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Jacobson KA, Salmaso V, Suresh RR, Tosh DK. Expanding the repertoire of methanocarba nucleosides from purinergic signaling to diverse targets. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1808-1825. [PMID: 34825182 PMCID: PMC8597424 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside derivatives are well represented as pharmaceuticals due to their druglike physicochemical properties, and some nucleoside drugs are designed to act on receptors. The purinergic signaling pathways for extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides, consisting of adenosine receptors, P2Y/P2X receptors for nucleotides, and enzymes such as adenosine (ribo)kinase, have been extensively studied. A general modification, i.e. a constrained, bicyclic ring system (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, also called methanocarba) substituted in place of a furanose ring, can increase nucleoside/nucleotide potency and/or selectivity at purinergic and antiviral targets and in interactions at diverse and unconventional targets. Compared to other common drug discovery scaffolds containing planar rings, methanocarba nucleosides display greater sp3 character (i.e. more favorable as drug-like molecules) and can manifest as sterically-constrained North (N) or South (S) conformations. Initially weak, off-target interactions of (N)-methanocarba adenosine derivatives were detected as leads that were structurally optimized to enhance activity and selectivity toward target proteins that normally do not recognize nucleosides. By this approach, novel modulators for 5HT2 serotonin and κ-opioid receptors, dopamine (DAT) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters were found, and previously undetected antiviral activities were revealed. Thus, through methanocarba nucleoside synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and multi-target pharmacology, a robust purinergic receptor scaffold has been repurposed to satisfy the pharmacophoric requirements of various GPCRs, enzymes and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892-0810 USA +301 480 8422 +301 496 9024
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892-0810 USA +301 480 8422 +301 496 9024
| | - R Rama Suresh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892-0810 USA +301 480 8422 +301 496 9024
| | - Dilip K Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892-0810 USA +301 480 8422 +301 496 9024
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2
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Salmaso V, Jacobson KA. Survey of ribose ring pucker of signaling nucleosides and nucleotides. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 39:322-341. [PMID: 31460850 PMCID: PMC7047539 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1658115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ribose of protein-bound nucleosides and nucleotides displays preferred conformations (usually either North or South), which can be exploited to design enhanced analogs having chemically fixed conformations. We introduce a computational protocol for assembling data from the protein database (PDB) on the ribose and ribose-like conformation of small molecule ligands when complexed with purinergic signaling proteins (including receptors, enzymes and transporters, and related intracellular pathways). Some targets prefer exclusively North (adenosine and P2Y1 receptors, CD73, adenosine kinase ATP/ADP-binding site, adenosine deaminase), others prefer South (P2Y12 receptor, E-NTPDase2) or East (adenosine kinase substrates), while others (P2XRs) allow various conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Jacobson KA, Tosh DK, Toti KS, Ciancetta A. Polypharmacology of conformationally locked methanocarba nucleosides. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1782-1791. [PMID: 28781163 PMCID: PMC5705437 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A single molecular scaffold can be adapted to interact with diverse targets, either separately or simultaneously. Nucleosides and nucleotides in which ribose is substituted with bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane are an example of a versatile drug-like scaffold for increasing selectivity at their classical targets: kinases, polymerases, adenosine and P2 receptors. Also, by applying structure-based functional group manipulations, rigidified adenosine derivatives can be repurposed to satisfy pharmacophoric requirements of various GPCRs, ion channels, enzymes and transporters, initially detected as off-target activities. Recent examples include 5HT2B serotonin receptor antagonists and novel dopamine transporter allosteric modulators. This directable target diversity establishes rigid nucleosides as privileged scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 8A, Rm B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA.
