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Solovyev N, Lucio M, Mandrioli J, Forcisi S, Kanawati B, Uhl J, Vinceti M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Michalke B. Interplay of Metallome and Metabolome in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Study on Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients Carrying Disease-Related Gene Mutations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3035-3046. [PMID: 37608584 PMCID: PMC10485893 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by a loss of function of upper and lower motor neurons. This study aimed to explore probable pathological alterations occurring in individuals with ALS compared to neurologically healthy controls through the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a medium, which directly interacts with brain parenchyma. A total of 7 ALS patients with disease-associated mutations (ATXN2, C9ORF72, FUS, SOD1, and TARDBP) and 13 controls were included in the study. Multiple analytical approaches were employed, including metabolomic and metallomics profiling, as well as genetic screening, using CSF samples obtained from the brain compartment. Data analysis involved the application of multivariate statistical methods. Advanced hyphenated selenium and redox metal (iron, copper, and manganese) speciation techniques and nontargeted Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry-based metabolomics were used for data acquisition. Nontargeted metabolomics showed reduced steroids, including sex hormones; additionally, copper and manganese species were found to be the most relevant features for ALS patients. This indicates a potential alteration of sex hormone pathways in the ALS-affected brain, as reflected in the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Solovyev
- Analytical
BioGeoChemistry Research Unit, Helmholtz
Center Munich—German Research Center for Environmental Health
GmbH, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marianna Lucio
- Analytical
BioGeoChemistry Research Unit, Helmholtz
Center Munich—German Research Center for Environmental Health
GmbH, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department
of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department
of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria
di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Forcisi
- Analytical
BioGeoChemistry Research Unit, Helmholtz
Center Munich—German Research Center for Environmental Health
GmbH, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Basem Kanawati
- Analytical
BioGeoChemistry Research Unit, Helmholtz
Center Munich—German Research Center for Environmental Health
GmbH, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Uhl
- Analytical
BioGeoChemistry Research Unit, Helmholtz
Center Munich—German Research Center for Environmental Health
GmbH, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN
Research Center of Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology,
Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Analytical
BioGeoChemistry Research Unit, Helmholtz
Center Munich—German Research Center for Environmental Health
GmbH, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Analytical
BioGeoChemistry Research Unit, Helmholtz
Center Munich—German Research Center for Environmental Health
GmbH, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Violatto MB, Pasetto L, Casarin E, Tondello C, Schiavon E, Talamini L, Marchini G, Cagnotto A, Morelli A, Lanno A, Passoni A, Bigini P, Morpurgo M, Bonetto V. Development of a Nanoparticle-Based Approach for the Blood-Brain Barrier Passage in a Murine Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244003. [PMID: 36552768 PMCID: PMC9776960 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of nanoparticles (NPs) to enable the passage of drugs across blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents one of the main challenges in neuropharmacology. In recent years, NPs that are able to transport drugs and interact with brain endothelial cells have been tested. Here, we investigated whether the functionalization of avidin-nucleic-acid-nanoassembly (ANANAS) with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) would allow BBB passage in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Our results demonstrated that ANANAS was able to transiently cross BBB to reach the central nervous system (CNS), and ApoE did not enhance this property. Next, we investigated if ANANAS could improve CNS drug delivery. To this aim, the steroid dexamethasone was covalently linked to ANANAS through an acid-reversible hydrazone bond. Our data showed that the steroid levels in CNS tissues of SOD1G93A mice treated with nanoformulation were below the detection limit. This result demonstrates that the passage of BBB is not sufficient to guarantee the release of the cargo in CNS and that a different strategy for drug tethering should be devised. The present study furthermore highlights that NPs can be useful in improving the passage through biological barriers but may limit the interaction of the therapeutic compound with the specific target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bruna Violatto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pasetto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Camilla Tondello
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elisa Schiavon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Talamini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Marchini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Cagnotto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Morelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Lanno
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Passoni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Morpurgo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (V.B.); Tel.: +39-049-8275330 (M.M.); +39-02-39014548 (V.B.)
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (V.B.); Tel.: +39-049-8275330 (M.M.); +39-02-39014548 (V.B.)
