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Zhang L, Biesold GM, Zhao C, Xu H, Lin Z. Necklace-Like Nanostructures: From Fabrication, Properties to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200776. [PMID: 35749232 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The shape-controlled synthesis of nanocrystals remains a hot research topic in nanotechnology. Particularly, the fabrication of 1D structures such as wires, rods, belts, and tubes has been an interesting and important subject within nanoscience in the last few decades. 1D necklace-like micro/nanostructures are a sophisticated geometry that has attracted increasing attention due to their anisotropic and periodic structure, intrinsic high surface area, abundant transport channels, exposure of each component to the surface, and multiscale roughness of the surface. These characteristics enable their unique electrical, optical, and catalytic properties. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the advanced research progress on the fabrication strategies, novel properties, and various applications of necklace-like structures. It begins with the main fabrication methods of necklace-like structures and subsequently details a variety of their properties and applications. It concludes with the authors' perspectives on future research and development of the necklace-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Gill M Biesold
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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2
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Yue H, Zeng Q, Huang J, Guo Z, Liu W. Fog collection behavior of bionic surface and large fog collector: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 300:102583. [PMID: 34954474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Water shortages are currently becoming more and more serious due to complicated factors such as the development of the economy, environmental pollution, and climate deterioration. And it is the best solution to the problems faced by people in today's world to investigate the bionic structure of nature and explore effective methods for fog collection. Herein, we've illustrated the bionic structures of the Namib desert beetle, cactus spines, and spider silk, and we imitate and further modify the respective bionic structures, as well as construct multifunctional bionic structures to improve fog collection. In addition, we also expound the fog collection behavior of a large fog collector, and an excellent fog capture effect was achieved through studying the mesh structure, the surface modification of the mesh, and the construction of the fog collector. The advantages and limitations of fog collection by a harp fog collector were also explored. We hope that through this review, relevant researchers can have a deeper understanding of this field and thus promote the development of fog collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yue
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Zeng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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3
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Wang H, Wu B, Wu X, Zhuang Q, Liu T, Pan Y, Shi G, Yi H, Xu P, Xiong Z, Chou SL, Wang B. Key Factors for Binders to Enhance the Electrochemical Performance of Silicon Anodes through Molecular Design. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2101680. [PMID: 34480396 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is considered the most promising candidate for anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to the high theoretical capacity. Unfortunately, the vast volume change and low electric conductivity have limited the application of silicon anodes. In the silicon anode system, the binders are essential for mechanical and conductive integrity. However, there are few reviews to comprehensively introduce binders from the perspective of factors affecting performance and modification methods, which are crucial to the development of binders. In this review, several key factors that have great impact on binders' performance are summarized, including molecular weight, interfacial bonding, and molecular structure. Moreover, some commonly used modification methods for binders are also provided to control these influencing factors and obtain the binders with better performance. Finally, to overcome the existing problems and challenges about binders, several possible development directions of binders are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Baozhu Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xikai Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Power-Sources Technology, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, 2965# Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200245, China
| | - Yu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Power-Sources Technology, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, 2965# Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200245, China
| | - Gejun Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Huimin Yi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Pu Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Zhennan Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Shu-Lei Chou
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
