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Saavedra-Avila NA, Pigni NB, Caldwell DR, Chena-Becerra F, Intano J, Ng TW, Chennamadhavuni D, Porcelli SA, Gascón JA, Howell AR. A Humanized Mouse Model Coupled with Computational Analysis Identifies Potent Glycolipid Agonist of Invariant NKT Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:926-937. [PMID: 38477945 PMCID: PMC11075374 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play an important role in many innate and adaptive immune responses, with potential applications in cancer immunotherapy. The glycolipid KRN7000, an α-galactosylceramide, potently activates iNKT cells but has shown limited anticancer effects in human clinical trials conducted so far. In spite of almost three decades of structure-activity relationship studies, no alternative glycolipid has yet emerged as a superior clinical candidate. One reason for the slow progress in this area is that standard mouse models do not accurately reflect the specific ligand recognition by human iNKT cells and their requirements for activation. Here we evaluated a series of KRN7000 analogues using a recently developed humanized mouse model that expresses a human αTCR chain sequence and human CD1d. In this process, a more stimulatory, previously reported but largely overlooked glycolipid was identified, and its activity was probed and rationalized via molecular simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi A. Saavedra-Avila
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA 10461
| | - Natalia B. Pigni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT USA 06269
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC CONICET-UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | | | - Florencia Chena-Becerra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA 10461
| | - Jose Intano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT USA 06269
| | - Tony W. Ng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA 10461
| | | | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA 10461
| | - José A. Gascón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT USA 06269
| | - Amy R. Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT USA 06269
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2
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Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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3
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Meijlink MA, Chua YC, Chan STS, Anderson RJ, Rosenberg MW, Cozijnsen A, Mollard V, McFadden GI, Draper SL, Holz LE, Hermans IF, Heath WR, Painter GF, Compton BJ. 6″-Modifed α-GalCer-peptide conjugate vaccine candidates protect against liver-stage malaria. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:551-560. [PMID: 35656478 PMCID: PMC9092427 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-adjuvanting vaccines consisting of peptide epitopes conjugated to immune adjuvants are a powerful way of generating antigen-specific immune responses. We previously showed that a Plasmodium-derived peptide conjugated to a rearranged form of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) could stimulate liver-resident memory T (TRM) cells that were effective killers of liver-stage Plasmodium berghei ANKA (Pba)-infected cells. To investigate if similar or even superior TRM responses can be induced by modifying the α-GalCer adjuvant, we created new conjugate vaccine cadidates by attaching an immunogenic Plasmodium-derived peptide antigen to 6″-substituted α-GalCer analogues. Vaccine synthesis involved developing an efficient route to α-galactosylphytosphingosine (α-GalPhs), from which the prototypical iNKT cell agonist, α-GalCer, and its 6″-deoxy-6″-thio and -amino analogues were derived. Attaching a cathepsin B-cleavable linker to the 6″-modified α-GalCer created pro-adjuvants bearing a pendant ketone group available for peptide conjugation. Optimized reaction conditions were developed that allow for the efficient conjugation of peptide antigens to the pro-adjuvants via oxime ligation to create new glycolipid-peptide (GLP) conjugate vaccines. A single dose of the vaccine candidates induced acute NKT and Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cell responses that generated potent hepatic TRM responses in mice. Our findings demonstrate that attaching antigenic peptides to 6″-modifed α-GalCer generates powerful self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccine candidates that could potentially control hepatotropic infections such as liver-stage malaria. Candidate vaccines comprised of peptide antigen conjugated to 6″-modified α-GalCer analogues generate potent hepatic TRM responses in mice with a single dose inducing protective immunity against malaria in a Plasmodium sporozoite challenge model.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Meijlink
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Yu Cheng Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susanna T. S. Chan
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Regan J. Anderson
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Matthew W. Rosenberg
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Anton Cozijnsen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourntie, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa Mollard
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourntie, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sarah L. Draper
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Lauren E. Holz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian F. Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Avalia Immunotherapies Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - William R. Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gavin F. Painter
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
- Avalia Immunotherapies Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin J. Compton
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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4
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Synthetic approaches for BF2-containing adducts of outstanding biological potential. A review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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5
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Burn OK, Pankhurst TE, Painter GF, Connor LM, Hermans IF. Harnessing NKT cells for vaccination. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab013. [PMID: 36845569 PMCID: PMC9914585 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T cells capable of enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses. When NKT cells are stimulated in close temporal association with co-administered antigens, strong antigen-specific immune responses can be induced, prompting the study of NKT cell agonists as novel immune adjuvants. This activity has been attributed to the capacity of activated NKT cells to act as universal helper cells, with the ability to provide molecular signals to dendritic cells and B cells that facilitate T cell and antibody responses, respectively. These signals can override the requirement for conventional CD4+ T cell help, so that vaccines can be designed without need to consider CD4+ T cell repertoire and major histocompatibility complex Class II diversity. Animal studies have highlighted some drawbacks of the approach, namely, concerns around induction of NKT cell hyporesponsiveness, which may limit vaccine boosting, and potential for toxicity. Here we highlight studies that suggest these obstacles can be overcome by targeted delivery in vivo. We also feature new studies that suggest activating NKT cells can help encourage differentiation of T cells into tissue-resident memory cells that play an important role in prophylaxis against infection, and may be required in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Burn
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6042, New Zealand
| | - Theresa E Pankhurst
- The School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F Painter
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33436, Petone 5046, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa M Connor
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6042, New Zealand,The School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6042, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand,Correspondence address. Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand. Tel: +64 4 4996914; E-mail: (I.F.H.)
