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Rathod S, Dey S, Pawar S, Dhavale R, Choudhari P, Rajakumara E, Mahuli D, Bhagwat D, Tamboli Y, Sankpal P, Mali S, More H. Identification of potential biogenic chalcones against antibiotic resistant efflux pump (AcrB) via computational study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5178-5196. [PMID: 37340697 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2225099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The cases of bacterial multidrug resistance are increasing every year and becoming a serious concern for human health. Multidrug efflux pumps are key players in the formation of antibiotic resistance, which transfer out a broad spectrum of drugs from the cell and convey resistance to the host. Efflux pumps have significantly reduced the efficacy of the previously available antibiotic armory, thereby increasing the frequency of therapeutic failures. In gram-negative bacteria, the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump is the principal transporter of the substrate and plays a major role in the formation of antibiotic resistance. In the current work, advanced computer-aided drug discovery approaches were utilized to find hit molecules from the library of biogenic chalcones against the bacterial AcrB efflux pump. The results of the performed computational studies via molecular docking, drug-likeness prediction, pharmacokinetic profiling, pharmacophore mapping, density functional theory, and molecular dynamics simulation study provided ZINC000004695648, ZINC000014762506, ZINC000014762510, ZINC000095099506, and ZINC000085510993 as stable hit molecules against the AcrB efflux pumps. Identified hits could successfully act against AcrB efflux pumps after optimization as lead molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Rathod
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, MS, India
| | - Sreenath Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Swaranjali Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, MS, India
| | - Rakesh Dhavale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, MS, India
| | - Prafulla Choudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, MS, India
| | - Eerappa Rajakumara
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Deepak Mahuli
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, MS, India
| | - Durgacharan Bhagwat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, MS, India
| | - Yasinalli Tamboli
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Poournima Sankpal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ashokrao Mane College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, MS, India
| | - Sachin Mali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Y. D. Mane College of Pharmacy, Kagal, MS, India Kolhapur
| | - Harinath More
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, MS, India
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Bian T, Lynch A, Ballas K, Mamallapalli J, Freeman B, Scala A, Wang Y, Trabouls H, Chellian RK, Fagan A, Tang Z, Ding H, De U, Fredenburg KM, Huo Z, Baglole CJ, Zhang W, Reznikov LR, Bruijnzeel AW, Xing C. AB-free kava enhances resilience against the adverse health effects of tobacco smoke in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.25.599576. [PMID: 38979295 PMCID: PMC11230230 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.25.599576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke remains a serious global issue, resulting in serious health complications, contributing to the onsets of numerous preventive diseases, and imposing significant financial burdens. Despite regulatory policies and cessation measures aimed at curbing its usage, novel interventions are urgently needed for effective damage reduction. Our preclinical and pilot clinical studies showed that AB-free kava has the potential to reduce tobacco smoke-induced lung cancer risk, mitigate tobacco dependence, and reduce tobacco use. To understand the scope of its benefits in damage reduction and potential limitations, this study evaluated the effects of AB-free kava on a panel of health indicators in mice exposed to 2 - 4 weeks of daily tobacco smoke exposure. Our comprehensive assessments included global transcriptional profiling of the lung and liver tissues, analysis of lung inflammation, evaluation of lung function, exploration of tobacco nicotine withdrawal, and characterization of the causal PKA signaling pathway. As expected, Tobacco smoke exposure perturbed a wide range of biological processes and compromised multiple functions in mice. Remarkably, AB-free kava demonstrated the ability to globally mitigate tobacco smoke-induced deficits at the molecular and functional levels with promising safety profiles, offering a unique promise to mitigate tobacco smoke-related health damages. Further pre-clinical evaluation and clinical translation are warranted to fully harness the potential of AB-free kava in combating tobacco smoke-related harms.
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Freeman B, Mamallapalli J, Bian T, Ballas K, Lynch A, Scala A, Huo Z, Fredenburg KM, Bruijnzeel AW, Baglole CJ, Lu J, Salloum RG, Malaty J, Xing C. Opportunities and Challenges of Kava in Lung Cancer Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119539. [PMID: 37298489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths due to its high incidence, late diagnosis, and limited success in clinical treatment. Prevention therefore is critical to help improve lung cancer management. Although tobacco control and tobacco cessation are effective strategies for lung cancer prevention, the numbers of current and former smokers in the USA and globally are not expected to decrease significantly in the near future. Chemoprevention and interception are needed to help high-risk individuals reduce their lung cancer risk or delay lung cancer development. This article will review the epidemiological data, pre-clinical animal data, and limited clinical data that support the potential of kava in reducing human lung cancer risk via its holistic polypharmacological effects. To facilitate its future clinical translation, advanced knowledge is needed with respect to its mechanisms of action and the development of mechanism-based non-invasive biomarkers in addition to safety and efficacy in more clinically relevant animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jessica Mamallapalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tengfei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kayleigh Ballas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Allison Lynch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Alexander Scala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health & Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kristianna M Fredenburg
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Adriaan W Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, PennState Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Outcome & Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John Malaty
- Department of Community Health & Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abdulabbas Hasan M, Mohan S, Rahman HS, Othman HH, Hamasalih Omer S, Farasani A. The sub-acute toxicity of kavalactone in rats: a study of the effect of oral doses and the mechanism of toxicity in combination with ethanol. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:588-596. [PMID: 35506235 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2069803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kava is a herbal supplement and beverage made from the Piper methysticum plant, which is known for its recreational use as a mood enhancer, relaxation, as well as pain relief for centuries. Kava is widely used among alcoholics, but it is dangerous and potentially fatal. The objectives of this study were to examine the sub-acute toxicity effects of different doses of 70% kavalactone (KL) in rats by oral application, as well as to elucidate the mechanisms of toxicity alone and in combination with ethanol (EtOH). The most common side effects observed were abnormal breathing, ataxia, lethargy, loss of appetite, indigestion, and loss of coordination, especially in the 800 mg/kg bw, po bodyweight dosage of kava treatment group alone, and in combination with EtOH. In the sub-acute study, there were dose-related decreases in body weight, feed intake, and water consumption rates. Gross and histopathological findings revealed that the liver was abnormal in color, size, consistency, and the weight significantly increased at a dose of 800 mg/kg bw, po, with KL alone and a greater increase in combination with EtOH. Hepatocellular hypertrophy (HP) and necrosis with Kupffer cells hyperplasia were observed in the periacinar zone of all rats dosed with KL (800 mg/kg bw, po) alone, and extensive changes were observed in combination with EtOH. The periportal (Z1) and mid-zonal (Z2) areas of hepatocytes were less affected as compared to the periacinar zone. These results demonstrate that EtOH exacerbated the sedative and hypnotic activity of KL, and markedly increased toxicity. The histopathological results supported the clinical and biochemical findings and the severity of hepatic damage in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdulabbas Hasan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Biology Science, College of Education for Women, Thi-Qar University, Thi-Qar, Republic of Iraq
