1
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Wang Z, Gletten RB, Schey KL. Spatially Resolved Proteomics Reveals Lens Suture-Related Cell-Cell Junctional Protein Distributions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:28. [PMID: 37603353 PMCID: PMC10445239 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lens transparency relies on the precise organization of lens fiber cells. The formation of the highly ordered lens architecture results from not only cell-cell adhesion along the lateral interfaces, but also from proper organization of fiber cells tips at lens sutures. Little is known about the cell adhesion between fiber tips at the sutures. The purpose of this study is to map suture-specific protein distributions. Methods Tissue sections were obtained from fresh frozen bovine lenses and washes were performed to remove soluble proteins and to retain membrane and membrane associated proteins. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) combined with on-tissue trypsin digestion was used to visualize protein spatial distributions. Sutures and adjacent regions were captured by laser capture microdissection and samples were digested by trypsin. Proteins were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem MS and quantified by label-free quantification. Protein spatial distributions were confirmed by immunofluorescence. Results IMS results showed enrichment of adherens junction proteins cadherin-2 and armadillo repeat gene deleted in velo-cardio-facial syndrome (ARVCF) in both anterior and posterior sutures of bovine lenses. Liquid chromatography tandem MS confirmed higher expression of cadherin-2 and ARVCF and other adherens junction proteins including catenin α2 (CTNNA2) and catenin β1 (CTNNB1) in sutures. In contrast, IMS indicated low expression of gap junction protein connexin 50 and connexin 46 in the suture regions. The localization of cadherin-2 and connexin 50 was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Conclusions The complementary expression of adherens junction proteins and gap junction proteins in lens suture regions implicates adherens junctions in fiber cell tip adhesion and in maintaining the integrity of the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Romell B. Gletten
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Kevin L. Schey
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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2
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Hale OJ, Cooper HJ. Native Ambient Mass Spectrometry of an Intact Membrane Protein Assembly and Soluble Protein Assemblies Directly from Lens Tissue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201458. [PMID: 35665580 PMCID: PMC9401010 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins constitute around two‐thirds of therapeutic targets but present a significant challenge for structural analysis due to their low abundance and solubility. Existing methods for structural analysis rely on over‐expression and/or purification of the membrane protein, thus removing any links back to actual physiological environment. Here, we demonstrate mass spectrometry analysis of an intact oligomeric membrane protein directly from tissue. Aquaporin‐0 exists as a 113 kDa tetramer, with each subunit featuring six transmembrane helices. We report the characterisation of the intact assembly directly from a section of sheep eye lens without sample pre‐treatment. Protein identity was confirmed by mass measurement of the tetramer and subunits, together with top‐down mass spectrometry, and the spatial distribution was determined by mass spectrometry imaging. Our approach allows simultaneous analysis of soluble protein assemblies in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Hale
- School of Biosciences University of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT UK
| | - Helen J. Cooper
- School of Biosciences University of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT UK
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3
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Hale OJ, Cooper HJ. Native Ambient Mass Spectrometry of an Intact Membrane Protein Assembly and Soluble Protein Assemblies Directly from Lens Tissue. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202201458. [PMID: 38505128 PMCID: PMC10946450 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins constitute around two-thirds of therapeutic targets but present a significant challenge for structural analysis due to their low abundance and solubility. Existing methods for structural analysis rely on over-expression and/or purification of the membrane protein, thus removing any links back to actual physiological environment. Here, we demonstrate mass spectrometry analysis of an intact oligomeric membrane protein directly from tissue. Aquaporin-0 exists as a 113 kDa tetramer, with each subunit featuring six transmembrane helices. We report the characterisation of the intact assembly directly from a section of sheep eye lens without sample pre-treatment. Protein identity was confirmed by mass measurement of the tetramer and subunits, together with top-down mass spectrometry, and the spatial distribution was determined by mass spectrometry imaging. Our approach allows simultaneous analysis of soluble protein assemblies in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Hale
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonB15 2TTUK
| | - Helen J. Cooper
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonB15 2TTUK
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4
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Zhu X, Xu T, Peng C, Wu S. Advances in MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging Single Cell and Tissues. Front Chem 2022; 9:782432. [PMID: 35186891 PMCID: PMC8850921 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.782432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with conventional optical microscopy techniques, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) or imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful, label-free analytical technique, which can sensitively and simultaneously detect, quantify, and map hundreds of biomolecules, such as peptides, proteins, lipid, and other organic compounds in cells and tissues. So far, although several soft ionization techniques, such as desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) have been used for imaging biomolecules, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is still the most widespread MSI scanning method. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of MALDI-MSI with an emphasis on its advances of the instrumentation, methods, application, and future directions in single cell and biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhu
- Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Xu
- Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Peng
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wu
- Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shihua Wu, ; Shihua Wu,
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5
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Harvey SR, O’Neale C, Schey KL, Wysocki VH. Native Mass Spectrometry and Surface Induced Dissociation Provide Insight into the Post-Translational Modifications of Tetrameric AQP0 Isolated from Bovine Eye Lens. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1515-1519. [PMID: 35015511 PMCID: PMC9161558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin-0 (AQP0) is a tetrameric membrane protein and the most abundant membrane protein in the eye lens. Interestingly, there is little to no cellular turnover once mature lens fiber cells are formed, and hence, age-related modifications accumulate with time. While bottom-up mass spectrometry-based approaches can provide identification of post-translational modifications, they cannot provide information on how these modifications coexist in a single chain or complex. Native mass spectrometry, however, enables the transfer of the intact complex into the gas-phase allowing modifications to be identified at the tetramer level. Here, we present the use of native mass spectrometry and surface-induced dissociation to study the post-translational modifications of AQP0 isolated and purified from bovine eye lens, existing as multiple forms due to the different modification states naturally present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R Harvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Carla O’Neale
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Vicki H Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,
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6
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Giblin FJ, Anderson DMG, Han J, Rose KL, Wang Z, Schey KL. Acceleration of age-induced proteolysis in the guinea pig lens nucleus by in vivo exposure to hyperbaric oxygen: A mass spectrometry analysis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108697. [PMID: 34233175 PMCID: PMC8429224 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment of animals or ocular lenses in culture recapitulates many molecular changes observed in human age-related nuclear cataract. The guinea pig HBO model has been one of the best examples of such treatment leading to dose-dependent development of lens nuclear opacities. In this study, complimentary mass spectrometry methods were employed to examine protein truncation after HBO treatment of aged guinea pigs. Quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the membrane fraction of guinea pig lenses showed statistically significant increases in aquaporin-0 (AQP0) C-terminal truncation, consistent with previous reports of accelerated loss of membrane and cytoskeletal proteins. In addition, imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) analysis spatially mapped the acceleration of age-related αA-crystallin truncation in the lens nucleus. The truncation sites in αA-crystallin closely match those observed in human lenses with age. Taken together, our results suggest that HBO accelerates the normal lens aging process and leads to nuclear cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Giblin
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - David M G Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37242, USA
| | - Jun Han
- Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37242, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37242, USA
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37242, USA.