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6
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Seeberger PH. Discovery of Semi- and Fully-Synthetic Carbohydrate Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections Using a Medicinal Chemistry Approach. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3598-3626. [PMID: 33794090 PMCID: PMC8154330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx, a thick layer of carbohydrates, surrounds the cell wall of most bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Recognition of these unique glycans by the human immune system results in destruction of the invaders. To elicit a protective immune response, polysaccharides either isolated from the bacterial cell surface or conjugated with a carrier protein, for T-cell help, are administered. Conjugate vaccines based on isolated carbohydrates currently protect millions of people against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitides infections. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are increasingly discovered by medicinal chemistry and synthetic in origin, rather than isolated from natural sources. Converting vaccines from biologicals to pharmaceuticals requires a fundamental understanding of how the human immune system recognizes carbohydrates and could now be realized. To illustrate the chemistry-based approach to vaccine discovery, I summarize efforts focusing on synthetic glycan-based medicinal chemistry to understand the mammalian antiglycan immune response and define glycan epitopes for novel synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other bacteria. The chemical tools described here help us gain fundamental insights into how the human system recognizes carbohydrates and drive the discovery of carbohydrate vaccines.
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7
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Natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants and their mechanisms of action. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:197-216. [PMID: 37117529 PMCID: PMC7829660 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modern subunit vaccines based on homogeneous antigens offer more precise targeting and improved safety compared with traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, they are also less immunogenic and require an adjuvant to increase the immunogenicity of the antigen and potentiate the immune response. Unfortunately, few adjuvants have sufficient potency and low enough toxicity for clinical use, highlighting the urgent need for new, potent and safe adjuvants. Notably, a number of natural and synthetic carbohydrate structures have been used as adjuvants in clinical trials, and two have recently been approved in human vaccines. However, naturally derived carbohydrate adjuvants are heterogeneous, difficult to obtain and, in some cases, unstable. In addition, their molecular mechanisms of action are generally not fully understood, partly owing to the lack of tools to elucidate their immune-potentiating effects, thus hampering the rational development of optimized adjuvants. To address these challenges, modification of the natural product structure using synthetic chemistry emerges as an attractive approach to develop well-defined, improved carbohydrate-containing adjuvants and chemical probes for mechanistic investigation. This Review describes selected examples of natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based adjuvants and their application in synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccines, while also discussing current understanding of their molecular mechanisms of action.
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Saavedra-Avila NA, Keshipeddy S, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Pérez-Gallegos A, Saini NK, Schäfer C, Carreño LJ, Gascón JA, Porcelli SA, Howell AR. Amide-Linked C4″-Saccharide Modification of KRN7000 Provides Potent Stimulation of Human Invariant NKT Cells and Anti-Tumor Immunity in a Humanized Mouse Model. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:3176-3186. [PMID: 33296161 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells by α-galactosylceramides (α-GalCers) stimulates strong immune responses and potent anti-tumor immunity. Numerous modifications of the glycolipid structure have been assessed to derive activating ligands for these T cells with altered and potentially advantageous properties in the induction of immune responses. Here, we synthesized variants of the prototypical α-GalCer, KRN7000, with amide-linked phenyl alkane substitutions on the C4″-position of the galactose ring. We show that these variants have weak iNKT cell stimulating activity in mouse models but substantially greater activity for human iNKT cells. The most active of the C4″-amides in our study showed strong anti-tumor effects in a partially humanized mouse model for iNKT cell responses. In silico analysis suggested that the tether length and degree of flexibility of the amide substituent affected the recognition by iNKT cell antigen receptors of the C4″-amide substituted glycolipids in complex with their antigen presenting molecule CD1d. Our findings establish the use of stable C4″-amide linked additions to the sugar moiety for further exploration of the immunological effects of structural modifications of iNKT cell activating glycolipids and highlight the critical need for more accurate animal models to assess these compounds for immunotherapeutic potential in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santosh Keshipeddy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | | | | | | | - Carolina Schäfer
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - José A Gascón
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | | | - Amy R. Howell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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9
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Brezesinski G, Calow ADJ, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. Thermodynamic and Structural Behavior of α-Galactosylceramide and C6-Functionalized α-GalCer in 2D Layers at the Air-Liquid Interface. Chembiochem 2020; 21:241-247. [PMID: 31544285 PMCID: PMC7004034 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer; KRN7000) is a ligand for the glycoprotein CD1d that presents lipid antigens to natural killer T cells. Therefore, KRN7000 as well as some modified versions thereof have been widely investigated as part of novel immunotherapies. To examine the impact of structural modification, we investigated KRN7000 and C6-modified KRN7000 at the air-liquid interface using monolayer isotherms, BAM, IRRAS, GIXD, and TRXF. The amino group has no influence on the highly ordered sub-gel structures found at lateral pressures relevant for biological membranes. Neither lateral compression nor the protonation state of the amino group has a measurable effect on the lattice structure, which is defined by strong and rigid intermolecular hydrogen bonds. However, the first-order phase transition found for the C6-functionalized α-GalCer is connected with an extraordinary surface-inhibited nucleation. Our study demonstrates that KRN7000 can be functionalized at C6 without significantly changing the structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Brezesinski
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesBiomolecular Systems DepartmentAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Adam D. J. Calow
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesBiomolecular Systems DepartmentAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Claney L. Pereira
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesBiomolecular Systems DepartmentAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesBiomolecular Systems DepartmentAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
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10
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Ma W, Bi J, Zhao C, Zhang Z, Liu T, Zhang G. Synthesis and biological activities of amino acids functionalized α-GalCer analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115141. [PMID: 31786009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT-cells) are promising targets for manipulating the immune system, which can rapidly release a large amount of Th1 and Th2 cytokines upon the engagement of their T cell receptor with glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d. In this paper, we wish to report a novel series of α-GalCer analogues which were synthesized by incorporation of l-amino acid methyl esters in the C-6' position of glycolipid. The evaluation of these synthetic analogues for their capacities to stimulate iNKT-cells into producing Th1 and Th2 cytokines both in vitro and in vivo indicated that they were potent CD1d ligands and could stimulate murine spleen cells into a higher release of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ in vitro. In vivo, Gly-α-GalCer (1) and Lys-α-GalCer (3) showed more Th1-biased responses than α-GalCer, especially analogue 3 showed the highest selectivity for IFN-γ production (IFN-γ/IL-4 = 5.32) compared with α-GalCer (IFN-γ/IL-4 = 2.5) in vivo. These novel α-GalCer analogues might be used as efficient X-ray crystallographic probes to reveal the relationship between glycolipids and CD1d proteins in α-GalCer/CD1d complexes and pave the way for developing new potent immunostimulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jingjing Bi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
