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Won D, Bang J, Choi SH, Pyun KR, Jeong S, Lee Y, Ko SH. Transparent Electronics for Wearable Electronics Application. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9982-10078. [PMID: 37542724 PMCID: PMC10452793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in wearable electronics offer seamless integration with the human body for extracting various biophysical and biochemical information for real-time health monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and augmented reality. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to imparting stretchability/flexibility and softness to electronic devices through materials science and structural modifications that enable stable and comfortable integration of these devices with the curvilinear and soft human body. However, the optical properties of these devices are still in the early stages of consideration. By incorporating transparency, visual information from interfacing biological systems can be preserved and utilized for comprehensive clinical diagnosis with image analysis techniques. Additionally, transparency provides optical imperceptibility, alleviating reluctance to wear the device on exposed skin. This review discusses the recent advancement of transparent wearable electronics in a comprehensive way that includes materials, processing, devices, and applications. Materials for transparent wearable electronics are discussed regarding their characteristics, synthesis, and engineering strategies for property enhancements. We also examine bridging techniques for stable integration with the soft human body. Building blocks for wearable electronic systems, including sensors, energy devices, actuators, and displays, are discussed with their mechanisms and performances. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications and conclude with the remaining challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyeon Won
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seok Hwan Choi
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute
of Engineering Research/Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design
(SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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2
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Meškinis Š, Gudaitis R, Vasiliauskas A, Guobienė A, Jankauskas Š, Stankevič V, Keršulis S, Stirkė A, Andriukonis E, Melo W, Vertelis V, Žurauskienė N. Biosensor Based on Graphene Directly Grown by MW-PECVD for Detection of COVID-19 Spike (S) Protein and Its Entry Receptor ACE2. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2373. [PMID: 37630958 PMCID: PMC10458353 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors based on graphene field-effect transistors (G-FET) for detecting COVID-19 spike S protein and its receptor ACE2 were reported. The graphene, directly synthesized on SiO2/Si substrate by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW-PECVD), was used for FET biosensor fabrication. The commercial graphene, CVD-grown on a copper substrate and subsequently transferred onto a glass substrate, was applied for comparison purposes. The graphene structure and surface morphology were studied by Raman scattering spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. Graphene surfaces were functionalized by an aromatic molecule PBASE (1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester), and subsequent immobilization of the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was performed. A microfluidic system was developed, and transfer curves of liquid-gated FET were measured after each graphene surface modification procedure to investigate ACE2 immobilization by varying its concentration and subsequent spike S protein detection. The directly synthesized graphene FET sensitivity to the receptor ACE2, evaluated in terms of the Dirac voltage shift, exceeded the sensitivity of the transferred commercial graphene-based FET. The concentration of the spike S protein was detected in the range of 10 ag/mL up to 10 μg/mL by using a developed microfluidic system and measuring the transfer characteristics of the liquid-gated G-FETs. It was found that the shift of the Dirac voltage depends on the spike S concentration and was 27 mV with saturation at 10 pg/mL for directly synthesized G-FET biosensor, while for transferred G-FET, the maximal shift of 70 mV was obtained at 10 μg/mL with a tendency of saturation at 10 ng/mL. The detection limit as low as 10 ag/mL was achieved for both G-FETs. The sensitivity of the biosensors at spike S concentration of 10 pg/mL measured as relative current change at a constant gate voltage corresponding to the highest transconductance of the G-FETs was found at 5.6% and 8.8% for directly synthesized and transferred graphene biosensors, respectively. Thus, MW-PECVD-synthesized graphene-based biosensor demonstrating high sensitivity and low detection limit has excellent potential for applications in COVID-19 diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šarunas Meškinis
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.V.); (A.G.); (Š.J.)
| | - Rimantas Gudaitis
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.V.); (A.G.); (Š.J.)
| | - Andrius Vasiliauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.V.); (A.G.); (Š.J.)
| | - Asta Guobienė
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.V.); (A.G.); (Š.J.)
| | - Šarūnas Jankauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.V.); (A.G.); (Š.J.)
| | - Voitech Stankevič
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Skirmantas Keršulis
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Arūnas Stirkė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Eivydas Andriukonis
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Wanessa Melo
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Vilius Vertelis
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Nerija Žurauskienė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
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3
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Sedlovets DM. N-Doped Graphene-like Film/Silicon Structures as Micro-Capacitor Electrodes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114007. [PMID: 37297139 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the miniaturization of portable and autonomous devices is challenging for modern electronics. Graphene-based materials have recently emerged as one of the ideal candidates for supercapacitor electrodes, while Si is a common platform for direct component-on-chip integration. We have proposed the direct liquid-based CVD of N-doped graphene-like films (N-GLFs) on Si as a promising way to achieve solid-state on-chip micro-capacitor performance. Synthesis temperatures in the range from 800 °C to 1000 °C are investigated. Capacitances and electrochemical stability of the films are evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, as well as galvanostatic measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 0.5 M Na2SO4. We have shown that N-doping is an efficient way to improve the N-GLF capacitance. 900 °C is the optimal temperature for the N-GLF synthesis with the best electrochemical properties. The capacitance rises with increasing film thickness which also has an optimum (about 50 nm). The transfer-free acetonitrile-based CVD on Si yields a perfect material for microcapacitor electrodes. Our best value of the area-normalized capacitance (960 mF/cm2) exceeds the world's achievements among thin graphene-based films. The main advantages of the proposed approach are the direct on-chip performance of the energy storage component and high cyclic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M Sedlovets
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High-Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Science (IMT RAS), Moscow District, 6 Academician Ossipyan Str., 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
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4
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Zhang Z, Liu P, Song Y, Hou Y, Xu B, Liao T, Zhang H, Guo J, Sun Z. Heterostructure Engineering of 2D Superlattice Materials for Electrocatalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204297. [PMID: 36266983 PMCID: PMC9762311 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exploring low-cost and high-efficient electrocatalyst is an exigent task in developing novel sustainable energy conversion systems, such as fuel cells and electrocatalytic fuel generations. 2D materials, specifically 2D superlattice materials focused here, featured highly accessible active areas, high density of active sites, and high compatibility with property-complementary materials to form heterostructures with desired synergetic effects, have demonstrated to be promising electrocatalysts for boosting the performance of sustainable energy conversion and storage devices. Nevertheless, the reaction kinetics, and in particular, the functional mechanisms of the 2D superlattice-based catalysts yet remain ambiguous. In this review, based on the recent progress of 2D superlattice materials in electrocatalysis applications, the rational design and fabrication of 2D superlattices are first summarized and the application of 2D superlattices in electrocatalysis is then specifically discussed. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and the strategies for the future design of 2D superlattice materials are outlined. This review attempts to establish an intrinsic correlation between the 2D superlattice heterostructures and the catalytic properties, so as to provide some insights into developing high-performance electrocatalysts for next-generation sustainable energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Peizhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Ying Hou
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Bingshe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular ScienceShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'an710021P. R. China
| | - Ting Liao
- School of MechanicalMedical and Process EngineeringQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD4000Australia
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Junjie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Sun
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD4000Australia
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5
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Ma R, Wang K, Li C, Wang C, Habibi-Yangjeh A, Shan G. N-doped graphene for electrocatalytic O 2 and CO 2 reduction. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4197-4209. [PMID: 36321144 PMCID: PMC9552757 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are important approaches to realize energy conversion and sustainable development. However, sluggish reaction kinetics severely hinders the practical application of devices related to these reactions. N-doped graphene (NG) with unique properties exhibits great potential in catalyzing the CO2RR and ORR, which is attributed to the electron redistribution. In this review, we start from the fundamental properties of NG, especially emphasizing the changes caused by N doping. Then the synthetic methods are summarized by classifying them into top-down strategies and bottom-up strategies. Subsequently, the applications of NG in the ORR and CO2RR are discussed and the effects of electronic structure on the electrocatalytic activity are highlighted. Finally, we give our own perspective on the future research direction of NG in the applications of the ORR and CO2RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruguang Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology 99 Xuefu Road Suzhou 215011 China
| | - Kuikui Wang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Laboratory of New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Basis for State Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Chunjie Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology 99 Xuefu Road Suzhou 215011 China
| | - Chundong Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil Iran
| | - Guangcun Shan
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University No. 37 XueYuan Road Beijing 100083 China
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6
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Recent Progress in Graphene-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111806. [PMID: 35683662 PMCID: PMC9182338 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is regarded as a key renewable energy source to meet future energy demands. Moreover, graphene and its derivatives have many advantages, including high electronic conductivity, controllable morphology, and eco-friendliness, etc., which show great promise for electrocatalytic splitting of water to produce hydrogen. This review article highlights recent advances in the synthesis and the applications of graphene-based supported electrocatalysts in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, powder-based and self-supporting three-dimensional (3D) electrocatalysts with doped or undoped heteroatom graphene are highlighted. Quantum dot catalysts such as carbon quantum dots, graphene quantum dots, and fullerenes are also included. Different strategies to tune and improve the structural properties and performance of HER electrocatalysts by defect engineering through synthetic approaches are discussed. The relationship between each graphene-based HER electrocatalyst is highlighted. Apart from HER electrocatalysis, the latest advances in water electrolysis by bifunctional oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and HER performed by multi-doped graphene-based electrocatalysts are also considered. This comprehensive review identifies rational strategies to direct the design and synthesis of high-performance graphene-based electrocatalysts for green and sustainable applications.