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7
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Guo G, Papanicolaou M, Demarais NJ, Wang Z, Schey KL, Timpson P, Cox TR, Grey AC. Automated annotation and visualisation of high-resolution spatial proteomic mass spectrometry imaging data using HIT-MAP. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3241. [PMID: 34050164 PMCID: PMC8163805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23461-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial proteomics has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of biology, physiology and medicine. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a powerful tool in the spatial proteomics field, enabling direct detection and registration of protein abundance and distribution across tissues. MALDI-MSI preserves spatial distribution and histology allowing unbiased analysis of complex, heterogeneous tissues. However, MALDI-MSI faces the challenge of simultaneous peptide quantification and identification. To overcome this, we develop and validate HIT-MAP (High-resolution Informatics Toolbox in MALDI-MSI Proteomics), an open-source bioinformatics workflow using peptide mass fingerprint analysis and a dual scoring system to computationally assign peptide and protein annotations to high mass resolution MSI datasets and generate customisable spatial distribution maps. HIT-MAP will be a valuable resource for the spatial proteomics community for analysing newly generated and retrospective datasets, enabling robust peptide and protein annotation and visualisation in a wide array of normal and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guo
- Mass Spectrometry Hub, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Papanicolaou
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N J Demarais
- Mass Spectrometry Hub, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - P Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T R Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - A C Grey
- Mass Spectrometry Hub, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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8
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Wang Z, Ryan DJ, Schey KL. Localization of the lens intermediate filament switch by imaging mass spectrometry. Exp Eye Res 2020; 198:108134. [PMID: 32682822 PMCID: PMC7508834 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) enables targeted and untargeted visualization of the spatial localization of molecules in tissues with great specificity. The lens is a unique tissue that contains fiber cells corresponding to various stages of differentiation that are packed in a highly spatial order. The application of IMS to lens tissue localizes molecular features that are spatially related to the fiber cell organization. Such spatially resolved molecular information assists our understanding of lens structure and physiology; however, protein IMS studies are typically limited to abundant, soluble, low molecular weight proteins. In this study, a method was developed for imaging low solubility cytoskeletal proteins in the lens; a tissue that is filled with high concentrations of soluble crystallins. Optimized tissue washes combined with on-tissue enzymatic digestion allowed successful imaging of peptides corresponding to known lens cytoskeletal proteins. The resulting peptide signals facilitated segmentation of the bovine lens into molecularly distinct regions. A sharp intermediate filament transition from vimentin to lens-specific beaded filament proteins was detected in the lens cortex. MALDI IMS also revealed the region where posttranslational myristoylation of filensin occurs and the results indicate that truncation and myristoylation of filensin starts soon after filensin expression increased in the inner cortex. From intermediate filament switch to filensin truncation and myristoylation, multiple remarkable changes occur in the narrow region of lens cortex. MALDI images delineated the boundaries of distinct lens regions that will guide further proteomic and interactomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Daniel J Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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9
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Jayathirtha M, Dupree EJ, Manzoor Z, Larose B, Sechrist Z, Neagu AN, Petre BA, Darie CC. Mass Spectrometric (MS) Analysis of Proteins and Peptides. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 22:92-120. [PMID: 32713333 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200726223336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The human genome is sequenced and comprised of ~30,000 genes, making humans just a little bit more complicated than worms or flies. However, complexity of humans is given by proteins that these genes code for because one gene can produce many proteins mostly through alternative splicing and tissue-dependent expression of particular proteins. In addition, post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteins greatly increase the number of gene products or protein isoforms. Furthermore, stable and transient interactions between proteins, protein isoforms/proteoforms and PTM-ed proteins (protein-protein interactions, PPI) add yet another level of complexity in humans and other organisms. In the past, all of these proteins were analyzed one at the time. Currently, they are analyzed by a less tedious method: mass spectrometry (MS) for two reasons: 1) because of the complexity of proteins, protein PTMs and PPIs and 2) because MS is the only method that can keep up with such a complex array of features. Here, we discuss the applications of mass spectrometry in protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Jayathirtha
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Emmalyn J Dupree
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Zaen Manzoor
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Brianna Larose
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Zach Sechrist
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Anca-Narcisa Neagu
- Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Brindusa Alina Petre
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Al. I. Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania, Center for Fundamental Research and Experimental Development in Translation Medicine - TRANSCEND, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
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10
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Anderson DM, Nye-Wood MG, Rose KL, Donaldson PJ, Grey AC, Schey KL. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry of β- and γ-crystallins in the ocular lens. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4473. [PMID: 31713937 PMCID: PMC8184062 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lens crystallin proteins make up 90% of expressed proteins in the ocular lens and are primarily responsible for maintaining lens transparency and establishing the gradient of refractive index necessary for proper focusing of images onto the retina. Age-related modifications to lens crystallins have been linked to insolubilization and cataractogenesis in human lenses. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) has been shown to provide spatial maps of such age-related modifications. Previous work demonstrated that, under standard protein IMS conditions, α-crystallin signals dominated the mass spectrum and age-related modifications to α-crystallins could be mapped. In the current study, a new sample preparation method was optimized to allow imaging of β- and γ-crystallins in ocular lens tissue. Acquired images showed that γ-crystallins were localized predominately in the lens nucleus whereas β-crystallins were primarily localized to the lens cortex. Age-related modifications such as truncation, acetylation, and carbamylation were identified and spatially mapped. Protein identifications were determined by top-down proteomics analysis of lens proteins extracted from tissue sections and analyzed by LC-MS/MS with electron transfer dissociation. This new sample preparation method combined with the standard method allows the major lens crystallins to be mapped by MALDI IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Kristie L. Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Paul J. Donaldson
- New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angus C. Grey
- New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin L. Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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11
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Schey KL, Wang Z, Friedrich MG, Garland DL, Truscott RJW. Spatiotemporal changes in the human lens proteome: Critical insights into long-lived proteins. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100802. [PMID: 31704338 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ocular lens is a unique tissue that contains an age gradient of cells and proteins ranging from newly differentiated cells containing newly synthesized proteins to cells and proteins that are as old as the organism. Thus, the ocular lens is an excellent model for studying long-lived proteins (LLPs) and the effects of aging and post-translational modifications on protein structure and function. Given the architecture of the lens, with young fiber cells in the outer cortex and the oldest cells in the lens nucleus, spatially-resolved studies provide information on age-specific protein changes. In this review, experimental strategies and proteomic methods that have been used to examine age-related and cataract-specific changes to the human lens proteome are described. Measured spatio-temporal changes in the human lens proteome are summarized and reveal a highly consistent, time-dependent set of modifications observed in transparent human lenses. Such measurements have led to the discovery of cataract-specific modifications and the realization that many animal systems are unsuitable to study many of these modifications. Mechanisms of protein modifications such as deamidation, racemization, truncation, and protein-protein crosslinking are presented and the implications of such mechanisms for other long-lived proteins in other tissues are discussed in the context of age-related neurological diseases. A comprehensive understanding of LLP modifications will enhance our ability to develop new therapies for the delay, prevention or reversal of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, USA.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - Michael G Friedrich
