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Sano K, Ishiwata A, Takamori H, Kikuma T, Tanaka K, Ito Y, Takeda Y. Synthesis of Sucrose-Mimicking Disaccharide by Intramolecular Aglycone Delivery. Molecules 2024; 29:1771. [PMID: 38675593 PMCID: PMC11051705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare sugars are known for their ability to suppress postprandial blood glucose levels. Therefore, oligosaccharides and disaccharides derived from rare sugars could potentially serve as functional sweeteners. A disaccharide [α-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-psicofuranoside] mimicking sucrose was synthesized from rare monosaccharides D-allose and D-psicose. Glycosylation using the intermolecular aglycon delivery (IAD) method was employed to selectively form 1,2-cis α-glycosidic linkages of the allopyranose residues. Moreover, β-selective psicofuranosylation was performed using a psicofuranosyl acceptor with 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl groups. This is the first report on the synthesis of non-reducing disaccharides comprising only rare d-sugars by IAD using protected ketose as a unique acceptor; additionally, this approach is expected to be applicable to the synthesis of functional sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Sano
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Akihiro Ishiwata
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.I.)
| | - Hiroto Takamori
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Takashi Kikuma
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.I.)
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.I.)
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (K.S.); (T.K.)
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2
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Wycisk V, Wagner MC, Urner LH. Trends in the Diversification of the Detergentome. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300386. [PMID: 37668309 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Detergents are amphiphilic molecules that serve as enabling steps for today's world applications. The increasing diversity of the detergentome is key to applications enabled by detergent science. Regardless of the application, the optimal design of detergents is determined empirically, which leads to failed preparations, and raising costs. To facilitate project planning, here we review synthesis strategies that drive the diversification of the detergentome. Synthesis strategies relevant for industrial and academic applications include linear, modular, combinatorial, bio-based, and metric-assisted detergent synthesis. Scopes and limitations of individual synthesis strategies in context with industrial product development and academic research are discussed. Furthermore, when designing detergents, the selection of molecular building blocks, i. e., head, linker, tail, is as important as the employed synthesis strategy. To facilitate the design of safe-to-use and tailor-made detergents, we provide an overview of established head, linker, and tail groups and highlight selected scopes and limitations for applications. It becomes apparent that most recent contributions to the increasing chemical diversity of detergent building blocks originate from the development of detergents for membrane protein studies. The overview of synthesis strategies and molecular blocks will bring us closer to the ability to predictably design and synthesize optimal detergents for challenging future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Wycisk
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marc-Christian Wagner
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Leonhard H Urner
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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3
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Chiu CH, Tan JJY, Mondal S, Lin CH, Mong KKT. Sulfoglycolipids and Related Analogues of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Chemical Synthesis and Immunological Studies. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300399. [PMID: 37788979 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes tuberculosis as one major threat to human health, which has been deteriorated owing to the emerging multidrug resistance. Mtb contains a complex lipophilic cell wall structure that is important for bacterial persistence. Among the lipid components, sulfoglycolipids (SGLs), known to induce immune cell responses, are composed of a trehalose core attached with a conserved sulfate group and 1-4 fatty acyl chains in an asymmetric pattern. At least one of these acyl chains is polymethylated with 3-12 methyl branches. Although Mtb SGL can be isolated from bacterial culture, resulting SGL is still a homologous mixture, impeding accurate research studies. This up-to-date review covers the chemical synthesis and immunological studies of Mtb SGLs and structural analogues, with an emphasis on the development of new glycosylation methods and the asymmetric synthesis of polymethylated scaffolds. Both are critical to advance further research on biological functions of these complicated SGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsin Chiu
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan (China
| | - Janet Jia-Yin Tan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, 11529, Taiwan (China
| | - Soumik Mondal
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan (China
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, 11529, Taiwan (China
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (China
| | - Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan (China
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4
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Jeanneret R, Walz C, van Meerbeek M, Coppock S, Galan MC. AuCl 3-Catalyzed Hemiacetal Activation for the Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Deoxy Trehalose Derivatives. Org Lett 2022; 24:6304-6309. [PMID: 35994370 PMCID: PMC9442795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new practical, catalytic, and highly stereoselective method for directly accessing 1,1-α,α'-linked 2-deoxy trehalose analogues via AuCl3-catalyzed dehydrative glycosylation using hemiacetal glycosyl donors and acceptors is described. The method relies on the chemoselective Brønsted acid-type activation of tribenzylated 2-deoxy hemiacetals in the presence of other less reactive hemiacetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Jeanneret