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7
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Preparation of a Vertical Graphene-Based Pressure Sensor Using PECVD at a Low Temperature. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050681. [PMID: 35630148 PMCID: PMC9146447 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have received much attention due to their widespread potential applications in electronic skins, health monitoring, and human-machine interfaces. Graphene and its derivatives hold great promise for two-dimensional sensing materials, owing to their superior properties, such as atomically thin, transparent, and flexible structure. The high performance of most graphene-based pressure piezoresistive sensors relies excessively on the preparation of complex, post-growth transfer processes. However, the majority of dielectric substrates cannot hold in high temperatures, which can induce contamination and structural defects. Herein, a credibility strategy is reported for directly growing high-quality vertical graphene (VG) on a flexible and stretchable mica paper dielectric substrate with individual interdigital electrodes in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), which assists in inducing electric field, resulting in a flexible, touchable pressure sensor with low power consumption and portability. Benefitting from its vertically directed graphene microstructure, the graphene-based sensor shows superior properties of high sensitivity (4.84 KPa-1) and a maximum pressure range of 120 KPa, as well as strong stability (5000 cycles), which makes it possible to detect small pulse pressure and provide options for preparation of pressure sensors in the future.
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8
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Structural and Chemical Peculiarities of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Grown Using Direct Microwave Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12050572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an attractive technique which allows graphene with simultaneous heteroatom doping to be synthesized. In most cases, graphene is grown on a catalyst, followed by the subsequent transfer process. The latter is responsible for the degradation of the carrier mobility and conductivity of graphene due to the presence of the absorbants and transfer-related defects. Here, we report the catalyst-less and transfer-less synthesis of graphene with simultaneous nitrogen doping in a single step at a reduced temperature (700 °C) via the use of direct microwave plasma-enhanced CVD. By varying nitrogen flow rate, we explored the resultant structural and chemical properties of nitrogen-doped graphene. Atomic force microscopy revealed a more distorted growth process of graphene structure with the introduction of nitrogen gas—the root mean square roughness increased from 0.49 ± 0.2 nm to 2.32 ± 0.2 nm. Raman spectroscopy indicated that nitrogen-doped, multilayer graphene structures were produced using this method. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed the incorporation of pure pyridinic N dopants into the graphene structure with a nitrogen concentration up to 2.08 at.%.
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9
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Dai C, Liu Y, Wei D. Two-Dimensional Field-Effect Transistor Sensors: The Road toward Commercialization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10319-10392. [PMID: 35412802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary success in information technology has been sustained by the rapid growth of sensor technology. Recently, advances in sensor technology have promoted the ambitious requirement to build intelligent systems that can be controlled by external stimuli along with independent operation, adaptivity, and low energy expenditure. Among various sensing techniques, field-effect transistors (FETs) with channels made of two-dimensional (2D) materials attract increasing attention for advantages such as label-free detection, fast response, easy operation, and capability of integration. With atomic thickness, 2D materials restrict the carrier flow within the material surface and expose it directly to the external environment, leading to efficient signal acquisition and conversion. This review summarizes the latest advances of 2D-materials-based FET (2D FET) sensors in a comprehensive manner that contains the material, operating principles, fabrication technologies, proof-of-concept applications, and prototypes. First, a brief description of the background and fundamentals is provided. The subsequent contents summarize physical, chemical, and biological 2D FET sensors and their applications. Then, we highlight the challenges of their commercialization and discuss corresponding solution techniques. The following section presents a systematic survey of recent progress in developing commercial prototypes. Lastly, we summarize the long-standing efforts and prospective future development of 2D FET-based sensing systems toward commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Matsuyama H, Nakamura J. Size Optimization of a N-Doped Graphene Nanocluster for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3093-3098. [PMID: 35097304 PMCID: PMC8793088 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
N-Doped graphene nanoclusters (N-GNCs) are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode of fuel cells. In this study, the dependence of the ORR activity on the size of N-GNCs was investigated using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The maximum electrode potential (U Max) was estimated from the free energy of the reaction intermediates of the ORR. U Max was predicted to show a volcanic trend with respect to the cluster size. The results suggest that C215H36N with a radius of 13.6 Å is the best candidate for ORRs and is better than platinum in terms of U Max. The volcano-shaped plot of U Max is attributed to the switch of the reaction step that determines U Max, which is caused by the destabilization of reaction intermediates. Such changes in the stability of the intermediates can be explained by the decrease in the local density of states at the reaction site, which is due to the development of the so-called edge state at the zigzag edge. The establishment of experimental techniques to control the cluster size and doping position will be the key to superior catalyst preparation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Nakamura
- . Phone: +81 (0)42 4435156. Fax: +81 (0)42 4435156
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11
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Mewada A, Vishwakarma R, Zhu R, Umeno M. Carbon-dot doped, transfer-free, low-temperature, high mobility graphene using microwave plasma CVD. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20610-20617. [PMID: 35919180 PMCID: PMC9288858 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03274k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition is a well-known method for low-temperature, large-area direct graphene growth on any insulating substrate without any catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmi Mewada
- C's Techno Inc., Co-operative Research Center for Advanced Technology, Nagoya Science Park, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Japan-4630003
| | - Riteshkumar Vishwakarma
- C's Techno Inc., Co-operative Research Center for Advanced Technology, Nagoya Science Park, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Japan-4630003
| | - Rucheng Zhu
- C's Techno Inc., Co-operative Research Center for Advanced Technology, Nagoya Science Park, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Japan-4630003
| | - Masayoshi Umeno
- C's Techno Inc., Co-operative Research Center for Advanced Technology, Nagoya Science Park, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Japan-4630003
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12
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Zainal Ariffin NH, Mohammad Haniff MAS, Syono MI, Ambri Mohamed M, Hamzah AA, Hashim AM. Low-Temperature Nitrogen Doping of Nanocrystalline Graphene Films with Tunable Pyridinic-N and Pyrrolic-N by Cold-Wall Plasma-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23710-23722. [PMID: 34568651 PMCID: PMC8459369 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a viable method to produce nanocrystalline graphene films on polycrystalline nickel (Ni) with enhanced N doping at low temperatures by a cold-wall plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The growth of nanocrystalline graphene films was carried out in a benzene/ammonia/argon (C6H6/NH3/Ar) system, in which the temperature of the substrate heated by Joule heating can be further lowered to 100 °C to achieve a low sheet resistance of 3.3 kΩ sq-1 at a high optical transmittance of 97.2%. The morphological, structural, and electrical properties and the chemical compositions of the obtained N-doped nanocrystalline graphene films can be tailored by controlling the growth parameters. An increase in the concentration of atomic N from 1.42 to 11.28 atomic percent (at.%) is expected due to the synergetic effects of a high NH3/Ar ratio and plasma power. The possible growth mechanism of nanocrystalline graphene films is also discussed to understand the basic chemical reactions that occur at such low temperatures with the presence of plasma as well as the formation of pyridinic-N- and pyrrolic-N-dominated nanocrystalline graphene. The realization of nanocrystalline graphene films with enhanced N doping at 100 °C may open great potential in developing future transparent nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hamizah Zainal Ariffin
- Advanced
Devices and Material Engineering Research Lab, Department of Electronic
Systems Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 51400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Advanced
Devices Lab, MIMOS Berhad, Technology Park Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Ismahadi Syono
- Advanced
Devices Lab, MIMOS Berhad, Technology Park Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute
of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute
of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Manaf Hashim
- Advanced
Devices and Material Engineering Research Lab, Department of Electronic
Systems Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 51400 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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13