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - Roger J W Truscott
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
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12
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Demarais NJ, Donaldson PJ, Grey AC. Age-related spatial differences of human lens UV filters revealed by negative ion mode MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:146-151. [PMID: 31004573 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan-derived UV filters are predominantly found in the lenses of primates and humans. While protective against UV radiation, aging alters the complement and spatial distributions of human lens UV filters, and a role for UV filters has been suggested in age-related cataract formation. To establish how the spatial distributions of UV filters change in normal human lens aging, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) was utilised to map the locations and relative abundance of multiple UV filters simultaneously. Frozen human lenses were cryosectioned axially, and the 20 μm-thick sections coated with MALDI matrix via robotic sprayer and analysed using negative ion mode MALDI-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance MS. While signal for many UV filters was detected throughout the lenses, signal intensity was generally highest in the central (embryonic) nucleus and decreased uniformly in outer (foetal, juvenile, adult) nuclear and cortical regions, and many UV filter signals declined with age. In contrast, two antioxidant-conjugated UV filters (Cys-3-OHKG and GSH-3-OHKG) were restricted to the lens nucleus and their relative signal increased with increasing lens age. The enhanced spatial resolution of MALDI-IMS over manual trephine dissection techniques and its multiplex capability allowed the spatial relationships between lens UV filters to be established and explored in relation to aging. Together these results confirmed that the complement of UV filters in each lens is dynamic and undergoes significant age-related changes. In the future, this information could be used to compare with other lens biomolecule changes to better understand the lens aging process and age-related cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Demarais
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Donaldson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angus C Grey
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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13
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Cao Q, Wang Y, Chen B, Ma F, Hao L, Li G, Ouyang C, Li L. Visualization and Identification of Neurotransmitters in Crustacean Brain via Multifaceted Mass Spectrometric Approaches. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1222-1229. [PMID: 30721026 PMCID: PMC6436947 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has emerged as a label-free analytical tool for fast biomolecule profiling on tissue sections. Among various functional molecules, mapping neurotransmitters and related metabolites is of tremendous significance, as these compounds are critical to signaling in the central nervous system. Here, we demonstrated the use of both derivatization and reaction-free approaches that greatly reduced signal complexity and thus enabled complementary signaling molecule visualization on crab brain sections via MALDI-LTQ-Orbitrap XL platform. Pyrylium salt served as a primary amine derivatization reagent and produced prominent signal enhancement of multiple neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, γ-aminobutyric acid, and histamine that were not detected in underivatized tissues. Molecules with other functional groups, such as acetylcholine and phosphocholine, were directly imaged after matrix application. The identities of discovered neurotransmitters were verified by standards using LC-MS/MS. This study broadens our understanding of metabolic signaling in the crustacean nervous system and highlights potential of multifaceted MS techniques for unambiguous neurotransmitter characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjingwen Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yijia Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bingming Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Fengfei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Ling Hao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Gongyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Chuanzi Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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14
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Han J, Permentier H, Bischoff R, Groothuis G, Casini A, Horvatovich P. Imaging of protein distribution in tissues using mass spectrometry: An interdisciplinary challenge. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Neagu AN. Proteome Imaging: From Classic to Modern Mass Spectrometry-Based Molecular Histology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:55-98. [PMID: 31347042 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the limitations of classic imaging in Histology during the actually era of multiomics, the multi-color "molecular microscope" by its emerging "molecular pictures" offers quantitative and spatial information about thousands of molecular profiles without labeling of potential targets. Healthy and diseased human tissues, as well as those of diverse invertebrate and vertebrate animal models, including genetically engineered species and cultured cells, can be easily analyzed by histology-directed MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. The aims of this review are to discuss a range of proteomic information emerging from MALDI mass spectrometry imaging comparative to classic histology, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, with applications in biology and medicine, concerning the detection and distribution of structural proteins and biological active molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides and proteins, allergens, neurotransmitters and hormones, enzymes, growth factors, toxins and others. The molecular imaging is very well suited for discovery and validation of candidate protein biomarkers in neuroproteomics, oncoproteomics, aging and age-related diseases, parasitoproteomics, forensic, and ecotoxicology. Additionally, in situ proteome imaging may help to elucidate the physiological and pathological mechanisms involved in developmental biology, reproductive research, amyloidogenesis, tumorigenesis, wound healing, neural network regeneration, matrix mineralization, apoptosis and oxidative stress, pain tolerance, cell cycle and transformation under oncogenic stress, tumor heterogeneity, behavior and aggressiveness, drugs bioaccumulation and biotransformation, organism's reaction against environmental penetrating xenobiotics, immune signaling, assessment of integrity and functionality of tissue barriers, behavioral biology, and molecular origins of diseases. MALDI MSI is certainly a valuable tool for personalized medicine and "Eco-Evo-Devo" integrative biology in the current context of global environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Narcisa Neagu
- Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania.
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16
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Distribution of Glycerophospholipids in the Adult Human Lens. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040156. [PMID: 30469542 PMCID: PMC6315977 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the age of fibre cells differs across the ocular lens, ranging from those formed before birth in the core of the lens to those formed just prior to death in the outer cortex. The distribution of glycerophospholipids in the adult human lens should reflect this range; however, limited data currently exists to confirm this hypothesis. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine the distribution of glycerophospholipids in adult human lens using mass spectrometry imaging. To achieve this, 20-µm thick slices of two human lenses, aged 51 and 67 were analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation imaging mass spectrometry. The data clearly indicate that intact glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid are mainly present in the outer cortex region, corresponding to the youngest fibre cells, while lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, likely produced by the degradation of phosphatidylethanolamine, is present in the nucleus (older fibre cells). This study adds further evidence to the relationship between fibre cell age and glycerophospholipid composition.