| | - Chuanfang Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Tongxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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11
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Cheng JMH, Chee SH, Dölen Y, Verdoes M, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. An efficient synthesis of a 6″-BODIPY-α-Galactosylceramide probe for monitoring α-Galactosylceramide uptake by cells. Carbohydr Res 2019; 486:107840. [PMID: 31689579 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an efficient synthesis of BODIPY-α-Galactosylceramide 3, which can be used to study the cellular uptake of the potent immunostimulatory parent compound α-Galactosylceramide, is reported. Key in our synthetic strategy is the six-step synthesis of the core BODIPY scaffold (64% yield overall) and its quantitative conversion to an N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester to facilitate conjugation and purification of the target glycolipid. For the preparation of the core of the glycolipid, the solubility of the lipid acceptor proved to be critical. The ability of BODIPY-αGalCer 3 to activate invariant natural killer cells was then demonstrated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M H Cheng
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie H Chee
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf Dölen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mattie S M Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Bridget L Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand
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12
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3,4-Dideoxy-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro- and 4-OH epimeric 3-deoxy-3,3-difluoro-α-GalCer analogues: Synthesis and biological evaluation on human iNKT cells stimulation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:195-213. [PMID: 31185411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
iNKT cells recognize CD1d/α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) complexes via their invariant TCR receptor and stimulate the immune response. Many α-GalCer analogues have been investigated to interrogate this interaction. Following our previous work related to the modification of the hydrogen bond network between α-GalCer and CD1d, we have now focused our attention on the synthesis of 3-deoxy-3,3-difluoro- and 3,4-dideoxy-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-α-GalCer analogues, and studied their ability to stimulate human iNKT cells. In each case, deoxygenation at the indicated positions was accompanied by difluoro introduction in order to evaluate the resulting electronic effect on the stability of the ternary CD1d/Galcer/TCR complex which has been rationalized by modeling study. With deoxy-difluorination at the 3-position, the two epimeric 4-OH analogues were investigated to establish their capacity to compensate for the lack of the hydrogen bond donating group at the 3-position. The 3,4-dideoxytetrafluoro analogue was of interest to highlight the amide NH-bond hydrogen bond properties.
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13
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Panza L, Compostella F, Imperio D. A versatile synthesis of αGalCer and its analogues exploiting a cyclic carbonate as phytosphingosine 3,4-diol protecting group. Carbohydr Res 2019; 472:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Janssens J, Bitra A, Wang J, Decruy T, Venken K, van der Eycken J, Elewaut D, Zajonc DM, van Calenbergh S. 4"-O-Alkylated α-Galactosylceramide Analogues as iNKT-Cell Antigens: Synthetic, Biological, and Structural Studies. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:147-168. [PMID: 30556652 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT) are a glycolipid-responsive subset of T-lymphocytes that fulfill a pivotal role in the immune system. The archetypical synthetic glycolipid, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), whose molecular framework is inspired by a group of amphiphilic natural products, remains the most studied antigen for iNKT-cells. Nonetheless, the potential of α-GalCer as an immunostimulating agent is compromised by the fact that this glycolipid elicits simultaneous secretion of Th1- and Th2-cytokines. This has incited medicinal chemistry efforts to identify analogues that are able to perturb the Th1/Th2 balance. In this work, we present the synthesis of an extensive set of 4"-O-alkylated α-GalCer analogues, which were evaluated in vivo for their cytokine induction. We have found that conversion of the 4"-OH group to ether moieties decreases the immunogenic potential in mice relative to α-GalCer. Yet, the benzyl-modified glycolipids are able to produce a distinct pro-inflammatory immune response. The crystal structures suggest an extra hydrophobic interaction between the benzyl moiety and the α2-helix of CD1d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Janssens
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aruna Bitra
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tine Decruy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Inflammation Research Center, UGent-VIB Research Building FSVM, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Koen Venken
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Inflammation Research Center, UGent-VIB Research Building FSVM, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Johan van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Inflammation Research Center, UGent-VIB Research Building FSVM, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Serge van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Melo AM, Zhang L, Dockry ÉF, Petrasca A, Ghnewa YG, Breen EP, Morrissey ME, O'Reilly C, Bruen R, O'Meara A, Lysaght J, Zhu X, Doherty DG. Novel thioglycoside analogs of α-galactosylceramide stimulate cytotoxicity and preferential Th1 cytokine production by human invariant natural killer T cells. Glycobiology 2018; 28:512-521. [PMID: 29688330 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells recognize glycolipid antigens bound to CD1d molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Therapeutic activation of iNKT cells with the xenogeneic glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) can prevent and reverse tumor growth in murine models, but clinical trials using α-GalCer-stimulated human iNKT cells have shown limited efficacy. We synthesized a series of thioglycoside analogs of α-GalCer with different substituents to the galactose residue and found that two of these compounds, XZ7 and XZ11, bound to CD1d-transfected HeLa cells and activated lines of expanded human iNKT cells. Both compounds stimulated cytolytic degranulation by iNKT cells and while XZ7 preferentially stimulated the production of the antitumor cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), XZ11 preferentially stimulated interleukin-4 (IL-4) production. This biased T helper type 1 effector profile of XZ7 was also evident when iNKT were stimulated with dendritic cells presenting this glycolipid. Separate analysis of the responses of CD4+, CD8α+ and CD4-CD8- iNKT cells indicated that XZ7 preferentially activated CD8α+ iNKT cells, and to a lesser degree, CD4-CD8- iNKT cells. The partial agonist effect of glycolipid XZ7, inducing cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production but not IL-4 production, indicates that specific protumour activities of iNKT cells can be abolished, while preserving their antitumor activities, by introducing structural modifications to α-GalCer. Since XZ7 was much less potent than α-GalCer as an iNKT cell agonist, it is unlikely to be superior to α-GalCer as a therapeutic agent for cancer, but may serve as a parent compound for developing more potent structural analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashanty M Melo
- Department of Immunology.,Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lei Zhang
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Eamon P Breen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria E Morrissey
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Joanne Lysaght
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xiangming Zhu
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Hunter CD, Guo T, Daskhan G, Richards MR, Cairo CW. Synthetic Strategies for Modified Glycosphingolipids and Their Design as Probes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8188-8241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah D. Hunter
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tianlin Guo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gour Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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17