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Yi K, Liu D, Chen X, Yang J, Wei D, Liu Y, Wei D. Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Two-Dimensional Materials for Applications. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1011-1022. [PMID: 33535000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSince the rise of two-dimensional (2D) materials, synthetic methods including mechanical exfoliation, solution synthesis, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have been developed. Mechanical exfoliation prepares randomly shaped materials with small size. Solution synthesis introduces impurities that degrade the performances. CVD is the most successful one for low-cost scalable preparation. However, when it comes to practical applications, disadvantages such as high operating temperature (∼1000 °C), probable usage of metal catalysts, contamination, defects, and interstices introduced by postgrowth transfer are not negligible. These are the reasons why plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), a method that enables catalyst-free in situ preparation at low temperature, is imperatively desirable.In this Account, we summarize our recent progress on controllable preparation of 2D materials by PECVD and their applications. We found that there was a competition between etching and nucleation and deposition in PECVD, making it highly controllable to obtain desired materials. Under different equilibrium states of the competition, various 2D materials with diverse morphologies and properties were prepared including pristine or nitrogen-doped graphene crystals, graphene quantum dots, graphene nanowalls, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), B-C-N ternary materials (BCxN), etc. We also used mild plasma to modify or treat 2D materials (e.g., WSe2) for desired properties.PECVD has advantages such as low temperature, transfer-free process, and industrial compatibility, which enable facile, scalable, and low-cost preparation of 2D materials with clean surfaces and interfaces directly on noncatalytic substrates. These merits significantly benefit the as-prepared materials in the applications. Field-effect transistors with high motilities were directly fabricated on graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene. By use of h-BN as the dielectric interfacial layer, both mobilities and saturated power densities of the devices were improved owing to the clean, closely contacted interface and enhanced interfacial thermal dissipation. High-quality materials and interfaces also enabled promising applications of these materials in photodetectors, pressure sensors, biochemical sensors, electronic skins, Raman enhancement, etc. To demonstrate the commercial applications, several prototypical devices were studied such as distributed pressure sensor arrays, touching module on a robot hand for braille recognition, and smart gloves for recording sign language. Finally, we discuss opportunities and challenges of PECVD as a comprehensive preparation methodology of 2D materials for future applications beyond traditional CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongyang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Material Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Donghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Material Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Material Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Dapeng Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Material Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Material Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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14
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Zhang D, Peng L, Yi P, Lai X. Electronic Transport and Corrosion Mechanisms of Graphite-Like Nanocrystalline Carbon Films Used on Metallic Bipolar Plates in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:3825-3835. [PMID: 33433996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline carbon films, which consist of graphite-like nanocrystals within an amorphous carbon matrix, have recently attracted extensive theoretical and experimental attention. Understanding the electronic transport and corrosion mechanisms of graphite-like nanocrystalline carbon films (GNCFs) is essential for their application in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). So far, limited progress has been made on the electronic or atomistic understanding of how the degree of structural order and grain boundaries affect the electronic transport and corrosion behaviors of GNCFs. In this work, using the Landauer-Büttiker formula merged with first-principles density functional theory, the conductance of GNCFs is presented as a function of their crystallinity. As the crystallinity decreases, the electron states around the Fermi level are found to be more spatially localized, thus hindering the electronic transport of GNCFs. Additionally, a systemic picture of the chemical reactivity of nanostructured surface in GNCFs toward typical particles existing in PEMFCs is drawn by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Systemic experimental investigations on the corrosion mechanisms of GNCFs used in PEMFCs have been conducted in this work. Compared with pure amorphous carbon films, the GNCFs exhibit higher corrosion current densities due to the preferential corrosion in the larger slit pores at the grain boundaries, but their stability in interfacial contact resistance is significantly improved by the embedded graphite-like nanocrystals, which have high levels of resistance to oxygen chemical adsorptions and act as high-speed ways to transport electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Linfa Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Peiyun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xinmin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacture for Thin-walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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15
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Pandian PM, Pandurangan A. Enhanced electrostatic potential with high energy and power density of a symmetric and asymmetric solid-state supercapacitor of boron and nitrogen co-doped reduced graphene nanosheets for energy storage devices. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00486g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic representation of boron and nitrogen co-doped graphene nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Muthu Pandian
- Department of Chemistry
- Anna University
- Guindy Campus
- Chennai – 25
- India
| | - A. Pandurangan
- Department of Chemistry
- Anna University
- Guindy Campus
- Chennai – 25
- India
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16
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Wang Z, Jiang Y, Hu Y, Li J, Liu X, Li K, Cao W, Xu X, Yang Y, Lin K. New Insights into Co-pyrolysis among Graphitic Carbon Nitride and Organic Compounds: Carbonaceous Gas Fragments Induced Synthesis of Ultrathin Mesoporous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanosheets for Heterogeneous Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:52624-52634. [PMID: 33170611 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
N-doped carbon materials are well known as promising metal-free catalysts and applied in innumerable industrial synthetics. However, most of the N-doped carbon materials obtained by conventional synthetic means exhibit generally low mesoporosity, and their reported pore volumes reached only 1-3 cm3 g-1, which greatly limits their further industrial application in heterogeneous catalysis. Especially for oxidation reaction of alkylbenzenes, this type of reaction is almost always accompanied by many different byproducts, while the reaction activity and selectivity are mainly affected by mesoporosity of catalysts. Traditionally, graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) is commonly considered as a self-sacrificed nitrogen source together with multifarious organic compounds to obtain N-doped carbon materials by a co-pyrolysis process. However, the mechanisms of formation process are still complex and uncontrollable to date. In this work, we present a novel co-pyrolysis synthetic strategy by a facile chemical vapor deposition method for preparing a series of ultrathin N-doped carbon nanosheets with high mesoporosity. More importantly, it is found that GCN containing abundant hydrogen bonds can be irreversibly anchored by carbonaceous gas fragments (CxHy+) released from various organic substances via thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis coupled with mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, and the CxHy+ fragments exhibit a non-negligible role during the transformation. Our results further demonstrated that the residue of incompletely decomposed GCN is a key point to enlarge porosity in final products which are obtained via mixing pyrolysis between an organic precursor and GCN (or GCN precursors). Benefitting from the outstanding mesoporosity and ultrathin morphology, the representative ABCNS-900 exhibits excellent catalytic performance for oxidizing ethylbenzene to acetophenone with extremely low dosage and high selectivity. Our findings show a universal synthetic strategy for ultrathin N-rich carbon nanosheets with a high mesopore volume, further promoting the application of N-doped carbon materials in heterogeneous catalytic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yanqiu Jiang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yanjing Hu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Junzhuo Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xing Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Kunqiao Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wei Cao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xianzhu Xu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yulin Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Kaifeng Lin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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17