| | - Dilip K Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 8A, Rm B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kiran S Toti
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 8A, Rm B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 8A, Rm B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
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4
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Toti KS, Osborne D, Ciancetta A, Boison D, Jacobson KA. South (S)- and North (N)-Methanocarba-7-Deazaadenosine Analogues as Inhibitors of Human Adenosine Kinase. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6860-77. [PMID: 27410258 PMCID: PMC5032833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine kinase (AdK) inhibitors raise endogenous adenosine levels, particularly in disease states, and have potential for treatment of seizures, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. On the basis of the South (S) ribose conformation and molecular dynamics (MD) analysis of nucleoside inhibitors bound in AdK X-ray crystallographic structures, (S)- and North (N)-methanocarba (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) derivatives of known inhibitors were prepared and compared as human (h) AdK inhibitors. 5'-Hydroxy (34, MRS4202 (S); 55, MRS4380 (N)) and 5'-deoxy 38a (MRS4203 (S)) analogues, containing 7- and N(6)-NH phenyl groups in 7-deazaadenine, robustly inhibited AdK activity (IC50 ∼ 100 nM), while the 5'-hydroxy derivative 30 lacking the phenyl substituents was weak. Docking in the hAdK X-ray structure and MD simulation suggested a mode of binding similar to 5'-deoxy-5-iodotubercidin and other known inhibitors. Thus, a structure-based design approach for further potency enhancement is possible. The potent AdK inhibitors in this study are ready to be further tested in animal models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Toti
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Danielle Osborne
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute , 1225 NE Second Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97232, United States
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Detlev Boison
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute , 1225 NE Second Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97232, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
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Jeong LS, Lee JA. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of the Carbocyclic Nucleosides as Potential Antiviral Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 15:235-50. [PMID: 15535045 DOI: 10.1177/095632020401500502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared with 4′-oxonucleosides, there have been far fewer systematic structure-activity relationship studies on carbocyclic nucleosides as antiviral and antitumour agents. This is mainly because of the synthetic problems in preparing the carbasugars. However, the recent discovery of the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) (a powerful tool for the preparation of 5-membered carbasugar via C-C bond formation) has made it possible to synthesize the key carbasugars to a preparative scale. This review summarizes the asymmetric syntheses of carbasugars and carbocyclic nucleosides, using an RCM reaction as a key step. Furthermore, the review includes valuable information for designing and synthesizing novel carbocyclic nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lak Shin Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Simeonov SP, Nunes JPM, Guerra K, Kurteva VB, Afonso CAM. Synthesis of Chiral Cyclopentenones. Chem Rev 2016; 116:5744-893. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500504w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svilen P. Simeonov
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str, bl.9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - João P. M. Nunes
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Krassimira Guerra
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanya B. Kurteva
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str, bl.9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Tosh DK, Ciancetta A, Warnick E, O'Connor R, Chen Z, Gizewski E, Crane S, Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Salvemini D, Jacobson KA. Purine (N)-Methanocarba Nucleoside Derivatives Lacking an Exocyclic Amine as Selective A3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3249-63. [PMID: 26890707 PMCID: PMC4970510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Purine
(N)-methanocarba-5′-N-alkyluronamidoriboside
A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) agonists lacking
an exocyclic amine resulted from an unexpected
reaction during a Sonogashira coupling and subsequent aminolysis.
Because the initial C6-Me and C6-styryl derivatives had unexpectedly
high A3AR affinity, other rigid nucleoside analogues lacking
an exocyclic amine were prepared. Of these, the C6-Me-(2-phenylethynyl)
and C2-(5-chlorothienylethynyl) analogues were particularly potent,
with human A3AR Ki values of
6 and 42 nM, respectively. Additionally, the C2-(5-chlorothienyl)-6-H
analogue was potent and selective at A3AR (MRS7220, Ki 60 nM) and also completely reversed mouse
sciatic nerve mechanoallodynia (in vivo, 3 μmol/kg, po). The
lack of a C6 H-bond donor while maintaining A3AR affinity
and efficacy could be rationalized by homology modeling and docking
of these hypermodified nucleosides. The modeling suggests that a suitable
combination of stabilizing features can partially compensate for the
lack of an exocyclic amine, an otherwise important contributor to
recognition in the A3AR binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Tosh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Eugene Warnick
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Robert O'Connor
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Zhoumou Chen
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Elizabeth Gizewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Steven Crane
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
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8
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Tan YX, Santhanakrishnan S, Yang HY, Chai CLL, Tam EKW. Synthesis of Neplanocin A and Its 3′-Epimer via an Intramolecular Baylis–Hillman Reaction. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8059-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501248e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xuan Tan