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Broecker F, Götze S, Hudon J, Rathwell DCK, Pereira CL, Stallforth P, Anish C, Seeberger PH. Synthesis, Liposomal Formulation, and Immunological Evaluation of a Minimalistic Carbohydrate-α-GalCer Vaccine Candidate. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4918-4927. [PMID: 29742893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fully synthetic glycan-based vaccines hold great potential as preventive and therapeutic vaccines against infectious diseases as well as cancer. Here, we present a two-component platform based on the facile conjugation of carbohydrate antigens to α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) to yield fully synthetic vaccine candidates. Formulation of the cancer-associated Tn antigen glycolipid model vaccine candidate into liposomes of different sizes and subsequent immunization of mice generated specific, high-affinity antibodies against the carbohydrate antigen with characteristics of T cell-dependent immunity. Liposome formulation elicited more reproducible glycan immunity than a conventional glycoconjugate vaccine bearing the same glycan antigen did. Further evaluation of the immune response revealed that the size of the liposomes influenced the glycan antibody responses toward either a cellular (Th1) or a humoral (Th2) immune phenotype. The glycolipid vaccine platform affords strong and robust antiglycan antibody responses in vivo without the need for an external adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Broecker
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14424 Potsdam , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sebastian Götze
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14424 Potsdam , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jonathan Hudon
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Dominea C K Rathwell
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Claney L Pereira
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Pierre Stallforth
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14424 Potsdam , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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18
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Liu Z, Guo J. NKT-cell glycolipid agonist as adjuvant in synthetic vaccine. Carbohydr Res 2017; 452:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Zhang L, Carthy CM, Zhu X. Synthesis of a glucosylated α-S-galactosylceramide as potential immunostimulant. Carbohydr Res 2017; 448:43-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Galactosylsphingamides: new α-GalCer analogues to probe the F'-pocket of CD1d. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4276. [PMID: 28655912 PMCID: PMC5487351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T-cells (iNKT-cells) are an attractive target for immune response modulation, as upon CD1d-mediated stimulation with KRN7000, a synthetic α-galactosylceramide, they produce a vast amount of cytokines. Here we present a synthesis that allows swift modification of the phytosphingosine side chain by amidation of an advanced methyl ester precursor. The resulting KRN7000 derivatives, termed α-galactosylsphingamides, were evaluated for their capacity to stimulate iNKT-cells. While introduction of the amide-motif in the phytosphingosine chain is tolerated for CD1d binding and TCR recognition, the studied α-galactosylsphingamides showed compromised antigenic properties.
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21
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Janssens J, Decruy T, Venken K, Seki T, Krols S, Van der Eycken J, Tsuji M, Elewaut D, Van Calenbergh S. Efficient Divergent Synthesis of New Immunostimulant 4″-Modified α-Galactosylceramide Analogues. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017. [PMID: 28626526 PMCID: PMC5467197 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
A synthesis strategy
for the swift generation of 4″-modified
α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) analogues is described,
establishing a chemical platform to comprehensively investigate the
structure–activity relationships (SAR) of this understudied
glycolipid part. The strategy relies on a late-stage reductive ring-opening
of a p-methoxybenzylidene (PMP) acetal to regioselectively
liberate the 4″-OH position. The expediency of this methodology
is demonstrated by the synthesis of a small yet diverse set of analogues,
which were tested for their ability to stimulate invariant natural
killer T-cells (iNKT) in vitro and in vivo. The introduction of a p-chlorobenzyl
ether yielded an analogue with promising immunostimulating properties,
paving the way for further SAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Janssens
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tine Decruy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Venken
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Toshiyuki Seki
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Simon Krols
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Liu Y, Xu X, Gao Q, Yan S, Li Y, Ding N. Rapid access to 6″-functionalized α-galactosyl ceramides by using 2-naphthylmethyl ether as the permanent protecting group. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1795-1798. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Hung JT, Huang JR, Yu AL. Tailored design of NKT-stimulatory glycolipids for polarization of immune responses. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:22. [PMID: 28335781 PMCID: PMC5364570 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cell is a distinct population of T lymphocytes that can rapidly release massive amount of Th1 and Th2 cytokines upon the engagement of their T cell receptor with glycolipids presented by CD1d. The secreted cytokines can promote cell-mediated immunity to kill tumor cells and intracellular pathogens, or suppress autoreactive immune cells in autoimmune diseases. Thus, NKT cell is an attractive target for developing new therapeutics to manipulate immune system. The best-known glycolipid to activate NKT cells is α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), which has been used as a prototype for designing new NKT stimulatory glycolipids. Many analogues have been generated by modification of the galactosyl moiety, the acyl chain or the phytosphingosine chain of α-GalCer. Some of the analogues showed greater abilities than α-GalCer in polarizing immune responses toward Th1 or Th2 dominance. Among them, several analogues containing phenyl groups in the lipid tails were more potent in inducing Th1-skewed cytokines and exhibited greater anticancer efficacy than α-GalCer. Analyses of the correlation between structure and activity of various α-GalCer analogues on the activation of iNKT cell revealed that CD1d–glycolipid complexes interacted with the same population of iNKT cell expressing similar T-cell receptor Vβ as α-GalCer. On the other hand, those phenyl glycolipids with propensity for Th1 dominant responses showed greater binding avidity and stability than α-GalCer for iNKT T-cell receptor when complexed with CD1d. Thus, it is the avidity and stability of the ternary complexes of CD1d-glycolipid-iNKT TCR that dictate the polarity and potency of immune responses. These findings provide a key to the rationale design of immune modulating glycolipids with desirable Th1/Th2 polarity for clinical application. In addition, elucidation of α-GalCer-induced anergy, liver damage and accumulation of myeloid derived suppressor cells has offered explanation for its lacklustre anti-cancer activities in clinical trials. On other hand, the lack of such drawbacks in glycolipid analogues containing phenyl groups in the lipid tails of α-GalCer coupled with the greater binding avidity and stability of CD1d-glycolipid complex for iNKT T-cell receptor, account for their superior anti-cancer efficacy in tumor bearing mice. Further clinical development of these phenyl glycolipids is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Tung Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Rong Huang
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Alice L Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California in San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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24