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Cui L, Huan Y, Shan J, Liu B, Liu J, Xie H, Zhou F, Gao P, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Highly Conductive Nitrogen-Doped Vertically Oriented Graphene toward Versatile Electrode-Related Applications. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15327-15335. [PMID: 33180469 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The direct growth of vertically oriented graphene (VG) on low-priced, easily accessible soda-lime glass can propel its applications in transparent electrodes and energy-relevant areas. However, graphene deposited at low temperature (∼600 °C) on the catalysis-free insulating substrates usually presents high defect density, poor crystalline quality, and unsatisfactory electrical conductivity. To tackle this issue, we select high borosilicate glass as the growth substrate (softening point ∼850 °C), which can resist higher growth temperature and thus afford higher graphene crystalline quality, by using a radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (rf-PECVD) route. A nitrogen doping strategy is also combined to tailor the carrier concentration through a methane/acetonitrile-precursor-based synthetic strategy. The sheet resistance of as-grown nitrogen-doped (N-doped) VG films on high borosilicate glass can thus be lowered down to ∼2.3 kΩ·sq-1 at a transmittance of 88%, less than half of the methane-precursor-based PECVD product. Significantly, this synthetic route allows the achievement of 30-inch-scale uniform N-doped graphene glass, thus promoting its applications as excellent electrodes in high-performance switchable windows. Additionally, such N-doped VG films were also employed as efficient electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Cui
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahuan Huan
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Shan
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyao Liu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Liu
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Xie
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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18
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Moreno-López JC, Fedi F, Argentero G, Carini M, Chimborazo J, Meyer J, Pichler T, Mateo-Alonso A, Ayala P. Exclusive Substitutional Nitrogen Doping on Graphene Decoupled from an Insulating Substrate. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:22150-22157. [PMID: 33072238 PMCID: PMC7552092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c06415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The on-surface synthesis of atomically flat N-doped graphene on oxidized copper is presented. Besides circumventing the almost standard use of metallic substrates for growth, this method allows producing graphene with ∼2.0 at % N in a substitutional configuration directly decoupled from the substrate. Angle-resolved photoemission shows a linear energy-momentum dispersion where the Dirac point lies at the Fermi level. Additionally, the N functional centers can be selectively tailored in sp2 substitutional configuration by making use of a purpose-made molecular precursor: dicyanopyrazophenanthroline (C16H6N6).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Fedi
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | | | - Marco Carini
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Jannik Meyer
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paola Ayala
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
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19
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Mudusu D, Nandanapalli KR, Lee S, Hahn YB. Recent advances in graphene monolayers growth and their biological applications: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 283:102225. [PMID: 32777519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of two-dimensional high-quality graphene monolayers has recently received great concern owing to their enormous applications in diverging fields including electronics, photonics, composite materials, paints and coatings, energy harvesting and storage, sensors and metrology, and biotechnology. As a result, various groups have successfully developed graphene layers on different substrates by using the chemical vapor deposition method and explored their physical properties. In this direction, we have focused on the state-of-the-art developments in the growth of graphene layers, and their functional applications in biotechnology. The review starts with the introduction, which contains outlines about the graphene and their basic characteristics. A brief history and inherent applications of graphene layers followed by recent developments in growth and properties are described. Then, the application of graphene layers in biodevices is reviewed. Finally, the review is summarized with perspectives and future challenges along with the scope for future technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Mudusu
- Department of Robotic Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711873, South Korea
| | - Koteeswara Reddy Nandanapalli
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711873, South Korea.
| | - Sungwon Lee
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711873, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Bong Hahn
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, South Korea.
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20
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Prospects for microwave plasma synthesized N-graphene in secondary electron emission mitigation applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13013. [PMID: 32747630 PMCID: PMC7398926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to change the secondary electron emission properties of nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene) has been demonstrated. To this end, a novel microwave plasma-enabled scalable route for continuous and controllable fabrication of free-standing N-graphene sheets was developed. High-quality N-graphene with prescribed structural qualities was produced at a rate of 0.5 mg/min by tailoring the high energy density plasma environment. Up to 8% of nitrogen doping levels were achieved while keeping the oxygen content at residual amounts (~ 1%). The synthesis is accomplished via a single step, at atmospheric conditions, using ethanol/methane and ammonia/methylamine as carbon and nitrogen precursors. The type and level of doping is affected by the position where the N-precursor is injected in the plasma environment and by the type of precursors used. Importantly, N atoms incorporated predominantly in pyridinic/pyrrolic functional groups alter the performance of the collective electronic oscillations, i.e. plasmons, of graphene. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the synergistic effect between the electronic structure changes and the reduction of graphene π-plasmons caused by N doping, along with the peculiar "crumpled" morphology, leads to sub-unitary (< 1) secondary electron yields. N-graphene can be considered as a prospective low secondary electron emission and plasmonic material.
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21
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Yi K, Jin Z, Bu S, Wang D, Liu D, Huang Y, Dong Y, Yuan Q, Liu Y, Wee ATS, Wei D. Catalyst-Free Growth of Two-Dimensional BC xN Materials on Dielectrics by Temperature-Dependent Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33113-33120. [PMID: 32574487 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods to prepare two-dimensional (2D) B-C-N ternary materials (BCxN), such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), require sophisticated experimental conditions such as high temperature, delicate control of precursors, and postgrowth transfer from catalytic substrates, and the products are generally thick or bulky films without the atomically mixed phase of B-C-N, hampering practical applications of these materials. Here, for the first time, we develop a temperature-dependent plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method to grow 2D BCxN materials directly on noncatalytic dielectrics at low temperature with high controllability. The C, N, and B compositions can be tuned by simply changing the growth temperature. Thus, the properties of the as-made materials including band gap and conductivity are modulated, which is hardly achieved by other methods. A 2D hybridized BC2N film with a mixed BC2N phase is produced, for the first time, with a band gap of about 2.3 eV. The growth temperature is 580-620 °C, much lower than that of traditional catalytic CVD for growing BCxN. The product has a p-type conducting property and can be directly applied in field-effect transistors and sensors without postgrowth transfer, showing great promise for this method in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongyang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhepeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Saiyu Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dingguan Wang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Donghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Yamin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yemin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qinghong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew Thye Shen Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
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22
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Mustonen P, Mackenzie DMA, Lipsanen H. Review of fabrication methods of large-area transparent graphene electrodes for industry. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2020; 13:91-113. [PMID: 36641556 PMCID: PMC7362318 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a two-dimensional material showing excellent properties for utilization in transparent electrodes; it has low sheet resistance, high optical transmission and is flexible. Whereas the most common transparent electrode material, tin-doped indium-oxide (ITO) is brittle, less transparent and expensive, which limit its compatibility in flexible electronics as well as in low-cost devices. Here we review two large-area fabrication methods for graphene based transparent electrodes for industry: liquid exfoliation and low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We discuss the basic methodologies behind the technologies with an emphasis on optical and electrical properties of recent results. State-of-the-art methods for liquid exfoliation have as a figure of merit an electrical and optical conductivity ratio of 43.5, slightly over the minimum required for industry of 35, while CVD reaches as high as 419.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Mustonen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland.
