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Wiedemeyer SJA, Wu G, Pham TLP, Lang-Henkel H, Perez Urzua B, Whisstock JC, Law RHP, Steinmetzer T. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Macrocyclic Plasmin Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200632. [PMID: 36710259 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two series of macrocyclic plasmin inhibitors with a C-terminal benzylamine group were synthesized. The substitution of the N-terminal phenylsulfonyl group of a previously described inhibitor provided two analogues with sub-nanomolar inhibition constants. Both compounds possess a high selectivity against all other tested trypsin-like serine proteases. Furthermore, a new approach was used to selectively introduce asymmetric linker segments. Two of these compounds inhibit plasmin with Ki values close to 2 nM. For the first time, four crystal structures of these macrocyclic inhibitors could be determined in complex with a Ser195Ala microplasmin mutant. The macrocyclic core segment of the inhibitors binds to the open active site of plasmin without any steric hindrance. This binding mode is incompatible with other trypsin-like serine proteases containing a sterically demanding 99-hairpin loop. The crystal structures obtained experimentally explain the excellent selectivity of this inhibitor type as previously hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J A Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Guojie Wu
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - T L Phuong Pham
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Heike Lang-Henkel
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Perez Urzua
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - James C Whisstock
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Ruby H P Law
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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2
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Karki RG, Powers J, Mainolfi N, Anderson K, Belanger DB, Liu D, Ji N, Jendza K, Gelin CF, Mac Sweeney A, Solovay C, Delgado O, Crowley M, Liao SM, Argikar UA, Flohr S, La Bonte LR, Lorthiois EL, Vulpetti A, Brown A, Long D, Prentiss M, Gradoux N, de Erkenez A, Cumin F, Adams C, Jaffee B, Mogi M. Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Characterization of Selective Factor D Inhibitors Targeting the Alternative Complement Pathway. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4656-4668. [PMID: 30995036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Complement factor D (FD), a highly specific S1 serine protease, plays a central role in the amplification of the alternative complement pathway (AP) of the innate immune system. Dysregulation of AP activity predisposes individuals to diverse disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Previously, we have reported the screening efforts and identification of reversible benzylamine-based FD inhibitors (1 and 2) binding to the open active conformation of FD. In continuation of our drug discovery program, we designed compounds applying structure-based approaches to improve interactions with FD and gain selectivity against S1 serine proteases. We report herein the design, synthesis, and medicinal chemistry optimization of the benzylamine series culminating in the discovery of 12, an orally bioavailable and selective FD inhibitor. 12 demonstrated systemic suppression of AP activation in a lipopolysaccharide-induced AP activation model as well as local ocular suppression in intravitreal injection-induced AP activation model in mice expressing human FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshri G Karki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - James Powers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Nello Mainolfi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Karen Anderson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - David B Belanger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Donglei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Nan Ji
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Keith Jendza
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Christine F Gelin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Aengus Mac Sweeney
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Catherine Solovay
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Omar Delgado
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Maura Crowley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Sha-Mei Liao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Stefanie Flohr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Laura R La Bonte
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Edwige L Lorthiois
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Anna Vulpetti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Ann Brown
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Debby Long
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Melissa Prentiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Nathalie Gradoux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Andrea de Erkenez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Frederic Cumin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Christopher Adams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Bruce Jaffee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Muneto Mogi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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3
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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4
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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5
