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4-Hydroxycinnamic acid attenuates neuronal cell death by inducing expression of plasma membrane redox enzymes and improving mitochondrial functions. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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S-Carboxymethyl Cysteine Protects against Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Impairment in a Parkinson's Disease In Vitro Model. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101467. [PMID: 34680584 PMCID: PMC8533464 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucolytic agent S-carboxymethylcysteine is widely used as an expectorant for the treatment of numerous respiratory disorders. The metabolic fate of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine is complex. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that the metabolism of this agent differs within the same individual, with sulfur oxygenated metabolites generated upon night-time administration. It has been indicated that this drug behaves like a free radical scavenger and that, in this regard, the sulfide is the active species with sulphoxide metabolites (already oxidized) being inactive. Consequently, a night-time consumption of the drug should be more effective upon daytime administration. Still, this diurnal variation in biotransformation (deactivation) is dependent on the genetic polymorphism on which relies the patient population capacities of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine sulphoxidation. It has been reported that those cohorts who are efficient sulfur oxidizers will generate inactive oxygenated metabolites. In contrast, those who have a relative deficiency in this mechanism will be subjected to the active sulfide for a more extended period. In this regard, it is noteworthy that 38–39% of Parkinson’s disease patients belong to the poor sulphoxide cohort, being exposed to higher levels of active sulfide, the active antioxidant metabolite of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately dopaminergic neurons. It has been demonstrated that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play a crucial role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Based on this evidence, in this study, we evaluated the effects of S-carboxymethyl cysteine in an in vitro model of Parkinson’s disease in protecting against oxidative stress injury. The data obtained suggested that an S-carboxymethylcysteine-enriched diet could be beneficial during aging to protect neurons from oxidative imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus preventing the progression of neurodegenerative processes.
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Anis E, Zafeer MF, Firdaus F, Islam SN, Khan AA, Hossain MM. Perillyl Alcohol Mitigates Behavioural Changes and Limits Cell Death and Mitochondrial Changes in Unilateral 6-OHDA Lesion Model of Parkinson's Disease Through Alleviation of Oxidative Stress. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:461-477. [PMID: 32394056 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aim to assess the phytomedicinal potential of perillyl alcohol (PA), a dietary monoterpenoid, in a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). We observed that PA supplementation alleviated behavioural abnormalities such as loss of coordination, reduced rearing and motor asymmetry in lesioned animals. We also observed that PA-treated animals exhibited reduced oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation and caspase 3 activity indicating alleviation of apoptotic cell death. We found reduced mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic regulator BAX and pro-inflammatory mediators IL18 and TNFα in PA-treated animals. Further, PA treatment successfully increased mRNA and protein levels of Bcl2, mitochondrial biogenesis regulator PGC1α and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in lesioned animals. We observed that PA treatment blocked BAX and Drp1 translocation to mitochondria, an event often associated with the inception of apoptosis. Further, 6-OHDA exposure reduced expression of electron transport chain complexes I and IV, thereby disturbing energy metabolism. Conversely, expression levels of both complexes were upregulated with PA treatment in lesioned rats. Finally, we found that protein levels of Nrf2, the transcription factor responsible for antioxidant gene expression, were markedly reduced in cytosolic and nuclear fraction on 6-OHDA exposure, and PA increased expression of Nrf2 in both fractions. We believe that our data hints towards PA having the ability to provide cytoprotection in a hemiparkinsonian rat model through alleviation of motor deficits, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehraz Anis
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Mohd Faraz Zafeer
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fakiha Firdaus
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shireen Naaz Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Azka Anees Khan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Mobarak Hossain