| | - David M A Mackenzie
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Harri Lipsanen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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23
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Synthesis of nitrogen-doped, graphene-supported gold nanoparticles via a microwave irradiation method and their electrochemical properties. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Zhang X, Jing Q, Ao S, Schneider GF, Kireev D, Zhang Z, Fu W. Ultrasensitive Field-Effect Biosensors Enabled by the Unique Electronic Properties of Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902820. [PMID: 31592577 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a critical overview of current developments on nanoelectronic biochemical sensors based on graphene. Composed of a single layer of conjugated carbon atoms, graphene has outstanding high carrier mobility and low intrinsic electrical noise, but a chemically inert surface. Surface functionalization is therefore crucial to unravel graphene sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of targeted analytes. To achieve optimal performance of graphene transistors for biochemical sensing, the tuning of the graphene surface properties via surface functionalization and passivation is highlighted, as well as the tuning of its electrical operation by utilizing multifrequency ambipolar configuration and a high frequency measurement scheme to overcome the Debye screening to achieve low noise and highly sensitive detection. Potential applications and prospectives of ultrasensitive graphene electronic biochemical sensors ranging from environmental monitoring and food safety, healthcare and medical diagnosis, to life science research, are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Qiushi Jing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shen Ao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78757, USA
| | - Zhengjun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wangyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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25
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Shan J, Cui L, Zhou F, Wang R, Cui K, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Ethanol-Precursor-Mediated Growth and Thermochromic Applications of Highly Conductive Vertically Oriented Graphene on Soda-Lime Glass. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11972-11978. [PMID: 32057228 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Direct growth of vertically oriented graphene (VG) nanowalls on soda-lime glass has practical significance in extending the application of graphene to daily-life-related areas, such as gas sensors and conductive electrodes, via combining their complementary properties and applications. However, VG films derived by low-temperature deposition (e.g., on glass) usually present relatively low conductivity and optical transparency. To tackle this issue, an ethanol-precursor-based, radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (rf-PECVD) route for the synthesis of VG nanowalls is developed in this research, at around the softening temperature of soda-lime glass (∼600 °C) templates. The average sheet resistance, i.e., ∼2.4 kΩ·sq-1 (at transmittance ∼81.6%), is only one-half of that achieved by a traditional methane-precursor-based PECVD route. Based on the highly conductive and optically transparent VG/glass, as well as its scalable size up to 25 in. scale, high-performance reversible thermochromic devices were successfully constructed using VG/glass as transparent heaters. Hereby, this work should propel the scalable synthesis and applications of highly conductive VG films on glass in next-generation transparent electronics and switchable windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Shan
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, P. R. China
| | - Lingzhi Cui
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Kejian Cui
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, P. R. China
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26
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Hu Y, Wang J, Qiu L. Polymeric nano-vesicles via intermolecular action to load and orally deliver insulin with enhanced hypoglycemic effect. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7887-7897. [PMID: 35492180 PMCID: PMC9049908 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00382d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To date few polymeric vesicles have been investigated to improve oral insulin (INS) absorption due to their limited loading capacity. Therefore, an amphiphilic polyphosphazene (PEOP) containing lipid-like octadecylphosphoethanolamine (OPA) groups and amino-modified poly(ethylene glycol) at the proper ratio was designed and synthesized in this study. It was found that PEOP can self-assemble into nano-vesicles, which displayed considerable loading capability for INS by taking advantage of the synergetic effect of the interaction between OPA and INS and the physical encapsulation by the aqueous lumen of the vesicles. Furthermore, PEOP vesicles can promote INS absorption across the subsequent lymphatic transport of PEOP vesicles after their uptake by the enterocytes in the gastrointestinal tract, and consequently achieve better hypoglycemic effects in vivo. These results suggested that PEOP vesicles have great potential as oral INS carriers for diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiao Hu
- Ministry of Educational (MOE) Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China +86 571 87952306 +86 571 87952306
| | - Juan Wang
- Ministry of Educational (MOE) Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China +86 571 87952306 +86 571 87952306
| | - Liyan Qiu
- Ministry of Educational (MOE) Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China +86 571 87952306 +86 571 87952306
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27
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Zhang D, Peng L, Li X, Yi P, Lai X. Controlling the Nucleation and Growth Orientation of Nanocrystalline Carbon Films during Plasma-Assisted Deposition: A Reactive Molecular Dynamics/Monte Carlo Study. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2617-2627. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Linfa Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Peiyun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xinmin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacture for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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28
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Liu Z, Wang G, Pei W, Wei C, Wu X, Dou Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Chen H. Application of graphene nanowalls in an intraocular pressure sensor. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:8794-8802. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01687j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Combining crack mechanism in GNWs with the stretchability of PDMS, a contact lens sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity to intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiduo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Weihua Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Chunrong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yamin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Hongda Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
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29
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Tsyganov D, Bundaleska N, Dias A, Henriques J, Felizardo E, Abrashev M, Kissovski J, do Rego AMB, Ferraria AM, Tatarova E. Microwave plasma-based direct synthesis of free-standing N-graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4772-4787. [PMID: 32066999 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05509f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scheme of ethanol/ammonia plasma driven decomposition pathways considering injection of the nitrogen precursor in “hot” and “mild” plasma zone.
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30
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Low-temperature synthesis of sp 2 carbon nanomaterials. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1817-1829. [PMID: 36659578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
sp2 carbon nanomaterials are mainly composed of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in the form of a hexagonal network. Due to the π bonds formed by unpaired electrons, sp2 carbon nanomaterials possess excellent electronic, mechanical, and optical properties, which have attracted great attention in recent years. As the advanced sp2 carbon nanomaterials, graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have great potential in electronics, sensors, energy storage and conversion devices, etc. The low-temperature synthesis of graphene and CNTs are indispensable to promote the practical industrial application. Furthermore, graphene and CNTs can even be expected to directly grow on the flexible plastic that cannot bear high temperature, expanding bright prospects for applications in emerging flexible nanotechnology. An in-depth understanding of the formation mechanism of sp2 carbon nanomaterials is beneficial for reducing the growth temperature and satisfying the demands of industrial production in an economical and low-cost way. In this review, we discuss the main strategies and the related mechanisms in low-temperature synthesis of graphene and CNTs, including the selection of precursors with high reactivity, the design of catalyst, and the introduction of additional energy for the pre-decomposition of precursors. Furthermore, challenges and outlooks are highlighted for further progress in the practical industrial application.