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Sun CF, Hu J, Wang P, Cheng XY, Lee SB, Wang Y. Li3PO4 Matrix Enables a Long Cycle Life and High Energy Efficiency Bismuth-Based Battery. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5875-5882. [PMID: 27518908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth is a lithium-ion battery anode material that can operate at an equilibrium potential higher than graphite and provide a capacity twice as high as that of Li4Ti5O12, making it intrinsically free from lithium plating that may cause catastrophic battery failure. However, the potential of bismuth is hampered by its inferior cyclability (limited to tens of cycles). Here, we propose an "ion conductive solid-state matrix" approach to address this issue. By homogeneously confining bismuth nanoparticles in a solid-state γ-Li3PO4 matrix that is electrochemically formed in situ, the resulting composite anode exhibits a reversible capacity of 280 mA hours per gram (mA h/g) at a rate of 100 mA/g and a record cyclability among bismuth-based anodes up to 500 cycles with a capacity decay rate of merely 0.071% per cycle. We further show that full-cell batteries fabricated from this composite anode and commercial LiFePO4 cathode deliver a stable cell voltage of ∼2.5 V and remarkable energy efficiency up to 86.3%, on par with practical batteries (80-90%). This work paves a way for harnessing bismuth-based battery chemistry for the design of high capacity, safer lithium-ion batteries to meet demanding applications such as electric vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fu Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Junkai Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xi-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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6
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Wang J, Luo H, Liu Y, He Y, Fan F, Zhang Z, Mao SX, Wang C, Zhu T. Tuning the Outward to Inward Swelling in Lithiated Silicon Nanotubes via Surface Oxide Coating. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5815-5822. [PMID: 27536960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically induced mechanical degradation hinders the application of Si anodes in advanced lithium-ion batteries. Hollow structures and surface coatings have been often used to mitigate the degradation of Si-based anodes. However, the structural change and degradation mechanism during lithiation/delithiation of hollow Si structures with coatings remain unclear. Here, we combine in situ TEM experiment and chemomechanical modeling to study the electrochemically induced swelling of amorphous-Si (a-Si) nanotubes with different thicknesses of surface SiOx layers. Surprisingly, we find that no inward expansion occurs at the inner surface during lithiation of a-Si nanotubes with native oxides. In contrast, inward expansion can be induced by increasing the thickness of SiOx on the outer surface, thus reducing the overall outward swelling of the lithiated nanotube. Moreover, both the sandwich lithiation mechanism and the two-stage lithiation process in a-Si nanotubes remain unchanged with the increasing thickness of surface coatings. Our chemomechanical modeling reveals the mechanical confinement effects in lithiated a-Si nanotubes with and without SiOx coatings. This work not only provides insights into the degradation of nanotube anodes with surface coatings but also sheds light onto the optimal design of hollow anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Wang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Hao Luo
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yang He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Feifei Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada , Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Ze Zhang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Scott X Mao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ting Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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7
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Hu J, Sun CF, Gillette E, Gui Z, Wang Y, Lee SB. Dual-template ordered mesoporous carbon/Fe2O3 nanowires as lithium-ion battery anodes. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:12958-12969. [PMID: 27304986 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02576e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) are ideal host materials that can provide the desirable electrical conductivity and ion accessibility for high-capacity oxide electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). To this end, however, it is imperative to establish the correlations among material morphology, pore structure and electrochemical performance. Here, we fabricate an ordered mesoporous carbon nanowire (OMCNW)/Fe2O3 composite utilizing a novel soft-hard dual-template approach. The structure and electrochemical performance of OMCNW/Fe2O3 were systematically compared with single-templated OMC/Fe2O3 and carbon nanowire/Fe2O3 composites. This dual-template strategy presents synergetic effects combining the advantages of both soft and hard single-template methods. The resulting OMCNW/Fe2O3 composite enables a high pore volume, high structural stability, enhanced electrical conductivity and Li(+) accessibility. These features collectively enable excellent electrochemical cyclability (1200 cycles) and a reversible Li(+) storage capacity as high as 819 mA h g(-1) at a current density of 0.5 A g(-1). Our findings highlight the synergistic benefits of the dual-template approach to heterogeneous composites for high performance electrochemical energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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8
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Ababtain K, Babu G, Lin X, Rodrigues MTF, Gullapalli H, Ajayan PM, Grinstaff MW, Arava LMR. Ionic Liquid-Organic Carbonate Electrolyte Blends To Stabilize Silicon Electrodes for Extending Lithium Ion Battery Operability to 100 °C. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:15242-15249. [PMID: 27237138 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of lithium-ion batteries that operate from room temperature to elevated temperatures entails development and subsequent identification of electrolytes and electrodes. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) can address the thermal stability issues, but their poor ionic conductivity at room temperature and compatibility with traditional graphite anodes limit their practical application. To address these challenges, we evaluated novel high energy density three-dimensional nano-silicon electrodes paired with 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Pip) ionic liquid/propylene carbonate (PC)/LiTFSI electrolytes. We observed that addition of PC had no detrimental effects on the thermal stability and flammability of the reported electrolytes, while largely improving the transport properties at lower temperatures. Detailed investigation of the electrochemical properties of silicon half-cells as a function of PC content, temperature, and current rates reveal that capacity increases with PC content and temperature and decreases with increased current rates. For example, addition of 20% PC led to a drastic improvement in capacity as observed for the Si electrodes at 25 °C, with stability over 100 charge/discharge cycles. At 100 °C, the capacity further increases by 3-4 times to 0.52 mA h cm(-2) (2230 mA h g(-1)) with minimal loss during cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Ababtain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ganguli Babu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Marco-Tulio F Rodrigues