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kahremany S, Babaev I, Hasin P, Tamir TY, Ben-Zur T, Cohen G, Jiang Z, Weintraub S, Offen D, Rahimipour S, Major MB, Senderowitz H, Gruzman A. Computer-Aided Design and Synthesis of 1-{4-[(3,4-Dihydroxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl}-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic Acid as an Nrf2 Enhancer. Chempluschem 2018; 83:320-333. [PMID: 31957349 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a novel nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) enhancer is reported. Using a structure-based virtual screening approach, several commercially available compounds were identified as having high probability to interact with the Nrf2-binding pocket in the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Keap1 is an adaptor protein that recruits Nrf2 to a cullin-3-dependent ubiquitin ligase complex. The identified compounds were tested against rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells for their cytoprotective activity, and one compound (SKT359126) demonstrated an Nrf2-mediated cell-protective effect. Based on the structure of SKT359126, 23 novel derivatives were synthesized and evaluated. Of the screened derivatives, 1-{4-[(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl}-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid demonstrated better activity than the parent molecules in activating the Nrf2 transduction pathway in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This compound represents a promising starting point for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of oxidative-stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kahremany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Ilana Babaev
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Pinhas Hasin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Tigist Y Tamir
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tali Ben-Zur
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, 49100, Israel
| | - Guy Cohen
- The Skin Research Institute, The Dead Sea & Arava Science Center, Tamar Regional Council, Dead Sea Mobile Post, 86910, Israel
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Sagiv Weintraub
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Daniel Offen
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, 49100, Israel
| | - Shai Rahimipour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - M Ben Major
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hanoch Senderowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
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Serratos IN, Castellanos P, Pastor N, Millán-Pacheco C, Colín-González AL, Rembao D, Pérez-Montfort R, Cabrera N, Sánchez-García A, Gómez I, Rangel-López E, Santamaria A. Early expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in a toxic model produced by 6-hydroxydopamine in the rat striatum. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 249:10-8. [PMID: 26902637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is commonly involved in different neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders. The cellular signaling associated to RAGE activation may occur upon binding to different ligands. In this study we investigated whether the toxic model produced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rats comprises early noxious responses related to RAGE-mediated signaling cascades. In order to explore a possible interaction between 6-OHDA and RAGE, affinity parameters of RAGE with 6-OHDA were estimated by different means. The possible binding sites of 6-OHDA with the VC1 homodimer for both rat and human RAGE were also modeled. Our results show that the striatal infusion of 6-OHDA recruits RAGE upregulation, as evidenced by an early expression of the receptor. 6-OHDA was also found to bind the VC1 homodimer, although its affinity was moderate when compared to other ligands. This work contributes to the understanding of the role of RAGE activation for 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Serratos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico; Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSA, Mexico; Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - Pilar Castellanos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - Nina Pastor
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Mexico
| | - César Millán-Pacheco
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Colín-González
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSA, Mexico
| | - Daniel Rembao
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico
| | - Ruy Pérez-Montfort
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Nallely Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Aurora Sánchez-García
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico
| | - Isabel Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar Rangel-López
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSA, Mexico
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSA, Mexico.
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Wei L, Ding L, Mo MS, Lei M, Zhang L, Chen K, Xu P. Wnt3a protects SH-SY5Y cells against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity by restoration of mitochondria function. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:11. [PMID: 26085927 PMCID: PMC4470059 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wnt/β-catenin signal has been reported to exert cytoprotective effects in cellular models of several diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of actived Wnt/β-catenin signal by Wnt3a on SH-SY5Y cells treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Methods Wnt3a-conditioned medium (Wnt3a-CM) was used to intervene dopaminegic SH-SY5Y cells treated with 6-OHDA. Cell toxicity was determined by cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase leakage (LDH) assay. The mitochondria function was measured by the mitochondrial membrane potential, while oxidative stress was monitored with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of GSK3β, β-catenin as well as Akt. Results Our results showed that 100 μM 6-OHDA treated for 24 h significantly decreased cell viability and mitochondrial transmembrane potential, reduced the level of β-catenin and p-Akt, increased LDH leakage, ROS production and the ratio of p-GSK3β (Tyr216) to p-GSK3β (Ser9). However, Wnt3a-conditioned medium reversing SH-SY5Y cells against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity by reversing these changes. Conclusions Activating of Wnt/β-catenin pathway by Wnt3a-CM attenuated 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity significantly, which related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and maintenance of normal mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630 China ; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Ming-Shu Mo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Kang Chen