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Walz
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten van Meerbeek
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Coppock
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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5
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Strobl S, Hofbauer K, Heine H, Zamyatina A. Lipid A Mimetics Based on Unnatural Disaccharide Scaffold as Potent TLR4 Agonists for Prospective Immunotherapeutics and Adjuvants. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200547. [PMID: 35439332 PMCID: PMC9325513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
TLR4 is a key pattern recognition receptor that can sense pathogen- and danger- associated molecular patterns to activate the downstream signaling pathways which results in the upregulation of transcription factors and expression of interferons and cytokines to mediate protective pro-inflammatory responses involved in immune defense. Bacterial lipid A is the primary TLR4 ligand with very complex, species-specific, and barely predictable structure-activity relationships. Given that therapeutic targeting of TLR4 is an emerging tool for management of a variety of human diseases, the development of novel TLR4 activating biomolecules other than lipid A is of vast importance. We report on design, chemical synthesis and immunobiology of novel glycan-based lipid A-mimicking molecules that can activate human and murine TLR4-mediated signaling with picomolar affinity. Exploiting crystal structure - based design we have created novel disaccharide lipid A mimetics (DLAMs) where the inherently flexible β(1→6)-linked diglucosamine backbone of lipid A is exchanged with a conformationally restrained non-reducing βGlcN(1↔1')βGlcN scaffold. Excellent stereoselectivity in a challenging β,β-1,1' glycosylation was achieved by tuning the reactivities of donor and acceptor molecules using protective group manipulation strategy. Divergent streamlined synthesis of β,β-1,1'-linked diglucosamine-derived glycolipids entailing multiple long-chain (R)-3- acyloxyacyl residues and up two three phosphate groups was developed. Specific 3D-molecular shape and conformational rigidity of unnatural β,β-1,1'-linked diglucosamine combined with carefully optimized phosphorylation and acylation pattern ensured efficient induction of the TLR4-mediated signaling in a species-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Strobl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
| | - Karin Hofbauer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
| | - Holger Heine
- Research Group Innate ImmunityResearch Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Disease (DZL)Parkallee 22Borstel23845Germany
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
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6
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Carlier M, Lesur E, Baron A, Lemétais A, Guitot K, Roupnel L, Dietrich C, Doisneau G, Urban D, Bayan N, Beau JM, Guianvarc'h D, Vauzeilles B, Bourdreux Y. Synthesis of chemical tools to label the mycomembrane of corynebacteria using a modified Iron (III) chloride-mediated protection of trehalose. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1974-1981. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00107a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose-based probes are useful tools allowing the detection of the mycomembrane of Mycobacteria through the metabolic labeling approach. Some of them are trehalose analogues conjugated to fluorescent probes and others...
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7
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Izumi S, Kobayashi Y, Takemoto Y. Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,1′‐Disaccharides by Organoboron Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Izumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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8
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Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,1′‐Disaccharides by Organoboron Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14054-14059. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Chemical synthesis of trehalose glycolipids such as DAT, TDM, SL-1, SL-3, and Ac2SGL from MTb, emmyguyacins from fungi, succinoyl trehalose from rhodococcus, and maradolipids from worms, as well as mycobacterial oligosaccharides is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
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10
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Zhu F, O'Neill S, Rodriguez J, Walczak MA. Stereoretentive Reactions at the Anomeric Position: Synthesis of Selenoglycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7091-7095. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Sloane O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Jacob Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Maciej A. Walczak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
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11
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Zhu F, O'Neill S, Rodriguez J, Walczak MA. Stereoretentive Reactions at the Anomeric Position: Synthesis of Selenoglycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Sloane O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Jacob Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Maciej A. Walczak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
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12
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Abstract
Cell surface trehalose mycolates are important modulators of mycobacterial pathogenesis and host immune response. We discuss the use of fluorescent and fluorogenic trehalose probes for the detection of the mycobacterial trehalose glycolipids. These probes enable real-time imaging of trehalose mycolate biosynthesis and mycomembrane dynamics in the laboratory as well as in clinical settings for the detection of mycobacteria in patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peyton Shieh
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Chevy Chase, MD, United States.