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17
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Nobis M, Warren SC, Lucas MC, Murphy KJ, Herrmann D, Timpson P. Molecular mobility and activity in an intravital imaging setting - implications for cancer progression and targeting. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/5/jcs206995. [PMID: 29511095 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mobility, localisation and spatiotemporal activity are at the core of cell biological processes and deregulation of these dynamic events can underpin disease development and progression. Recent advances in intravital imaging techniques in mice are providing new avenues to study real-time molecular behaviour in intact tissues within a live organism and to gain exciting insights into the intricate regulation of live cell biology at the microscale level. The monitoring of fluorescently labelled proteins and agents can be combined with autofluorescent properties of the microenvironment to provide a comprehensive snapshot of in vivo cell biology. In this Review, we summarise recent intravital microscopy approaches in mice, in processes ranging from normal development and homeostasis to disease progression and treatment in cancer, where we emphasise the utility of intravital imaging to observe dynamic and transient events in vivo We also highlight the recent integration of advanced subcellular imaging techniques into the intravital imaging pipeline, which can provide in-depth biological information beyond the single-cell level. We conclude with an outlook of ongoing developments in intravital microscopy towards imaging in humans, as well as provide an overview of the challenges the intravital imaging community currently faces and outline potential ways for overcoming these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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18
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Applications of Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Safety Evaluation. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28748461 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7172-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was first derived from techniques used in physics, which were then incorporated into chemistry followed by application in biology. Developed over 50 years ago, and with different principles to detect and map compounds on a sample surface, MSI supports modern biology questions by detecting biological compounds within tissue sections. MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) imaging trend analysis in this field shows an important increase in the number of publications since 2005, especially with the development of the MALDI imaging technique and its applications in biomarker discovery and drug distribution. With recent improvements of statistical tools, absolute and relative quantification protocols, as well as quality and reproducibility evaluations, MALDI imaging has become one of the most reliable MSI techniques to support drug discovery and development phases. MSI allows to potentially address important questions in drug development such as "What is the localization of the drug and its metabolites in the tissues?", "What is the pharmacological effect of the drug in this particular region of interest?", or "Is the drug and its metabolites related to an atypical finding?" However, prior to addressing these questions using MSI techniques, expertise needs to be developed to become proficient at histological procedures (tissue preparation with frozen of fixed tissues), analytical chemistry, matrix application, instrumentation, informatics, and mathematics for data analysis and interpretation.
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19
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Schnepf A, Yappert MC, Borchman D. Regional distribution of phospholipids in porcine vitreous humor. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:116-125. [PMID: 28552385 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This project explores the regional phospholipid distribution in porcine vitreous humor, retina, and lens. Matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry has been used previously to image lipids, proteins, and other metabolites in retinas and lenses. However, the regional composition of phospholipids in vitreous humors is not known. To address this issue, we have applied this mass spectral method to explore the regional phospholipid distribution in porcine vitreous humor both ex-situ and in-vitro. To establish the possible source(s) of phospholipids in the vitreous humor, compositional studies of the lens and retina were also pursued. Due to the overall low levels of phospholipids in vitreous humor, it was necessary to optimize the experimental approaches for ex-situ and in-vitro studies. The sensitivity observed in the spectra of methanol extracts from the lens and retina was higher than that for methanol:chloroform extracts, but the compositional trends were the same. A fourfold improvement in sensitivity was observed in the analysis of vitreous humor extracts obtained with the Bligh and Dyer protocol relative to the other two extraction methods. For ex-situ studies, the 'stamp method' with para-nitroaniline as the matrix was chosen. Throughout the vitreous humor, phosphatidylcholines were the most abundant phospholipids. In-vitro results showed higher relative levels of phospholipids compared to the 'stamp' method. However, more details in the regional phospholipid distribution were provided by the ex-situ approach. Both in-vitro and ex-situ results indicated higher levels of phospholipids in the posterior vitreous region, followed by the anterior and central regions. The posterior region contained more unsaturated species whereas more saturated phospholipids were detected in the anterior region. The observed trends suggest that the phospholipids detected in the posterior vitreous humor migrate from the retina and associated vasculature while those present in the anterior regions are likely to derive from the lens. Not all species found in the lens were observed in the vitreous humor. For example, whereas cholesterol was present in lens extracts, it was not detected in the vitreous humor. Overall, the higher relative abundance of unsaturated species in the posterior vitreous humor and also present in the retina suggests that these species may be able to disrupt the water-collagen-hyaluronan network and contribute to vitreous liquefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Schnepf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, USA
| | | | - Douglas Borchman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, USA
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20
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Rizzo DG, Prentice BM, Moore JL, Norris JL, Caprioli RM. Enhanced Spatially Resolved Proteomics Using On-Tissue Hydrogel-Mediated Protein Digestion. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2948-2955. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Rizzo
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and ∥Departments
of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Boone M. Prentice
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and ∥Departments
of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jessica L. Moore
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and ∥Departments
of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Norris
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and ∥Departments
of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and ∥Departments
of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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21
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Quanico J, Franck J, Wisztorski M, Salzet M, Fournier I. Progress and Potential of Imaging Mass Spectrometry Applied to Biomarker Discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1598:21-43. [PMID: 28508356 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6952-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mapping provides a direct means to assess the impact of protein biomarkers and puts into context their relevance in the type of cancer being examined. To this end, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was developed to provide the needed spatial information which is missing in traditional liquid-based mass spectrometric proteomics approaches. Aptly described as a "molecular histology" technique, MSI gives an additional dimension in characterizing tumor biopsies, allowing for mapping of hundreds of molecules in a single analysis. A decade of developments focused on improving and standardizing MSI so that the technique can be translated into the clinical setting. This review describes the progress made in addressing the technological development that allows to bridge local protein detection by MSI to its identification and to illustrate its potential in studying various aspects of cancer biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusal Quanico
- Université de Lille 1, INSERM, U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), 59000, Lille, France
| | - Julien Franck
- Université de Lille 1, INSERM, U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), 59000, Lille, France
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- Université de Lille 1, INSERM, U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), 59000, Lille, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Université de Lille 1, INSERM, U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), 59000, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Université de Lille 1, INSERM, U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), 59000, Lille, France.