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Huang H, Konda S, Zhao JCG. Diastereodivergent Catalysis Using Modularly Designed Organocatalysts: Synthesis of bothcis- andtrans-Fused Pyrano[2,3-b]pyrans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2213-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huicai Huang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at San Antonio; One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249-0698 USA
| | - Swapna Konda
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at San Antonio; One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249-0698 USA
| | - John C.-G. Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at San Antonio; One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249-0698 USA
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6
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Huang H, Konda S, Zhao JCG. Diastereodivergent Catalysis Using Modularly Designed Organocatalysts: Synthesis of bothcis- andtrans-Fused Pyrano[2,3-b]pyrans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huicai Huang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at San Antonio; One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249-0698 USA
| | - Swapna Konda
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at San Antonio; One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249-0698 USA
| | - John C.-G. Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at San Antonio; One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249-0698 USA
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7
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Mackman RL, Sangi M, Sperandio D, Parrish JP, Eisenberg E, Perron M, Hui H, Zhang L, Siegel D, Yang H, Saunders O, Boojamra C, Lee G, Samuel D, Babaoglu K, Carey A, Gilbert BE, Piedra PA, Strickley R, Iwata Q, Hayes J, Stray K, Kinkade A, Theodore D, Jordan R, Desai M, Cihlar T. Discovery of an oral respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion inhibitor (GS-5806) and clinical proof of concept in a human RSV challenge study. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1630-43. [PMID: 25574686 DOI: 10.1021/jm5017768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
GS-5806 is a novel, orally bioavailable RSV fusion inhibitor discovered following a lead optimization campaign on a screening hit. The oral absorption properties were optimized by converting to the pyrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine heterocycle, while potency, metabolic, and physicochemical properties were optimized by introducing the para-chloro and aminopyrrolidine groups. A mean EC50 = 0.43 nM was found toward a panel of 75 RSV A and B clinical isolates and dose-dependent antiviral efficacy in the cotton rat model of RSV infection. Oral bioavailability in preclinical species ranged from 46 to 100%, with evidence of efficient penetration into lung tissue. In healthy human volunteers experimentally infected with RSV, a potent antiviral effect was observed with a mean 4.2 log10 reduction in peak viral load and a significant reduction in disease severity compared to placebo. In conclusion, a potent, once daily, oral RSV fusion inhibitor with the potential to treat RSV infection in infants and adults is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Mackman
- Gilead Sciences , 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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8
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Lee JH, Kim H, Kim T, Song JH, Kim WS, Ham J. Functionalization of Organotrifluoroborates via Cu-Catalyzed C-N Coupling Reaction. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Hsiao YW, Petersson C, Svensson MA, Norinder U. A Pragmatic Approach Using First-Principle Methods to Address Site of Metabolism with Implications for Reactive Metabolite Formation. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:686-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ci200523f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Hsiao
- AstraZeneca Research and Development Södertälje, SE-151 85
Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Carl Petersson
- AstraZeneca Research and Development Södertälje, SE-151 85
Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Mats A. Svensson
- AstraZeneca Research and Development Södertälje, SE-151 85
Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Ulf Norinder
- AstraZeneca Research and Development Södertälje, SE-151 85
Södertälje, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Garattini E, Terao M. The role of aldehyde oxidase in drug metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:487-503. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.663352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Straub A, Roehrig S, Hillisch A. Oral, Direct Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors: The Replacement for Warfarin, Leeches, and Pig Intestines? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4574-90. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Orale, direkte Thrombin- und Faktor-Xa-Hemmer: Kommt die Ablösung für Warfarin, Blutegel und Schweinedärme? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Kleanthous S, Borthwick AD, Brown D, Burns-Kurtis CL, Campbell M, Chaudry L, Chan C, Clarte MO, Convery MA, Harling JD, Hortense E, Irving WR, Irvine S, Pateman AJ, Patikis AN, Pinto IL, Pollard DR, Roethka TJ, Senger S, Shah GP, Stelman GJ, Toomey JR, Watson NS, West RI, Whittaker C, Zhou P, Young RJ. Structure and property based design of factor Xa inhibitors: pyrrolidin-2-ones with monoaryl P4 motifs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:618-22. [PMID: 20006499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Structure and property based drug design was exploited in the synthesis of sulfonamidopyrrolidin-2-one-based factor Xa inhibitors, incorporating neutral and basic monoaryl P4 groups, ultimately producing potent inhibitors with effective levels of anticoagulant activity and extended oral pharmacokinetic profiles. However, time dependant inhibition of Cytochrome P450 3A4 was a particular issue with this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas Kleanthous