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31
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Zhou L, Wei S, Ge C, Zhao C, Guo B, Zhang J, Zhao J. Ultrafast Growth of Uniform Multi-Layer Graphene Films Directly on Silicon Dioxide Substrates. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9070964. [PMID: 31266221 PMCID: PMC6669584 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To realize the applications of graphene in electronics, a large-scale, high-quality, and uniform graphene film should first be placed on the dielectric substrates. Challenges still remain with respect to the current methods for the synthesis graphene directly on the dielectric substrates via chemical vapor deposition, such as a low growth rate and poor quality. Herein, we present an ultrafast method for direct growth of uniform graphene on a silicon dioxide (SiO2/Si) substrate using methanol as the only carbon source. A 1 × 1 cm2 SiO2/Si substrate square was almost fully covered with graphene within 5 min, resulting in a record growth rate of ~33.6 µm/s. This outcome is attributed to the quick pyrolysis of methanol, with the help of trace copper atoms. The as-grown graphene exhibited a highly uniform thickness, with a sheet resistance of 0.9–1.2 kΩ/sq and a hole mobility of up to 115.4 cm2/V·s in air at room temperature. It would be quite suitable for transparent conductive electrodes in electrophoretic displays and may be interesting for related industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, No. 52, Xuefu Road, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shuai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructure Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chuanyang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructure Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructure Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructure Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin 150080, China
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32
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Matsuyama H, Akaishi A, Nakamura J. Effect of Water on the Manifestation of the Reaction Selectivity of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanoclusters toward Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3832-3838. [PMID: 31459594 PMCID: PMC6648925 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the selectivity of N-doped graphene nanoclusters (N-GNCs) toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) using first-principles calculations within the density functional theory. The results show that the maximum electrode potentials (U Max) for the four-electron (4e-) pathway are higher than those for the two-electron (2e-) pathway at almost all of the reaction sites. Thus, the N-GNCs exhibit high selectivity for the 4e- pathway, that is, the 4e- reduction proceeds preferentially over the 2e- reduction. Such high selectivity results in high durability of the catalyst because H2O2, which corrodes the electrocatalyst, is not generated. For the doping sites near the edge of the cluster, the value of U Max greatly depends on the reaction sites. However, for the doping sites around the center of the cluster, the reaction-site dependence is hardly observed. The GNC with a nitrogen atom around the center of the cluster exhibits higher ORR catalytic capability compared with the GNC with a nitrogen atom in the vicinity of the edge. The results also reveal that the water molecule generated by the ORR enhances the selectivity toward the 4e- pathway because the reaction intermediates are significantly stabilized by water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruyuki Matsuyama
- Department
of Engineering Science, The University of
Electro-Communications (UEC-Tokyo), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- CREST,
Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akira Akaishi
- Department
of Engineering Science, The University of
Electro-Communications (UEC-Tokyo), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- CREST,
Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Department
of Engineering Science, The University of
Electro-Communications (UEC-Tokyo), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- CREST,
Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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33
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Kim J, Sakakita H, Itagaki H. Low-Temperature Graphene Growth by Forced Convection of Plasma-Excited Radicals. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:739-746. [PMID: 30615459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed the forced convection (FC)-PECVD method for the synthesis of graphene, in which a specially designed blowing plasma source is used at moderate gas pressure (1-10 Torr) and the distribution of reactive radicals reaching the substrate surface can be controlled by forced convection. Self-limiting growth of graphene occurs on copper foil, and monolayer graphene growth with a few defects is achieved even at low temperatures (<400 °C). We also demonstrated the enlargement of the growth area using the scalable blowing plasma source. We expect that the FC-PECVD method overcomes the limitations of conventional low-temperature PECVD and provides a breakthrough for the achievement of industrial applications based on graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Kim
- Innovative Plasma Processing Group, Electronics and Photonics Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Hajime Sakakita
- Innovative Plasma Processing Group, Electronics and Photonics Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Hiromoto Itagaki
- Innovative Plasma Processing Group, Electronics and Photonics Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
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34
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Properties of Nitrogen/Silicon Doped Vertically Oriented Graphene Produced by ICP CVD Roll-to-Roll Technology. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous mass production of high quality vertically oriented graphene nanostructures and doping them by using an inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition (ICP CVD) is a technological problem because little is understood about their growth mechanism over enlarged surfaces. We introduce a new method that combines the ICP CVD with roll-to-roll technology to enable the in-situ preparation of vertically oriented graphene by using propane as a precursor gas and nitrogen or silicon as dopants. This new technology enables preparation of vertically oriented graphene with distinct morphology and composition on a moving copper foil substrate at a lower cost. The technological parameters such as deposition time (1–30 min), gas partial pressure, composition of the gas mixture (propane, argon, nitrogen or silane), heating treatment (1–60 min) and temperature (350–500 °C) were varied to reveal the nanostructure growth, the evolution of its morphology and heteroatom’s intercalation by nitrogen or silicon. Unique nanostructures were examined by FE-SEM microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-Ray scattering techniques. The undoped and nitrogen- or silicon-doped nanostructures can be prepared with the full area coverage of the copper substrate on industrially manufactured surface defects. Longer deposition time (30 min, 450 °C) causes carbon amorphization and an increased fraction of sp3-hybridized carbon, leading to enlargement of vertically oriented carbonaceous nanostructures and growth of pillars.