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, 528403 China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
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Ndfip1 attenuated 6-OHDA–induced iron accumulation via regulating the degradation of DMT1. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1183-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Konieczny J, Jantas D, Lenda T, Domin H, Czarnecka A, Kuter K, Śmiałowska M, Lasoń W, Lorenc-Koci E. Lack of neuroprotective effect of celastrol under conditions of proteasome inhibition by lactacystin in in vitro and in vivo studies: implications for Parkinson's disease. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:255-73. [PMID: 24842651 PMCID: PMC4143605 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) impairment may underlie neuronal death in Parkinson's disease. Celastrol is a neuroprotective agent with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine whether celastrol may exert neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo under conditions of the lactacystin-induced UPS inhibition. In the in vitro study, mouse primary cortical neurons and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with lactacystin for 48 h (2.5 and 10 μg/ml, respectively). The animal study was performed on male Wistar rats injected unilaterally with lactacystin (5 μg/2 μl) into the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta. In the in vitro study, we did not found any protective effects of celastrol, given either in the pre- or co-treatment mode. Moreover, in the higher concentrations, celastrol itself reduced cell viability, and enhanced the lactacystin-induced cell death in both types of cells. In the in vivo study, none of the celastrol doses (0.3-3 mg/kg) attenuated the lactacystin-induced decrease in the level of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites or protected nigral dopaminergic neurons against the lactacystin-induced degeneration. The highest celastrol dose potentiated the lactacystin-induced decrease in the level of DA and its metabolites in the lesioned striatum, and accelerated the lactacystin-induced increase in the oxidative and total metabolism of DA. Moreover, when given alone, this dose of celastrol bilaterally decreased the number and/or density of dopaminergic neurons in the SN. Our results demonstrate that celastrol does not induce neuroprotective effects under conditions of UPS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Konieczny
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland,
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Asaithambi A, Ay M, Jin H, Gosh A, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) phosphorylation promotes dopaminergic neuronal survival during 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96947. [PMID: 24806360 PMCID: PMC4013052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major pathophysiological mediator of degenerative processes in many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Aberrant cell signaling governed by protein phosphorylation has been linked to oxidative damage of dopaminergic neurons in PD. Although several studies have associated activation of certain protein kinases with apoptotic cell death in PD, very little is known about protein kinase regulation of cell survival and protection against oxidative damage and degeneration in dopaminergic neurons. Here, we characterized the PKD1-mediated protective pathway against oxidative damage in cell culture models of PD. Dopaminergic neurotoxicant 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) was used to induce oxidative stress in the N27 dopaminergic cell model and in primary mesencephalic neurons. Our results indicated that 6-OHDA induced the PKD1 activation loop (PKD1S744/S748) phosphorylation during early stages of oxidative stress and that PKD1 activation preceded cell death. We also found that 6-OHDA rapidly increased phosphorylation of the C-terminal S916 in PKD1, which is required for PKD1 activation loop (PKD1S744/748) phosphorylation. Interestingly, negative modulation of PKD1 activation by RNAi knockdown or by the pharmacological inhibition of PKD1 by kbNB-14270 augmented 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis, while positive modulation of PKD1 by the overexpression of full length PKD1 (PKD1WT) or constitutively active PKD1 (PKD1S744E/S748E) attenuated 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis, suggesting an anti-apoptotic role for PKD1 during oxidative neuronal injury. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PKD1 signaling plays a cell survival role during early stages of oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons and therefore, positive modulation of the PKD1-mediated signal transduction pathway can provide a novel neuroprotective strategy against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Asaithambi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Muhammet Ay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Anamitra Gosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Doolaanea AA, Mansor N‘I, Mohd Nor NH, Mohamed F. Cellular uptake ofNigella sativaoil-PLGA microparticle by PC-12 cell line. J Microencapsul 2014; 31:600-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2014.898709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kwon SH, Ma SX, Hong SI, Kim SY, Lee SY, Jang CG. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. bark. attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell death through inhibition of oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:173-182. [PMID: 24440915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Bark. (EUE) has commonly been used to fortify the muscles and lungs, lower blood pressure, prevent miscarriage, improve liver and kidney tone, and promote longevity as a traditional tonic medicine in Korea, China, and Japan. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which EUE protects neuronal cells from apoptosis induced by the Parkinson's disease (PD)-related neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined the neuroprotective effects of EUE on 6-OHDA-induced neuronal cell death, cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction. Moreover, we examined whether EUE suppressed phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β). Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of EUE on 6-OHDA-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was studied in SH-SY5Y cells. RESULTS Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with EUE significantly reduced 6-OHDA-induced cell death and cytotoxicity. EUE inhibited 6-OHDA-induced generation of ROS, which conferred cytoprotection against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative injury. EUE treatment also strikingly inhibited 6-OHDA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, EUE suppressed phosphorylation of JNK, PI3K/Akt, and GSK-3β. Furthermore, EUE blocked 6-OHDA-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, an event downstream from JNK, PI3K/Akt, and GSK-3β phosphorylation. Moreover, chlorogenic acid (CGA), one of the active constituents of EUE, was also able to reduce 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that EUE attenuates oxidative stress through activation of JNK, PI3K/Akt, GSK-3β, and NF-κB pathways, thereby protecting cells from neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwan Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Xun Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Ik Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Srivastava G, Singh K, Tiwari MN, Singh MP. Proteomics in Parkinson’s disease: current trends, translational snags and future possibilities. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:127-39. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Konieczny J, Czarnecka A, Lenda T, Kamińska K, Lorenc-Koci E. Chronic L-DOPA treatment attenuates behavioral and biochemical deficits induced by unilateral lactacystin administration into the rat substantia nigra. Behav Brain Res 2013; 261:79-88. [PMID: 24361083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine whether the dopamine (DA) precursor l-DOPA attenuates parkinsonian-like symptoms produced by the ubiquitin-proteasome system inhibitor lactacystin. Wistar rats were injected unilaterally with lactacystin (2.5 μg/2 μl) or 6-OHDA (8 μg/2 μl) into the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta. Four weeks after the lesion, the animals were treated chronically with l-DOPA (25 or 50 mg/kg) for two weeks. During l-DOPA treatment, the lactacystin-treated rats were tested for catalepsy and forelimb asymmetry. Rotational behavior was evaluated after apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg) and l-DOPA in both PD models. After completion of experiments, the animals were killed and the levels of DA and its metabolites in the striatum and SN were assayed. We found that acute l-DOPA administration effectively decreased catalepsy and increased the use of the compromised forelimb in the cylinder test. However, the lactacystin group did not respond to apomorphine or acute l-DOPA administration in the rotational test. Repeated l-DOPA treatment produced contralateral rotations in both PD models, but the number of rotations was much greater in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Both toxins markedly (>90%) reduced the levels of DA and its metabolites in the striatum and SN, while l-DOPA diminished these decreases, especially in the SN. By demonstrating the efficacy of l-DOPA in several behavioral tests, our study confirms the usefulness of the lactacystin lesion as a model of PD. However, marked differences in the rotational response to apomorphine and l-DOPA suggest different mechanisms of neurodegeneration evoked by lactacystin and 6-OHDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Konieczny
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Czarnecka
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lenda
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Wang YH, Yu HT, Pu XP, Du GH. Baicalein prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in SH-SY5Y cells via inhibition of mitochondrial oxidation and up-regulation of DJ-1 protein expression. Molecules 2013; 18:14726-38. [PMID: 24288000 PMCID: PMC6270380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra. Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the mechanism of cell damage in Parkinson’s disease (PD). 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a dopamine analog which specifically damages dopaminergic neurons. Baicalein has been previously reported to have potential in the treatment of PD. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of action of baicalein against 6-OHDA injury in SH-SY5Y cells. The results showed that baicalein significantly alleviated alterations of mitochondrial redox activity and mitochondrial membrane potential induced by 6-OHDA in a dose-dependent manner in SH-SY5Y cells compared with vehicle group. Futhermore, baicalein decreased the production of ROS and upregulated the DJ-1 protein expression in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, baicalein also inhibited ROS production and lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 6.32 ± 0.03 μM) in rat brain mitochondia. In summary, the underlying mechanisms of baicalein against 6-OHDA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction may involve inhibition of mitochondrial oxidation and upregulation of DJ-1 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University; Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-H.W.); (X.-P.P.); (G.-H.D.); Tel.: +86-10-6316-5313 (Y.-H.W.); +86-10-8280-2431 (X.-P.P.); +86-10-6316-5184 (G.-H.D.)