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
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14
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Mutlib AE. Application of stable isotope-labeled compounds in metabolism and in metabolism-mediated toxicity studies. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1672-89. [PMID: 18702535 DOI: 10.1021/tx800139z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope-labeled compounds have been synthesized and utilized by scientists from various areas of biomedical research during the last several decades. Compounds labeled with stable isotopes, such as deuterium and carbon-13, have been used effectively by drug metabolism scientists and toxicologists to gain better understanding of drugs' disposition and their potential role in target organ toxicities. The combination of stable isotope-labeling techniques with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which allows rapid acquisition and interpretation of data, has promoted greater use of these stable isotope-labeled compounds in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies. Examples of the use of stable isotope-labeled compounds in elucidating structures of metabolites and delineating complex metabolic pathways are presented in this review. The application of labeled compounds in mechanistic toxicity studies will be discussed by providing an example of how strategic placement of a deuterium atom in a drug molecule mitigated specific-specific renal toxicity. Other examples from the literature demonstrating the application of stable isotope-labeled compounds in understanding metabolism-mediated toxicities are presented. Furthermore, an example of how a stable isotope-labeled compound was utilized to better understand some of the gene changes in toxicogenomic studies is discussed. The interpretation of large sets of data produced from toxicogenomics studies can be a challenge. One approach that could be used to simplify interpretation of the data, especially from studies designed to link gene changes with the formation of reactive metabolites thought to be responsible for toxicities, is through the use of stable isotope-labeled compounds. This is a relatively unexplored territory and needs to be further investigated. The employment of analytical techniques, especially mass spectrometry and NMR, used in conjunction with stable isotope-labeled compounds to establish and understand mechanistic link between reactive metabolite formation, genomic, and proteomic changes and onset of toxicity is proposed. The use of stable isotope-labeled compounds in early human ADME studies as a way of identifying and possibly quantifying all drug-related components present in systemic circulation is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul E Mutlib
- Biotransformation Department, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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15
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Fitch WL, He L, Tu YP, Alexandrova L. Application of polarity switching in the identification of the metabolites of RO9237. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1661-8. [PMID: 17465015 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polarity switching mass spectrometry is an efficient way to collect structural data on drug metabolites. The value of this approach is illustrated with the in vitro metabolism of RO9237. Metabolites are identified by positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) full scan mass spectrometry, MS/MS and MS(3) using unlabelled and (14)C-radiolabelled versions of the drug. Comparison of the relative detectability of these metabolites by +ESI and -ESI shows that neither ESI mode is universal. It is advantageous to screen for metabolites using both positive and negative ionization modes. This is especially true for phase II metabolism which tends to make molecules more polar and often more acidic. Identification of phase II metabolites also benefits greatly from MS(3) experiments because the conjugating groups typically are cleaved in MS/MS and information on the core structure is only obtained in MS(3). A special case of phase II metabolism is the generation of glutathione (GSH) conjugates from reactive metabolites. The detection of GSH conjugates also benefits from generating both positive and negative ESI mass spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Fitch
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Roche Palo Alto, LLC, 3431 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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16
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Yi L, Dratter J, Wang C, Tunge JA, Desaire H. Identification of sulfation sites of metabolites and prediction of the compounds' biological effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:666-74. [PMID: 16724218 PMCID: PMC1592252 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the biological effects of metabolic transformations (or biotransformation) is one of the key steps in developing safe and effective pharmaceuticals. Sulfate conjugation, one of the major phase II biotransformations, is the focus of this study. While this biotransformation typically facilitates excretion of metabolites by making the compounds more water soluble, sulfation may also lead to bioactivation, producing carcinogenic products. The end result, excretion or bioactivation, depends on the structural features of the sulfation sites, so obtaining the structure of the sulfated metabolites is critically important. We describe herein a very simple, high-throughput procedure for using mass spectrometry to identify the structure—and thus the biological fate—of sulfated metabolites. We have chemically synthesized and analyzed libraries of compounds representing all the biologically relevant types of sulfation products, and using the mass spectral data, the structural features present in these analytes can be reliably determined, with a 97% success rate. This work represents the first example of a high-throughput analysis that can identify the structure of sulfated metabolites and predict their biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Joe Dratter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Jon A. Tunge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Heather Desaire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