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros#07-01, Singapore 13866
| | - Sridhar Santhanakrishnan
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros#07-01, Singapore 13866
| | - Hai Yan Yang
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros#07-01, Singapore 13866
| | - Christina L. L. Chai
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros#07-01, Singapore 13866
- Department
of Pharmacy,
Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science
Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Eric Kwok Wai Tam
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros#07-01, Singapore 13866
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Mulamoottil VA, Nayak A, Jeong LS. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Carbocyclic Nucleosides via Ring-Closing Metathesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Tosh DK, Jacobson KA. Methanocarba ring as a ribose modification in ligands of G protein-coupled purine and pyrimidine receptors: synthetic approaches. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013; 2013:619-630. [PMID: 26161251 PMCID: PMC4493925 DOI: 10.1039/c2md20348k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) and P2Y receptors for purine and pyrimidine nucleotides have widespread distribution and regulate countless physiological processes. Various synthetic ligands are in clinical trials for treatment of inflammatory diseases, pain, cancer, thrombosis, ischemia, and other conditions. The methanocarba (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) ring system as a rigid substitution for ribose, which maintains either a North (N) or South (S) conformation, tends to preserve or enhance the potency and/or selectivity for certain receptor subtypes. This review summarizes recent developments in the synthetic approaches to these biologically important nucleoside and nucleotide analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Dejmek M, Kovačková S, Zborníková E, Hřebabecký H, Šála M, Dračínský M, Nencka R. One-pot build-up procedure for the synthesis of variously substituted purine derivatives. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20842c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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12
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Damaraju VL, Mowles D, Smith KM, Yao SYM, Young JD, Marquez VE, Cass CE. Influence of Sugar Ring Conformation on the Transportability of Nucleosides by Human Nucleoside Transporters. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2774-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Niu HY, Xia C, Qu GR, Wu S, Jiang Y, Jin X, Guo HM. Microwave-Promoted “One-Pot” Synthesis of 4-Nitrobenzylthioinosine Analogues Using Thiourea as a Sulfur Precursor. Chem Asian J 2011; 7:45-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Frigell J, Eriksson L, Cumpstey I. Carbasugar analogues of galactofuranosides: β-O-linked derivatives and towards β-S-linked derivatives. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1277-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kumar S, Hansen MH, Albaek N, Steffansen SI, Petersen M, Nielsen P. Synthesis of functionalized carbocyclic locked nucleic acid analogues by ring-closing diene and enyne metathesis and their influence on nucleic acid stability and structure. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6756-69. [PMID: 19711996 DOI: 10.1021/jo9013657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of bicylic 2'-deoxynucleosides that are locked in the N-type conformation due to three-carbon linkages between the 2'- and 4'-positions have been prepared by ring-closing diene or enyne metathesis. The alkene or 1,3-diene hereby introduced in the bicyclic system is further derivatized, the latter showing the expected potential for Diels-Alder reactions. Four derivatives that are saturated or unsaturated as well as functionalized at the 2'-4'-linkage are incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides, and the affinity of these for complementary RNA and DNA is studied. Substantially increased affinity for complementary RNA is observed, especially with additional hydroxyl groups attached to the bicyclic system. On the other hand, decreased affinity for complementary single-stranded DNA is obtained, whereas only a very small influence on a triplex-forming oligonucleotide sequence is found. Hence, a strong RNA-selective nucleic acid recognition is seen, and it can be concluded that the 2'-oxygen atom is less important for the formation of DNA:RNA duplexes than for the formation of DNA:DNA duplexes. However, the lack of a 2'-oxygen in the duplex formation can be partly compensated by other hydrophilic moieties around the 2'-4'-linkages indicating structural water binding to be of significant importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surender Kumar
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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16
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Kurteva VB, Afonso CAM. Synthesis of Cyclopentitols by Ring-Closing Approaches. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6809-57. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900169j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanya B. Kurteva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, and CQFM, Centro de Química-Física Molecular, IN - Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, and CQFM, Centro de Química-Física Molecular, IN - Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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17
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Ivanova NA, Valiullina ZR, Akhmetdinova NP, Miftakhov MS. Synthesis of (4S,5S)-4,5-O-isopropylidene-cyclopent-2-ene-1-one via the intramolecular Reformatsky reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Melman A, Zhong M, Marquez VE, Jacobson KA. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure (S)-methanocarbaribo uracil nucleoside derivatives for use as antiviral agents and P2Y receptor ligands. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8085-8. [PMID: 18811198 DOI: 10.1021/jo801224j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an approach toward enantiomerically pure (S)-methanocarba ribonucleosides based on several functional group transformations on a sensitive bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane system. D-ribose was transformed into methanocarba alcohol 3 followed by conversion of the OH group to a nitrile with inversion of configuration at C4. The nitrile group was subsequently reduced in two stages to the 5'-hydroxymethyl group. An ester group appended to a tertiary carbon (C1) was transformed to an amino group as a nucleobase precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Melman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, USA
