, Bangert U, Zan R, Amani JA, Hofsäss H, Nicholls RJ, Brydson RMD, Scott AJ, Ramasse QM. Electronic Structure Modification of Ion Implanted Graphene: The Spectroscopic Signatures of p- and n-Type Doping. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11398-11407. [PMID: 26446310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations is used to describe the electronic structure modifications incurred by free-standing graphene through two types of single-atom doping. The N K and C K electron energy loss transitions show the presence of π* bonding states, which are highly localized around the N dopant. In contrast, the B K transition of a single B dopant atom shows an unusual broad asymmetric peak which is the result of delocalized π* states away from the B dopant. The asymmetry of the B K toward higher energies is attributed to highly localized σ* antibonding states. These experimental observations are then interpreted as direct fingerprints of the expected p- and n-type behavior of graphene doped in this fashion, through careful comparison with density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demie Kepaptsoglou
- SuperSTEM Laboratory , SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor P Hardcastle
- Institute for Materials Research, SCaPE, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Che R Seabourne
- Institute for Materials Research, SCaPE, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ursel Bangert
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Recep Zan
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Alexander Amani
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans Hofsäss
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca J Nicholls
- Deparment of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Rik M D Brydson
- Institute for Materials Research, SCaPE, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Scott
- Institute for Materials Research, SCaPE, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory , SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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44
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Lin YC, Teng PY, Yeh CH, Koshino M, Chiu PW, Suenaga K. Structural and Chemical Dynamics of Pyridinic-Nitrogen Defects in Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7408-13. [PMID: 26488153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
High density and controllable nitrogen doping in graphene is a critical issue to realize high performance graphene-based devices. In this paper, we demonstrate an efficient method to selectively produce graphitic-N and pyridinic-N defects in graphene by using the mixture plasma of ozone and nitrogen. The atomic structure, electronic structure, and dynamic behavior of these nitrogen defects are systematically studied at the atomic level by using a scanning transmission electron microscopy. The pyridinic-N exhibits higher chemical activity and tends to trap a series of transition metal atoms (Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, and Fe) as individual atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Po-Yuan Teng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hui Yeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Masanori Koshino
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Po-Wen Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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45
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Ewels CP, Erbahar D, Wagner P, Rocquefelte X, Arenal R, Pochet P, Rayson M, Scardamaglia M, Bittencourt C, Briddon P. Nitrogen segregation in nanocarbons. Faraday Discuss 2015; 173:215-32. [PMID: 25468305 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00111g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We explore the behaviour of nitrogen doping in carbon nanomaterials, notably graphene, nanotubes, and carbon thin films. This is initially via a brief review of the literature, followed by a series of atomistic density functional calculations. We show that at low concentrations, substitutional nitrogen doping in the sp(2)-C graphenic basal plane is favoured, however once the nitrogen concentration reaches a critical threshold there is a transition towards the formation of the more thermodynamically-favoured nitrogen terminated 'zigzag' type edges. These can occur either via formation of finite patches (polycyclic aromatic azacarbons), strips of sp(2) carbon with zigzag nitrogen edges, or internal nitrogen-terminated hole edges within graphenic planes. This transition to edge formation is especially favoured when the nitrogen can be partially functionalised with, e.g. hydrogen. By comparison with available literature results, notably from electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray spectroscopy, the current results suggest that much of the nitrogen believed to be incorporated into carbon nanoobjects is instead likely to be present terminating the edges of carbonaceous impurities attached to nanoobject's surface. By comparison to nitrogen-doped tetrahedrally amorphous carbon, we suggest that this transition at around 10-20% nitrogen concentration and above towards sp(2) coordination via internal nitrogen-terminated edge formation may be a general property of nitrogen-doped carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Ewels
- IMN, CNRS UMR6502, Universit de Nantes, 44300 Nantes, France.