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13
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Abstract
Carbohydrate oligomers remain challenging targets for chemists due to the requirement for elaborate protecting and leaving group manipulations, functionalization, tedious purification, and sophisticated characterization. Achieving high stereocontrol in glycosylation reactions is arguably the major hurdle that chemists experience. This review article overviews methods for intramolecular glycosylation reactions wherein the facial stereoselectivity is achieved by tethering of the glycosyl donor and acceptor counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao G Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd., 434 Benton Hall (MC27), St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd., 434 Benton Hall (MC27), St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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14
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Jia XG, Demchenko AV. Intramolecular glycosylation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2028-2048. [PMID: 29062425 PMCID: PMC5629421 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate oligomers remain challenging targets for chemists due to the requirement for elaborate protecting and leaving group manipulations, functionalization, tedious purification, and sophisticated characterization. Achieving high stereocontrol in glycosylation reactions is arguably the major hurdle that chemists experience. This review article overviews methods for intramolecular glycosylation reactions wherein the facial stereoselectivity is achieved by tethering of the glycosyl donor and acceptor counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao G Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd., 434 Benton Hall (MC27), St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd., 434 Benton Hall (MC27), St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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15
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O'Neill MK, Piligian BF, Olson CD, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. Tailoring Trehalose for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications. PURE APPL CHEM 2017; 89:1223-1249. [PMID: 29225379 PMCID: PMC5718624 DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar whose ability to stabilize biomolecules has brought about its widespread use in biological preservation applications. Trehalose is also an essential metabolite in a number of pathogens, most significantly the global pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though it is absent in humans and other mammals. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in modifying the structure of trehalose to generate analogues that have applications in biomedical research and biotechnology. Non-degradable trehalose analogues could have a number of advantages as bioprotectants and food additives. Trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors are already useful as research tools and may have future value in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, among other uses. Underlying the advancements made in these areas are novel synthetic methods that facilitate access to and evaluation of trehalose analogues. In this review, we focus on both aspects of the development of this class of molecules. First, we consider the chemical and chemoenzymatic methods that have been used to prepare trehalose analogues and discuss their prospects for synthesis on commercially relevant scales. Second, we describe ongoing efforts to develop and deploy detectable trehalose analogues, trehalose-based inhibitors, and non-digestible trehalose analogues. The current and potential future uses of these compounds are discussed, with an emphasis on their roles in understanding and combatting mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara K O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Brent F Piligian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Claire D Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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16
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Liu B, Liu X, Zhang JR, Liu G. A Natural Lipotrisaccharide and Its Derivatives Selectively Lyse Streptococcus pneumoniae via Interaction with Cell Membrane. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:438-453. [PMID: 28264558 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A natural lipotrisaccharide (NP000778, 1a), a new triglycosidic tri-O-substituted glycolipid isolated from the Morinda citrifolia plant, and its chemical derivatives were identified to be active against major Gram-positive pathogens, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae. Additional evidence indicated that 1a and its synthetic derivatives exerted their bactericidal activities against S. pneumoniae by selectively targeting the bacterial membrane, leading to the rapid lysis of the pneumococci. Efficient synthesis of 1a and its derivatives was performed using an application of the intramolecular aglycon delivery (IAD) reaction to establish its structure-activity relationships (SARs). SAR analysis indicated that trisaccharide glycolipid compounds showed good selectivity and high potency against S. pneumoniae. These compounds contain a linear chain with a chain length from C3 to C9 at the 2-position (R1) and 4'-position (R3), as well as a 2-methyl butyryl group at the 3'-position (R2), without an aza substitution in the lipid chain. This is the first lipotrisaccharide identified with potent bactericidal activity via interaction with cell membrane. The results reported herein offer a valuable guideline for the design of glycolipid derivatives that selectively target pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102607, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Liu
- Center