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35
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Cui L, Chen X, Liu B, Chen K, Chen Z, Qi Y, Xie H, Zhou F, Rümmeli MH, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Highly Conductive Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Grown on Glass toward Electrochromic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32622-32630. [PMID: 30170490 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of low sheet resistance graphene on glass can promote the applications of such intriguing hybrid materials in transparent electronics and energy-related fields. Chemical doping is efficient for tailoring the carrier concentration and the electronic properties of graphene that previously derived from metal substrates. Herein, we report the direct synthesis of 5 in. uniform nitrogen-doped (N-doped) graphene on the quartz glass through a designed low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) route. Ethanol and methylamine were selected respectively as precursor and dopant for acquiring predominantly graphitic-N-doped graphene. We reveal that by a precise control of growth temperature and thus the doping level the sheet resistance of graphene on glass can be as low as one-half that of nondoped graphene, accompanied by relative high crystal quality and transparency. Significantly, we demonstrate that this scalable, 5 in. uniform N-doped graphene glass can serve as excellent electrode materials for fabricating high performance electrochromic smart windows, featured with a much simplified device structure. This work should pave ways for the direct synthesis and application of the new type graphene-based hybrid material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark H Rümmeli
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100091 , People's Republic of China
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36
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Lin L, Deng B, Sun J, Peng H, Liu Z. Bridging the Gap between Reality and Ideal in Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9281-9343. [PMID: 30207458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, in its ideal form, is a two-dimensional (2D) material consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. The richness in morphological, physical, mechanical, and optical properties of ideal graphene has stimulated enormous scientific and industrial interest, since its first exfoliation in 2004. In turn, the production of graphene in a reliable, controllable, and scalable manner has become significantly important to bring us closer to practical applications of graphene. To this end, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) offers tantalizing opportunities for the synthesis of large-area, uniform, and high-quality graphene films. However, quite different from the ideal 2D structure of graphene, in reality, the currently available CVD-grown graphene films are still suffering from intrinsic defective grain boundaries, surface contaminations, and wrinkles, together with low growth rate and the requirement of inevitable transfer. Clearly, a gap still exits between the reality of CVD-derived graphene, especially in industrial production, and ideal graphene with outstanding properties. This Review will emphasize the recent advances and strategies in CVD production of graphene for settling these issues to bridge the giant gap. We begin with brief background information about the synthesis of nanoscale carbon allotropes, followed by the discussion of fundamental growth mechanism and kinetics of CVD growth of graphene. We then discuss the strategies for perfecting the quality of CVD-derived graphene with regard to domain size, cleanness, flatness, growth rate, scalability, and direct growth of graphene on functional substrate. Finally, a perspective on future development in the research relevant to scalable growth of high-quality graphene is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Bing Deng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , P. R. China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , P. R. China
| | - Hailin Peng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China.,Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI) , Beijing 100095 , P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China.,Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI) , Beijing 100095 , P. R. China
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37
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Bundaleska N, Henriques J, Abrashev M, Botelho do Rego AM, Ferraria AM, Almeida A, Dias FM, Valcheva E, Arnaudov B, Upadhyay KK, Montemor MF, Tatarova E. Large-scale synthesis of free-standing N-doped graphene using microwave plasma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12595. [PMID: 30135558 PMCID: PMC6105711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct assembling of N-graphene, i.e. nitrogen doped graphene, in a controllable manner was achieved using microwave plasmas at atmospheric pressure conditions. The synthesis is accomplished via a single step using ethanol and ammonia as carbon and nitrogen precursors. Tailoring of the high-energy density plasma environment results in a selective synthesis of N-graphene (~0.4% doping level) in a narrow range of externally controlled operational conditions, i.e. precursor and background gas fluxes, plasma reactor design and microwave power. Applying infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to the flow of free-standing sheets in the post-plasma zone carries out changes in the percentage of sp2, the N doping type and the oxygen functionalities. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the relative extension of the graphene sheets π-system and the type of nitrogen chemical functions present in the lattice structure. Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy were applied to determine morphological and structural characteristics of the sheets. Optical emission and FT-IR spectroscopy were applied for characterization of the high-energy density plasma environment and outlet gas stream. Electrochemical measurements were also performed to elucidate the electrochemical behavior of NG for supercapacitor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bundaleska
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
| | - J Henriques
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
| | - M Abrashev
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A M Botelho do Rego
- CQFM-Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A M Ferraria
- CQFM-Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Almeida
- Centre of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materiais, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F M Dias
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
| | - E Valcheva
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - B Arnaudov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - K K Upadhyay
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
| | - M F Montemor
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
| | - E Tatarova
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal.
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38
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Lehmann K, Yurchenko O, Melke J, Fischer A, Urban G. High electrocatalytic activity of metal-free and non-doped hierarchical carbon nanowalls towards oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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39
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Hu ZP, Weng CC, Chen C, Yuan ZY. Two-dimensional mica nanosheets supported Fe nanoparticles for NH3 decomposition to hydrogen. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Qi Y, Deng B, Guo X, Chen S, Gao J, Li T, Dou Z, Ci H, Sun J, Chen Z, Wang R, Cui L, Chen X, Chen K, Wang H, Wang S, Gao P, Rummeli MH, Peng H, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Switching Vertical to Horizontal Graphene Growth Using Faraday Cage-Assisted PECVD Approach for High-Performance Transparent Heating Device. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704839. [PMID: 29318672 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is an applicable route to achieve low-temperature growth of graphene, typically shaped like vertical nanowalls. However, for transparent electronic applications, the rich exposed edges and high specific surface area of vertical graphene (VG) nanowalls can enhance the carrier scattering and light absorption, resulting in high sheet resistance and low transmittance. Thus, the synthesis of laid-down graphene (LG) is imperative. Here, a Faraday cage is designed to switch graphene growth in PECVD from the vertical to the horizontal direction by weakening ion bombardment and shielding electric field. Consequently, laid-down graphene is synthesized on low-softening-point soda-lime glass (6 cm × 10 cm) at ≈580 °C. This is hardly realized through the conventional PECVD or the thermal chemical vapor deposition methods with the necessity of high growth temperature (1000 °C-1600 °C). Laid-down graphene glass has higher transparency, lower sheet resistance, and much improved macroscopic uniformity when compare to its vertical graphene counterpart and it performs better in transparent heating devices. This will inspire the next-generation applications in low-cost transparent electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bing Deng
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Tianran Li
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhipeng Dou
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haina Ci
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolong Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lingzhi Cui
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mark H Rummeli
- Soochow Institute For Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), School of Energy, College of Physics, Optoelectronic and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Hailin Peng
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
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Cai Z, Liu B, Zou X, Cheng HM. Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth and Applications of Two-Dimensional Materials and Their Heterostructures. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6091-6133. [PMID: 29384374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted increasing research interest because of the abundant choice of materials with diverse and tunable electronic, optical, and chemical properties. Moreover, 2D material based heterostructures combining several individual 2D materials provide unique platforms to create an almost infinite number of materials and show exotic physical phenomena as well as new properties and applications. To achieve these high expectations, methods for the scalable preparation of 2D materials and 2D heterostructures of high quality and low cost must be developed. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a powerful method which may meet the above requirements, and has been extensively used to grow 2D materials and their heterostructures in recent years, despite several challenges remaining. In this review of the challenges in the CVD growth of 2D materials, we highlight recent advances in the controlled growth of single crystal 2D materials, with an emphasis on semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides. We provide insight into the growth mechanisms of single crystal 2D domains and the key technologies used to realize wafer-scale growth of continuous and homogeneous 2D films which are important for practical applications. Meanwhile, strategies to design and grow various kinds of 2D material based heterostructures are thoroughly discussed. The applications of CVD-grown 2D materials and their heterostructures in electronics, optoelectronics, sensors, flexible devices, and electrocatalysis are also discussed. Finally, we suggest solutions to these challenges and ideas concerning future developments in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Cai
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI) , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bilu Liu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI) , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Zou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI) , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI) , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , People's Republic of China.,Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciences, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang , Liaoning 110016 , People's Republic of China.,Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES) , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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Liu B, Yang CM, Liu Z, Lai CS. N-Doped Graphene with Low Intrinsic Defect Densities via a Solid Source Doping Technique. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7100302. [PMID: 28973982 PMCID: PMC5666467 DOI: 10.3390/nano7100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-doped graphene with low intrinsic defect densities was obtained by combining a solid source doping technique and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The solid source for N-doping was embedded into the copper substrate by NH₃ plasma immersion. During the treatment, NH₃ plasma radicals not only flattened the Cu substrate such that the root-mean-square roughness value gradually decreased from 51.9 nm to 15.5 nm but also enhanced the nitrogen content in the Cu substrate. The smooth surface of copper enables good control of graphene growth and the decoupling of height fluctuations and ripple effects, which compensate for the Coulomb scattering by nitrogen incorporation. On the other hand, the nitrogen atoms on the pre-treated Cu surface enable nitrogen incorporation with low defect densities, causing less damage to the graphene structure during the process. Most incorporated nitrogen atoms are found in the pyrrolic configuration, with the nitrogen fraction ranging from 1.64% to 3.05%, while the samples exhibit low defect densities, as revealed by Raman spectroscopy. In the top-gated graphene transistor measurement, N-doped graphene exhibits n-type behavior, and the obtained carrier mobilities are greater than 1100 cm²·V-1·s-1. In this study, an efficient and minimally damaging n-doping approach was proposed for graphene nanoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrate Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ming Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrate Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Chao-Sung Lai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
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Tatarova E, Dias A, Henriques J, Abrashev M, Bundaleska N, Kovacevic E, Bundaleski N, Cvelbar U, Valcheva E, Arnaudov B, do Rego AMB, Ferraria AM, Berndt J, Felizardo E, Teodoro OMND, Strunskus T, Alves LL, Gonçalves B. Towards large-scale in free-standing graphene and N-graphene sheets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10175. [PMID: 28860575 PMCID: PMC5579263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in the commercialization of graphene and derivatives is production of high quality material in bulk quantities at low price and in a reproducible manner. The very limited control, or even lack of, over the synthesis process is one of the main problems of conventional approaches. Herein, we present a microwave plasma-enabled scalable route for continuous, large-scale fabrication of free-standing graphene and nitrogen doped graphene sheets. The method's crucial advantage relies on harnessing unique plasma mechanisms to control the material and energy fluxes of the main building units at the atomic scale. By tailoring the high energy density plasma environment and complementarily applying in situ IR and soft UV radiation, a controllable selective synthesis of high quality graphene sheets at 2 mg/min yield with prescribed structural qualities was achieved. Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Near Edge X-ray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy were used to probe the morphological, chemical and microstructural features of the produced material. The method described here is scalable and show a potential for controllable, large-scale fabrication of other graphene derivatives and promotes microwave plasmas as a competitive, green, and cost-effective alternative to presently used chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tatarova
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal.