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From Immunologically Archaic to Neoteric Glycovaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5010004. [PMID: 28134792 PMCID: PMC5371740 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides (PS) are present in the outermost surface of bacteria and readily come in contact with immune cells. They interact with specific antibodies, which in turn confer protection from infections. Vaccines with PS from pneumococci, meningococci, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Salmonella typhi may be protective, although with the important constraint of failing to generate permanent immunological memory. This limitation has in part been circumvented by conjugating glycovaccines to proteins that stimulate T helper cells and facilitate the establishment of immunological memory. Currently, protection evoked by conjugated PS vaccines lasts for a few years. The same approach failed with PS from staphylococci, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Klebsiella. All those germs cause severe infections in humans and often develop resistance to antibiotic therapy. Thereby, prevention is of increasing importance to better control outbreaks. As only 23 of more than 90 pneumococcal serotypes and 4 of 13 clinically relevant Neisseria meningitidis serogroups are covered by available vaccines there is still tremendous clinical need for PS vaccines. This review focuses on glycovaccines and the immunological mechanisms for their success or failure. We discuss recent advances that may facilitate generation of high affinity anti-PS antibodies and confer specific immunity and long-lasting protection.
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25
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Dauner M, Batroff E, Bachmann V, Hauck CR, Wittmann V. Synthetic Glycosphingolipids for Live-Cell Labeling. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1624-37. [PMID: 27253729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are an important component of cell membranes that are involved in many biological processes. Fluorescently labeled glycosphingolipids are frequently used to gain insight into their localization. However, the attachment of a fluorophore to the glycan part or-more commonly-to the lipid part of glycosphingolipids is known to alter the biophysical properties and can perturb the biological function of the probe. Presented here is the synthesis of novel glycosphingolipid probes with mono- and disaccharide head groups and ceramide moieties containing fatty acids of varying chain length (C4 to C20). These glycosphingolipids bear an azide or an alkyne group as chemical reporter to which a fluorophore can be attached through a bioorthogonal ligation reaction. The fluorescent tag and any linker connected to it can be chosen in a flexible manner. We demonstrate the suitability of the probes by selective visualization of the plasma membrane of living cells by confocal microscopy techniques. Whereas the derivatives with the shorter fatty acids can be directly applied to HEK 293T cells, the hydrophobic glycosphingolipids with longer fatty acids can be delivered to cells using fusogenic liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dauner
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ellen Batroff
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Verena Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christof R Hauck
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Valentin Wittmann
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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26
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Birkholz AM, Kronenberg M. Antigen specificity of invariant natural killer T-cells. Biomed J 2016; 38:470-83. [PMID: 27013447 PMCID: PMC6138764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T-cells, with an invariant T-cell antigen receptor α-chain (iNKT cells), are unique and conserved subset of lymphocytes capable of altering the immune system through their rapid and potent cytokine responses. They are reactive to lipid antigens presented by the CD1d molecule, an antigen-presenting molecule that is not highly polymorphic. iNKT cell responses frequently involve mixtures of cytokines that work against each other, and therefore attempts are underway to develop synthetic antigens that elicit only strong interferon-gamma (IFNγ) or only strong interleukin-4 responses but not both. Strong IFNγ responses may correlate with tighter binding to CD1d and prolonged stimulation of iNKT cells, and this may be useful for vaccine adjuvants and for stimulating anti-tumor responses. iNKT cells are self-reactive although the structure of the endogenous antigen is controversial. By contrast, bacterial and fungal lipids that engage the T-cell receptor and activate IFNγ from iNKT cells have been identified from both pathogenic and commensal organisms and the responses are in some cases highly protective from pathogens in mice. It is possible that the expanding knowledge of iNKT cell antigens and iNKT cell activation will provide the basis for therapies for patients suffering from infectious and immune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Birkholz
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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27
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Compton BJ, Tang CW, Johnston KA, Osmond TL, Hayman CM, Larsen DS, Hermans IF, Painter GF. Synthesis and Activity of 6″-Deoxy-6″-thio-α-GalCer and Peptide Conjugates. Org Lett 2015; 17:5954-7. [PMID: 26606283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in the development of highly defined synthetic vaccines is the codelivery of vaccine components (i.e., antigen and adjuvant) to secondary lymphoid tissue to induce optimal immune responses. This problem can be addressed by synthesizing vaccines that comprise peptide antigens covalently attached to glycolipid adjuvants through biologically cleavable linkers. Toward this, a strategy utilizing previously unreported 6″-deoxy-6″-thio analogues of α-GalCer that can undergo chemoselective conjugation with peptide antigens is described. Administration of these conjugate vaccines leads to enhanced priming of antigen specific T cells. This simple vaccine design is broadly applicable to multiple disease indications such as cancer and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Compton
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington , P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Ching-wen Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , P.O. Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Karen A Johnston
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington , P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Taryn L Osmond
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , P.O. Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Colin M Hayman
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington , P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - David S Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , P.O. Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , 3 Symonds Street, Auckland Central 1142, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F Painter
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington , P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , 3 Symonds Street, Auckland Central 1142, New Zealand
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28
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Cavallari M, Stallforth P, Kalinichenko A, Rathwell DCK, Gronewold TMA, Adibekian A, Mori L, Landmann R, Seeberger PH, De Libero G. A semisynthetic carbohydrate-lipid vaccine that protects against S. pneumoniae in mice. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:950-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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29
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Tefit JN, Crabé S, Orlandini B, Nell H, Bendelac A, Deng S, Savage PB, Teyton L, Serra V. Efficacy of ABX196, a new NKT agonist, in prophylactic human vaccination. Vaccine 2014; 32:6138-45. [PMID: 25218293 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have assessed the immune-regulatory and adjuvant activities of a synthetic glycolipid, ABX196, a novel analog of the parental compound α-GalCer. As expected, ABX196 demonstrated a measurable and significant adjuvant effect in mice and monkeys with no appreciable toxicity at the doses used to promote immune responses. We performed a phase I/II dose escalation study of ABX196 in healthy volunteers, with the objectives to evaluate its safety profile, as well as its ability to be utilized as an adjuvant in the context of a prophylactic vaccine against hepatitis B. ABX196 was administered at three doses: 0.2, 0.4, and 2.0μg, in 44 subjects. In all the individuals injected with ABX196, peripheral blood NKT cells displayed hallmarks of activation, and 45% of them had measurable circulating IFN-γ 24h after the first administration. More importantly, the addition of ABX196 to the very poorly immunogenic HBs antigen resulted in protective anti-HBs antibody responses in majority of patients, demonstrating the adjuvant properties of ABX196 in human. Further analysis of the cohort of subjects receiving ABX196 with HBs antigen also indicates that a single injection appears sufficient to provide protection. A limited set of adverse events linked to the systemic delivery of ABX196 and access to the liver, is discussed in the context of formulation and the need to limit transport of ABX196 to secondary lymphoid tissues for maximal efficacy (Eudra-CT 2012-001566-15).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandrine Crabé
- Abivax, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 Evry cedex, France.