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22
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O'Rourke MB, Padula MP. A new standard of visual data representation for imaging mass spectrometry. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 11. [PMID: 27730748 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MALDI imaging MS (IMS) is principally used for cancer diagnostics. In our own experience with publishing IMS data, we have been requested to modify our protocols with respect to the areas of the tissue that are imaged in order to comply with the wider literature. In light of this, we have determined that current methodologies lack effective controls and can potentially introduce bias by only imaging specific areas of the targeted tissue EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A previously imaged sample was selected and then cropped in different ways to show the potential effect of only imaging targeted areas. RESULTS By using a model sample, we were able to effectively show how selective imaging of samples can misinterpret tissue features and by changing the areas that are acquired, according to our new standard, an effective internal control can be introduced. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Current IMS sampling convention relies on the assumption that sample preparation has been performed correctly. This prevents users from checking whether molecules have moved beyond borders of the tissue due to delocalization and consequentially products of improper sample preparation could be interpreted as biological features that are of critical importance when encountered in a visual diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B O'Rourke
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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23
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Nye-Wood MG, Spraggins JM, Caprioli RM, Schey KL, Donaldson PJ, Grey AC. Spatial distributions of glutathione and its endogenous conjugates in normal bovine lens and a model of lens aging. Exp Eye Res 2016; 154:70-78. [PMID: 27838309 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the archetypal antioxidant, and plays a central role in the protection of the ocular lens from cataract formation. High levels of GSH are maintained in the transparent lens, but with advancing age, GSH levels fall in the lens nucleus relative to outer cortical cells, thereby exposing the nucleus of the lens to the damaging effects of oxygen radicals, which ultimately leads to age-related nuclear (ARN) cataract. Under normal conditions, GSH also forms endogenous conjugates to detoxify the lens of reactive cellular metabolites and to maintain cell homeostasis. Due to the intrinsic gradient of lens fibre cell age, the lens contains distinct regions with different metabolic requirements for GSH. To investigate the impact of fibre cell and lens aging on the varied roles that GSH plays in the lens, we have utilised high mass resolution MALDI mass spectrometry profiling and imaging analysis of lens tissue sections. High Dynamic Range (HDR)-MALDI FTICR mass spectrometry was used as an initial screening method to detect regional differences in lens metabolites from normal bovine lenses and in those subjected to hyperbaric oxygen as a model of lens aging. Subsequent MALDI imaging analysis was used to spatially map GSH and its endogenous conjugates throughout all lenses. Accurate mass measurement by MALDI FTICR analysis and LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry of lens region homogenates were subsequently used to identify endogenous GSH conjugates. While the distribution and relative abundance of GSH-related metabolic intermediates involved in detoxification pathways remained relatively unchanged upon HBO treatment, those involved in its antioxidant function were altered under conditions of oxidative stress. For example, reduced glutathione levels were decreased in the lens cortex while oxidised glutathione levels were elevated in the lens outer cortex upon HBO treatment. Interestingly, cysteineglutathione disulfide, was detected in the inner cortex of the normal lens, but was greatly decreased in the HBO-treated lenses. These results contribute to our understanding of the multiple roles that GSH plays in maintenance of lens transparency and in the age-related metabolic changes that lead to lens cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Centre, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paul J Donaldson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angus C Grey
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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24
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van de Ven SMWY, Bemis KD, Lau K, Adusumilli R, Kota U, Stolowitz M, Vitek O, Mallick P, Gambhir SS. Protein biomarkers on tissue as imaged via MALDI mass spectrometry: A systematic approach to study the limits of detection. Proteomics 2016; 16:1660-9. [PMID: 26970438 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is emerging as a tool for protein and peptide imaging across tissue sections. Despite extensive study, there does not yet exist a baseline study evaluating the potential capabilities for this technique to detect diverse proteins in tissue sections. In this study, we developed a systematic approach for characterizing MALDI-MSI workflows in terms of limits of detection, coefficients of variation, spatial resolution, and the identification of endogenous tissue proteins. Our goal was to quantify these figures of merit for a number of different proteins and peptides, in order to gain more insight in the feasibility of protein biomarker discovery efforts using this technique. Control proteins and peptides were deposited in serial dilutions on thinly sectioned mouse xenograft tissue. Using our experimental setup, coefficients of variation were <30% on tissue sections and spatial resolution was 200 μm (or greater). Limits of detection for proteins and peptides on tissue were in the micromolar to millimolar range. Protein identification was only possible for proteins present in high abundance in the tissue. These results provide a baseline for the application of MALDI-MSI towards the discovery of new candidate biomarkers and a new benchmarking strategy that can be used for comparing diverse MALDI-MSI workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M W Y van de Ven
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyle D Bemis
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth Lau
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ravali Adusumilli
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Uma Kota
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Mark Stolowitz
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olga Vitek
- College of Science, College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Parag Mallick
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford, CA, USA
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25
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Wenke JL, Rose KL, Spraggins JM, Schey KL. MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry Spatially Maps Age-Related Deamidation and Truncation of Human Lens Aquaporin-0. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:7398-405. [PMID: 26574799 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To spatially map human lens Aquaporin-0 (AQP0) protein modifications, including lipidation, truncation, and deamidation, from birth through middle age using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). METHODS Human lens sections were water-washed to facilitate detection of membrane protein AQP0. We acquired MALDI images from eight human lenses ranging in age from 2 months to 63 years. In situ tryptic digestion was used to generate peptides of AQP0 and peptide images were acquired on a 15T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer. Peptide extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and database searched to identify peptides observed in MALDI imaging experiments. RESULTS Unmodified, truncated, and fatty acid-acylated forms of AQP0 were detected in protein imaging experiments. Full-length AQP0 was fatty acid acylated in the core and cortex of young (2- and 4-month) lenses. Acylated and unmodified AQP0 were C-terminally truncated in older lens cores. Deamidated tryptic peptides (+0.9847 Da) were mass resolved from unmodified peptides by FTICR MS. Peptide images revealed differential localization of un-, singly-, and doubly-deamidated AQP0 C-terminal peptide (239-263). Deamidation was present at 4 months and increases with age. Liquid chromatography-MS/MS results indicated N246 undergoes deamidation more rapidly than N259. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated AQP0 fatty acid acylation and deamidation occur during early development. Progressive age-related AQP0 processing, including deamidation and truncation, was mapped in human lenses as a function of age. The localization of these modified AQP0 forms suggests where AQP0 functions may change throughout lens development and aging.
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26
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Lahiri S, Sun N, Buck A, Imhof A, Walch A. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry as a novel tool for detecting histone modifications in clinical tissue samples. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:275-84. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1146598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Bowrey HE, Anderson DM, Pallitto P, Gutierrez DB, Fan J, Crouch RK, Schey KL, Ablonczy Z. Imaging mass spectrometry of the visual system: Advancing the molecular understanding of retina degenerations. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:391-402. [PMID: 26586164 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Visual sensation is fundamental for quality of life, and loss of vision to retinal degeneration is a debilitating condition. The eye is the only part of the central nervous system that can be noninvasively observed with optical imaging. In the clinics, various spectroscopic methods provide high spatial resolution images of the fundus and the developing degenerative lesions. However, the currently utilized tools are not specific enough to establish the molecular underpinnings of retinal diseases. In contrast, mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool to identify molecularly specific disease indicators and classification markers. This technique is particularly well suited to the eye, where molecular information can be correlated with clinical data collected via noninvasive diagnostic imaging modalities. Recent studies during the last few recent years have uncovered a plethora of new spatially defined molecular information on several vision-threatening diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, glaucoma, cataract, as well as lipid disorders. Even though MS inside the eye cannot be performed noninvasively, by linking diagnostic and molecular information, these studies are the first step toward the development of smart ophthalmic diagnostic and surgical tools. Here, we provide an overview of current approaches applying MSI technology to ocular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Bowrey
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - David M Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Pallitto
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Danielle B Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rosalie K Crouch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zsolt Ablonczy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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28
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Bodzon-Kulakowska A, Suder P. Imaging mass spectrometry: Instrumentation, applications, and combination with other visualization techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:147-69. [PMID: 25962625 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) is strengthening its position as a valuable analytical tool. It has unique ability to identify structures and to unravel molecular changes that occur in the precisely defined part of the sample. These unique features open new possibilities in the field of various aspects of biological research. In this review we briefly discuss the main imaging mass spectrometry techniques, as well as the nature of biological samples and molecules, which might be analyzed by such methodology. Moreover, a novel approach, where different analytical techniques might be combined with the results of IMS study, is emphasized and discussed. With such a fast development of IMS and related methods, we can foresee the promising future of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bodzon-Kulakowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Sciences and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Suder
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Sciences and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology (ACMiN), AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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29
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Abstract
Lutein is one of the most prevalent carotenoids in nature and in the human diet. Together with zeaxanthin, it is highly concentrated as macular pigment in the foveal retina of primates, attenuating blue light exposure, providing protection from photo-oxidation and enhancing visual performance. Recently, interest in lutein has expanded beyond the retina to its possible contributions to brain development and function. Only primates accumulate lutein within the brain, but little is known about its distribution or physiological role. Our team has begun to utilize the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) model to study the uptake and bio-localization of lutein in the brain. Our overall goal has been to assess the association of lutein localization with brain function. In this review, we will first cover the evolution of the non-human primate model for lutein and brain studies, discuss prior association studies of lutein with retina and brain function, and review approaches that can be used to localize brain lutein. We also describe our approach to the biosynthesis of 13C-lutein, which will allow investigation of lutein flux, localization, metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Lastly, we describe potential future research opportunities.