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hemtej Gullapalli
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Leela Mohana Reddy Arava
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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9
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Lin CF, Noked M, Kozen AC, Liu C, Zhao O, Gregorczyk K, Hu L, Lee SB, Rubloff GW. Solid Electrolyte Lithium Phosphous Oxynitride as a Protective Nanocladding Layer for 3D High-Capacity Conversion Electrodes. ACS NANO 2016; 10:2693-2701. [PMID: 26820038 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Materials that undergo conversion reactions to form different materials upon lithiation typically offer high specific capacity for energy storage applications such as Li ion batteries. However, since the reaction products often involve complex mixtures of electrically insulating and conducting particles and significant changes in volume and phase, the reversibility of conversion reactions is poor, preventing their use in rechargeable (secondary) batteries. In this paper, we fabricate and protect 3D conversion electrodes by first coating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with a model conversion material, RuO2, and subsequently protecting them with conformal thin-film lithium phosphous oxynitride (LiPON), a well-known solid-state electrolyte. Atomic layer deposition is used to deposit the RuO2 and the LiPON, thus forming core double-shell MWCNT@RuO2@LiPON electrodes as a model system. We find that the LiPON protection layer enhances cyclability of the conversion electrode, which we attribute to two factors. (1) The LiPON layer provides high Li ion conductivity at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode. (2) By constraining the electrode materials mechanically, the LiPON protection layer ensures electronic connectivity and thus conductivity during lithiation/delithiation cycles. These two mechanisms are striking in their ability to preserve capacity despite the profound changes in structure and composition intrinsic to conversion electrode materials. This LiPON-protected structure exhibits superior cycling stability and reversibility as well as decreased overpotentials compared to the unprotected core-shell structure. Furthermore, even at very low lithiation potential (0.05 V), the LiPON-protected electrode largely reduces the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fu Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Malachi Noked
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alexander C Kozen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chanyuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Oliver Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Keith Gregorczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Lu B, Song Y, Zhang Q, Pan J, Cheng YT, Zhang J. Voltage hysteresis of lithium ion batteries caused by mechanical stress. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4721-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of mechanical stress in voltage hysteresis of lithium ion batteries in charge–discharge cycles is investigated theoretically and experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
| | - Yicheng Song
- Department of Mechanics
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Yang-Tse Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Junqian Zhang
- Department of Mechanics
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering
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11
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Son IH, Hwan Park J, Kwon S, Park S, Rümmeli MH, Bachmatiuk A, Song HJ, Ku J, Choi JW, Choi JM, Doo SG, Chang H. Silicon carbide-free graphene growth on silicon for lithium-ion battery with high volumetric energy density. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7393. [PMID: 26109057 PMCID: PMC4491181 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon is receiving discernable attention as an active material for next generation lithium-ion battery anodes because of its unparalleled gravimetric capacity. However, the large volume change of silicon over charge–discharge cycles weakens its competitiveness in the volumetric energy density and cycle life. Here we report direct graphene growth over silicon nanoparticles without silicon carbide formation. The graphene layers anchored onto the silicon surface accommodate the volume expansion of silicon via a sliding process between adjacent graphene layers. When paired with a commercial lithium cobalt oxide cathode, the silicon carbide-free graphene coating allows the full cell to reach volumetric energy densities of 972 and 700 Wh l−1 at first and 200th cycle, respectively, 1.8 and 1.5 times higher than those of current commercial lithium-ion batteries. This observation suggests that two-dimensional layered structure of graphene and its silicon carbide-free integration with silicon can serve as a prototype in advancing silicon anodes to commercially viable technology. The volume expansion of silicon is a big problem in lithium-ion batteries with silicon anodes. Here, the authors report direct graphene growth on silicon nanoparticles, which effectively mitigates the problem, leading to excellent electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hyuk Son