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Republic of Iraq.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Republic of Iraq
| | - Hemn Hasan Othman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Republic of Iraq
| | - Shirwan Hamasalih Omer
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Republic of Iraq
| | - Abdullah Farasani
- Biomedical Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Sun CK, Tsai TH. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interactions of common over-the-counter pain medications. Biomed Chromatogr 2023:e5591. [PMID: 36710381 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pain is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical intervention, and self-medication with over-the-counter medications and/or traditional herbal remedies has become increasingly popular. In this review, original articles on understanding possible herb-drug interactions between traditional herbs and four major pain medications-acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen-are compiled and analyzed. In terms of analytical methods, high-performance liquid chromatography using an isocratic eluent system coupled to biological sample clean-up is the most common, while a wide variety of detectors have been observed, including a photodiode array, variable wavelength detector, electrochemical detector and tandem mass spectrometer. Both synergistic and anti-synergistic effects were observed for acetaminophen and aspirin, while only synergistic effects have been found for naproxen. Currently, no interactions have been reported for ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Kai Sun
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Dietary Phytochemicals as Potential Chemopreventive Agents against Tobacco-Induced Lung Carcinogenesis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030491. [PMID: 36771198 PMCID: PMC9920588 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the world. Cigarette smoking is strongly connected with lung cancer. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK) are the main carcinogens in cigarette smoking. Evidence has supported the correlation between these two carcinogens and lung cancer. Epidemiology analysis suggests that lung cancer can be effectively prevented through daily diet adjustments. This review aims to summarize the studies published in the past 20 years exploring dietary phytochemicals using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Dietary phytochemicals mainly include medicinal plants, beverages, fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. Moreover, the perspectives on the challenges and future directions of dietary phytochemicals for lung cancer chemoprevention will be provided. Taken together, treatment based on the consumption of dietary phytochemicals for lung cancer chemoprevention will produce more positive outcomes in the future and offer the possibility of reducing cancer risk in society.
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Pont-Fernandez S, Kheyfets M, Rogers JM, Smith KE, Epstein DH. Kava ( Piper methysticum) in the United States: the quiet rise of a substance with often subtle effects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2023; 49:85-96. [PMID: 36410029 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2140292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Piper methysticum, commonly called kava, has long been consumed in beverage form in the Pacific Islands. Kava use in the US has slowly increased since the 1990s, but is not assessed in major epidemiological surveys.Objectives: To analyze social-media posts about kava from current, past, and prospective users, for motivations, patterns of co-use, and effects.Methods: Text from Reddit posts, and accompanying metadata, were collected and thematically coded by two independent raters.Results: 423 posts were collected, spanning January 2006 through December 2021. Of the 1,211 thematic codes applied, 1,098 (90. 7%) were concordant. Motivations for use bifurcated into self-treatment (for psychiatric or physical health conditions) and recreation; these were not mutually exclusive. Kava was rarely considered strongly euphoriant, but was valued as an anxiolytic. Kava was frequently used with other substances, most commonly kratom. Kava was used at lower doses for self-treatment than for other purposes (pseudo-R2 = 0.11). Undesirable effects (gastrointestinal upset, fatigue) were mentioned, though less often than benefits. Hepatotoxicity, reported elsewhere as a rare, non-dose-related risk, was disputed on the basis of its not having been experienced by those posting.Conclusion: Kava appears to be conceptualized among Reddit posters as an anxiolytic with few risks or adverse effects. As it grows in popularity, especially among people who use other drugs that are more liable to misuse or addiction, it should be assessed in probability samples (i.e. in the major national drug surveys) and clinical practice for its risks, potential benefits, and possible drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Pont-Fernandez
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marina Kheyfets
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rogers
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten E Smith
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David H Epstein
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Chilvery S, Yelne A, Khurana A, Saifi MA, Bansod S, Anchi P, Godugu C. Acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity: An overview of the promising protective effects of natural products and herbal formulations. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154510. [PMID: 36332383 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver plays an important role in regulating the metabolic processes and is the most frequently targeted organ by toxic chemicals. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a well-known anti-allergic, anti-pyretic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which upon overdose leads to hepatotoxicity, the major adverse event of this over-the-counter drug. PURPOSE APAP overdose induced acute liver injury is the second most common cause that often requires liver transplantation worldwide, for which N-acetyl cysteine is the only synthetic drug clinically approved as an antidote. So, it was felt that there is a need for the novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of liver diseases with less adverse effects. This review provides detailed analysis of the different plant extracts; phytochemicals and herbal formulations for the amelioration of APAP-induced liver injury. METHOD The data was collected using different online resources including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Springer, and Web of Science using keywords given below. RESULTS Over the past decades various reports have revealed that plant-based approaches may be a better treatment choice for the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in pre-clinical experimental conditions. Moreover, herbal compounds provide several advantages over the synthetic drugs with fewer side effects, easy availability and less cost for the treatment of life-threatening diseases. CONCLUSION The current review summarizes the hepatoprotective effects and therapeutic mechanisms of various plant extracts, active phytoconstituents and herbal formulations with potential application against APAP induced hepatotoxicity as the numbers of hepatoprotective natural products are more without clinical relativity. Further, pre-clinical pharmacological research will contribute to the designing of natural products as medicines with encouraging prospects for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilekha Chilvery
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Yelne