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19
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Joshi BV, Melman A, Mackman RL, Jacobson KA. Synthesis of ethyl (1S,2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,3-O-(isopropylidene)-4-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-carboxylate from L-ribose: a versatile chiral synthon for preparation of adenosine and P2 receptor ligands. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 27:279-91. [PMID: 18260011 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701845253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of the ribose moiety of various nucleosides and nucleotides with the (N)-methanocarba ring system increases the potency and selectivity as ligands at certain subtypes of adenosine and P2 receptors. We have prepared a key intermediate in the synthesis of these derivatives, ethyl (1S,2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,3-O-(isopropylidene)-4-hydroxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-carboxylate (15), starting from L-ribose (8) as a readily available, enantiopure building block. L-ribose was converted to the corresponding 5'-iodo derivative (9), which was cleaved reductively with Zn. Improvements were made in subsequent steps corresponding to a published route to biologically important (N)-methanocarba 5'-uronamido nucleosides, and new steps were added to prepare related 5'-nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhalchandra V Joshi
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
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20
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Synthesis of (−)-neplanocin A with the highest overall yield via an efficient Mitsunobu coupling. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Arjona O, Gómez AM, López JC, Plumet J. Synthesis and Conformational and Biological Aspects of Carbasugars. Chem Rev 2007; 107:1919-2036. [PMID: 17488060 DOI: 10.1021/cr0203701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Odón Arjona
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Madsen R. Synthetic Strategies for Converting Carbohydrates into Carbocycles by the Use of Olefin Metathesis. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Madsen
- Center for Sustainable and Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Building 201, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark, Fax: +45‐4593‐3968
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23
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Xue ZJ, Chen P, Peng SY, Li YC. Synthesis and determination of absolute configuration of tetracetate 4a-carba-d-xylofuranoside. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.09.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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New Synthetic Approach to the Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Ring System from (+)-(1R,4R)-4-(Benzyloxymethyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-2-enol. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2005; 26:1503-1504. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.10.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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26
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Synthesis of l-cyclopentenyl nucleosides using ring-closing metathesis and palladium-mediated allylic alkylation methodologies. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Choi WJ, Moon HR, Kim HO, Yoo BN, Lee JA, Shin DH, Jeong LS. Preparative and stereoselective synthesis of the versatile intermediate for carbocyclic nucleosides: effects of the bulky protecting groups to enforce facial selectivity. J Org Chem 2004; 69:2634-6. [PMID: 15049678 DOI: 10.1021/jo0356762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparative and stereoselective synthesis (45-50% overall yields) of the target compound 17 has been accomplished from D-ribose. The bulky protecting groups such as TBDPS and Trityl enforced the facial selectivity during Grignard reaction to give the tertiary beta-allylic alcohol 16 as the sole product, which was oxidatively rearranged to the key molecule 17 in excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jun Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Moon HR, Choi WJ, Kim HO, Jeong LS. Preparative Synthesis of the Key Intermediate, (4R,5R)-3-Benzyloxymethyl-4,5-isopropylidenedioxycyclopent-2-enone for Carbocyclic Nucleosides. CHEM LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2004.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Amblard F, Nolan SP, Gillaizeau I, Agrofoglio LA. A new route to acyclic nucleosides via palladium-mediated allylic alkylation and cross-metathesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Busca P, Etheve-Quelquejeu M, Valéry JM. Synthesis of 2′-O,3′-O bicyclic adenosine analogues using ring closing metathesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Kim HS, Ohno M, Xu B, Kim HO, Choi Y, Ji XD, Maddileti S, Marquez VE, Harden TK, Jacobson KA. 2-Substitution of adenine nucleotide analogues containing a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ring system locked in a northern conformation: enhanced potency as P2Y1 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4974-87. [PMID: 14584948 PMCID: PMC3408611 DOI: 10.1021/jm030127+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Preference for the northern (N) ring conformation of the ribose moiety of adenine nucleotide 3',5'-bisphosphate antagonists of P2Y(1) receptors was established by using a ring-constrained methanocarba (a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) ring as a ribose substitute (Nandanan et al. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 829-842). We have now combined the ring-constrained (N)-methanocarba modification with other functionalities at the 2-position of the adenine moiety. A new synthetic route to this series of bisphosphate derivatives was introduced, consisting of phosphorylation of the pseudoribose moiety prior to coupling with the adenine base. The activity of the newly synthesized analogues was determined by measuring antagonism of 2-methylthio-ADP-stimulated phospholipase C (PLC) activity in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells expressing the recombinant human P2Y(1) receptor and by using the radiolabeled antagonist [(3)H]2-chloro-N(6)-methyl-(N)-methanocarba-2'-deoxyadenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate 5 in a newly developed binding assay in Sf9 cell membranes. Within the series of 2-halo analogues, the most potent molecule at the hP2Y(1) receptor was an (N)-methanocarba N(6)-methyl-2-iodo analogue 12, which displayed a K(i) value in competition for binding of [(3)H]5 of 0.79 nM and a K(B) value of 1.74 nM for inhibition of PLC. Thus, 12 is the most potent antagonist selective for the P2Y(1) receptor yet reported. The 2-iodo group was substituted with trimethyltin, thus providing a parallel synthetic route for the introduction of an iodo group in this high-affinity antagonist. The (N)-methanocarba-2-methylthio, 2-methylseleno, 2-hexyl, 2-(1-hexenyl), and 2-(1-hexynyl) analogues bound less well, exhibiting micromolar affinity at P2Y(1) receptors. An enzymatic method of synthesis of the 3',5'-bisphosphate from the corresponding 3'-monophosphate, suitable for the preparation of a radiophosphorylated analogue, was explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Sung Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810
| | - Michihiro Ohno
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810
| | - Bin Xu
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810
| | - Hea Ok Kim
- Division of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Yongseok Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI—Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Xiao D. Ji
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810
| | - Savitri Maddileti
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365
| | - Victor E. Marquez
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI—Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - T. Kendall Harden
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810
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32
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Advances in Chemical Synthesis of Carbasugars and Analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(03)80013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chu CK, Jin YH, Baker RO, Huggins J. Antiviral activity of cyclopentenyl nucleosides against orthopox viruses (Smallpox, monkeypox and cowpox). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:9-12. [PMID: 12467606 PMCID: PMC9628949 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
An improved method for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure D-cyclopentenyl nucleosides has been accomplished and their antiviral activity against orthopox viruses have been evaluated. The key intermediate, L-cyclopent-2-enone 13 was prepared from D-ribose using a ring closing metathesis reaction in eight steps. Among the synthesized nucleosides, the adenine 2 (Neplanocin A), cytosine 14, and 5-F-cytosine 15 analogues exhibited potent anti-orthopox virus activity, including smallpox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
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Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes from sugar-derived diazo compounds and iodonium ylides. Diastereocontrol and synthetic applications. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Ravi RG, Kim HS, Servos J, Zimmermann H, Lee K, Maddileti S, Boyer JL, Harden TK, Jacobson KA. Adenine nucleotide analogues locked in a Northern methanocarba conformation: enhanced stability and potency as P2Y(1) receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2002; 45:2090-100. [PMID: 11985476 PMCID: PMC4959107 DOI: 10.1021/jm010538v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preference for the Northern (N) ring conformation of the ribose moiety of nucleotide 5'-triphosphate agonists at P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), and P2Y(11) receptors, but not P2Y(6) receptors, was established using a ring-constrained methanocarba (a 3.1.0-bicyclohexane) ring as a ribose substitute (Kim et al. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 208-218.). We have now combined the ring-constrained (N)-methanocarba modification of adenine nucleotides with other functionalities known to enhance potency at P2 receptors. The potency of the newly synthesized analogues was determined in the stimulation of phospholipase C through activation of turkey erythrocyte P2Y(1) or human P2Y(1) and P2Y(2) receptors stably expressed in astrocytoma cells. An (N)-methanocarba-2-methylthio-ADP analogue displayed an EC(50) at the hP2Y(1) receptor of 0.40 nM and was 55-fold more potent than the corresponding triphosphate and 16-fold more potent than the riboside 5'-diphosphate. 2-Cl-(N)-methanocarba-ATP and its N(6)-Me analogue were also highly selective, full agonists at P2Y(1) receptors. The (N)-methanocarba-2-methylthio and 2-chloromonophosphate analogues were full agonists exhibiting micromolar potency at P2Y(1) receptors, while the corresponding ribosides were inactive. Although beta,gamma-methylene-ATP was inactive at P2Y receptors, beta,gamma-methylene-(N)-methanocarba-ATP was a potent hP2Y(1) receptor agonist with an EC(50) of 160 nM and was selective versus hP2Y(2) and hP2Y(4) receptors. The rates of hydrolysis of Northern (N) and Southern (S) methanocarba analogues of AMP by rat 5'-ectonucleotidase were negligible. The rates of hydrolysis of the corresponding triphosphates by recombinant rat NTPDase1 and 2 were studied. Both isomers were hydrolyzed by NTPDase 1 at about half the rate of ATP hydrolysis. The (N) isomer was hardly hydrolyzed by NTPDase 2, while the (S) isomer was hydrolyzed at one-third of the rate of ATP hydrolysis. This suggests that new, more stable and selective nucleotide agonists may be designed on the basis of the (N)-conformation, which greatly enhanced potency at P2Y(1) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (301) 496-9024. Fax: (301) 480-8422.