| | - Bernard Orlandini
- Phinc, 5, rue Henri Desbruères Immeuble Genavenir 8 91030 Evry, France.
| | - Haylene Nell
- Tiervlei Trial Centre, Karl Bremer Hospital, Bellville, 7530 South Africa.
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Shenglou Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Vincent Serra
- Abivax, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 Evry cedex, France.
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30
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31
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Stocker BL, Timmer MS. Trehalose diesters, lipoteichoic acids and α-GalCer: using chemistry to understand immunology. Carbohydr Res 2014; 389:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Laurent X, Bertin B, Renault N, Farce A, Speca S, Milhomme O, Millet R, Desreumaux P, Hénon E, Chavatte P. Switching Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell Response from Anticancerous to Anti-Inflammatory Effect: Molecular Bases. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5489-508. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4010863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Laurent
- Faculté
de Médecine, Intestinal Biotech Development, Amphis J et K, Boulevard du Professeur Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Bertin
- Faculté
de
Médecine, Université Lille-Nord de France, Amphis J
et K, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur
Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Renault
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Silvia Speca
- Faculté
de
Médecine, Université Lille-Nord de France, Amphis J
et K, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur
Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Ophélie Milhomme
- Institut
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, EA 4481, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Régis Millet
- Institut
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, EA 4481, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Desreumaux
- Faculté
de
Médecine, Université Lille-Nord de France, Amphis J
et K, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur
Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Eric Hénon
- Université
de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles,
BSMA-ICMR, UMR CNRS 6229, Moulin de
la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
- Institut
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, EA 4481, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
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Hung JT, Sawant RC, Chen JC, Yen YF, Chen WS, Yu AL, Luo SY. Design and synthesis of galactose-6-OH-modified α-galactosyl ceramide analogues with Th2-biased immune responses. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08602c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a simple type of O-6 analogue of KRN7000 was synthesized starting from galactosyl iodide and d-lyxose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Tung Hung
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou
| | | | - Ji-Chuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Yen
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Shin Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Alice L. Yu
- Genomics Research Center
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou
| | - Shun-Yuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402, Taiwan
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34
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Anderson BL, Teyton L, Bendelac A, Savage PB. Stimulation of natural killer T cells by glycolipids. Molecules 2013; 18:15662-88. [PMID: 24352021 PMCID: PMC4018217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T cells that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the CD1d protein. The initial discovery of immunostimulatory glycolipids from a marine sponge and the T cells that respond to the compounds has led to extensive research by chemists and immunologists to understand how glycolipids are recognized, possible responses by NKT cells, and the structural features of glycolipids necessary for stimulatory activity. The presence of this cell type in humans and most mammals suggests that it plays critical roles in antigen recognition and the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Both endogenous and exogenous natural antigens for NKT cells have been identified, and it is likely that glycolipid antigens remain to be discovered. Multiple series of structurally varied glycolipids have been synthesized and tested for stimulatory activity. The structural features of glycolipids necessary for NKT cell stimulation are moderately well understood, and designed compounds have proven to be much more potent antigens than their natural counterparts. Nevertheless, control over NKT cell responses by designed glycolipids has not been optimized, and further research will be required to fully reveal the therapeutic potential of this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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35
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Stocker BL, Timmer MSM. Chemical Tools for Studying the Biological Function of Glycolipids. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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36
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RCAI-61 and related 6′-modified analogs of KRN7000: Their synthesis and bioactivity for mouse lymphocytes to produce interferon-γ in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3066-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Jervis P, Polzella P, Wojno J, Jukes JP, Ghadbane H, Garcia
Diaz YR, Besra GS, Cerundolo V, Cox LR. Design, synthesis, and functional activity of labeled CD1d glycolipid agonists. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:586-94. [PMID: 23458425 PMCID: PMC3630740 DOI: 10.1021/bc300556e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are restricted by CD1d molecules and activated upon CD1d-mediated presentation of glycolipids to T cell receptors (TCRs) located on the surface of the cell. Because the cytokine response profile is governed by the structure of the glycolipid, we sought a method for labeling various glycolipids to study their in vivo behavior. The prototypical CD1d agonist, α-galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer) 1, instigates a powerful immune response and the generation of a wide range of cytokines when it is presented to iNKT cell TCRs by CD1d molecules. Analysis of crystal structures of the TCR-α-GalCer-CD1d ternary complex identified the α-methylene unit in the fatty acid side chain, and more specifically the pro-S hydrogen at this position, as a site for incorporating a label. We postulated that modifying the glycolipid in this way would exert a minimal impact on the TCR-glycolipid-CD1d ternary complex, allowing the labeled molecule to function as a good mimic for the CD1d agonist under investigation. To test this hypothesis, the synthesis of a biotinylated version of the CD1d agonist threitol ceramide (ThrCer) was targeted. Both diastereoisomers, epimeric at the