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Saifi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sapana Bansod
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pratibha Anchi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Mamallapalli J, Kanumuri SRR, Corral P, Johnston E, Zhuang C, McCurdy CR, Mathews CA, Sharma A, Xing C. Characterization of Different Forms of Kava (Piper methysticum) Products by UPLC-MS/MS. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:1348-1359. [PMID: 34839465 DOI: 10.1055/a-1708-1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There are several forms of kava (Piper methysticum) products available for human consumption, and many factors are known to influence their chemical compositions and therefore their pharmacological properties. Because of the increased popularity of kava intake, a rigorous characterization of their content diversity is prerequisite, particularly due to its known potential to cause hepatotoxicity. To understand the composition diversity of kavalactones and flavokavains in commercial kava products, we developed a UPLC-MS/MS-based analytical method for the quantification of six kavalactones (kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, yangonin and desmethoxyyangonin) and two flavokavains (flavokavains A and B) and analyzed their contents in 28 different kava products in the form of capsules, tinctures, traditional aqueous suspensions and dried powders. Our results demonstrated a great variation in terms of the total and relative abundance of the analyzed kavalactones and flavokavains among the analyzed kava preparations. More importantly, the kavalactone abundance in the product label could differ up to 90% from our experimental measurements. Therefore, more rigorous and comprehensive quality control of kava products is required with respect to the content of individual kavalactones and flavokavains. Accurate content information is essential to understand the pharmacological properties and safety of different kava products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mamallapalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pedro Corral
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Chunlin Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carol A Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kanumuri SRR, Mamallapalli J, Nelson R, McCurdy CR, Mathews CA, Xing C, Sharma A. Clinical pharmacokinetics of kavalactones after oral dosing of standardized kava extract in healthy volunteers. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 297:115514. [PMID: 35777607 PMCID: PMC9634089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper methysticum G. Forst. (Piperaceae), commonly known as kava, has been used as a traditional beverage for centuries for its relaxing properties. Kavalactones are considered to be the major constituents responsible for kava's beneficial effects. Despite the extensive use of kava, clinical pharmacokinetic data is not available in the literature; therefore, the findings of this study will be critical for the dosage calculations for future clinical evaluation of kava. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the current study is to examine the clinical pharmacokinetics of six major kavalactones following oral dosing of flavokavain A/B-free standardized kava extract capsules in healthy volunteers using two dosage regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sensitive, reliable, and specific ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of six major kavalactones (kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, yangonin, and desmethoxyyangonin) and two flavokavains (A and B) in human plasma. Pharmacokinetic profiles were assessed in ten healthy volunteers after oral doses of standardized kava product, and plasma samples were analyzed for six kavalactones and two flavokavains using the validated UPLC-MS/MS method. Concentration-time data was subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis. RESULTS The systemic exposure of the kavalactones was found to be in the following order: dihydrokavain > dihydromethysticin > kavain > methysticin > yangonin. Desmethoxyyangonin was quantifiable only at a couple of time points, while flavokavain A and flavokavain B were not present in any of the plasma samples. Fast absorption of five kavalactones was observed with time to reach the maximum plasma concentration of 1-3 h. A dose proportionality in pharmacokinetics was established from 75 to 225 mg of kavalactone doses. In the multiple-dose study, a significant reduction in the extent of absorption of kavalactones with food was observed. CONCLUSION Single and multiple-dose clinical pharmacokinetic studies for kava were performed in healthy volunteers, and higher exposure to the kavalactones was observed after single-dosing (225 mg), while a longer duration of exposure was observed after three times a day (3 x 75 mg) dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for OCD, Anxiety and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Mamallapalli
- Center for OCD, Anxiety and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robyn Nelson
- Center for OCD, Anxiety and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for OCD, Anxiety and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carol A Mathews
- Center for OCD, Anxiety and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Center for OCD, Anxiety and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for OCD, Anxiety and Related Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Medicinal Plants Used for Anxiety, Depression, or Stress Treatment: An Update. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186021. [PMID: 36144755 PMCID: PMC9500625 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression, anxiety, stress, and other mental disorders, which are on the rise worldwide, are indications that pharmacological therapy can have serious adverse effects, which is why many patients prefer to use herbal products to treat these symptoms. Here, we reviewed plants and products derived from them that are commonly used for the above indications, focusing on clinical data and safety profiles. While lavender, hops, maypop, lemon balm, and valerian have consistently been shown in clinical trials to relieve mild forms of neurological disorders, particularly depression, anxiety, and stress, currently available data do not fully support the use of peppermint for anxiety disorders and depression. Recent studies support the use of saffron for depression; however, its toxicological profile raises safety concerns. St. John’s wort is effective in alleviating mild to moderate depression; however, careful use is necessary particularly due to possible interactions with other drugs. In conclusion, more studies are needed to validate the mechanism of action so that these plants can be used successfully and safely to alleviate or eliminate various mental disorders.
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An Updated Review on the Psychoactive, Toxic and Anticancer Properties of Kava. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144039. [PMID: 35887801 PMCID: PMC9315573 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Kava (Piper methysticum) has been widely consumed for many years in the South Pacific Islands and displays psychoactive properties, especially soothing and calming effects. This plant has been used in Western countries as a natural anxiolytic in recent decades. Kava has also been used to treat symptoms associated with depression, menopause, insomnia, and convulsions, among others. Along with its putative beneficial health effects, kava has been associated with liver injury and other toxic effects, including skin toxicity in heavy consumers, possibly related to its metabolic profile or interference in the metabolism of other xenobiotics. Kava extracts and kavalactones generally displayed negative results in genetic toxicology assays although there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in experimental animals, most likely through a non-genotoxic mode of action. Nevertheless, the chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive potential of kava against cancer has also been suggested. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have evaluated the effects of flavokavains, kavalactones and/or kava extracts in different cancer models, showing the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and other antiproliferative effects in several types of cancer, including breast, prostate, bladder, and lung. Overall, in this scoping review, several aspects of kava efficacy and safety are discussed and some pertinent issues related to kava consumption are identified.