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17
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Ansede JH, Thakker DR. High-throughput screening for stability and inhibitory activity of compounds toward cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:239-55. [PMID: 14705182 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening technology, thousands of molecules can now be rapidly synthesized and screened for biological activity against large numbers of protein targets, greatly increasing the speed with which lead compounds are identified during the early stages of drug discovery. However, rapid optimization of parameters that determine whether a high-affinity ligand or a potent inhibitor will become a successful drug remains a challenge in improving the efficiency of the drug discovery process. Parameters that define absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of drug candidates are important determinants of therapeutic efficacy, and thus should be optimized during early stages of drug discovery. Although the speed with which drugs are screened for properties such as absorption, cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition, and metabolic stability has increased over the past several years, the screening rate/capacity is still several orders of magnitude lower than those for high-throughput methods used in lead identification, resulting in a bottleneck in the drug discovery process. This review discusses current methods used in the in vitro screening of drugs for their stability toward CYP-mediated oxidative metabolism. This is a critical screen in the drug discovery process because metabolism by CYP represents an important clearance mechanism for the vast majority of compounds, thus affecting their oral bioavailability and/or duration of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Ansede
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7360, 2309 Kerr Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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18
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Wong H, Grossman SJ, Bai SA, Diamond S, Wright MR, Grace JE, Qian M, He K, Yeleswaram K, Christ DD. THE CHIMPANZEE (PAN TROGLODYTES) AS A PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL FOR SELECTION OF DRUG CANDIDATES: MODEL CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:1359-69. [PMID: 15333515 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chimpanzee (CHP) was evaluated as a pharmacokinetic model for humans (HUMs) using propranolol, verapamil, theophylline, and 12 proprietary compounds. Species differences were observed in the systemic clearance of theophylline (approximately 5-fold higher in CHPs), a low clearance compound, and the bioavailability of propranolol and verapamil (lower in CHPs), both high clearance compounds. The systemic clearance of propranolol (approximately 1.53 l/h/kg) suggested that the hepatic blood flow in CHPs is comparable to that in humans. No substantial differences were observed in the in vitro protein binding. A preliminary attempt was made to characterize cytochrome P450 (P450) activities in CHP and HUM liver microsomes. Testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation and tolbutamide methylhydroxylation activities were comparable in CHP and HUM liver microsomes. In contrast, dextromethorphan O-demethylation and phenacetin O-deethylation activities were approximately 10-fold higher (per mg protein) in CHP liver microsomes. Intrinsic clearance estimates in CHP liver microsomes were higher for propranolol (approximately 10-fold) and theophylline (approximately 5-fold) and similar for verapamil. Of the 12 proprietary compounds, 3 had oral clearances that differed in the two species by more than 3-fold, an acceptable range for biological variability. Most of the observed differences are consistent with species differences in P450 enzyme activity. Oral clearances of proprietary compounds in HUMs were significantly correlated to those from CHPs (r = 0.68; p = 0.015), but not to estimates from rat, dog, and monkey. In summary, the chimpanzee serves as a valuable surrogate model for human pharmacokinetics, especially when species differences in P450 enzyme activity are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Wong
- Discovery Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, USA.