label tethering site, were prepared, and functional experiments confirmed the importance of substituting the pro-S, and not the pro-R, hydrogen with the label for optimal activity. Significantly, functional experiments revealed that biotinylated ThrCer (S)-10 displayed behavior comparable to that of ThrCer 5 itself and also confirmed that the biotin residue is available for streptavidin and antibiotin antibody recognition. A second CD1d agonist, namely α-GalCer C20:2 4, was modified in a similar way, this time with a fluorescent label. The labeled α-GalCer C20:2 analogue (11) again displayed functional behavior comparable to that of its unlabeled substrate, supporting the notion that the α-methylene unit in the fatty acid amide chain should be a suitable site for attaching a label to a range of CD1d agonists. The flexibility of the synthetic strategy, and late-stage incorporation of the label, opens up the possibility of using this labeling approach to study the in vivo behavior of a wide range of CD1d agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1d/drug effects
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/analysis
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/immunology
- Drug Design
- Galactosylceramides/chemistry
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Natural Killer T-Cells/chemistry
- Natural Killer T-Cells/drug effects
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
J. Jervis
- School of Chemistry, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - Paolo Polzella
- Medical Research
Council Human
Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute
of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K
| | - Justyna Wojno
- School of Chemistry, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - John-Paul Jukes
- Medical Research
Council Human
Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute
of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K
| | - Hemza Ghadbane
- Medical Research
Council Human
Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute
of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K
| | - Yoel R. Garcia
Diaz
- School of Chemistry, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research
Council Human
Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute
of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K
| | - Liam R. Cox
- School of Chemistry, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
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38
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East JE, Kennedy AJ, Webb TJ. Raising the roof: the preferential pharmacological stimulation of Th1 and th2 responses mediated by NKT cells. Med Res Rev 2012; 34:45-76. [PMID: 23239102 DOI: 10.1002/med.21276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells serve as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, and manipulating their effector functions can have therapeutic significances in the treatment of autoimmunity, transplant biology, infectious disease, and cancer. NKT cells are a subset of T cells that express cell-surface markers characteristic of both natural killer cells and T cells. These unique immunologic cells have been demonstrated to serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems through their potent cytokine production following the recognition of a range of lipid antigens, mediated through presentation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I like CD1d molecule, in addition to the NKT cell's cytotoxic capabilities upon activation. Although a number of glycolipid antigens have been shown to complex with CD1d molecules, most notably the marine sponge derived glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), there has been debate as to the identity of the endogenous activating lipid presented to the T-cell receptor (TCR) via the CD1d molecule on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This review aims to survey the use of pharmacological agents and subsequent structure-activity relationships (SAR) that have given insight into the binding interaction of glycolipids with both the CD1d molecules as well as the TCR and the subsequent immunologic response of NKT cells. These studies not only elucidate basic binding interactions but also pave the way for future pharmacological modulation of NKT cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E East
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Pauwels N, Aspeslagh S, Elewaut D, Calenbergh SV. Synthesis of 6″-triazole-substituted α-GalCer analogues as potent iNKT cell stimulating ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:7149-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Hsieh MH, Hung JT, Liw YW, Lu YJ, Wong CH, Yu AL, Liang PH. Synthesis and evaluation of acyl-chain- and galactose-6''-modified analogues of α-GalCer for NKT cell activation. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1689-97. [PMID: 22730199 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
α-GalCer is an immunostimulating glycolipid that binds to CD1d molecules and activates invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Here we report a scaled-up synthesis of α-GalCer analogues with modifications in the acyl side chain and/or at the galactose 6''-position, together with their evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Analogues containing 11-phenylundecanoyl acyl side chains with aromatic substitutions (14, 16-21) and Gal-6''-phenylacetamide-substituted α-GalCer analogues bearing p-nitro- (32), p-tert-butyl (34), or o-, m-, or p-methyl groups (40-42) displayed higher IFN-γ/IL-4 secretion ratios than α-GalCer in vitro. In mice, compound 16, with an 11-(3,4-difluorophenyl)undecanoyl acyl chain, induced significant proliferation of NK and DC cells, which should be beneficial in killing tumors and priming the immune response. These new glycolipids might prove useful as adjuvants or anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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41
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Structure-activity relationship studies of novel glycosphingolipids that stimulate natural killer T-cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1055-67. [PMID: 22790924 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
KRN7000, an anticancer drug candidate developed by Kirin Brewery Co. in 1995, is an α-galactosyl ceramide. It is a ligand making a complex with CD1d protein, and it stimulates invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells, which are one of the lineages of immunocytes. NKT cells activated by recognition of the CD1d/KRN7000 complex with its invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) can induce both protective and regulatory immune responses. To determine the recognition and activation mechanisms of NKT cells and to develop drug candidates more effective than KRN7000, a large number of analogs of KRN7000 have been synthesized. Some of them show potent bioactivities and have the potential of being utilized as therapeutic agents. In this review, structure-activity relationship studies of novel glycolipids which stimulate NKT cells efficiently are summarized.