| | - Hai-Tao Yu
- Jiangsu Kanon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Lianyungang 222047, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Pu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University; Beijing 100191, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-H.W.); (X.-P.P.); (G.-H.D.); Tel.: +86-10-6316-5313 (Y.-H.W.); +86-10-8280-2431 (X.-P.P.); +86-10-6316-5184 (G.-H.D.)
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-H.W.); (X.-P.P.); (G.-H.D.); Tel.: +86-10-6316-5313 (Y.-H.W.); +86-10-8280-2431 (X.-P.P.); +86-10-6316-5184 (G.-H.D.)
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15
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Kerksick CM, Roberts MD, Dalbo VJ, Kreider RB, Willoughby DS. Changes in skeletal muscle proteolytic gene expression after prophylactic supplementation of EGCG and NAC and eccentric damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Kubo SI, Hatano T, Takanashi M, Hattori N. Can parkin be a target for future treatment of Parkinson's disease? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1133-44. [PMID: 23930597 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.827173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases affecting an increasing number of people worldwide with the ageing society. Although the etiology of PD remains largely unknown, it is now clear that genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Recently, several causative genes have been identified in mendelian forms of PD. Growing evidence indicates that their gene products play important roles in oxidative stress response, mitochondrial function, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which are also implicated in idiopathic PD, suggesting that these gene products share a common pathway to nigral degeneration in both familial and idiopathic PD. However, treatment options are currently limited. AREAS COVERED Recently, a possible role of parkin, a gene product of PARK2-liked PD, in neuroprotection has been suggested. To this regard, several investigations have focused on the possible contribution of parkin in neurotoxic insults. In this article, the role of parkin in the pathogenesis of PD and the potential of parkin as a therapeutic target in PD will be discussed. EXPERT OPINION There is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic options to better manage patients with PD. The data discussed in this article provide rationale for parkin as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Kubo
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology , 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421 , Japan +81 3 5684 0476 ; +81 3 3813 7440 ;
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Kim J, Kim SK, Kim HK, Mattson MP, Hyun DH. Mitochondrial function in human neuroblastoma cells is up-regulated and protected by NQO1, a plasma membrane redox enzyme. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69030. [PMID: 23874855 PMCID: PMC3708898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent findings suggest that NADH-dependent enzymes of the plasma membrane redox system (PMRS) play roles in the maintenance of cell bioenergetics and oxidative state. Neurons and tumor cells exhibit differential vulnerability to oxidative and metabolic stress, with important implications for the development of therapeutic interventions that promote either cell survival (neurons) or death (cancer cells). Methods and Findings Here we used human neuroblastoma cells with low or high levels of the PMRS enzyme NADH-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) to investigate how the PMRS modulates mitochondrial functions and cell survival. Cells with elevated NQO1 levels exhibited higher levels of oxygen consumption and ATP production, and lower production of reactive oxygen species. Cells overexpressing NQO1 were more resistant to being damaged by the mitochondrial toxins rotenone and antimycin A, and exhibited less oxidative/nitrative damage and less apoptotic cell death. Cells with basal levels of NQO1 resulted in increased oxidative damage to proteins and cellular vulnerability to mitochondrial toxins. Thus, mitochondrial functions are enhanced and oxidative stress is reduced as a result of elevated PMRS activity, enabling cells to maintain redox homeostasis under conditions of metabolic and energetic stress. Conclusion These findings suggest that NQO1 is a potential target for the development of therapeutic agents for either preventing neuronal degeneration or promoting the death of neural tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeong Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwa-Kyung Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dong-Hoon Hyun