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Piette
- Consultant at Besins Healthcare Global, Department of R & D, Scientific & Medical Affairs, Brussels, Belgium
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Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Liere P, Pianos A, Meyer M, Aprahamian F, Cambourg A, Di Giorgio NP, Schumacher M, De Nicola AF, Guennoun R. Steroid Profiling in Male Wobbler Mouse, a Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4446-4460. [PMID: 27571131 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Wobbler mouse is an animal model for human motoneuron diseases, especially amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), used in the investigation of both pathology and therapeutic treatment. ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the selective and progressive death of motoneurons, leading to progressive paralysis. Previous limited studies have reported steroidal hormone dysregulation in Wobbler mouse and in ALS patients, suggesting endocrine dysfunctions which may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this study, we established a steroid profiling in brain, spinal cord, plasma, adrenal glands, and testes in 2-month-old male Wobbler mice and their littermates by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Our results show in Wobbler mice the following: 1) a marked up-regulation of corticosterone levels in adrenal glands, plasma, spinal cord regions (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) and brain; 2) a strong decrease in T levels in the testis, plasma, spinal cord, and brain; and 3) increased levels of progesterone and especially of its reduced metabolites 5α-dihydroprogesterone, allopregnanolone, and 20α-dihydroprogesterone in the brain, spinal cord, and adrenal glands. Furthermore, Wobbler mice showed a hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal hypoactivity. Interestingly, plasma concentrations of corticosterone and T correlate well with their respective levels in cervical spinal cord in both control and Wobbler mice. T down-regulation is probably the consequence of adrenal hyperactivity, and the up-regulation of progesterone and its reduced metabolites may correspond to an endogenous protective mechanism in response to motoneuron degeneration. Our findings suggest that increased levels of corticosterone and decreased levels of T in plasma could be a signature of motoneuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Claudia Gonzalez Deniselle
- Unité 1195 INSERM and University Paris-Sud and University Paris Saclay (P.L., A.P., F.A., A.C., M.S., R.G.), 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry (M.C.G.-D., M.M., A.F.D.N.) and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology (N.P.D.G.), Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas (M.C.G.-D.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Philippe Liere
- Unité 1195 INSERM and University Paris-Sud and University Paris Saclay (P.L., A.P., F.A., A.C., M.S., R.G.), 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry (M.C.G.-D., M.M., A.F.D.N.) and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology (N.P.D.G.), Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas (M.C.G.-D.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antoine Pianos
- Unité 1195 INSERM and University Paris-Sud and University Paris Saclay (P.L., A.P., F.A., A.C., M.S., R.G.), 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry (M.C.G.-D., M.M., A.F.D.N.) and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology (N.P.D.G.), Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas (M.C.G.-D.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Meyer
- Unité 1195 INSERM and University Paris-Sud and University Paris Saclay (P.L., A.P., F.A., A.C., M.S., R.G.), 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry (M.C.G.-D., M.M., A.F.D.N.) and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology (N.P.D.G.), Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas (M.C.G.-D.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fanny Aprahamian
- Unité 1195 INSERM and University Paris-Sud and University Paris Saclay (P.L., A.P., F.A., A.C., M.S., R.G.), 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry (M.C.G.-D., M.M., A.F.D.N.) and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology (N.P.D.G.), Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas (M.C.G.-D.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Annie Cambourg
- Unité 1195 INSERM and University Paris-Sud and University Paris Saclay (P.L., A.P., F.A., A.C., M.S., R.G.), 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry (M.C.G.-D., M.M., A.F.D.N.) and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology (N.P.D.G.), Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas (M.C.G.-D.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noelia P Di Giorgio
- Unité 1195 INSERM and University Paris-Sud and University Paris Saclay (P.L., A.P., F.A., A.C., M.S., R.G.), 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry (M.C.G.-D., M.M., A.F.D.N.) and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology (N.P.D.G.), Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas (M.C.G.-D.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michael Schumacher
- Unité 1195 INSERM and University Paris-Sud and University Paris Saclay (P.L., A.P., F.A., A.C., M.S., R.G.), 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry (M.C.G.-D., M.M., A.F.D.N.) and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology (N.P.D.G.), Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas (M.C.G.-D.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro F De Nicola