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42
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Pérez-Labrada K, Brouard I, Méndez I, Rivera DG. Multicomponent Synthesis of Ugi-Type Ceramide Analogues and Neoglycolipids from Lipidic Isocyanides. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4660-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300462m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karell Pérez-Labrada
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, San Lázaro y L, 10400,
La Habana, Cuba
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-C.S.I.C., Avda. Astrofísico
Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Center for Natural Products Study,
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ignacio Brouard
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-C.S.I.C., Avda. Astrofísico
Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Méndez
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-C.S.I.C., Avda. Astrofísico
Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daniel G. Rivera
- Center for Natural Products Study,
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
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43
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Synthesis of amino core compounds of galactosyl phytosyl ceramide analogs for developing iNKT-cell inducers. Molecules 2012; 17:3058-81. [PMID: 22410417 PMCID: PMC6268237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17033058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Aminophytosphingosine and 6-aminogalactosyl phytosphingosine were prepared in 61% and 40% yield libraries with 44 carboxylic acids showed that a 4-butylbenzoic acid-derived product exe, respectively. Glycosylation using benzoyl-protected lipid resulted in better a-selectivity for ceramide analogs, but the yield was less than that obtained with benzyl moieties. Screening the amide rted less cytotoxicity. These analogs were purified for validation of immunological potencies and the a-GalCer analog but not the sphingosine analog stimulated human iNKT cell population.
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44
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Towards multivalent CD1d ligands: synthesis and biological activity of homodimeric α-galactosyl ceramide analogues. Carbohydr Res 2012; 356:152-62. [PMID: 22445102 PMCID: PMC3413882 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A library of dimeric CD1d ligands, containing two α-galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer) units linked by spacers of varying lengths has been synthesised. The key dimerisation reactions were carried out via copper-catalysed click reactions between a 6"-azido-6"-deoxy-α-galactosyl ceramide derivative and various diynes. Each α-GalCer dimer was tested for its ability to stimulate iNKT cells.
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45
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Di Brisco R, Ronchetti F, Mangoni A, Costantino V, Compostella F. Development of a fluorescent probe for the study of the sponge-derived simplexide immunological properties. Carbohydr Res 2012; 348:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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46
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Hunault J, Diswall M, Frison JC, Blot V, Rocher J, Marionneau-Lambot S, Oullier T, Douillard JY, Guillarme S, Saluzzo C, Dujardin G, Jacquemin D, Graton J, Le Questel JY, Evain M, Lebreton J, Dubreuil D, Le Pendu J, Pipelier M. 3-fluoro- and 3,3-difluoro-3,4-dideoxy-KRN7000 analogues as new potent immunostimulator agents: total synthesis and biological evaluation in human invariant natural killer T cells and mice. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1227-41. [PMID: 22243602 DOI: 10.1021/jm201368m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We propose here the synthesis and biological evaluation of 3,4-dideoxy-GalCer derivatives. The absence of the 3- and 4-hydroxyls on the sphingoid base is combined with the introduction of mono or difluoro substituent at C3 (analogues 8 and 9, respectively) to evaluate their effect on the stability of the ternary CD1d/GalCer/TCR complex which strongly modulate the immune responses. Biological evaluations were performed in vitro on human cells and in vivo in mice and results discussed with support of modeling studies. The fluoro 3,4-dideoxy-GalCer analogues appears as partial agonists compared to KRN7000 for iNKT cell activation, inducing T(H)1 or T(H)2 biases that strongly depend of the mode of antigen presentation, including human vs mouse differences. We evidenced that if a sole fluorine atom is not able to balance the loss of the 3-OH, the presence of a difluorine group at C3 of the sphingosine can significantly restore human iNKT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hunault
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Luo L, He XP, Shen Q, Li JY, Shi XX, Xie J, Li J, Chen GR. Synthesis of (Glycopyranosyl-triazolyl)-purines and Their Inhibitory Activities against Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:2035-44. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pauwels N, Aspeslagh S, Vanhoenacker G, Sandra K, Yu ED, Zajonc DM, Elewaut D, Linclau B, Van Calenbergh S. Divergent synthetic approach to 6''-modified α-GalCer analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:8413-21. [PMID: 22042483 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06235b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic approach is presented for the synthesis of galacturonic acid and D-fucosyl modified KRN7000. The approach allows for late-stage functionalisation of both the sugar 6''-OH and the sphingosine amino groups, which enables convenient synthesis of promising 6''-modified KRN7000 analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Pauwels
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGent, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Sandbhor MS, Soya N, Albohy A, Zheng RB, Cartmell J, Bundle DR, Klassen JS, Cairo CW. Substrate recognition of the membrane-associated sialidase NEU3 requires a hydrophobic aglycone. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6753-62. [PMID: 21675735 DOI: 10.1021/bi200449j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The human neuraminidases (NEU) consist of a family of four isoforms (NEU1-NEU4). Members of this enzyme family are proposed to have important roles in health and disease through regulation of the composition of cellular sialosides. The NEU3 isoform is a membrane-associated enzyme that cleaves glycolipid substrates. However, few reports have examined the substrate specificity of the enzyme for non-natural substrates. We report here a series of 11 synthetic trisaccharides that feature modifications of the aglycone or the Neu5Ac residue of an octyl β-sialyllactoside. The time course of substrate cleavage by NEU3 was monitored using an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry assay to obtain relative rates (k(rel)). We observed that NEU3 substrate activity was directly dependent upon the hydrophobicity of the aglycone but had no apparent requirement for features of the ceramide headgroup. We also observed that trisaccharides with incorporated azide groups in the Neu5Ac residue at either C9 or the N5-Ac position were substrates, and in the case of the N5-azidoacetyl derivative, the activity was superior to that of GM3. However, the incorporation of larger aryl groups was tolerated only at C9, but not at N5-Ac. We propose a two-site model for enzyme recognition, requiring interaction at both the Neu5Ac residue and the hydrophobic aglycone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra S Sandbhor
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Cheng JMH, Gulab SA, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL, Gainsford GJ. Methyl 6-azido-6-de-oxy-α-d-galactoside. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o1941-2. [PMID: 22090985 PMCID: PMC3212328 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811025323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the title compound, C7H13N3O5, was solved using data from a multiple fragment crystal. The galactoside ring adopts a 4C1 chair conformation. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by strong O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which build linkages around the screw axis of the cell in a similar way to the iodo analogue. These C-5 and C-6 packing motifs expand to R22(10), C22(7) and C222(8) motifs, as found in closely related compounds.
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