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Xiao J, Gao M, Diao Q, Gao F. Chalcone Derivatives and their Activities against Drug-resistant Cancers: An Overview. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:348-362. [PMID: 33092509 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666201022143236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance, including multidrug resistance resulting from different defensive mechanisms in cancer cells, is the leading cause of the failure of the cancer therapy, posing an urgent need to develop more effective anticancer agents. Chalcones, widely distributed in nature, could act on diverse enzymes and receptors in cancer cells. Accordingly, chalcone derivatives possess potent activity against various cancers, including drug-resistant, even multidrug-resistant cancer. This review outlines the recent development of chalcone derivatives with potential activity against drug-resistant cancers covering articles published between 2010 and 2020 so as to facilitate further rational design of more effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Meixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Diao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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14
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Chalcone Derivatives: Role in Anticancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060894. [PMID: 34208562 PMCID: PMC8234180 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcones (1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-ones) are precursors for flavonoids and isoflavonoids, which are common simple chemical scaffolds found in many naturally occurring compounds. Many chalcone derivatives were also prepared due to their convenient synthesis. Chalcones as weandhetic analogues have attracted much interest due to their broad biological activities with clinical potentials against various diseases, particularly for antitumor activity. The chalcone family has demonstrated potential in vitro and in vivo activity against cancers via multiple mechanisms, including cell cycle disruption, autophagy regulation, apoptosis induction, and immunomodulatory and inflammatory mediators. It represents a promising strategy to develop chalcones as novel anticancer agents. In addition, the combination of chalcones and other therapies is expected to be an effective way to improve anticancer therapeutic efficacy. However, despite the encouraging results for their response to cancers observed in clinical studies, a full description of toxicity is required for their clinical use as safe drugs for the treatment of cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances of the chalcone family as potential anticancer agents and the mechanisms of action. Besides, future applications and scope of the chalcone family toward the treatment and prevention of cancer are brought out.
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15
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Zhao X, Su C, Ren R, Zhang B, Wang Y, Su X, Lu F, Zong R, Yang L, Zhang W, Ma X. Simultaneous determination of both kavalactone and flavokawain constituents by different single-marker methods in kava. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2705-2716. [PMID: 33951745 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Kava, the rhizomes and roots of Piper methysticum Forst, is a popular edible medicinal herb traditionally used to prepare beverages for anxiety reduction. Since the German kava ban has been lifted by the court, the quality evaluation is particularly important for its application, especially the flavokawains which were believed to be responsible for hepatotoxicity. Now, by employing two different standard references and four different methods to calculate the relative correction factors, eight different quantitative analyses of multicomponents by single-marker methods have been developed for the simultaneous determination of eight major kavalactones and flavokawains in kava. The low standard method difference on quantitative measurement of the compounds among the external standard method and ours confirmed the reliability of the mentioned methods. A radar plot clearly illustrated that the contents of dihydrokavain and kavain were higher, whereas flavokawains A and B were lower in different kava samples. Only one of eight samples did not detect flavokawains that may be related to hepatotoxicity. In summary, by using different agents as an internal standard reference, the developed methods were believed as a powerful analytical tool not only for the qualitative and quantitative of kava constituents but also for the other multicomponents when authentic standard substances were unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Chao Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Ruru Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Rong Zong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P. R. China
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16
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Thomsen M, Schmidt M. Health policy versus kava (Piper methysticum): Anxiolytic efficacy may be instrumental in restoring the reputation of a major South Pacific crop. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113582. [PMID: 33189846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kava (Piper methysticum G. Forst. f.) is by far the most important plant used in the islands of Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia for its relaxing effects. Kava drinking is a pillar of South Pacific societies and is also the foundation of their economies. Preparations of kava extract as herbal medicinal drugs were banned in Germany in 2002 and again in 2019, with dramatic consequences for the South Pacific economies. In 2002, the major regulatory argument for the ban of kava was safety issues. In 2019, the assessment report of the European Medicines Agency's Herbal Medicinal Product Committee (HMPC) justified a negative benefit-to-risk ratio by a supposed lack of efficacy of ethanolic extracts for an indication of which kava extract preparations never had an approval. In this HMPC report the efficacy in the approved indications 'nervous anxiety, tension and restlessness' was attributed to the extract branded as 'WS 1490', which was assumed to have been prepared with acetone as an extraction solvent. In addition to this change of indication and the attribution of efficacy to acetone kava extract alone, the German health authorities and the HMPC still refuse to discuss quality issues as a likely factor impacting drug safety. The first case reports of liver toxicity were observed with an acetone extract in a timely relationship with the introduction of 'two-day kava' instead of 'noble kava' as used in ethanolic kava extracts. AIM OF THE STUDY The correlation between clinical benefits and the type of extract preparation was examined. METHODS In order to identify the types of kava material and extracts used in clinical trials, the respective publications were compared with regulatory databases and protocols of a German regulatory advisory board. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The comparison reveals inconsistencies in the regulatory decisions. In all studies with WS 1490, the evidence points to the use of an ethanolic extract. The efficacy of kava extract for the approved indication was clearly demonstrated. The HMPC report and the recent renewed German regulatory ban of kava therefore require major revision, which should include the impact of the use of "two-day kava" on drug safety. Such a revision could contribute to restoring the reputation of "noble kava" on the international markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thomsen
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney Medical Schoo, Australia.