- Unité 1195 INSERM and University Paris-Sud and University Paris Saclay (P.L., A.P., F.A., A.C., M.S., R.G.), 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry (M.C.G.-D., M.M., A.F.D.N.) and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology (N.P.D.G.), Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas (M.C.G.-D.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- Unité 1195 INSERM and University Paris-Sud and University Paris Saclay (P.L., A.P., F.A., A.C., M.S., R.G.), 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry (M.C.G.-D., M.M., A.F.D.N.) and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology (N.P.D.G.), Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas (M.C.G.-D.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zubeldia-Brenner L, Roselli CE, Recabarren SE, Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Lara HE. Developmental and Functional Effects of Steroid Hormones on the Neuroendocrine Axis and Spinal Cord. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28:10.1111/jne.12401. [PMID: 27262161 PMCID: PMC4956521 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the principal effects of steroid hormones at central and peripheral levels in the neuroendocrine axis. The data discussed highlight the principal role of oestrogens and testosterone in hormonal programming in relation to sexual orientation, reproductive and metabolic programming, and the neuroendocrine mechanism involved in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype. Moreover, consistent with the wide range of processes in which steroid hormones take part, we discuss the protective effects of progesterone on neurodegenerative disease and the signalling mechanism involved in the genesis of oestrogen-induced pituitary prolactinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zubeldia-Brenner
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C E Roselli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Portland, OR, USA
| | - S E Recabarren
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
| | - M C Gonzalez Deniselle
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H E Lara
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Evans MC, Gaillard PJ, de Boer M, Appeldoorn C, Dorland R, Sibson NR, Turner MR, Anthony DC, Stolp HB. CNS-targeted glucocorticoid reduces pathology in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:66. [PMID: 24923195 PMCID: PMC4229735 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hallmarks of CNS inflammation, including microglial and astrocyte activation, are prominent features in post-mortem tissue from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and in mice overexpressing mutant superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1G93A). Administration of non-targeted glucocorticoids does not significantly alter disease progression, but this may reflect poor CNS delivery. Here, we sought to discover whether CNS-targeted, liposomal encapsulated glucocorticoid would inhibit the CNS inflammatory response and reduce motor neuron loss. SOD1G93A mice were treated with saline, free methylprednisolone (MP, 10 mg/kg/week) or glutathione PEGylated liposomal MP (2B3-201, 10 mg/kg/week) and compared to saline treated wild-type animals. Animals were treated weekly with intravenous injections for 9 weeks from 60 days of age. Weights and motor performance were monitored during this period. At the end of the experimental period (116 days) mice were imaged using T2-weighted MRI for brainstem pathology; brain and spinal cord tissue were then collected for histological analysis. RESULTS All SOD1G93A groups showed a significant decrease in motor performance, compared to baseline, from ~100 days. SOD1G93A animals showed a significant increase in signal intensity on T2 weighted MR images, which may reflect the combination of neuronal vacuolation and glial activation in these motor nuclei. Treatment with 2B3-201, but not free MP, significantly reduced T2 hyperintensity observed in SOD1G93A mice. Compared to saline-treated and free-MP-treated SOD1G93A mice, those animals given 2B3-201 displayed significantly improved histopathological outcomes in brainstem motor nuclei, which included reduced gliosis and neuronal loss. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous reports that employed free steroid preparations, CNS-targeted anti-inflammatory agent 2B3-201 (liposomal methylprednisolone) has therapeutic potential, reducing brainstem pathology in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. 2B3-201 reduced neuronal loss and vacuolation in brainstem nuclei, and reduced activation preferentially in astrocytes compared with microglia. These data also suggest that other previously ineffective therapies could be of therapeutic value if delivered specifically to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Evans
- />Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | | | | | | | - Rick Dorland
- />to-BBB technologies BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- />CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation, Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Martin R Turner
- />Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- />Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
| | - Helen B Stolp
- />Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
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LIU FENG, LIAO FAN, LI WEI, HAN YONGFENG, LIAO DAGUANG. Progesterone alters Nogo-A, GFAP and GAP-43 expression in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1225-31. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Habib P, Dreymueller D, Ludwig A, Beyer C, Dang J. Sex steroid hormone-mediated functional regulation of microglia-like BV-2 cells during hypoxia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:195-205. [PMID: 23792783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) are neuroprotective hormones in different neurological disorders and in particular under hypoxic conditions in the brain. Both hormones dampen brain-intrinsic immune responses and regulate local glial cell function. Besides astrocytes which are functionally regulated in a manifold and complex manner, especially microglial cells are in the focus of steroid-mediated neuroprotection. In previous studies using a transient brain artery occlusion model, we demonstrated that microglial characteristics are critically modified after the administration of either E2 or P. We here studied the influence of sex steroids on the murine BV-2 microglia cell line under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia changed the cell morphology from an amoeboid-like phenotype with processes to a rounded shape of secreting cell type. BV-2 cells expressed both estrogen receptor-β and progesterone receptors under each condition. Oxygen deprivation increased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) and up-regulated selected cytokines and chemokines. Both hormones selectively prevented the induction of pro-inflammatory iNOS, interleukin IL-1ß, and chemokine ligand CCL5, whereas anti-inflammatory IL-10 and protective TREM 2 were up-regulated by sex steroids. Sex hormones abrogated hypoxia-dependent reduction of BV-2 phagocytic activity. We demonstrate that BV-2 microglia cells respond to hypoxia by enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and reduced phagocytic activity. This effect is prevented by sex steroids resulting in a switch of BV-2 cells from a pro-inflammatory to a more anti-inflammatory phenotype. Anti-inflammatory effects of gonadal steroids might directly be mediated through hormone-microglia interactions in addition to known effects via astroglial regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardes Habib
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Schumacher M, Mattern C, Ghoumari A, Oudinet JP, Liere P, Labombarda F, Sitruk-Ware R, De Nicola AF, Guennoun R. Revisiting the roles of progesterone and allopregnanolone in the nervous system: resurgence of the progesterone receptors. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 113:6-39. [PMID: 24172649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is commonly considered as a female reproductive hormone and is well-known for its role in pregnancy. It is less well appreciated that progesterone and its metabolite allopregnanolone are also male hormones, as they are produced in both sexes by the adrenal glands. In addition, they are synthesized within the nervous system. Progesterone and allopregnanolone are associated with adaptation to stress, and increased production of progesterone within the brain may be part of the response of neural cells to injury. Progesterone receptors (PR) are widely distributed throughout the brain, but their study has been mainly limited to the hypothalamus and reproductive functions, and the extra-hypothalamic receptors have been neglected. This lack of information about brain functions of PR is unexpected, as the protective and trophic effects of progesterone are much investigated, and as the therapeutic potential of progesterone as a neuroprotective and promyelinating agent is currently being assessed in clinical trials. The little attention devoted to the brain functions of PR may relate to the widely accepted assumption that non-reproductive actions of progesterone may be mainly mediated by allopregnanolone, which does not bind to PR, but acts as a potent positive modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A) receptors. The aim of this review is to critically discuss effects of progesterone on the nervous system via PR, and of allopregnanolone via its modulation of GABA(A) receptors, with main focus on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schumacher
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - C Mattern
- M et P Pharma AG, Emmetten, Switzerland
| | - A Ghoumari
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - J P Oudinet
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - P Liere
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - F Labombarda
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Sitruk-Ware
- Population Council and Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - A F De Nicola
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Guennoun
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Deniselle MCG, Carreras MC, Garay L, Gargiulo-Monachelli G, Meyer M, Poderoso JJ, De Nicola AF. Progesterone prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in the spinal cord of wobbler mice. J Neurochem 2012; 122:185-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kipp M, Amor S, Krauth R, Beyer C. Multiple sclerosis: neuroprotective alliance of estrogen-progesterone and gender. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:1-16. [PMID: 22289667 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential of 17β-estradiol and progesterone as neuroprotective factors is well-recognized. Persuasive data comes from in vitro and animal models reflecting a wide range of CNS disorders. These studies have endeavored to translate findings into human therapies. Nonetheless, few human studies show promising results. Evidence for neuroprotection was obtained in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease shows a female-to-male gender prevalence and disturbances in sex steroid production. In MS-related animal models, steroids ameliorate symptoms and protect from demyelination and neuronal damage. Both hormones operate in dampening central and brain-intrinsic immune responses and regulating local growth factor supply, oligodendrocyte and astrocyte function. This complex modulation of cell physiology and system stabilization requires the gamut of steroid-dependent signaling pathways. The identification of molecular and cellular targets of sex steroids and the understanding of cell-cell interactions in the pathogenesis will offer promise of novel therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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12