for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center
for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Lu YCL, Ghosh B, Mong KKT. Unusually Stable Picoloyl-Protected Trimethylsilyl Glycosides for Nonsymmetrical 1,1'-Glycosylation and Synthesis of 1,1'-Disaccharides with Diverse Configurations. Chemistry 2017; 23:6905-6918. [PMID: 28272765 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonsymmetrical 1,1'-disaccharides and related derivatives constitute structural components in various glycolipids and natural products. Some of these compounds have been shown to exhibit appealing biological properties. We report a direct yet stereoselective 1,1'-glycosylation strategy for the synthesis of nonsymmetrical 1,1'-disaccharides with diverse configurations and sugar components. The strategy is based on the joined forces of a new class of configurationally stable glycoside acceptors and stereodirecting thioglycoside donors. The new glycoside acceptors feature a picoloyl (Pico) protecting group at the remote C4/C3 position that confers unusual stability on TMS glycosides under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chu Luke Lu
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Chiao Tung University, 1001, University Road, Hisnchu City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Bhaswati Ghosh
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Chiao Tung University, 1001, University Road, Hisnchu City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Chiao Tung University, 1001, University Road, Hisnchu City, Taiwan, R.O.C
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18
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Thorsheim K, Siegbahn A, Johnsson RE, Stålbrand H, Manner S, Widmalm G, Ellervik U. Chemistry of xylopyranosides. Carbohydr Res 2015; 418:65-88. [PMID: 26580709 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Xylose is one of the few monosaccharidic building blocks that are used by mammalian cells. In comparison with other monosaccharides, xylose is rather unusual and, so far, only found in two different mammalian structures, i.e. in the Notch receptor and as the linker between protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains in proteoglycans. Interestingly, simple soluble xylopyranosides can not only initiate the biosynthesis of soluble GAG chains but also function as inhibitors of important enzymes in the biosynthesis of proteoglycans. Furthermore, xylose is a major constituent of hemicellulosic xylans and thus one of the most abundant carbohydrates on Earth. Altogether, this has spurred a strong interest in xylose chemistry. The scope of this review is to describe synthesis of xylopyranosyl donors, as well as protective group chemistry, modifications, and conformational analysis of xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Thorsheim
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Siegbahn
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard E Johnsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Centre for Molecular Protein Science, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sophie Manner
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ellervik
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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19
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Chaube MA, Kulkarni SS. First Total Synthesis of Trehalose-Containing Branched Oligosaccharide OSE-1 ofMycobacterium gordonae(Strain 990). Chemistry 2015; 21:13544-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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20
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Liu X, Zhang B, Gu X, Chen G, Chen L, Wang X, Xiong B, You QD, Chen YL, Shen J. 1,2-trans-1-Dihydroxyboryl benzyl S-glycoside as glycosyl donor. Carbohydr Res 2014; 398:45-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wu CH, Wang CC. Strategies for desymmetrising trehalose to synthesise trehalose glycolipids. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:5558-62. [PMID: 24953248 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00587b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The desymmetrisation and regioselective protection of trehalose are major challenges in the chemical synthesis of biologically essential trehalose glycolipids. We reviewed the literature on desymmetrising trehalose to synthesise trehalose glycolipids and highlighted an efficient regioselective 6-O-phosphorylation method that can be applied to synthesise asymmetric trehalose glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Wu
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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22
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Sarpe VA, Kulkarni SS. Desymmetrization of trehalose via regioselective DIBAL reductive ring opening of benzylidene and substituted benzylidene acetals. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6460-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41389f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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24
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Tiwari VK, Kumar A, Schmidt RR. Disaccharide-Containing Macrocycles by Click Chemistry and Intramolecular Glycosylation. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Khan AA, Stocker BL, Timmer MSM. Trehalose glycolipids--synthesis and biological activities. Carbohydr Res 2012; 356:25-36. [PMID: 22486827 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A variety of trehalose glycolipids have been isolated from natural sources, and several of these glycolipids exhibit important biological properties. These molecules also represent challenging synthetic targets due to their highly amphiphilic character, their large number of functional groups and additional chiral centres. This review highlights some of the recent advances made in the synthesis of trehalose glycolipids, and their associated biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna A Khan