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Crouch RK, Koutalos Y, Kono M, Schey K, Ablonczy Z. A2E and Lipofuscin. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:449-63. [PMID: 26310170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipofuscin is highly fluorescent material, formed in several tissues but best studied in the eye. The accumulation of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a hallmark of aging in the eye and has been implicated in various retinal degenerations, including age-related macular degeneration. The bis-retinoid N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E), formed from retinal, has been identified as a byproduct of the visual cycle, and numerous in vitro studies have found toxicity associated with this compound. The compound is known to accumulate in the RPE with age and was the first identified compound extracted from lipofuscin. Our studies have correlated the distribution of lipofuscin and A2E across the human and mouse RPE. Lipofuscin fluorescence was imaged in the RPE from human donors of various ages and from assorted mouse models. The spatial distribution of A2E was determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization imaging mass spectrometry on both flat-mounted and transversally sectioned RPE tissue. Our data support the clinical observations in humans of strong RPE fluorescence, increasing with age, in the central area of the RPE. However, there was no correlation between the distribution of A2E and lipofuscin, as the levels of A2E were highest in the far periphery and decreased toward the central region. Interestingly, in all the mouse models, A2E distribution and lipofuscin fluorescence correlate well. These data demonstrate that the accumulation of A2E is not responsible for the increase in lipofuscin fluorescence observed in the central RPE with aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie K Crouch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albert Florens Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
| | - Yiannis Koutalos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albert Florens Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Masahiro Kono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albert Florens Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zsolt Ablonczy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albert Florens Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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31
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Anderson DMG, Spraggins JM, Rose KL, Schey KL. High spatial resolution imaging mass spectrometry of human optic nerve lipids and proteins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:940-7. [PMID: 25893273 PMCID: PMC5650057 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The human optic nerve carries signals from the retina to the visual cortex of the brain. Each optic nerve is comprised of approximately one million nerve fibers that are organized into bundles of 800-1200 fibers surrounded by connective tissue and supportive glial cells. Damage to the optic nerve contributes to a number of blinding diseases including: glaucoma, neuromyelitis optica, optic neuritis, and neurofibromatosis; however, the molecular mechanisms of optic nerve damage and death are incompletely understood. Herein we present high spatial resolution MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) analysis of lipids and proteins to define the molecular anatomy of the human optic nerve. The localization of a number of lipids was observed in discrete anatomical regions corresponding to myelinated and unmyelinated nerve regions as well as to supporting connective tissue, glial cells, and blood vessels. A protein fragment from vimentin, a known intermediate filament marker for astrocytes, was observed surrounding nerved fiber bundles in the lamina cribrosa region. S100B was also found in supporting glial cell regions in the prelaminar region, and the hemoglobin alpha subunit was observed in blood vessel areas. The molecular anatomy of the optic nerve defined by MALDI IMS provides a firm foundation to study biochemical changes in blinding human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M G Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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32
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In situ drug and metabolite analysis [corrected] in biological and clinical research by MALDI MS imaging. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:1241-53. [PMID: 24946924 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the analysis in mass spectrometry (MS) [corrected] imaging has been expanded to detect a wide variety of low molecular weight compounds (LMWC), including exogenous and endogenous compounds. The high sensitivity and selectivity of MS imaging combined with visualization of molecular spatial distribution in tissues, makes it a valuable [corrected] platform in targeted drug and untargeted metabolomic analysis [corrected] in biological and clinical research. Here, we review the current and potential applications of MALDI MS imaging in these areas. The aim of advancing MALDI MS imaging in the field of LMWC is to support clinical applications by understanding drug and drug-metabolite distribution, investigating toxicity and discovering [corrected] new biomarkers.
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33
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Wang C, Wang M, Han X. Applications of mass spectrometry for cellular lipid analysis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:698-713. [PMID: 25598407 PMCID: PMC4376555 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric analysis of cellular lipids is an enabling technology for lipidomics, which is a rapidly-developing research field. In this review, we briefly discuss the principles, advantages, and possible limitations of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry-based methodologies for the analysis of lipid species. The applications of these methodologies to lipidomic research are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA.
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34
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Guo M, Zhai Y, Guo C, Liu Y, Tang D, Pan Y. A new strategy to determine the protein mutation site using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization in-source decay: Derivatization by ionic liquid. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 865:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hanrieder J, Malmberg P, Ewing AG. Spatial neuroproteomics using imaging mass spectrometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:718-31. [PMID: 25582083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system constitutes arguably the most complicated and least understood cellular network in the human body. This consequently manifests itself in the fact that the molecular bases of neurodegenerative diseases remain unknown. The limited understanding of neurobiological mechanisms relates directly to the lack of appropriate bioanalytical technologies that allow highly resolved, sensitive, specific and comprehensive molecular imaging in complex biological matrices. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is an emerging technique for molecular imaging. The technique is characterized by its high chemical specificity allowing comprehensive, spatial protein and peptide profiling in situ. Imaging MS represents therefore a powerful approach for investigation of spatio-temporal protein and peptide regulations in CNS derived tissue and cells. This review aims to provide a concise overview of major developments and applications concerning imaging mass spectrometry based protein and peptide profiling in neurobiological and biomedical research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroproteomics: Applications in Neuroscience and Neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Hanrieder
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Per Malmberg
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- National Center for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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36
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Guo M, Weng G, Yin D, Hu X, Han J, Du Y, Liu Y, Tang D, Pan Y. Identification of the over alkylation sites of a protein by IAM in MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18595e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Overalkylation often appears during the proteolytic digestion process when using iodoacetamide (IAM) to protect the produced side chain thiol of Cys from disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhe Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy
| | - Guofeng Weng
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Dengyang Yin
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical College
- Xuzhou
- China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Xunxiu Hu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical College
- Xuzhou
- China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Jie Han
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical College
- Xuzhou
- China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Yan Du
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical College
- Xuzhou
- China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Yaqin Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical College
- Xuzhou
- China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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37
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Abstract
Enriched by a decade of remarkable developments, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) has witnessed a phenomenal expansion. Initially introduced for the mapping of peptides and intact proteins from mammalian tissue sections, MALDI IMS applications now extend to a wide range of molecules including peptides, lipids, metabolites and xenobiotics. Technology and methodology are quickly evolving to push the limits of the technique forward. Within a short period of time, numerous protocols and concepts have been developed and introduced in tissue section preparation, nonexhaustively including in situ tissue chemistries and solvent-free matrix depositions. Considering the past progress and current capabilities, this Review aims to cover the different aspects and challenges of tissue section preparation for MALDI IMS.