- Energy Material Lab, Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Park
- Energy Material Lab, Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonchul Kwon
- Energy Material Lab, Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongyong Park
- Analytical Engineering Group, Platform Technology Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- IBS Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Department of Energy Science (DoES), Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- IBS Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.,IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex materials, PO Box D-01171, Dresden 270116, Germany
| | - Hyun Jae Song
- Nano Electronics Lab, Device and System Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwan Ku
- Energy Material Lab, Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Man Choi
- Energy Material Lab, Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Gwang Doo
- Energy Material Lab, Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Chang
- Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea
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12
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Yu WJ, Liu C, Hou PX, Zhang L, Shan XY, Li F, Cheng HM. Lithiation of silicon nanoparticles confined in carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5063-5071. [PMID: 25869474 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon has the highest theoretical lithium storage capacity of all materials at 4200 mAh/g; therefore, it is considered to be a promising candidate as the anode of high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, serious volume changes caused by lithium insertion/deinsertion lead to a rapid decay of the performance of the Si anode. Here, a Si nanoparticle (NP)-filled carbon nanotube (CNT) material was prepared by chemical vapor deposition, and a nanobattery was constructed inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM) using the Si NP-filled CNT as working electrode to directly investigate the structural change of the Si NPs and the confinement effect of the CNT during the lithiation and delithiation processes. It is found that the volume expansion (∼180%) of the lithiated Si NPs is restricted by the wall of the CNTs and that the CNT can accommodate this volume expansion without breaking its tubular structure. The Si NP-filled CNTs showed a high reversible lithium storage capacity and desirable high rate capability, because the pulverization and exfoliation of the Si NPs confined in CNTs were efficiently prevented. Our results demonstrate that filling CNTs with high-capacity active materials is a feasible way to make high-performance LIB electrode materials, taking advantage of the unique confinement effect and good electrical conductivity of the CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jing Yu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Hou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xu-Yi Shan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Feng Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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Wang B, Li X, Luo B, Hao L, Zhou M, Zhang X, Fan Z, Zhi L. Approaching the downsizing limit of silicon for surface-controlled lithium storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:1526-1532. [PMID: 25581500 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-sheet-supported uniform ultrasmall (≈3 nm) silicon quantum dots have been successfully synthesized by a simple and effective self-assembly strategy, exhibiting unprecedented fast, surface-controlled lithium-storage behavior and outstanding lithium-storage properties including extraordinary rate capability and remarkable cycling stability, attributable to the intrinsic role of approaching the downsizing limit of silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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14
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Sun CF, Zhu H, Okada M, Gaskell K, Inoue Y, Hu L, Wang Y. Interfacial oxygen stabilizes composite silicon anodes. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:703-708. [PMID: 25513731 DOI: 10.1021/nl504242k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon can store Li(+) at a capacity 10 times that of graphite anodes. However, to harness this remarkable potential for electrical energy storage, one has to address the multifaceted challenge of volume change inherent to high capacity electrode materials. Here, we show that, solely by chemical tailoring of Si-carbon interface with atomic oxygen, the cycle life of Si/carbon matrix-composite electrodes can be substantially improved, by 300%, even at high mass loadings. The interface tailored electrodes simultaneously attain high areal capacity (3.86 mAh/cm(2)), high specific capacity (922 mAh/g based on the mass of the entire electrode), and excellent cyclability (80% retention of capacity after 160 cycles), which are among the highest reported. Even at a high rate of 1C, the areal capacity approaches 1.61 mAh/cm(2) at the 500th cycle. This remarkable electrochemical performance is directly correlated with significantly improved structural and electrical interconnections throughout the entire electrode due to chemical tailoring of the Si-carbon interface with atomic oxygen. Our results demonstrate that interfacial bonding, a new dimension that has yet to be explored, can play an unexpectedly important role in addressing the multifaceted challenge of Si anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fu Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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15
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Qiu S, Lu G, Liu J, Lyu H, Hu C, Li B, Yan X, Guo J, Guo Z. Enhanced electrochemical performances of MoO2 nanoparticles composited with carbon nanotubes for lithium-ion battery anodes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lab-made CNT nanocomposites decorated with MoO2 nanoparticles (MoO2/CNTs) demonstrated superior cycling and rate performances as LIB anode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
- Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guixia Lu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
- Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jiurong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
- Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Lyu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
- Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Hu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
- Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Xingru Yan
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL)
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- United States
| | - Jiang Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL)
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- United States
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL)
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- United States
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16
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Sun H, Song X, Xu M, Zhang Y, Que W, Yang S. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes via Birch reduction chemistry for selective loading of CuO nanosheets. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CNTs pass through the inner part of CuO nanosheets, which ensures enhanced conductivity for electron transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Minwei Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Yin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Wenxiu Que
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory
- International Center for Dielectric Research
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Sen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
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17
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Jing S, Jiang H, Hu Y, Li C. Directly grown Si nanowire arrays on Cu foam with a coral-like surface for lithium-ion batteries. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:14441-14445. [PMID: 25340678 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05469e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to mitigate the drastic volumetric expansion (>300%) of silicon (Si) during the lithiation process, we demonstrate the synthesis of novel Si nanowire arrays (n-SNWAs) with a coral-like surface on Cu foam via a one-step CVD method, in which the Cu foam can simultaneously act as a catalyst and current collector. The unique coral-like surface endows n-SNWAs with a high structural integrity, which is beneficial for enhancing their electrochemical performance. In addition, the as-prepared n-SNWAs on Cu foam can be directly applied as the anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), exhibiting a very high reversible discharge capacity (2745 mA h g(-1) at 200 mA g(-1)) and a fast charge and discharge capability (884 mA h g(-1) at 3200 mA g(-1)), which is much higher than the conventional SNWAs (c-SNWAs, only 127 mA h g(-1) at 3200 mA g(-1)). Meanwhile, they deliver an improved cycling stability (2178 mA h g(-1) at 400 mA g(-1) after 50 cycles). More significantly, the as-synthesized n-SNWAs on Cu foam also possess a superior specific areal capacity of 4.1 mA h cm(-2) at 0.6 mA cm(-2). Such excellent electrochemical performance is superior, or at least comparable, to the best report for Si anode materials. Combining the cost-effective and facile preparation method, the present n-SNWAs on Cu foam can serve as a promising anode for LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Jing
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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18
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Gu M, Yang H, Perea DE, Zhang JG, Zhang S, Wang CM. Bending-induced symmetry breaking of lithiation in germanium nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:4622-4627. [PMID: 25025296 DOI: 10.1021/nl501680w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
From signal transduction of living cells to oxidation and corrosion of metals, mechanical stress intimately couples with chemical reactions, regulating these biological and physiochemical processes. The coupled effect is particularly evident in the electrochemical lithiation/delithiation cycling of high-capacity electrodes, such as silicon (Si), where on the one hand lithiation-generated stress mediates lithiation kinetics and on the other the electrochemical reaction rate regulates stress generation and mechanical failure of the electrodes. Here we report for the first time the evidence on the controlled lithiation in germanium nanowires (GeNWs) through external bending. Contrary to the symmetric core-shell lithiation in free-standing GeNWs, we show bending the GeNWs breaks the lithiation symmetry, speeding up lithaition at the tensile side while slowing down at the compressive side of the GeNWs. The bending-induced symmetry breaking of lithiation in GeNWs is further corroborated by chemomechanical modeling. In the light of the coupled effect between lithiation kinetics and mechanical stress in the electrochemical cycling, our findings shed light on strain/stress engineering of durable high-rate electrodes and energy harvesting through mechanical motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and §Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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19