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46
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Su DS, Zhang B, Schlögl R. Electron microscopy of solid catalysts--transforming from a challenge to a toolbox. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2818-82. [PMID: 25826447 DOI: 10.1021/cr500084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Sheng Su
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Robert Schlögl
- ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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47
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Chamberlain TW, Biskupek J, Skowron ST, Bayliss PA, Bichoutskaia E, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Isotope substitution extends the lifetime of organic molecules in transmission electron microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:622-629. [PMID: 25208335 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterisation of individual molecules by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is fundamentally limited by the element and electron energy-specific interactions of the material with the high energy electron beam. Here, the key mechanisms controlling the interactions between the e-beam and C-H bonds, present in all organic molecules, are examined, and the low atomic weight of hydrogen-resulting in its facile atomic displacement by the e-beam-is identified as the principal cause of the instability of individual organic molecules. It is demonstrated theoretically and proven experimentally that exchanging all hydrogen atoms within molecules with the deuterium isotope, and therefore doubling the atomic weight of the lightest atoms in the structure, leads to a more than two-fold increase in the stability of organic molecules in the e-beam. Substitution of H for D significantly reduces the amount of kinetic energy transferred from the e-beam to the atom (main factor contributing to stability) and also increases the barrier for bond dissociation, primarily due to the changes in the zero-point energy of the C-D vibration (minor factor). The extended lifetime of coronene-d12 , used as a model molecule, enables more precise analysis of the inter-molecular spacing and more accurate measurement of the molecular orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Chamberlain
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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48
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Susi T, Pichler T, Ayala P. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:177-92. [PMID: 25671162 PMCID: PMC4311644 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the best tools for studying the chemical modification of surfaces, and in particular the distribution and bonding of heteroatom dopants in carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. Although these materials have superb intrinsic properties, these often need to be modified in a controlled way for specific applications. Towards this aim, the most studied dopants are neighbors to carbon in the periodic table, nitrogen and boron, with phosphorus starting to emerge as an interesting new alternative. Hundreds of studies have used XPS for analyzing the concentration and bonding of dopants in various materials. Although the majority of works has concentrated on nitrogen, important work is still ongoing to identify its precise atomic bonding configurations. In general, care should be taken in the preparation of a suitable sample, consideration of the intrinsic photoemission response of the material in question, and the appropriate spectral analysis. If this is not the case, incorrect conclusions can easily be drawn, especially in the assignment of measured binding energies into specific atomic configurations. Starting from the characteristics of pristine materials, this review provides a practical guide for interpreting X-ray photoelectron spectra of doped graphitic carbon nanomaterials, and a reference for their binding energies that are vital for compositional analysis via XPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toma Susi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Pichler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paola Ayala
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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49
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Lehtinen O, Vats N, Algara-Siller G, Knyrim P, Kaiser U. Implantation and atomic-scale investigation of self-interstitials in graphene. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:235-241. [PMID: 25494293 DOI: 10.1021/nl503453u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Crystallographic defects play a key role in determining the properties of crystalline materials. The new class of two-dimensional materials, foremost graphene, have enabled atomically resolved studies of defects, such as vacancies,1-4 grain boundaries,(5-7) dislocations,(8,9) and foreign atom substitutions.(10-14) However, atomic resolution imaging of implanted self-interstitials has so far been reported neither in any three-dimensional nor in any two-dimensional material. Here, we deposit extra carbon into single-layer graphene at soft landing energies of ∼ 1 eV using a standard carbon coater. We identify all the self-interstitial dimer structures theoretically predicted earlier,(15-17) employing 80 kV aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. We demonstrate accumulation of the interstitials into larger aggregates and dislocation dipoles, which we predict to have strong local curvature by atomistic modeling, and to be energetically favorable configurations as compared to isolated interstitial dimers. Our results contribute to the basic knowledge on crystallographic defects and lay out a pathway into engineering the properties of graphene by pushing the crystal into a state of metastable supersaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossi Lehtinen
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Group of Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Ulm University , 89081 Ulm, Germany
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50
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Warner JH, Lin YC, He K, Koshino M, Suenaga K. Stability and spectroscopy of single nitrogen dopants in graphene at elevated temperatures. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11806-11815. [PMID: 25389658 DOI: 10.1021/nn5054798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single nitrogen (N) dopants in graphene are investigated using atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Using an in situ heating holder at 500 °C provided us with clean graphene surfaces, and we demonstrate that isolated N substitutional atoms remain localized and stable in the graphene lattice even during local sp(2) bond reconstruction. The high stability of isolated N dopants enabled us to acquire 2D EELS maps with simultaneous ADF-STEM images to map out the local bonding variations. We show that a substitutional N dopant causes changes in the EELS of the carbon (C) atoms it is directly bonded to. An upshift in the π* peak of the C K-edge EELS of ∼0.5 eV is resolved and supported by density functional theory simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, U.K
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