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Martin-Lorenzo M, Balluff B, Sanz-Maroto A, van Zeijl RJ, Vivanco F, Alvarez-Llamas G, McDonnell LA. 30μm spatial resolution protein MALDI MSI: In-depth comparison of five sample preparation protocols applied to human healthy and atherosclerotic arteries. J Proteomics 2014; 108:465-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fernández R, Lage S, Abad-García B, Barceló-Coblijn G, Terés S, López DH, Guardiola-Serrano F, Martín ML, Escribá PV, Fernández JA. Analysis of the lipidome of xenografts using MALDI-IMS and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1237-1246. [PMID: 24760294 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are a very popular model to study the development of cancer and to test new drug candidates. Among the parameters analyzed are the variations in the lipid composition, as they are good indicators of changes in the cellular metabolism. Here, we present a study on the distribution of lipids in xenografts of NCI-H1975 human lung cancer cells, using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF. The identification of lipids directly from the tissue by MALDI was aided by the comparison with identification using ESI ionization in lipid extracts from the same xenografts. Lipids belonging to PCs, PIs, SMs, DAG, TAG, PS, PA, and PG classes were identified and their distribution over the xenograft was determined. Three areas were identified in the xenograft, corresponding to cells in different metabolic stages and to a layer of adipose tissue that covers the xenograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fernández
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
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40
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Gessel MM, Norris JL, Caprioli RM. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: spatial molecular analysis to enable a new age of discovery. J Proteomics 2014; 107:71-82. [PMID: 24686089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) combines the sensitivity and selectivity of mass spectrometry with spatial analysis to provide a new dimension for histological analyses to provide unbiased visualization of the arrangement of biomolecules in tissue. As such, MALDI IMS has the capability to become a powerful new molecular technology for the biological and clinical sciences. In this review, we briefly describe several applications of MALDI IMS covering a range of molecular weights, from drugs to proteins. Current limitations and challenges are discussed along with recent developments to address these issues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 20years of Proteomics in memory of Viatliano Pallini. Guest Editors: Luca Bini, Juan J. Calvete, Natacha Turck, Denis Hochstrasser and Jean-Charles Sanchez.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Gessel
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States
| | - Jeremy L Norris
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States.
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41
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Mainini V, Bovo G, Chinello C, Gianazza E, Grasso M, Cattoretti G, Magni F. Detection of high molecular weight proteins by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 9:1101-7. [PMID: 23340489 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25296a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a unique technology to explore the spatial distribution of biomolecules directly on tissues. It allows the in situ investigation of a large number of small proteins and peptides. Detection of high molecular weight proteins through MALDI IMS still represents an important challenge, as it would allow the direct investigation of the distribution of more proteins involved in biological processes, such as cytokines, enzymes, neuropeptide precursors and receptors. In this work we compare the traditional method performed with sinapinic acid with a comparable protocol using ferulic acid as the matrix. Data show a remarkable increase of signal acquisition in the mass range of 20k to 150k Th. Moreover, we report molecular images of biomolecules above 70k Th, demonstrating the possibility of expanding the application of this technology both in clinical investigations and basic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mainini
- Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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42
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Franck J, Quanico J, Wisztorski M, Day R, Salzet M, Fournier I. Quantification-Based Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Proteins by Parafilm Assisted Microdissection. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8127-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4009397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Franck
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie
de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée-EA 4550, Université de Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1er étage, F-59655 Villeneuve D′Ascq, France
| | - Jusal Quanico
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie
de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée-EA 4550, Université de Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1er étage, F-59655 Villeneuve D′Ascq, France
- Institut de pharmacologie de
Sherbrooke, Département de chirurgie/service d’urologie,
Faculté de Médicine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec,
J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie
de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée-EA 4550, Université de Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1er étage, F-59655 Villeneuve D′Ascq, France
| | - Robert Day
- Institut de pharmacologie de
Sherbrooke, Département de chirurgie/service d’urologie,
Faculté de Médicine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec,
J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Michel Salzet
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie
de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée-EA 4550, Université de Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1er étage, F-59655 Villeneuve D′Ascq, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie
de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée-EA 4550, Université de Lille 1, Bât SN3, 1er étage, F-59655 Villeneuve D′Ascq, France
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43
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Nicklay JJ, Harris GA, Schey KL, Caprioli RM. MALDI imaging and in situ identification of integral membrane proteins from rat brain tissue sections. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7191-6. [PMID: 23829295 PMCID: PMC3782084 DOI: 10.1021/ac400902h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane proteins are greatly underrepresented in data generated by imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) because of analytical challenges related to their size and solubility. Here, we present the first example of MALDI IMS of two highly modified multitransmembrane domain proteins, myelin proteolipid protein (PLP, 30 kDa) and DM-20 (26 kDa), from various regions of rat brain, namely, the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla. We utilize a novel tissue pretreatment aimed at transmembrane protein enrichment to show the in situ distribution of fatty acylation of these proteins, particularly of post-translational palmitoylation. Additionally, we demonstrate the utility of protease-encapsulated hydrogels for spatially localized on-tissue protein digestion and peptide extraction for subsequent direct coupling to LC-MS/MS for protein identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Nicklay
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Glenn A. Harris
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Kevin L. Schey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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44
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Maier SK, Hahne H, Gholami AM, Balluff B, Meding S, Schoene C, Walch AK, Kuster B. Comprehensive identification of proteins from MALDI imaging. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2901-10. [PMID: 23782541 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.027599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) is a powerful tool for the visualization of proteins in tissues and has demonstrated considerable diagnostic and prognostic value. One main challenge is that the molecular identity of such potential biomarkers mostly remains unknown. We introduce a generic method that removes this issue by systematically identifying the proteins embedded in the MALDI matrix using a combination of bottom-up and top-down proteomics. The analyses of ten human tissues lead to the identification of 1400 abundant and soluble proteins constituting the set of proteins detectable by MALDI IMS including >90% of all IMS biomarkers reported in the literature. Top-down analysis of the matrix proteome identified 124 mostly N- and C-terminally fragmented proteins indicating considerable protein processing activity in tissues. All protein identification data from this study as well as the IMS literature has been deposited into MaTisse, a new publically available database, which we anticipate will become a valuable resource for the IMS community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan K Maier
- Chair for Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München, Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
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45