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Jantas D, Roman A, Kuśmierczyk J, Lorenc-Koci E, Konieczny J, Lenda T, Lasoń W. The extent of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in two chemical in vitro models related to Parkinson's disease is critically dependent on cell culture conditions. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:41-54. [PMID: 23307753 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-012-9374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in pathomechanism of Parkinson's disease. The main aim of this study was to assess how particular culture conditions of human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells could affect the extent of neurodegeneration induced by proteasome inhibitor-lactacystin (LC) and mitochondrial toxin-rotenone (Rot). This study revealed that induction of neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells with retinoic acid (RA-SH-SY5Y) caused a higher resistance of these cells to LC-evoked cell death when compared to undifferentiated cells (UN-SH-SY5Y). In contrast, RA-SH-SY5Y cells were more vulnerable than the UN-SH-SY5Y to Rot-induced cell damage. Furthermore, we found that a prolonged incubation of the cells under low serum condition (PLSC) significantly increased the LC toxicity in both differentiated and undifferentiated cells. Next, the effects of combined treatment with LC and Rot on cell viability were studied in RA-SH-SY5Y cells under PLSC and normal low serum condition (NLSC). At a low concentration, Rot (0.001-1 μM) attenuated the LC-evoked cell death in RA-SH-SY5Y cells exposed to NLSC. In contrast, under PLSC low concentrations of Rot lacked neuroprotective action while its higher levels (10 μM) enhanced the LC toxicity. Further, we showed that low concentrations of celastrol (Cel; 0.001 μM), a putative neuroprotective agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, were able to partially attenuate the Rot-evoked toxicity under both PLSC and NLSC. On the other hand, Cel (0.001 and 0.01 μM) attenuated the LC-induced cell damage only under PLSC. Interestingly, higher concentrations of Cel (>1 μM) reduced cell viability in both UN- and RA-SH-SY5Y but only in UN-SH-SY5Y cells the effect was enhanced under PLSC. The obtained data indicate that toxicity of LC and Rot in SH-SY5Y cell line depends on the stage of cell differentiation and is enhanced in cells cultured for a longer time in low serum medium. Moreover, the neuroprotective properties of Rot and Cel against the LC-induced cell damage can be observed only under particular low serum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jantas
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Lundius EG, Stroth N, Vukojević V, Terenius L, Svenningsson P. Functional GPR37 trafficking protects against toxicity induced by 6-OHDA, MPP+ or rotenone in a catecholaminergic cell line. J Neurochem 2012; 124:410-7. [PMID: 23121049 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 37 (GPR37) is suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and is accumulating in Lewy bodies within afflicted brain regions. Over-expressed GPR37 is prone to misfolding and aggregation, causing cell death via endoplasmic reticulum stress. Although the cytotoxicity of misfolded GPR37 is well established, effects of the functional receptor on cell viability are still unknown. An N2a cell line stably expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged human GPR37 was created to study its trafficking and effects on cell viability upon challenge with the toxins 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Neuronal-like differentiation into a tyrosine hydroxylase expressing phenotype, using dibutyryl-cAMP, induced trafficking of GPR37 to the plasma membrane. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cell death assays revealed that GPR37 was protective against all three toxins in differentiated cells. In undifferentiated cells, the majority of GPR37 was cytoplasmic and the protective effects were more variable: GPR37 expression protected against rotenone and MPP+ but not against 6-OHDA in MTT assays, while it protected against 6-OHDA but not against MPP+ or rotenone in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. These results suggest that GPR37 functionally trafficked to the plasma membrane protects against toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Gregorsson Lundius
- Laboratory of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine/Translational Neuropharmacology, Solna, Sweden
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20