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Hseu YC, Chiang YC, Vudhya Gowrisankar Y, Lin KY, Huang ST, Shrestha S, Chang GR, Yang HL. The In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Properties of Chalcone Flavokawain B through Induction of ROS-Mediated Apoptotic and Autophagic Cell Death in Human Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102936. [PMID: 33053749 PMCID: PMC7600613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most prevalent type of skin cancer with high mortality rates. This study demonstrates the in vitro and in vivo anticancer properties of chalcone flavokawain B (FKB) induced ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in human melanoma (human epithelial melanoma cell line A375 and/or human skin lymph node derived melanoma cell line A2058) cells. Cell viability was calculated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the expression patterns of various apoptosis, autophagy-associated proteins were determined by Western blot methods. Annexin V was detected by flow cytometry, whereas acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) and intracellular ROS levels were measured by fluorescence microscopy. The in vivo anticancer properties of FKB were evaluated by xenografting the A375 cells into nude mice. The results convey that FKB inhibited cell viability, B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) expression in human melanoma cells. Caspase-3 activation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage pathway, and Bcl2 associated X (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) dysregulation were involved in the execution of apoptosis. Moreover, FKB-induced autophagy was observed through increased microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3B (LC3-II) accumulation and AVOs formation, which was also associated with an increase in sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62), decreased protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expressions, and dysregulated Beclin-1/Bcl-2 levels. Autophagy inhibitors [3-methyladenine (3-MA)/chloroquine (CQ)] and LC3 silencing suppressed FKB-induced apoptosis by decreasing caspase-3 in melanoma cells. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) diminished FKB-induced apoptotic and autophagic cell death. However, the inhibition of apoptosis decreased FKB-induced autophagy (LC3-I/II). The in vivo study confirmed that FKB inhibited melanoma growth in A375-xenografted nude mice. This study concluded that FKB is critically associated with the execution and generation of ROS-modulated apoptotic and autophagic cell death of melanoma cells. FKB also repressed tumor growth in xenografted nude mice. Therefore, flavokawain B might be a potential anti-tumor agent in human melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (Y.V.G.)
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chiang
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Yugandhar Vudhya Gowrisankar
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (Y.V.G.)
| | - Kai-Yuan Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Teng Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Sirjana Shrestha
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Geng-Ruei Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (G.-R.C.); (H.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 7503) (H.-L.Y.); Fax: +886-4-2206-2891 (H.-L.Y.)
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.-R.C.); (H.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 7503) (H.-L.Y.); Fax: +886-4-2206-2891 (H.-L.Y.)
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18
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Bian T, Corral P, Wang Y, Botello J, Kingston R, Daniels T, Salloum RG, Johnston E, Huo Z, Lu J, Liu AC, Xing C. Kava as a Clinical Nutrient: Promises and Challenges. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3044. [PMID: 33027883 PMCID: PMC7600512 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kava beverages are typically prepared from the root of Piper methysticum. They have been consumed among Pacific Islanders for centuries. Kava extract preparations were once used as herbal drugs to treat anxiety in Europe. Kava is also marketed as a dietary supplement in the U.S. and is gaining popularity as a recreational drink in Western countries. Recent studies suggest that kava and its key phytochemicals have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, in addition to the well-documented neurological benefits. While its beneficial effects are widely recognized, rare hepatotoxicity had been associated with use of certain kava preparations, but there are no validations nor consistent mechanisms. Major challenges lie in the diversity of kava products and the lack of standardization, which has produced an unmet need for quality initiatives. This review aims to provide the scientific community and consumers, as well as regulatory agencies, with a broad overview on kava use and its related research. We first provide a historical background for its different uses and then discuss the current state of the research, including its chemical composition, possible mechanisms of action, and its therapeutic potential in treating inflammatory and neurological conditions, as well as cancer. We then discuss the challenges associated with kava use and research, focusing on the need for the detailed characterization of kava components and associated risks such as its reported hepatotoxicity. Lastly, given its growing popularity in clinical and recreational use, we emphasize the urgent need for quality control and quality assurance of kava products, pharmacokinetics, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and foundational pharmacology. These are essential in order to inform research into the molecular targets, cellular mechanisms, and creative use of early stage human clinical trials for designer kava modalities to inform and guide the design and execution of future randomized placebo controlled trials to maximize kava's clinical efficacy and to minimize its risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.B.); (P.C.); (Y.W.); (J.B.)
| | - Pedro Corral
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.B.); (P.C.); (Y.W.); (J.B.)
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.B.); (P.C.); (Y.W.); (J.B.)
| | - Jordy Botello
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.B.); (P.C.); (Y.W.); (J.B.)
| | - Rick Kingston
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Tyler Daniels
- Thorne Research Inc., Industrial Road, 620 Omni Dr, Summerville, SC 29483, USA;
| | - Ramzi G. Salloum
- Department of Health Outcome & Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Edward Johnston
- The Association for Hawaiian Awa (kava), Pepe’ekeo, HI 96783, USA;
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health & Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Andrew C. Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.B.); (P.C.); (Y.W.); (J.B.)