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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26
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Ishiwata A, Ito Y. Intramolecular Aglycon Delivery and Its Application to Stereoselective Synthesis of Glycans. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Backus KM, Boshoff HL, Barry CS, Boutureira O, Patel MK, D’Hooge F, Lee SS, Via LE, Tahlan K, Barry CE, Davis BG. Uptake of unnatural trehalose analogs as a reporter for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:228-35. [PMID: 21378984 PMCID: PMC3157484 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The detection of tuberculosis currently relies upon insensitive and unspecific techniques; newer diagnostics would ideally co-opt specific bacterial processes to provide real-time readouts. The trehalose mycolyltransesterase enzymes (antigens 85A, 85B and 85C (Ag85A, Ag85B, Ag85C)) serve as essential mediators of cell envelope function and biogenesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Through the construction of a systematically varied sugar library, we show here that Ag85 enzymes have exceptionally broad substrate specificity. This allowed exogenously added synthetic probes to be specifically incorporated into M. tuberculosis growing in vitro and within macrophages. Even bulky substituents, such as a fluorescein-containing trehalose probe (FITC-trehalose), were incorporated by growing bacilli, thereby producing fluorescent bacteria; microscopy revealed selective labeling of poles and membrane. Addition of FITC-trehalose to M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages allowed selective, sensitive detection of M. tuberculosis within infected mammalian macrophages. These studies suggest that analogs of trehalose may prove useful as probes of function and for other imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keriann M Backus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Helena l Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Conor S Barry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Omar Boutureira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Mitul K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - François D’Hooge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Seung Seo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
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28
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Ishiwata A, Lee YJ, Ito Y. Recent advances in stereoselective glycosylation through intramolecular aglycon delivery. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3596-608. [DOI: 10.1039/c004281a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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29
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Patel MK, Davis BG. Flow chemistry kinetic studies reveal reaction conditions for ready access to unsymmetrical trehalose analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4232-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00226g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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30
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Miyachi A, Dohi H, Neri P, Mori H, Uzawa H, Seto Y, Nishida Y. Multivalent Galacto-trehaloses: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation under the Concept of Carbohydrate Modules. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1846-53. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900283x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Miyachi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Faculty of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan, Department of Public Health Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8586, Japan, and National Research Institute of Police Science (NRIPS), 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Faculty of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan, Department of Public Health Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8586, Japan, and National Research Institute of Police Science (NRIPS), 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Paola Neri
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Faculty of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan, Department of Public Health Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8586, Japan, and National Research Institute of Police Science (NRIPS), 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Faculty of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan, Department of Public Health Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8586, Japan, and National Research Institute of Police Science (NRIPS), 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Uzawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Faculty of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan, Department of Public Health Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8586, Japan, and National Research Institute of Police Science (NRIPS), 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yasuo Seto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Faculty of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan, Department of Public Health Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8586, Japan, and National Research Institute of Police Science (NRIPS), 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Faculty of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan, Department of Public Health Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8586, Japan, and National Research Institute of Police Science (NRIPS), 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
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31