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Zhao L, Song C, Zhang M, Zheng Y. Bioinspired heterostructured bead-on-string fibers via controlling the wet-assembly of nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10651-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05156d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Stournara ME, Qi Y, Shenoy VB. From ab initio calculations to multiscale design of Si/C core-shell particles for Li-ion anodes. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2140-2149. [PMID: 24611810 DOI: 10.1021/nl500410g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The design of novel Si-enhanced nanocomposite electrodes that will successfully mitigate mechanical and chemical degradation is becoming increasingly important for next generation Li-ion batteries. Recently Si/C hollow core-shell nanoparticles were proposed as a promising anode architecture, which can successfully sustain thousands of cycles with high Coulombic efficiency. As the structural integrity and functionality of these heterogeneous Si materials depend on the strength and fracture energy of the active materials, an in-depth understanding of the interface and their intrinsic mechanical properties, such as fracture strength and debonding, becomes critical for the successful design of such and similar composites. Here, we first perform ab initio simulations to calculate these properties for lithiated a-Si/a-C interface structures and combine these results with linear elasticity expressions to model conditions that will avert fracture and debonding in these heterostructures. We find that the a-Si/a-C interface retains good adhesion even at high stages of lithiation. For average lithiated structures, we predict that the strong Si-C bonding averts fracture at the interface; instead, the structure ruptures within lithiated a-Si. From the calculated values and linear elastic fracture mechanics, we then construct a continuum level diagram, which outlines the safe regimes of operation in terms of the core and shell thickness and the state of charge. We believe that this multiscale approach can serve as a foundation for developing quantitative failure models and for subsequent development of flaw-tolerant anode architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Stournara
- School of Engineering, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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21
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22
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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Ren W, Zhong Z, Su F. Synthesis of porous microspheres composed of graphitized carbon@amorphous silicon/carbon layers as high performance anode materials for Li-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09868d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous silicon/carbon (Si/C) layers coated on graphitized carbon black (GCB) particles in porous microspheres (PMs) exhibited an improved electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zailei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Zhong
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Sciences
- A*star
- Jurong Island, Singapore
| | - Fabing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, China
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23
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Liu Y, Liu XH, Nguyen BM, Yoo J, Sullivan JP, Picraux ST, Huang JY, Dayeh SA. Tailoring lithiation behavior by interface and bandgap engineering at the nanoscale. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4876-83. [PMID: 24000810 DOI: 10.1021/nl4027549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the transport of lithium (Li) ions and their reaction with electrodes is central in the design of Li-ion batteries for achieving high capacity, high rate, and long lifetime. The flexibility in composition and structure enabled by tailoring electrodes at the nanoscale could drastically change the ionic transport and help meet new levels of Li-ion battery performance. Here, we demonstrate that radial heterostructuring can completely suppress the commonly observed surface insertion of Li ions in all reported nanoscale systems to date and to exclusively induce axial lithiation along the [111] direction in a layer-by-layer fashion. The new lithiation behavior is achieved through the deposition of a conformal, epitaxial, and ultrathin silicon (Si) shell on germanium (Ge) nanowires, which creates an effective chemical potential barrier for Li ion diffusion through and reaction at the nanowire surface, allowing only axial lithiation and volume expansion. These results demonstrate for the first time that interface and bandgap engineering of electrochemical reactions can be utilized to control the nanoscale ionic transport/insertion paths and thus may be a new tool to define the electrochemical reactions in Li-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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24
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Stournara ME, Xiao X, Qi Y, Johari P, Lu P, Sheldon BW, Gao H, Shenoy VB. Li segregation induces structure and strength changes at the amorphous Si/Cu interface. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4759-4768. [PMID: 24000887 DOI: 10.1021/nl402353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study of interfacial properties, especially of their change upon lithiation, is a fundamentally significant and challenging topic in designing heterogeneous nanostructured electrodes for lithium ion batteries. This issue becomes more intriguing for Si electrodes, whose ultrahigh capacity is accompanied by large volume expansion and mechanical stress, threatening with delamination of silicon from the metal current collector and failure of the electrode. Instead of inferring interfacial properties from experiments, in this work, we have combined density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) measurements of the lithium depth profile, to study the effect of lithiation on the a-Si/Cu interface. Our results clearly demonstrate Li segregation at the lithiated a-Si/Cu interface (more than 20% compared to the bulk concentration). The segregation of Li is responsible for a small decrease (up to 16%) of the adhesion strength and a dramatic reduction (by one order of magnitude) of the sliding resistance of the fully lithiated a-Si/Cu interface. Our results suggest that this almost frictionless sliding stems from the change of the bonding nature at the interface with increasing lithium content, from directional covalent bonding to uniform metallic. These findings are an essential first step toward an in-depth understanding of the role of lithiation on the a-Si/Cu interface, which may contribute in the development of quantitative electrochemical mechanical models and the design of nonfracture-and-always-connected heterogeneous nanostructured Si electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Stournara