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Sharma HS. A combination of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and neuronal nitric oxide synthase antibodies applied topically over the traumatized spinal cord enhances neuroprotection and functional recovery in the rat. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1199:175-85. [PMID: 20633123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The possibility that neutralization of nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the cord using their antiserum will induce neuroprotection and improve functional outcome following spinal cord injury (SCI) was examined in a rat model. The SCI was induced in rats by a unilateral incision of the right dorsal horn at the T10-11 segments under equithesin anesthesia. TNF-alpha and/or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) antibodies were applied over the traumatized spinal cord at 10-90 minutes after injury and functional recovery and cord pathophysiology were examined at five hours. Topical application of TNF-alpha antiserum at 10 min followed by NOS antiserum at 20 min after SCI significantly improved functional recovery and attenuated blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disturbances, edema formation, and cord pathology. These neuroprotective effects were also seen when the NOS antiserum was applied 10 min after injury followed by TNF-alpha antiserum at 30 min after trauma. However, when TNF-alpha antiserum was applied 1 h after injury and NOS antiserum was given either before or after TNF-alpha antiserum, no neuroprotective effects were observed. Interestingly, neuronal injury was tightly correlated with nNOS expression in the cord in antibody treated groups. These novel observations suggest that early blockade of TNF-alpha and nNOS expression within 20-30 min after SCI is beneficial in nature. This indicates that TNF-alpha and nitric oxide play synergistic roles in the pathophysiology of SCI and combined antibodies therapy has added neuroprotective values in spinal trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Arnold S, Beyer C. Neuroprotection by estrogen in the brain: the mitochondrial compartment as presumed therapeutic target. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Brinton RD, Thompson RF, Foy MR, Baudry M, Wang J, Finch CE, Morgan TE, Pike CJ, Mack WJ, Stanczyk FZ, Nilsen J. Progesterone receptors: form and function in brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2008; 29:313-39. [PMID: 18374402 PMCID: PMC2398769 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that progesterone has multiple non-reproductive functions in the central nervous system to regulate cognition, mood, inflammation, mitochondrial function, neurogenesis and regeneration, myelination and recovery from traumatic brain injury. Progesterone-regulated neural responses are mediated by an array of progesterone receptors (PR) that include the classic nuclear PRA and PRB receptors and splice variants of each, the seven transmembrane domain 7TMPRbeta and the membrane-associated 25-Dx PR (PGRMC1). These PRs induce classic regulation of gene expression while also transducing signaling cascades that originate at the cell membrane and ultimately activate transcription factors. Remarkably, PRs are broadly expressed throughout the brain and can be detected in every neural cell type. The distribution of PRs beyond hypothalamic borders, suggests a much broader role of progesterone in regulating neural function. Despite the large body of evidence regarding progesterone regulation of reproductive behaviors and estrogen-inducible responses as well as effects of progesterone metabolite neurosteroids, much remains to be discovered regarding the functional outcomes resulting from activation of the complex array of PRs in brain by gonadally and/or glial derived progesterone. Moreover, the impact of clinically used progestogens and developing selective PR modulators for targeted outcomes in brain is a critical avenue of investigation as the non-reproductive functions of PRs have far-reaching implications for hormone therapy to maintain neurological health and function throughout menopausal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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15
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Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Stein DG, De Nicola AF. Progesterone: Therapeutic opportunities for neuroprotection and myelin repair. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:77-106. [PMID: 17659348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone and its metabolites promote the viability of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Their neuroprotective effects have been documented in different lesion models, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), experimentally induced ischemia, spinal cord lesions and a genetic model of motoneuron disease. Progesterone plays an important role in developmental myelination and in myelin repair, and the aging nervous system appears to remain sensitive to some of progesterone's beneficial effects. Thus, the hormone may promote neuroregeneration by several different actions by reducing inflammation, swelling and apoptosis, thereby increasing the survival of neurons, and by promoting the formation of new myelin sheaths. Recognition of the important pleiotropic effects of progesterone opens novel perspectives for the treatment of brain lesions and diseases of the nervous system. Over the last decade, there have been a growing number of studies showing that exogenous administration of progesterone or some of its metabolites can be successfully used to treat traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, as well as ischemic stroke. Progesterone can also be synthesized by neurons and by glial cells within the nervous system. This finding opens the way for a promising therapeutic strategy, the use of pharmacological agents, such as ligands of the translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO; the former peripheral benzodiazepine receptor or PBR), to locally increase the synthesis of steroids with neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties. A concept is emerging that progesterone may exert different actions and use different signaling mechanisms in normal and injured neural tissue.