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Encinas L, Chiara JL. Lipophilic Thioglycosides for the Solution-Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Using Biphasic Liquid-Liquid Separation. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Abstract
L-(-)-sucrose was efficiently synthesized using intramolecular aglycon delivery and used to elucidate osmotic effects on the activity of invertase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of D-(+)-sucrose. The osmotic effect imposed by L-sucrose was responsible for more than 30% of the activity loss ascribed otherwise to "substrate inhibition."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 47907−2084. Fax: +1 765 4940239; Tel: +1 765 4945257; E-mail:
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33
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Stereoselective synthesis of 1,1′-linked α-l-lyxopyranosyl β-d-glucopyranoside, the proposed biosynthetic precursor of the FG ring system of avilamycins. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1612-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Intramolecular aglycon delivery. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1553-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Leigh CD, Bertozzi CR. Synthetic studies toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis sulfolipid-I. J Org Chem 2008; 73:1008-17. [PMID: 18173284 DOI: 10.1021/jo702032c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfolipid-I (SL-I) is an abundant metabolite found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is comprised of a trehalose 2-sulfate core modified with four fatty acyl substituents. The correlation of its abundance with the virulence of clinical isolates suggests a role for SL-I in pathogenesis, although its biological functions remain unknown. Here we describe the synthesis of a SL-I analogue bearing unnatural lipid substituents. A key feature of the synthesis was application of an intramolecular aglycon delivery reaction to join two differentially protected glucose monomers, one prepared with a novel alpha-selective glycosylation. The route developed for the model compound can be readily extended to the synthesis of native SL-I as well as additional analogues for use in the investigation of SL-I's functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton D Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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36
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Lin FL, van Halbeek H, Bertozzi CR. Synthesis of mono- and dideoxygenated alpha,alpha-trehalose analogs. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2014-30. [PMID: 17559818 PMCID: PMC2072868 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the synthesis and NMR characterization of four mono- and four dideoxygenated analogs of alpha,alpha-D-trehalose. The symmetrical (2,2'-, 3,3'-, 4,4'- and 6,6'-) dideoxy analogs were obtained via selective protection and subsequent radical deoxygenation of the desired hydroxyl group set. The unsymmetrical (2'-, 3'-, 4'- and 6'-) monodeoxy analogs were synthesized by desymmetrization of alpha,alpha-trehalose and subsequent deoxygenation under radical conditions. Complete assignment of all (1)H and (13)C resonances in the spectra of these deoxytrehaloses was achieved through the extensive use of 2D [(1)H,(1)H] and [(1)H,(13)C] correlation NMR experiments. The synthesis of these trehalose analogs sets the stage for future biochemical and NMR-based studies to probe the substrate interactions of trehalose with the recently identified mycobacterial sulfotransferase Stf0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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37
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Namme R, Mitsugi T, Takahashi H, Ikegami S. Development of Ketoside-Type Analogues of Trehalose by Using α-Stereoselective O-Glycosidation of Ketose. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Seo SK, McClintock ML, Wei A. Cryoprotection with L- and meso-trehalose: stereochemical implications. Chembiochem 2007; 7:1959-64. [PMID: 17068838 PMCID: PMC2599921 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two unnatural stereoisomers of alpha,alpha-trehalose (L- and meso-trehalose) were synthesized and evaluated as cryoprotectants in order to determine the functional consequences of relative or absolute stereochemistry on their physicochemical properties. Adherent yeast cell cultures were frozen in 10% solutions of D-, L-, and meso-trehalose for periods of 7-28 days, then evaluated by a MTT viability assay. D- and L-trehalose were equally effective in maintaining high rates of cell survival, thus demonstrating the absence of chiral discrimination at the carbohydrate-lipid interface, whereas meso-trehalose was inferior in cryoprotection efficacy. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed a difference in the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of D- and meso-trehalose of nearly 75 degrees C. This can be attributed to differences in conformational behavior, as portrayed by torsional energy maps for rotation about the glycosidic bonds of D- and meso-trehalose. We conclude that the biostabilizing properties of alpha,alpha-trehalose depend on relative stereochemical factors, but are independent of absolute stereochemical configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kee Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
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39
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Attolino E, Cumpstey I, Fairbanks AJ. Synthesis of the Glc3Man N-glycan tetrasaccharide by iterative allyl IAD. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1609-18. [PMID: 16529733 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the tetrasaccharide alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Manp-OMe, corresponding to the terminal tetrasaccharide portion of the glucose terminated arm of the N-glycan tetradecasaccharide, was achieved with complete stereocontrol by the use of iterative allyl protecting group mediated intramolecular aglycon delivery (allyl IAD) demonstrating the utility of intramolecular glycosylation for the stereocontrolled construction of multiple glycosidic linkages during the synthesis of an oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Attolino