- School of Engineering, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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25
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McDowell MT, Lee SW, Nix WD, Cui Y. 25th anniversary article: Understanding the lithiation of silicon and other alloying anodes for lithium-ion batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4966-85. [PMID: 24038172 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Alloying anodes such as silicon are promising electrode materials for next-generation high energy density lithium-ion batteries because of their ability to reversibly incorporate a high concentration of Li atoms. However, alloying anodes usually exhibit a short cycle life due to the extreme volumetric and structural changes that occur during lithium insertion/extraction; these transformations cause mechanical fracture and exacerbate side reactions. To solve these problems, there has recently been significant attention devoted to creating silicon nanostructures that can accommodate the lithiation-induced strain and thus exhibit high Coulombic efficiency and long cycle life. In parallel, many experiments and simulations have been conducted in an effort to understand the details of volumetric expansion, fracture, mechanical stress evolution, and structural changes in silicon nanostructures. The fundamental materials knowledge gained from these studies has provided guidance for designing optimized Si electrode structures and has also shed light on the factors that control large-volume change solid-state reactions. In this paper, we review various fundamental studies that have been conducted to understand structural and volumetric changes, stress evolution, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior of nanostructured Si anodes for lithium-ion batteries and compare the reaction process of Si to other novel anode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T McDowell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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26
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Karki K, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Sun CF, Hu L, Wang Y, Wang C, Cumings J. Hoop-strong nanotubes for battery electrodes. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8295-8302. [PMID: 23987736 DOI: 10.1021/nn403895h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The engineering of hollow nanostructures is a promising approach to addressing instabilities in silicon-based electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Previous studies showed that a SiOx coating on silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) could function as a constraining layer and enhance capacity retention in electrodes with low mass loading, but we show here that similarly produced electrodes having negligible SiOx coating and significantly higher mass loading show relatively low capacity retention, fading quickly within the early cycles. We find that the SiNT performance can still be enhanced, even in electrodes with high mass loading, by the use of Ni functional coatings on the outer surface, leading to greatly enhanced capacity retention in a manner that could scale better to industrially relevant battery capacities. In situ transmission electron microscopy studies reveal that the Ni coatings suppress the Si wall from expanding outward, instead carrying the large hoop stress and forcing the Si to expand inward toward the hollow inner core. Evidence shows that these controlled volume changes in Ni-coated SiNTs, accompanied by the electrochemically inert nature of Ni coatings, unlike SiOx, may enhance the stability of the electrolyte at the outer surface against forming a thick solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. These results provide useful guidelines for designing nanostructured silicon electrodes for viable lithium-ion battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khim Karki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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27
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Xu M, Wang F, Zhang Y, Yang S, Zhao M, Song X. Co3O4-carbon nanotube heterostructures with bead-on-string architecture for enhanced lithium storage performance. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:8067-8072. [PMID: 23877304 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02538a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this report, alkylcarboxyl group-decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with clustered functionalization patterns are achieved based on a modified Birch reduction in liquid ammonia. By using these functional CNTs (f-CNTs), a new type of Co3O4-CNT heterostructure is prepared via a simple hydrothermal method. SEM and TEM analyses reveal that the as-synthesized Co3O4-CNT heterostructures exhibit bead-on-string architecture, in which the Co3O4 spheres are threaded with CNTs. A possible growth mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of these Co3O4-CNT heterostructures. The electrochemical properties of the Co3O4-CNT heterostructures as anode materials for lithium ion batteries are investigated. The Co3O4-CNT heterostructures display high electrochemical activity, good cycle stability and improved rate performance. Such a large improvement of the electrochemical performance can be related to the robust necklace-like architectures which possess properties such as high mechanical stability, excellent electric conductivity and good strain accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
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