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16
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Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Ghoumari A, Massaad C, Robert F, El-Etr M, Akwa Y, Rajkowski K, Baulieu EE. Novel perspectives for progesterone in hormone replacement therapy, with special reference to the nervous system. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:387-439. [PMID: 17431228 DOI: 10.1210/er.2006-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The utility and safety of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy has recently been put into question by large clinical trials. Their outcome has been extensively commented upon, but discussions have mainly been limited to the effects of estrogens. In fact, progestagens are generally only considered with respect to their usefulness in preventing estrogen stimulation of uterine hyperplasia and malignancy. In addition, various risks have been attributed to progestagens and their omission from hormone replacement therapy has been considered, but this may underestimate their potential benefits and therapeutic promises. A major reason for the controversial reputation of progestagens is that they are generally considered as a single class. Moreover, the term progesterone is often used as a generic one for the different types of both natural and synthetic progestagens. This is not appropriate because natural progesterone has properties very distinct from the synthetic progestins. Within the nervous system, the neuroprotective and promyelinating effects of progesterone are promising, not only for preventing but also for reversing age-dependent changes and dysfunctions. There is indeed strong evidence that the aging nervous system remains at least to some extent sensitive to these beneficial effects of progesterone. The actions of progesterone in peripheral target tissues including breast, blood vessels, and bones are less well understood, but there is evidence for the beneficial effects of progesterone. The variety of signaling mechanisms of progesterone offers exciting possibilities for the development of more selective, efficient, and safe progestagens. The recognition that progesterone is synthesized by neurons and glial cells requires a reevaluation of hormonal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schumacher
- INSERM UMR 788, 80, rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Tsai SY, Yang LY, Wu CH, Chang SF, Hsu CY, Wei CP, Leu SJ, Liaw J, Lee YH, Tsai MD. Injury-induced Janus kinase/protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of growth-associated protein 43 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 for neurite growth in dorsal root ganglion. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:321-31. [PMID: 17131417 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of corticosteroids and excessive glutamate release are the two major stress responses that occur sequentially during traumatic CNS injury. We have previously reported that sequential application of corticosterone and kainic acid (CORT + KA) mimicking the nerve injury condition results in synergistic enhancement of neurite outgrowth and expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG). GAP-43 is known to promote neurite extension when phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC). In addition, PKC can phosphorylate the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) at Ser727, which is phosphorylated primarily by Janus kinase (JAK) at Tyr705. In this study, we further examine the role of PKC in this stress-induced growth-promoting effect. In the cultured DRG neurons, the JAK inhibitor AG-490 and the PKC inhibitor Ro-318220 reduced the CORT + KA-enhanced neurite growth effect when applied prior to CORT and KA treatment, respectively. Both AG-490 and Ro-318220 diminished the CORT + KA-enhanced GAP-43 expression, phosphorylation, and axonal localization. Furthermore, CORT + KA treatment synergistically phosphorylated STAT3 at Ser727 but not at Tyr705. Similar phenomena were observed in an animal model of acute spinal cord injury (SCI), in which phosphorylation of GAP-43 and phospho-Ser727-STAT3 was elevated in the injured DRG 4 hr after the impact injury. Further treatment with the therapeutic glucocorticoid methylprednisolone enhanced the phosphorylation of GAP-43 in both the DRG and the spinal cord of SCI rats. These results suggest that elevated glucocorticoids and overexcitation following CNS injury contribute to nerve regeneration via induction of JAK/PKC-mediated GAP-43 and STAT3 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ying Tsai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fischer LR, Culver DG, Davis AA, Tennant P, Wang M, Coleman M, Asress S, Adalbert R, Alexander GM, Glass JD. The WldS gene modestly prolongs survival in the SOD1G93A fALS mouse. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 19:293-300. [PMID: 15837585 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The "slow Wallerian degeneration" (Wld(S)) gene is neuroprotective in numerous models of axonal degeneration. Axonal degeneration is an early feature of disease progression in the SOD1G93A mouse, a widely used model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS). We crossed the Wld(S) mouse with the SOD1G93A mouse to investigate whether the Wld(S) gene could prolong survival and modify neuropathology in these mice. SOD/Wld(S) mice showed levels of motor axon loss similar to that seen in SOD1G93A mice. The presence of the Wld(S) gene, however, modestly prolonged survival and delayed denervation at the neuromuscular junction. Prolonged survival was more prominent in female mice and did not depend on whether animals were heterozygous or homozygous for the Wld(S) gene. We also report that SOD1G93A mice show significant degeneration of sensory axons during the course of disease, supporting previous data from humans demonstrating that ALS is not purely a motor disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Fischer
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Metz GA, Schwab ME. Behavioral characterization in a comprehensive mouse test battery reveals motor and sensory impairments in growth-associated protein-43 null mutant mice. Neuroscience 2005; 129:563-74. [PMID: 15541878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The growth-associated protein (GAP)-43 is a major neuronal protein associated with axonal growth, neuronal plasticity and learning. The observation that only 5-10% of mice with a full GAP-43 gene deletion survive weaning suggests that basic neural functions are disturbed. Here we used a comprehensive test battery to characterise and quantify the motor and sensory function of surviving adult homozygous GAP-43 (-/-) mice as compared with GAP-43 (+/-) and wild-type animals. The test battery was comprised of motor, sensory, and reflex tests producing 25 measures of locomotion, as well as epicritic, auditory, olfactory and visual function. The analysis revealed significant impairments in muscle strength, limb coordination and balance in GAP-43 (-/-) mice. Furthermore, GAP-43 (-/-) animals were hyperactive and showed reduced anxiety as measured by open field and light dark tests. In sensory tests, GAP-43 (-/-) mice were tested for impaired tactile and labyrinthine function. Abnormal reflexes were found in the contact and vibrissa placing responses, and in the crossed extensor reflex. GAP-43 (+/-) animals showed only moderate abnormalities as compared with wild-type animals. We conclude that GAP-43 is necessary for the development and function of a variety of neuronal systems. The results also show that the comprehensive test battery used in the present study represents a sensitive approach to assess the functional integrity of ascending and descending pathways in genetically manipulated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Metz
- Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4 Canada.