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Renard A, Lhomme J, Kotera M. Synthesis and properties of spiro nucleosides containing the barbituric acid moiety. J Org Chem 2002; 67:1302-7. [PMID: 11846678 DOI: 10.1021/jo016194y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The two chiral spiro nucleosides 4 and 5 containing the barbituric acid moiety were efficiently synthesized from optically pure precursors, and their properties were studied. The carbocyclic nucleoside 5 is considerably more stable against ring opening than the deoxyribosyl derivative 4. Both compounds present enhanced hydrogen bonding capacity with diacetyladenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Renard
- Chimie Bioorganique, L.E.D.S.S., Associé au CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Kim HS, Ravi RG, Marquez VE, Maddileti S, Wihlborg AK, Erlinge D, Malmsjö M, Boyer JL, Harden TK, Jacobson KA. Methanocarba modification of uracil and adenine nucleotides: high potency of Northern ring conformation at P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y11 but not P2Y6 receptors. J Med Chem 2002; 45:208-18. [PMID: 11754592 PMCID: PMC4957029 DOI: 10.1021/jm010369e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The potency of nucleotide antagonists at P2Y1 receptors was enhanced by replacing the ribose moiety with a constrained carbocyclic ring (Nandanan, et al. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 829-842). We have now synthesized ring-constrained methanocarba analogues (in which a fused cyclopropane moiety constrains the pseudosugar ring) of adenine and uracil nucleotides, the endogenous activators of P2Y receptors. Methanocarba-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was fixed in either a Northern (N) or a Southern (S) conformation, as defined in the pseudorotational cycle. (N)-Methanocarba-uridine was prepared from the 1-amino-pseudosugar ring by treatment with beta-ethoxyacryloyl cyanate and cyclization to form the uracil ring. Phosphorylation was carried out at the 5'-hydroxyl group through a multistep process: Reaction with phosphoramidite followed by oxidation provided the 5'-monophosphates, which then were treated with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole for condensation with additional phosphate groups. The ability of the analogues to stimulate phospholipase C through activation of turkey P2Y1 or human P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11 receptors stably expressed in astrocytoma cells was measured. At recombinant human P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors, (N)-methanocarba-ATP was 138- and 41-fold, respectively, more potent than racemic (S)-methanocarba-ATP as an agonist. (N)-methanocarba-ATP activated P2Y11 receptors with a potency similar to ATP. (N)-Methanocarba-uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) was equipotent to UTP as an agonist at human P2Y2 receptors and also activated P2Y4 receptors with an EC(50) of 85 nM. (N)-Methanocarba-uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) was inactive at the hP2Y6 receptor. The vascular effects of (N)-methanocarba-UTP and (N)-methanocarba-UDP were studied in a model of the rat mesenteric artery. The triphosphate was more potent than UTP in inducing a dilatory P2Y4 response (pEC(50) = 6.1 +/- 0.2), while the diphosphate was inactive as either an agonist or antagonist in a P2Y6 receptor-mediated contractile response. Our results suggest that new nucleotide agonists may be designed on the basis of the (N) conformation that favors selectivity for P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y11 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Sung Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810
| | - R. Gnana Ravi
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810
| | - Victor E. Marquez
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Savitri Maddileti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365
| | | | - David Erlinge
- Department of Cardiology, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Malmsjö
- Department of Cardiology, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - José L. Boyer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365
| | - T. Kendall Harden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (301)496-9024. Fax: (301)480-8422.
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