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19
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High-Throughput Analysis of Flavokawains in Kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f.) Roots, Chips and Powders and Correlations with Their Acetonic Extracts Absorbance. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Wang Y, Narayanapillai SC, Tessier KM, Strayer LG, Upadhyaya P, Hu Q, Kingston R, Salloum RG, Lu J, Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK, Fujioka N, Xing C. The Impact of One-week Dietary Supplementation with Kava on Biomarkers of Tobacco Use and Nitrosamine-based Carcinogenesis Risk among Active Smokers. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:483-492. [PMID: 32102948 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, driven by the addictive nature of nicotine and the indisputable carcinogenicity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) as well as other compounds. The integration of lung cancer chemoprevention with smoking cessation is one potential approach to reduce this risk and mitigate lung cancer mortality. Experimental data from our group suggest that kava, commonly consumed in the South Pacific Islands as a beverage to promote relaxation, may reduce lung cancer risk by enhancing NNK detoxification and reducing NNK-derived DNA damage. Building upon these observations, we conducted a pilot clinical trial to evaluate the effects of a 7-day course of kava on NNK metabolism in active smokers. The primary objective was to compare urinary total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL plus its glucuronides, major metabolites of NNK) before and after kava administration as an indicator of NNK detoxification. Secondary objectives included determining kava's safety, its effects on DNA damage, tobacco use, and cortisol (a biomarker of stress). Kava increased urinary excretion of total NNAL and reduced urinary 3-methyladenine in participants, suggestive of its ability to reduce the carcinogenicity of NNK. Kava also reduced urinary total nicotine equivalents, indicative of its potential to facilitate tobacco cessation. Plasma cortisol and urinary total cortisol equivalents were reduced upon kava use, which may contribute to reductions in tobacco use. These results demonstrate the potential of kava intake to reduce lung cancer risk among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Katelyn M Tessier
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lori G Strayer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rick Kingston
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Outcome & Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Institute, Penn State, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Naomi Fujioka
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. .,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
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21
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Sorkin BC, Kuszak AJ, Bloss G, Fukagawa NK, Hoffman FA, Jafari M, Barrett B, Brown PN, Bushman FD, Casper S, Chilton FH, Coffey CS, Ferruzzi MG, Hopp DC, Kiely M, Lakens D, MacMillan JB, Meltzer DO, Pahor M, Paul J, Pritchett-Corning K, Quinney SK, Rehermann B, Setchell KD, Sipes NS, Stephens JM, Taylor DL, Tiriac H, Walters MA, Xi D, Zappalá G, Pauli GF. Improving natural product research translation: From source to clinical trial. FASEB J 2020; 34:41-65. [PMID: 31914647 PMCID: PMC7470648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902143r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While great interest in health effects of natural product (NP) including dietary supplements and foods persists, promising preclinical NP research is not consistently translating into actionable clinical trial (CT) outcomes. Generally considered the gold standard for assessing safety and efficacy, CTs, especially phase III CTs, are costly and require rigorous planning to optimize the value of the information obtained. More effective bridging from NP research to CT was the goal of a September, 2018 transdisciplinary workshop. Participants emphasized that replicability and likelihood of successful translation depend on rigor in experimental design, interpretation, and reporting across the continuum of NP research. Discussions spanned good practices for NP characterization and quality control; use and interpretation of models (computational through in vivo) with strong clinical predictive validity; controls for experimental artefacts, especially for in vitro interrogation of bioactivity and mechanisms of action; rigorous assessment and interpretation of prior research; transparency in all reporting; and prioritization of research questions. Natural product clinical trials prioritized based on rigorous, convergent supporting data and current public health needs are most likely to be informative and ultimately affect public health. Thoughtful, coordinated implementation of these practices should enhance the knowledge gained from future NP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C. Sorkin
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, US
| | - Adam J. Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, US
| | - Gregory Bloss
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, US
| | | | | | | | | | - Paula N. Brown
- British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Steven Casper
- Office of Dietary Supplement Programs, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Hyattsville, MD, US
| | - Floyd H. Chilton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, US
| | | | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, US
| | - D. Craig Hopp
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, US
| | - Mairead Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel Lakens
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Paul
- Drexel Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Evanston, IL, US
| | | | | | - Barbara Rehermann
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, US
| | | | - Nisha S. Sipes
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | | | | | - Hervé Tiriac
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US]
| | - Michael A. Walters
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US
| | - Dan Xi
- Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Shady Grove, MD, US
| | | | - Guido F. Pauli
- CENAPT and PCRPS, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, US
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22
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Li J, Zheng L, Yan M, Wu J, Liu Y, Tian X, Jiang W, Zhang L, Wang R. Activity and mechanism of flavokawain A in inhibiting P-glycoprotein expression in paclitaxel resistance of lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:379-387. [PMID: 31897150 PMCID: PMC6923923 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers, which is the leading cause of cancer-related death among various cancers worldwide. Flavokawain A (FKA), a chalcone found in the kava plant, exerts potent anticancer activity. However, the activity and mechanisms of FKA in inhibiting the viability of paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant lung cancer A549 (A549/T) have not been investigated. In the present study, the effect of FKA on the viability of A549/T and hepatotoxicity in normal liver epithelial cells was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Flow cytometry, western blot analysis and Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit were used to assess cell apoptosis. The effect of FKA on permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression was measured by reverse transcription-PCR and western blot analysis. The results indicated that FKA dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in PTX-resistant A549/T cells, with an IC50 value of ~21 µM, while the IC50 value of A549/T cells to PTX was 34.64 µM. FKA had no hepatic toxicity in liver epithelial cells. P-gp, which contributes to the chemoresistant phenotype, was not expressed in A549 cells but was remarkably enhanced in A549/T cells. FKA (30 µM) decreased P-gp protein expression at 24 h by 3-fold. Furthermore, FKA downregulated P-gp expression by blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway. These findings suggest FKA as a potential candidate for the treatment of PTX-resistant lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
| | - Mi Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Yongqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Xiaona Tian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Rongmei Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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23
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Wang P, Zhu J, Shehu AI, Lu J, Chen J, Zhong XB, Ma X. Enzymes and Pathways of Kavain Bioactivation and Biotransformation. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1335-1342. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Amina I. Shehu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Jie Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Xiao-bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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24
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Petersen GE, Tang Y, Fields C. Chemical and in vitro toxicity analysis of a supercritical fluid extract of Kava kava (Piper methysticum). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:301-308. [PMID: 30710733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kava and kava extracts have shown great potential as a way to minimize anxiety-associated symptoms and to help alleviate pain. Hepatoxicity has been associated with the consumption of kava products. The chemical compounds, kavalactones (KL) and flavokavains (FK) have been implicated in kava's psychotropic and possible hepatotoxic properties. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the kavalactone and flavokavain content and in vitro toxicity of KAVOA™, a supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) of kava. MATERIALS AND METHODS Kavalactone and flavokavain content of SFE kava and noble kava root were determined following extraction in acetone, cell culture media, and water using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Using water extractions of the kava products, the cell viability and toxicity on the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) were determined using luminescent and fluorescent assays, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the SFE kava and noble kava root, extracted in cell culture media, were determined utilizing a luminescent cell viability assay. RESULTS Quantification of the KAVOA™, a SFE extract of kava and kava root showed similar profiles of kavalactone and flavokavain content. Water extracted SFE and root kava did not show a negative impact on cell viability and toxicity when compared to the vehicle control treated cells. IC50 values were determined for the SFE kava and kava root extracted in cell culture media in respect to cell viability, 78.63 and 47.65 µg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS KAVOA™, a supercritical carbon dioxide extract of kava displays a similar kavalactone profile to a noble variety of kava. In relation to total kavalactone content, KAVOA™ also has a lower content of the cytotoxic compound FKB. Aqueous extractions of KAVOA™ and noble kava root had no significant negative impact on cell viability and toxicity on HepG2 cells when compared to vehicle controlled treated cells. Results indicate KAVOA™ demonstrates a similar in vitro safety profile to that of noble kava root when experiments are normalized to kavalactone content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg E Petersen
- Applied Food Sciences, Inc., 2500 Crosspark Road, Coralville, IA 52241, USA.
| | - Yijin Tang
- Applied Food Sciences, Inc., 2500 Crosspark Road, Coralville, IA 52241, USA.
| | - Christine Fields
- Applied Food Sciences, Inc., 2500 Crosspark Road, Coralville, IA 52241, USA.