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Santoro B, Bigini P, Levandis G, Nobile V, Biggiogera M, Botti F, Mennini T, Curti D. Evidence for chronic mitochondrial impairment in the cervical spinal cord of a murine model of motor neuron disease. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 17:349-57. [PMID: 15474372 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Revised: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Profound alteration of the oxygen consumption rate (QO2) is present in the cervical spinal cord (CS) of the wobbler mice aged 12 weeks (wr12). Early symptomatic mice at 4 weeks (wr4) show less pronounced changes with decreases of basal QO2 (P < 0.03) and of QO2 through complex I (P < 0.04). Mitochondrial respiratory enzyme activities, measured spectrophotometrically in the CS homogenate, show no difference between wr12 and controls, whereas complex I is reduced in the wr4 CS (P < 0.0003). Complex I activity is lower than normal both in wr12 and wr4 CS when measured in motor neurons by mean of a histochemical technique. Electron microscopy (EM) reveals a mixture of normal and morphologically altered mitochondria in wr4 motor neurons. The wobbler lumbar spinal cord is spared even at 12 weeks. Our results demonstrate the presence of mitochondrial abnormalities in the wobbler CS since the first manifestations of the disease. Thus, chronic mitochondrial dysfunction has a contributory role in motor neuron degeneration in the wobbler disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Santoro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiological and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Pavia, PV, Italy
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González Deniselle MC, Garay L, López-Costa JJ, González S, Mougel A, Guennoun R, Schumacher M, De Nicola AF. Progesterone treatment reduces NADPH-diaphorase/nitric oxide synthase in Wobbler mouse motoneuron disease. Brain Res 2004; 1014:71-9. [PMID: 15212993 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated that progesterone (PROG) treatment attenuates morphological, molecular and functional abnormalities in the spinal cord of the Wobbler (Wr) mouse, a genetic model of motoneuron degeneration. Wr mice show a marked up-regulation of the nitric oxide synthesizing enzyme (NOS). Since nitric oxide is a highly reactive species, it may play a role in neuropathology of Wr mice. We now studied if PROG neuroprotection involved changes of NOS activity in motoneurons and astrocytes, determined by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPHD) histochemical reaction. Two and four-month-old Wr mice at the progressive and stabilization stages of the disease, respectively, and their age-matched controls were left untreated or received a single 20-mg PROG pellet for 18 days. PROG reduced the high number of NADPHD-active motoneurons and white matter astrocytes in 2-month-old Wr mice but was unable to change the low number of NADPHD-active motoneurons in 4-month-old Wr mice or astrocytes in this age group. A large number of motoneurons in 2-month-old Wr mice showed a vacuolated phenotype, which was significantly reverted by PROG treatment. In summary, PROG treatment during the early symptomatic stage of the disease caused a significant reduction of NADPHD-active motoneurons and astrocytes and also reduced vacuolated degenerating cells, suggesting that blockade of NO synthesis and oxidative damage may contribute to steroid neuroprotection.