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Hyun DH, Kim J, Moon C, Lim CJ, de Cabo R, Mattson MP. The plasma membrane redox enzyme NQO1 sustains cellular energetics and protects human neuroblastoma cells against metabolic and proteotoxic stress. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:359-370. [PMID: 21487704 PMCID: PMC3312640 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane redox system (PMRS) of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-related enzymes plays a key role in the maintenance of cellular energetics. During the aging process, neural cells are particularly sensitive to impaired energy metabolism and oxidative damage, but the involvement of the PMRS in these processes is unknown. Here, we used human neuroblastoma cells with either elevated or reduced levels of the PMRS enzyme NADH-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) to investigate how the PMRS regulates neuronal stress responses. Cells with elevated NQO1 levels were more resistant to death induced by 2-deoxyglucose, potassium cyanide (energetic stress), and lactacystin (proteotoxic stress), but were not protected from being killed by H(2)O(2) and serum withdrawal. The NAD(+)(an oxidized form of NADH)/NADH ratio was maintained at a significantly higher level in cells overexpressing NQO1, consistent with enhanced levels of NQO1 activity. Levels of the neuroprotective transcription factors nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, and the protein chaperone HSP70 were elevated in cells overexpressing NQO1. Cells in which NQO1 levels were decreased by RNA interference exhibited increased vulnerability to death induced by 2-deoxyglucose and lactacystin. Thus, a higher NAD(+)/NADH ratio and activation of adaptive stress response pathways are enhanced by the PMRS in neuroblastoma cells, enabling them to maintain redox homeostasis under conditions of energetic and proteotoxic stress. These findings have implications for the development of therapeutic interventions for neural tumors and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hoon Hyun
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Xiang B, Fei X, Zhuang W, Fang Y, Qin Z, Liang Z. Cathepsin L is involved in 6-hydroxydopamine induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res 2011; 1387:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Miyazaki I, Asanuma M, Kikkawa Y, Takeshima M, Murakami S, Miyoshi K, Sogawa N, Kita T. Astrocyte-derived metallothionein protects dopaminergic neurons from dopamine quinone toxicity. Glia 2010; 59:435-51. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fan Y, Zhang YQ, Sun DJ, Zhang YN, Wu XW, Li J. Rottlerin protected dopaminergic cell line from cytotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine by inhibiting PKCdelta phosphorylation. Neurosci Bull 2009; 25:187-95. [PMID: 19633700 PMCID: PMC5552553 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-009-0416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to investigate the role of protein kinase C delta subtype (PKCdelta) phosphorylation in the process of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced dopaminergic cell death, and demonstrate the molecular basis of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. METHODS The pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell line was employed in the present study. Cells were treated with 2 mumol/L PKCdelta inhibitor Rottlerin, 10 nmol/L protein kinase C delta subtype (PKCdelta) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I, or 5 nmol/L Gö6976 that could specifically inhibit the calcium-dependent PKCdelta isoforms, respectively. PKC activator phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 100 nmol/L) was also used in this study. All these agents were added to the medium before cells were incubated with 6-OHDA. Cells with no treatment served as control. The cytotoxicity of 6-OHDA was determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) reduction assay and PKCdelta phosphorylation levels in various groups were measured by western blotting. RESULTS Bisindolylmaleimide I and Gö6976 exerted no significant attenuation on the cytotoxicity of 6-OHDA, nor any effects on PKCdelta phosphorylation in PC12 cells. However, Rottlerin could inhibit the phosphorylation of PKCdelta and attenuate 6-OHDA-induced cell death, and the cell viability was raised to (69.6+/-2.63)% of that in control group (P<0.05). In contrast, PMA induced a significant increase in PKCdelta phosphorylation and also strengthened the cytotoxic effects of 6-OHDA. The cell viability of PMA-treated PC12 cells decreased to (49.8+/-5.06)% of that in control group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Rottlerin can protect PC12 cells from cytotoxicity of 6-OHDA probably by inhibiting PKCdelta phosphorylation. The results suggest that PKCdelta may be a key regulator of neuron loss in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150080, China.