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25
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Kavalactones and Flavokavins Profiles Contribute to Quality Assessment of Kava (Piper methysticum G. Forst.), the Traditional Beverage of the Pacific. BEVERAGES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages5020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kava (Piper methysticum) is increasingly traded internationally and there is need for a rapid method to analyze kava raw material before export. The objectives of the present study were: (i) to develop a simple and robust protocol for high throughput simultaneous quantification of kavalactones (KLs) and flavokavins (FKs) in kava and (ii) to assess its potential for quality control. Methysticin; dihydromethysticin; kavain; desmethoxyyangonin; dihydrokavain; yangonin; and flavokavin A, B and C were quantified using HPTLC in acetonic extracts of 174 kava varieties. UHPLC analysis was conducted on a subset of six varieties representing the genetic variation of the species. The genetically distinct groups of nobles, two-day and wichmannii varieties were clearly differentiated and multivariate analyses of UHPLC and HPTLC data were congruent. Noble varieties have significantly low FKs/KLs (0.13) and high kavain/flavokavin B (K/FKB = 7.31). Two-day and wichmannii varieties are characterized by high FKs/KLs (0.36, 0.21) and low K/FKB (1.5, 1.7). A high-throughput HPTLC protocol was developed with a total analytical time of 50 min for 20 samples and only 10 mL of mobile phase. The use of acetone, sonication and two different detection wavelengths improves the accuracy compared to previous HPLC studies and confirms that kava varieties exhibit distinct chemotypes clearly differentiated by their FKs/KLs profiles. These results will strengthen the use of Codex Alimentarius regional standards.
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26
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Wang Y, Eans SO, Stacy HM, Narayanapillai SC, Sharma A, Fujioka N, Haddad L, McLaughlin J, Avery BA, Xing C. A stable isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry method of major kavalactones and its applications. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197940. [PMID: 29795658 PMCID: PMC5993114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kava is regaining its popularity with detailed characterizations warranted. We developed an ultraperformance liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for major kavalactones (kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin and desmethoxyyangonin) with excellent selectivity and specificity. The method has been validated for different matrices following the Food and Drug Administration guidance of analytical procedures and methods validation. The scope of this method has been demonstrated by quantifying these kavalactones in two kava products, characterizing their tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics in mice, and detecting their presence in human urines and plasmas upon kava intake. As expected, the abundances of these kavalactones differed significantly in kava products. All of them exhibited a large volume of distribution with extensive tissue affinity and adequate mean residence time (MRT) in mice. This method also successfully quantified these kavalactones in human body fluids upon kava consumption at the recommended human dose. This UPLC-MS/MS method therefore can be used to characterize kava products and its pharmacokinetics in animals and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shainnel O. Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Stacy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sreekanth C. Narayanapillai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Naomi Fujioka
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Linda Haddad
- Department of Family Community and Health System Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jay McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bonnie A. Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Zhuang C, Zhang W, Sheng C, Zhang W, Xing C, Miao Z. Chalcone: A Privileged Structure in Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7762-7810. [PMID: 28488435 PMCID: PMC6131713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 757] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Privileged structures have been widely used as an effective template in medicinal chemistry for drug discovery. Chalcone is a common simple scaffold found in many naturally occurring compounds. Many chalcone derivatives have also been prepared due to their convenient synthesis. These natural products and synthetic compounds have shown numerous interesting biological activities with clinical potentials against various diseases. This review aims to highlight the recent evidence of chalcone as a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Multiple aspects of chalcone will be summarized herein, including the isolation of novel chalcone derivatives, the development of new synthetic methodologies, the evaluation of their biological properties, and the exploration of the mechanisms of action as well as target identification. This review is expected to be a comprehensive, authoritative, and critical review of the chalcone template to the chemistry community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive,
Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zhenyuan Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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28
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Chalcone flavokawain B induces autophagic-cell death via reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling pathways in human gastric carcinoma and suppresses tumor growth in nude mice. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3341-3364. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Narayanapillai SC, Lin SH, Leitzman P, Upadhyaya P, Baglole CJ, Xing C. Dihydromethysticin (DHM) Blocks Tobacco Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-Induced O 6-Methylguanine in a Manner Independent of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Pathway in C57BL/6 Female Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1828-1834. [PMID: 27728767 PMCID: PMC6532060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a key carcinogen responsible for tobacco smoke-induced lung carcinogenesis. Among the types of DNA damage caused by NNK and its metabolite, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), O6-methylguanine (O6-mG) is likely the most carcinogen in A/J mice. Results of our previous studies showed that levels of O6-mG and other types of NNAL-derived DNA damage were preferentially reduced in the lung of female A/J mice upon dietary treatment with dihydromethysticin (DHM), a promising lung cancer chemopreventive agent from kava. Such a differential blockage may be mediated via an increased level of NNAL glucuronidation, thereby leading to its detoxification. The potential of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as an upstream target of DHM mediating these events was evaluated herein using Ahr+/- and Ahr-/- C57BL/6 female mice because DHM was reported as an AhR agonist. DHM (0.05, 0.2, and 1.0 mg/g of diet) and dihydrokavain (DHK, an inactive analogue, 1.0 mg/g of diet) were given to mice for 7 days, followed by a single intraperitoneal dose of NNK at 100 mg/kg of body weight. The effects of DHM on the amount of O6-mG in the lung, on the urinary ratio of glucuronidated NNAL (NNAL-Gluc) and free NNAL, and on CYP1A1/2 activity in the liver microsomes were analyzed. As observed in A/J mice, DHM treatment significantly and dose-dependently reduced the level of O6-mG in the target lung tissue, but there were no significant differences in O6-mG reduction between mice from Ahr+/- and Ahr-/- backgrounds. Similarly, in both strains, DHM at 1 mg/g of diet significantly increased the urinary ratio of NNAL-Gluc to free NNAL and CYP1A1/2 enzymatic activity in liver with no changes detected at lower DHM dosages. Because none of these effects of DHM were dependent on Ahr status, AhR clearly is not the upstream target for DHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth C. Narayanapillai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shang-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Pablo Leitzman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carolyn J. Baglole