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Perkins EJ, Cramer JW, Farid NA, Gadberry MG, Jackson DA, Mattiuz EL, O'Bannon DD, Weiss HJ, Wheeler WJ, Wood PG, Cassidy KC. PRECLINICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF 2-[3-[3-[(5-ETHYL-4′-FLUORO-2-HYDROXY[1,1′-BIPHENYL]-4-YL)OXY]PROPOXY]-2-PROPYLPHENOXY]BENZOIC ACID METABOLISM: IN VITRO SPECIES COMPARISON AND IN VIVO DISPOSITION IN RATS. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:1382-90. [PMID: 14570771 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.11.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the pharmacokinetics of [14C]2-[3-[3-[(5-ethyl-4'-fluoro-2-hydroxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy]propoxy]-2-propylphenoxy-]benzoic acid ([14C]LY293111), an experimental anti-cancer agent, suggested long-lived circulating metabolites in rats. In vivo metabolites of LY293111 were examined in plasma, bile, urine, and feces of Fischer 344 (F344) rats after oral administration of [14C]LY293111. Metabolites were profiled by high-performance liquid chromatography-radiochromatography, and identified by liquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectrometry and LC/NMR. The major in vivo metabolites of LY293111 identified in rats were phenolic (ether), acyl, and bisglucuronides of LY293111. Measurement of radioactivity in rat plasma confirmed that a fraction of LY293111-derived material was irreversibly bound to plasma protein and that this bound fraction increased over time. This was consistent with the observed disparity in half-lives between LY293111 and total radioactivity in rats and monkeys, and is likely due to covalent modification of proteins by the acyl glucuronide. In vitro metabolism of [14C]LY293111 in liver slices from CD-1 mice, F344 rats, rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, and humans indicates that glucuronidation was the primary metabolic pathway in all species. The acyl glucuronide was the most prevalent radioactive peak (16% of total 14C) produced by F344 rat slices, whereas the ether glucuronide was the major metabolite in all other species (26-36% of total 14C). Several minor hydroxylated metabolites were detected in F344 rat slice extracts but were not observed in other species. The data presented suggest that covalent modification of proteins by LY293111 acyl glucuronide is possible in multiple species, although the relative reactivity of this metabolite appears to be low compared with those known to cause adverse drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Perkins
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Biomedical applications of directly-coupled chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(03)80011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Gopaul VS, Tang W, Farrell K, Abbott FS. Amino acid conjugates: metabolites of 2-propylpentanoic acid (valproic acid) in epileptic patients. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:114-21. [PMID: 12485960 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.1.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, spectroscopic and chromatographic evidence is presented for the identification and characterization of the metabolites, valproyl glutamate (2-propylpentanoyl glutamate, VPA-GLU) and valproyl glutamine (2-propylpentanoyl glutamine, VPA-GLN) in the urine, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients on valproic acid (VPA) therapy. Moreover, the identification of valproyl glycine (2-propylpentanoyl glycine, VPA-GLY) in the serum and urine of patients on VPA, albeit in trace concentrations, is also reported here. The three amino acid conjugates excreted in urine accounted for about 1% of the VPA dose in four patients who were on VPA therapy chronically and had reached steady state. VPA-GLU was quantitatively the most prominent metabolite (0.66-13.1 microg/mg creatinine) compared with VPA-GLN (0.78-9.93 microg/mg creatinine) and VPA-GLY (trace-1.0 microg/mg creatinine) in overnight urine samples of all patients studied (n = 29). The relatively low serum concentrations of the three amino acid conjugates of VPA in six patients suggest that the metabolites are readily excreted once formed. In contrast, whereas VPA GLY was absent in the CSF of one patient on VPA, the concentrations of VPA-GLU and VPA-GLN in this CSF sample were 9 and 5 times, respectively, their corresponding serum concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Gopaul
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Wong PC, Pinto DJP, Knabb RM. Nonpeptide factor Xa inhibitors: DPC423, a highly potent and orally bioavailable pyrazole antithrombotic agent. CARDIOVASCULAR DRUG REVIEWS 2002; 20:137-52. [PMID: 12177691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2002.tb00188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
DPC423, 1-[3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]-N-[3-fluoro-2'-(methylsulfonyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, is a synthetic, orally bioavailable, competitive, and selective inhibitor of human coagulation factor Xa (K(i) [nM]: factor Xa, 0.15; trypsin, 60; thrombin, 6000; plasma kallikrein, 61; activated protein C, 1800; factor IXa, 2200; factor VIIa, >15,000; chymotrypsin, >17,000; urokinase, >19,000; plasmin, >35,000; tissue plasminogen activator, >45,000; complement factor I, 44,000 [IC(50)]). In vitro, DPC423 produced anticoagulant effects in human plasma in which it doubled prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and Heptest clotting time at 3.1 +/- 0.4, 3.1 +/- 0.4, and 1.1 +/- 0.5 microM, respectively. In dogs, DPC423 had a good pharmacokinetic profile with an oral bioavailability of 57%, a plasma clearance of 0.24 L/kg/h, and a plasma half-life of 7.5 h. In rabbit and rat models of arteriovenous shunt thrombosis, DPC423 was an effective antithrombotic agent with an IC(50) of 150 and 470 nM, respectively. The antithrombotic effect of DPC423 is likely to be related to the inhibition of factor Xa but not to the inhibition of thrombin or due to direct inhibition of platelet aggregation. Therefore, based on potency, selectivity, efficacy, and oral bioavailability, DPC423 was selected for clinical development as an oral anticoagulant for the potential treatment of thrombotic disorders. Preliminary human data suggest that DPC423 is orally bioavailable in humans and has a long plasma half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pancras C Wong
- Cardiovascular Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA.
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