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Angel PM, Caprioli RM. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry: in situ molecular mapping. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3818-28. [PMID: 23259809 PMCID: PMC3864574 DOI: 10.1021/bi301519p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a relatively new imaging modality that allows mapping of a wide range of biomolecules within a thin tissue section. The technology uses a laser beam to directly desorb and ionize molecules from discrete locations on the tissue that are subsequently recorded in a mass spectrometer. IMS is distinguished by the ability to directly measure molecules in situ ranging from small metabolites to proteins, reporting hundreds to thousands of expression patterns from a single imaging experiment. This article reviews recent advances in IMS technology, applications, and experimental strategies that allow it to significantly aid in the discovery and understanding of molecular processes in biological and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggi M. Angel
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Avenue South, MRB III Suite 9160, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Medicine, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Avenue South, MRB III Suite 9160, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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46
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Römpp A, Spengler B. Mass spectrometry imaging with high resolution in mass and space. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 139:759-83. [PMID: 23652571 PMCID: PMC3656243 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) imaging links molecular information and the spatial distribution of analytes within a sample. In contrast to most histochemical techniques, mass spectrometry imaging can differentiate molecular modifications and does not require labeling of targeted compounds. We have recently introduced the first mass spectrometry imaging method that provides highly specific molecular information (high resolution and accuracy in mass) at cellular dimensions (high resolution in space). This method is based on a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging source working at atmospheric pressure which is coupled to an orbital trapping mass spectrometer. Here, we present a number of application examples and demonstrate the benefit of ‘mass spectrometry imaging with high resolution in mass and space.’ Phospholipids, peptides and drug compounds were imaged in a number of tissue samples at a spatial resolution of 5–10 μm. Proteins were analyzed after on-tissue tryptic digestion at 50-μm resolution. Additional applications include the analysis of single cells and of human lung carcinoma tissue as well as the first MALDI imaging measurement of tissue at 3 μm pixel size. MS image analysis for all these experiments showed excellent correlation with histological staining evaluation. The high mass resolution (R = 30,000) and mass accuracy (typically 1 ppm) proved to be essential for specific image generation and reliable identification of analytes in tissue samples. The ability to combine the required high-quality mass analysis with spatial resolution in the range of single cells is a unique feature of our method. With that, it has the potential to supplement classical histochemical protocols and to provide new insights about molecular processes on the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Römpp
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 60, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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47
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Norris JL, Caprioli RM. Analysis of tissue specimens by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry in biological and clinical research. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2309-42. [PMID: 23394164 PMCID: PMC3624074 DOI: 10.1021/cr3004295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. Norris
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575
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Anderson DMG, Mills D, Spraggins J, Lambert WS, Calkins DJ, Schey KL. High-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-imaging mass spectrometry of lipids in rodent optic nerve tissue. Mol Vis 2013; 19:581-92. [PMID: 23559852 PMCID: PMC3611942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a method for generating high spatial resolution (10 µm) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) images of lipids in rodent optic nerve tissue. METHODS Ice-embedded optic nerve tissue from rats and mice were cryosectioned across the coronal and sagittal axes of the nerve fiber. Sections were thaw mounted on gold-coated MALDI plates and were washed with ammonium acetate to remove biologic salts before being coated in 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid by sublimation. MALDI images were generated in positive and negative ion modes at 10 µm spatial resolution. Lipid identification was performed with a high mass resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. RESULTS Several lipid species were observed with high signal intensity in MALDI images of optic nerve tissue. Several lipids were localized to specific structures including in the meninges surrounding the optic nerve and in the central neuronal tissue. Specifically, phosphatidylcholine species were observed throughout the nerve tissue in positive ion mode while sulfatide species were observed in high abundance in the meninges surrounding the optic nerve in negative ion mode. Accurate mass measurements and fragmentation using sustained off-resonance irradiation with a high mass resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer instrument allowed for identification of lipid species present in the small structure of the optic nerve directly from tissue sections. CONCLUSIONS An optimized sample preparation method provides excellent sensitivity for lipid species present within optic nerve tissue. This allowed the laser spot size and fluence to be reduced to obtain a high spatial resolution of 10 µm. This new imaging modality can now be applied to determine spatial and molecular changes in optic nerve tissue with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. G. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Daniel Mills
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffrey Spraggins
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Wendi S. Lambert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - David J. Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Kevin L. Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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49
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Schey KL, Grey AC, Nicklay JJ. Mass spectrometry of membrane proteins: a focus on aquaporins. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3807-17. [PMID: 23394619 DOI: 10.1021/bi301604j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are abundant, critically important biomolecules that conduct essential functions in all cells and are the targets of a significant number of therapeutic drugs. However, the analysis of their expression, modification, protein-protein interactions, and structure by mass spectrometry has lagged behind similar studies of soluble proteins. Here we review the limitations to analysis of integral membrane and membrane-associated proteins and highlight advances in sample preparation and mass spectrometry methods that have led to the successful analysis of this protein class. Advances in the analysis of membrane protein posttranslational modification, protein-protein interaction, protein structure, and tissue distributions by imaging mass spectrometry are discussed. Furthermore, we focus our discussion on the application of mass spectrometry for the analysis of aquaporins as a prototypical integral membrane protein and how advances in analytical methods have revealed new biological insights into the structure and function of this family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.
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50
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Chen F, Gerber S, Heuser K, Korkhov VM, Lizak C, Mireku S, Locher KP, Zenobi R. High-mass matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry of integral membrane proteins and their complexes. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3483-8. [PMID: 23463947 DOI: 10.1021/ac4000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Analyzing purified membrane proteins and membrane protein complexes by mass spectrometry has been notoriously challenging and required highly specialized buffer conditions, sample preparation methods, and apparatus. Here we show that a standard matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) protocol, if used in combination with a high-mass detector, allows straightforward mass spectrometric measurements of integral membrane proteins and their complexes, directly following purification in detergent solution. Molecular weights can be determined precisely (mass error ≤ 0.1%) such that high-mass MALDI-MS was able to identify the site for N-linked glycosylation of the eukaryotic multidrug ABC transporter Cdr1p without special purification steps, which is impossible by any other current approach. After chemical cross-linking with glutaraldehyde in the presence of detergent micelles, the subunit stoichiometries of a series of integral membrane protein complexes, including the homomeric PglK and the heteromeric BtuCD as well as BtuCDF, were unambiguously resolved. This thus adds a valuable tool for biophysical characterization of integral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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