| | - A Dias
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
| | - J Henriques
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
| | - M Abrashev
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - N Bundaleska
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
| | - E Kovacevic
- GREMI UMR 7344 CNRS and Université d'Orléans, Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - N Bundaleski
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - U Cvelbar
- Department for Surface Engineering and Optoelectronics F4, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - E Valcheva
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - B Arnaudov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A M Botelho do Rego
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
| | - A M Ferraria
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
| | - J Berndt
- GREMI UMR 7344 CNRS and Université d'Orléans, Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | | | - O M N D Teodoro
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Th Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian Albrechts Universitaet zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - L L Alves
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
| | - B Gonçalves
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1049, Portugal
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Abstract
AbstractDue to the unique properties of graphene, single layer, bilayer or even few layer graphene peeled off from bulk graphite cannot meet the need of practical applications. Large size graphene with quality comparable to mechanically exfoliated graphene has been synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The main development and the key issues in controllable chemical vapor deposition of graphene has been briefly discussed in this chapter. Various strategies for graphene layer number and stacking control, large size single crystal graphene domains on copper, graphene direct growth on dielectric substrates, and doping of graphene have been demonstrated. The methods summarized here will provide guidance on how to synthesize other two-dimensional materials beyond graphene.
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Sarau G, Heilmann M, Bashouti M, Latzel M, Tessarek C, Christiansen S. Efficient Nitrogen Doping of Single-Layer Graphene Accompanied by Negligible Defect Generation for Integration into Hybrid Semiconductor Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:10003-10011. [PMID: 28244739 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While doping enables application-specific tailoring of graphene properties, it can also produce high defect densities that degrade the beneficial features. In this work, we report efficient nitrogen doping of ∼11 atom % without virtually inducing new structural defects in the initial, large-area, low defect, and transferred single-layer graphene. To shed light on this remarkable high-doping-low-disorder relationship, a unique experimental strategy consisting of analyzing the changes in doping, strain, and defect density after each important step during the doping procedure was employed. Complementary micro-Raman mapping, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and optical microscopy revealed that effective cleaning of the graphene surface assists efficient nitrogen incorporation accompanied by mild compressive strain resulting in negligible defect formation in the doped graphene lattice. These original results are achieved by separating the growth of graphene from its doping. Moreover, the high doping level occurred simultaneously with the epitaxial growth of n-GaN micro- and nanorods on top of graphene, leading to the flow of higher currents through the graphene/n-GaN rod interface. Our approach can be extended toward integrating graphene into other technologically relevant hybrid semiconductor heterostructures and obtaining an ohmic contact at their interfaces by adjusting the doping level in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sarau
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Heilmann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Bashouti
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Sede Boqer Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 8499000 Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Michael Latzel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Tessarek
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Christiansen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Zhou T, Cao Z, Wang H, Gao Z, Li L, Ma H, Zhao Y. Ultrathin Co–Fe hydroxide nanosheet arrays for improved oxygen evolution during water splitting. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01202k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fe-doping of hierarchical Co hydroxide nanosheet arrays (CoyFe1−y(OH)x NSAs) integrated on a three-dimensional electrode is shown to contribute to both increasing the available surface area and number of active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Heng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Long Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Houyi Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
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Li K, Cai Z, Li M, Liu D, Cao M, Xia D, Jin Z, Wang Z, Dong L, Xu X, Wei D. Direct growth of nanographene at low temperature from carbon black for highly sensitive temperature detectors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:505603. [PMID: 27861166 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/50/505603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has attracted tremendous research interest owing to its widespread potential applications. However, these applications are partially hampered by the lack of a general method to produce high-quality graphene at low cost. Here, to the best of our knowledge, we use low-cost solid carbon allotropes as the precursor in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) for the first time, and find that the hydrogen plasma and reaction temperature play a crucial role in the process. Hydrogen plasma etches carbon black, and produces graphene crystals in a high-temperature zone. Based on this finding, a modified PECVD technology is developed, which produces transparent conductive nanographene films directly on various substrates at a temperature as low as 600 °C. For application, the closely packed structure of the nanographene film enables a remarkable temperature-dependent behavior of the resistance with a ratio higher than that previously reported, indicating its great potential for usage in highly sensitive temperature detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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Sun J, Chen Y, Priydarshi MK, Gao T, Song X, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Graphene Glass from Direct CVD Routes: Production and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10333-10339. [PMID: 27677254 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, direct chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of graphene on various types of glasses has emerged as a promising route to produce graphene glass, with advantages such as tunable quality, excellent film uniformity and potential scalability. Crucial to the performance of this graphene-coated glass is that the outstanding properties of graphene are fully retained for endowing glass with new surface characteristics, making direct-CVD-derived graphene glass versatile enough for developing various applications for daily life. Herein, recent advances in the synthesis of graphene glass, particularly via direct CVD approaches, are presented. Key applications of such graphene materials in transparent conductors, smart windows, simple heating devices, solar-cell electrodes, cell culture medium, and water harvesters are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Sun
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Manish Kr Priydarshi
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Teng Gao
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiuju Song
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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50
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Li M, Liu D, Wei D, Song X, Wei D, Wee ATS. Controllable Synthesis of Graphene by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition and Its Related Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1600003. [PMID: 27980983 PMCID: PMC5102669 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives hold a great promise for widespread applications such as field-effect transistors, photovoltaic devices, supercapacitors, and sensors due to excellent properties as well as its atomically thin, transparent, and flexible structure. In order to realize the practical applications, graphene needs to be synthesized in a low-cost, scalable, and controllable manner. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a low-temperature, controllable, and catalyst-free synthesis method suitable for graphene growth and has recently received more attentions. This review summarizes recent advances in the PECVD growth of graphene on different substrates, discusses the growth mechanism and its related applications. Furthermore, the challenges and future development in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of Macromolecular ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Donghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of Macromolecular ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of Macromolecular ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Xuefen Song
- Key Laboratory of Multi‐scale Manufacturing TechnologyChongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChongqing400714P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Multi‐scale Manufacturing TechnologyChongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChongqing400714P. R. China
| | - Andrew Thye Shen Wee
- Physics DepartmentNational University of Singapore2 Science Drive 3Singapore117542Singapore
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