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Clowry GJ, McHanwell S. Brainstem motor nuclei respond differentially to degenerative disease in the mutant mouse wobbler. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2003; 30:148-60. [PMID: 15043712 DOI: 10.1046/j.0305-1846.2004.00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative motoneurone diseases, whether in humans, animals, or transgenic mouse models, do not affect all types of motoneurone to the same degree. Understanding the relative differences in vulnerability of certain motor pools may be the key to developing therapies. Expression of calbindin (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity, which are potentially neuroprotective calcium-binding proteins, and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemical reactivity, a marker for neurodegeneration, was studied in brainstem sections from mutant wobbler mice and their normal littermates during the motoneurone degeneration phase (3-8 weeks of age). The motor trigeminal and facial nuclei reacted in a manner previously observed in spinal somatic motoneurones in the wobbler. Many motoneurones expressed moderate NADPH-d reactivity, correlated with the appearance of vacuolated motoneurones in Nissl-stained sections. This was not observed in littermate controls. Motoneurone counts from Nissl-stained sections from 14-month-old wobblers and littermates revealed significantly fewer (approximately 27%) motoneurones in the trigeminal nucleus of wobblers. In contrast, the wobbler hypoglossal nucleus contained neither vacuolated nor NADPH-d reactive motoneurones. However, expression of CB immunoreactivity by the majority of wobbler hypoglossal motoneurones was observed but not in littermate controls or in any other motor nucleus. Counts in older animals showed a smaller but still significant difference in motoneurone number between wobblers and controls (approximately 9% reduction). Finally, the wobbler abducens nucleus displayed neither vacuolated neurones, nor NADPH-d reactivity nor CB immunoreactivity. Motor nuclei innervating extraocular muscles appear to be protected in many forms of motoneurone disease in man and other species. However, there were still markedly fewer abducens motoneurones in the old wobblers compared to controls (approximately 29% reduction). Sparing of oculomotor neurones in other diseases has been attributed to their relatively high PV expression, which we also observed in the abducens nucleus of both wobblers and littermates, and to a lesser extent in the other motor nuclei too. In conclusion, our results suggest that, in the wobbler mouse, motoneurone degeneration may occur without overt signs such as cell body vacuolation and NADPH-d expression. Induced CB expression may be neuroprotective but that constitutive expression of PV may not.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Clowry
- Neural Development, Plasticity and Repair Group, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Corvino V, Businaro R, Geloso MC, Bigini P, Cavallo V, Pompili E, Mennini T, Fumagalli L, Michetti F. S100B protein and 4-hydroxynonenal in the spinal cord of wobbler mice. Neurochem Res 2003; 28:341-5. [PMID: 12608707 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022345720852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein that, in the nervous system, is mainly concentrated in glial cells. Although its biological role is still unclear, the protein is hypothesized, at high concentrations, to act in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative processes, possibly through oxidative stress mechanisms. To investigate this hypothesis we studied the spinal cord of wobbler mice, an animal model of motor neuron degeneration. Using immunocytochemistry, we detected an overexpression of S100B in astrocytes of the cervical spinal cord of these animals. We also confirmed this finding by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In the same spinal cord regions, scattered neurons appeared to be immunostained for 4-hydroxynonenal-modified proteins, an indicator of lipid peroxidation. This finding constitutes a sign of oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration.
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Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Lopez Costa JJ, Gonzalez SL, Labombarda F, Garay L, Guennoun R, Schumacher M, De Nicola AF. Basis of progesterone protection in spinal cord neurodegeneration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 83:199-209. [PMID: 12650717 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(02)00262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone neuroprotection has been reported in experimental brain, peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury. To investigate for a similar role in neurodegeneration, we studied progesterone effects in the Wobbler mouse, a mutant presenting severe motoneuron degeneration and astrogliosis of the spinal cord. Implant of a single progesterone pellet (20 mg) during 15 days produced substantial changes in Wobbler mice spinal cord. Morphologically, motoneurons of untreated Wobbler mice showed severe vacuolation of intracellular organelles including mitochondria. In contrast, neuropathology was less pronounced in Wobbler mice receiving progesterone, together with a reduction of vacuolated cells and preservation of mitochondrial ultrastructure. Determination of mRNAs for the alpha 3 and beta 1 subunits of neuronal Na, K-ATPase, showed that mRNA levels in untreated mice were significantly reduced, whereas progesterone therapy re-established the expression of both subunits. Additionally, progesterone treatment of Wobbler mice attenuated the aberrant expression of the growth-associated protein (GAP-43) mRNA which otherwise occurred in motoneurons of untreated animals. The hormone, however, was without effect on astrocytosis of Wobbler mice, determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunostaining. Lastly, progesterone treatment of Wobbler mice enhanced grip strength and prolonged survival at the end of the 15-day observation period. Recovery of morphology and molecular motoneuron parameters of Wobbler mice receiving progesterone, suggest a new and important role for this hormone in the prevention of spinal cord neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Claudia Gonzalez Deniselle
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, University of Buenos Aires, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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