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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40
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Shingu Y, Miyachi A, Miura Y, Kobayashi K, Nishida Y. One-pot α-glycosylation pathway via the generation in situ of α-glycopyranosyl imidates in N,N-dimethylformamide. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:2236-44. [PMID: 16098494 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Divergent pathways are disclosed in the activation of 2-O-benzyl-1-hydroxy sugars by a reagent combination of CBr4 and Ph3P, all of which afford one-pot alpha-glycosylation methods. When this reagent is used in CH2Cl2, the 1-hydroxy sugar is converted to the alpha-glycosyl bromide in a conventional way and leads to the one-pot alpha-glycosylation method based on a halide ion-catalytic mechanism. In either DMF or a mixture of DMF and CHCl3, however, alternative alpha-glycosyl species are generated. From the 1H and 13C NMR study of the products, as well as the reactions using Vilsmeier reagents [(CH3)2N+=CHX]X- (X=Br and Cl), these were identified as cationic alpha-glycopyranosyl imidates having either Br- or Cl- counter ion. The cationic alpha-glycosyl imidate (Br-), derived specifically in the presence of DMF, is more reactive than the alpha-glycosyl bromide and thus is responsible for the accelerated one-pot alpha-glycosylation. The one-pot alpha-glycosylation methodology performed in DMF was assessed also with different types of acceptor substrates including tertiary alcohols and an anomeric mixture of 1-OH sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shingu
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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41
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Babu RS, O'Doherty GA. Palladium‐Catalyzed Glycosylation Reaction:De‐NovoSynthesis of Trehalose Analogues. J Carbohydr Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/car-200059959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Mougous JD, Petzold CJ, Senaratne RH, Lee DH, Akey DL, Lin FL, Munchel SE, Pratt MR, Riley LW, Leary JA, Berger JM, Bertozzi CR. Identification, function and structure of the mycobacterial sulfotransferase that initiates sulfolipid-1 biosynthesis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2004; 11:721-9. [PMID: 15258569 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sulfolipid-1 (SL-1) is an abundant sulfated glycolipid and potential virulence factor found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. SL-1 consists of a trehalose-2-sulfate (T2S) disaccharide elaborated with four lipids. We identified and characterized a conserved mycobacterial sulfotransferase, Stf0, which generates the T2S moiety of SL-1. Biochemical studies demonstrated that the enzyme requires unmodified trehalose as substrate and is sensitive to small structural perturbations of the disaccharide. Disruption of stf0 in Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. tuberculosis resulted in the loss of T2S and SL-1 formation, respectively. The structure of Stf0 at a resolution of 2.6 A reveals the molecular basis of trehalose recognition and a unique dimer configuration that encloses the substrate into a bipartite active site. These data provide strong evidence that Stf0 carries out the first committed step in the biosynthesis of SL-1 and establish a system for probing the role of SL-1 in M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Mougous
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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43
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Woodruff PJ, Carlson BL, Siridechadilok B, Pratt MR, Senaratne RH, Mougous JD, Riley LW, Williams SJ, Bertozzi CR. Trehalose is required for growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:28835-43. [PMID: 15102847 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313103200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria contain high levels of the disaccharide trehalose in free form as well as within various immunologically relevant glycolipids such as cord factor and sulfolipid-1. By contrast, most bacteria use trehalose solely as a general osmoprotectant or thermoprotectant. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis possess three pathways for the synthesis of trehalose. Most bacteria possess only one trehalose biosynthesis pathway and do not elaborate the disaccharide into more complex metabolites, suggesting a distinct role for trehalose in mycobacteria. We disabled key enzymes required for each of the three pathways in M. smegmatis by allelic replacement. The resulting trehalose biosynthesis mutant was unable to proliferate and enter stationary phase unless supplemented with trehalose. At elevated temperatures, however, the mutant was unable to proliferate even in the presence of trehalose. Genetic complementation experiments showed that each of the three pathways was able to recover the mutant in the absence of trehalose, even at elevated temperatures. From a panel of trehalose analogs, only those with the native alpha,alpha-(1,1) anomeric stereochemistry rescued the mutant, whereas alternate stereoisomers and general osmo- and thermoprotectants were inactive. These findings suggest a dual role for trehalose as both a thermoprotectant and a precursor of critical cell wall metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Woodruff
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular, School of Public Health and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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