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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30
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Pinner KD, Wales CT, Gristock RA, Vo HT, So N, Jacobs AT. Flavokawains A and B from kava (Piper methysticum) activate heat shock and antioxidant responses and protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in HepG2 hepatocytes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1503-12. [PMID: 26789234 PMCID: PMC5040346 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1107104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Flavokawains are secondary metabolites from the kava plant (Piper methysticum Forst. f., Piperaceae) that have anticancer properties and demonstrated oral efficacy in murine cancer models. However, flavokawains also have suspected roles in rare cases of kava-induced hepatotoxicity. Objective To compare the toxicity flavokawains A and B (FKA, FKB) and monitor the resulting transcriptional responses and cellular adaptation in the human hepatocyte cell line, HepG2. Materials and methods HepG2 were treated with 2-100 μM FKA or FKB for 24-48 h. Cellular viability was measured with calcein-AM and changes in signalling and gene expression were monitored by luciferase reporter assay, real-time PCR and Western blot of both total and nuclear protein extracts. To test for subsequent resistance to oxidative stress, cells were pretreated with 50 μM FKA, 10 μM FKB or 10 μM sulphoraphane (SFN) for 24 h, followed by 0.4-2.8 mM H2O2 for 48 h, and then viability was assessed. Results FKA (≤100 μM) was not toxic to HepG2, whereas FKB caused significant cell death (IC50=23.2 ± 0.8 μM). Both flavokawains activated Nrf2, increasing HMOX1 and GCLC expression and enhancing total glutathione levels over 2-fold (p < 0.05). FKA and FKB also activated HSF1, increasing HSPA1A and DNAJA4 expression. Also, flavokawain pretreatment mitigated cell death after a subsequent challenge with H2O2, with FKA being more effective than FKB, and similar to SFN. Conclusions Flavokawains promote an adaptive cellular response that protects hepatocytes against oxidative stress. We propose that FKA has potential as a chemopreventative or chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keanu D. Pinner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720
| | - Christina T.K. Wales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720
| | - Rachel A. Gristock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720
| | | | | | - Aaron T. Jacobs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu HI 96813
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31
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Pantano F, Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Zaami S, Ricci S, Giorgetti R, Terranova D, Busardò FP, Marinelli E. Hepatotoxicity Induced by "the 3Ks": Kava, Kratom and Khat. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:580. [PMID: 27092496 PMCID: PMC4849036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3Ks (kava, kratom and khat) are herbals that can potentially induce liver injuries. On the one hand, growing controversial data have been reported about the hepatotoxicity of kratom, while, on the other hand, even though kava and khat hepatotoxicity has been investigated, the hepatotoxic effects are still not clear. Chronic recreational use of kratom has been associated with rare instances of acute liver injury. Several studies and case reports have suggested that khat is hepatotoxic, leading to deranged liver enzymes and also histopathological evidence of acute hepatocellular degeneration. Numerous reports of severe hepatotoxicity potentially induced by kava have also been highlighted, both in the USA and Europe. The aim of this review is to focus on the different patterns and the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by “the 3Ks”, while trying to clarify the numerous aspects that still need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Pantano
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta Tittarelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulio Mannocchi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Zaami
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Serafino Ricci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Giorgetti
- Section of Legal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Daniela Terranova
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco P Busardò
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Marinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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32
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Tang SN, Zhang J, Jiang P, Datta P, Leitzman P, O'Sullivan MG, Jiang C, Xing C, Lü J. Gene expression signatures associated with suppression of TRAMP prostate carcinogenesis by a kavalactone-rich Kava fraction. Mol Carcinog 2016; 55:2291-2303. [PMID: 26840761 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kava (Piper methysticum Forster) extract and its major kavalactones have been shown to block chemically induced lung tumor initiation in mouse models. Here we evaluated the chemopreventive effect of a kavalactone-rich Kava fraction B (KFB), free of flavokavains, on carcinogenesis in a transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model and characterized the prostate gene expression signatures. Male C57BL/6 TRAMP mice were fed AIN93M diet with or without 0.4% KFB from 8 wk of age. Mice were euthanized at 16 or 28 wk. The growth of the dorsolateral prostate (DLP) lobes in KFB-treated TRAMP mice was inhibited by 66% and 58% at the respective endpoint. Anterior and ventral prostate lobes in KFB-treated TRAMP mice were suppressed by 40% and 49% at 28 wk, respectively. KFB consumption decreased cell proliferation biomarker Ki-67 and epithelial lesion severity in TRAMP DLP, without detectable apoptosis enhancement. Real time qRT-PCR detection of mRNA from DLP at 28 wk showed decreased expression of cell cycle regulatory genes congruent with Ki-67 suppression. Microarray profiling of DLP mRNA indicated that "oncogene-like" genes related to angiogenesis and cell proliferation were suppressed by KFB but tumor suppressor, immunity, muscle/neuro, and metabolism-related genes were upregulated by KFB in both TRAMP and WT DLP. TRAMP mice fed KFB diet developed lower incidence of neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECa) (2 out of 14 mice) than those fed the basal diet (8 out of 14 mice, χ2 = 5.6, P < 0.025). KFB may, therefore, inhibit not only TRAMP DLP epithelial lesions involving multiple molecular pathways, but also NECa. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ni Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Peixin Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Palika Datta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Pablo Leitzman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Junxuan Lü
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas
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