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Effects of calpain inhibition on dopaminergic markers and motor function following intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine administration in rats. Neuroscience 2008; 158:558-69. [PMID: 19007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine has been widely used to model aspects of Parkinson's disease in rodents, but the mechanisms underlying toxin-induced dopaminergic degeneration and functional impairment have not been fully elucidated. The main aim of the present study was to assess a possible role for calpains in neurochemical and behavioral deficits following unilateral infusion of intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine in adult rats. Toxin administration produced a profound dopaminergic denervation, as indicated by a 90-95% reduction in dopamine transporter radiolabeling measured in the caudate-putamen at 2 weeks post-lesion. Treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine also resulted in calpain activation in both caudate-putamen and substantia nigra, as measured by the appearance of calpain-specific spectrin breakdown products. Calpain activation peaked at 24 h after 6-hydroxydopamine infusion and remained elevated at later time points. In contrast, caspase-3-mediated spectrin cleavage subsided within 48 h in both brain areas. In a subsequent experiment, calpain inhibition was achieved by intrastriatal infusion of an adenovirus expressing the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin. Calpastatin delivery abolished the lesion-induced calpain-mediated spectrin cleavage and alleviated forelimb asymmetries resulting from unilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine. Unexpectedly, dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase labeling revealed significant neuroprotection, not in the nigrostriatal pathway but rather in the ventral tegmental area. These findings support a role for calpain activation in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. However, after near-total dopaminergic depletion, the primary benefit of calpain inhibition may not occur within the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway itself.
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Leak RK, Zigmond MJ, Liou AKF. Adaptation to chronic MG132 reduces oxidative toxicity by a CuZnSOD-dependent mechanism. J Neurochem 2008; 106:860-74. [PMID: 18466318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To study whether and how cells adapt to chronic cellular stress, we exposed PC12 cells to the proteasome inhibitor MG132 (0.1 microM) for 2 weeks and longer. This treatment reduced chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity by 47% and was associated with protection against both 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 100 microM) and higher dose MG132 (40 microM). Protection developed slowly over the course of the first 2 weeks of exposure and was chronic thereafter. There was no change in total GSH levels after MG132. Buthionine sulfoximine (100 microM) reduced GSH levels by 60%, but exacerbated 6-OHDA toxicity to the same extent in both MG132-treated and control cells and failed to reduce MG132-induced protection. Chronic MG132 resulted in elevated antioxidant proteins CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD; +55%), MnSOD (+21%), and catalase (+15%), as well as chaperone heat-shock protein 70 (+42%). Examination of SOD enzyme activity revealed higher levels of CuZnSOD (+40%), with no change in MnSOD. We further assessed the mechanism of protection by reducing CuZnSOD levels with two independent siRNA sequences, both of which successfully attenuated protection against 6-OHDA. Previous reports suggested that artificial over-expression of CuZnSOD in dopaminergic cells is protective. Our data complement such observations, revealing that dopaminergic cells are also able to use endogenous CuZnSOD in self-defensive adaptations to chronic stress, and that they can even do so in the face of extensive GSH loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana K Leak
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Yang W, Tiffany-Castiglioni E. The bipyridyl herbicide paraquat induces proteasome dysfunction in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:1849-1857. [PMID: 17934957 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701459262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is suspected to be an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). A strong correlation between exposure to paraquat and the occurrence of PD was reported in Canada, Taiwan, and the United States. This correlation is supported by in vivo work showing that paraquat produces dopaminergic pathogenesis. In particular, paraquat forms abnormal protein aggregates in dopaminergic neurons of mice. However, it is not clear how paraquat produces this pathology. Given that proteasome dysfunction induces aberrant protein aggregation, it was hypothesized that paraquat induces proteasome dysfunction. To explore this possibility, proteasome activity and some factors possibly contributing to proteasome dysfunction were investigated in dopaminergic SY5Y cells treated with paraquat. Furthermore, levels of alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin-conjugated proteins were measured to test whether paraquat induces protein accumulation in SY5Y cells. Results showed that at a concentration of paraquat that reduced viability by about 60% at 48 h (0.5 mM) loss of proteasome activity occurred. In addition, the cells showed decreased ATP levels and reduced mitochondrial complex V activity. These changes were significant 24 h after treatment with paraquat. Furthermore, paraquat-treated cells showed decreased protein levels of proteasome 19S subunits, but not 20S alpha or beta subunits, suggesting that the effects observed were not the result of general cytotoxicity. Paraquat also increased levels of alpha-synuclein and ubiquitinated proteins, suggesting that paraquat-induced proteasome dysfunction leads to aberrant protein accumulation. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that paraquat impairs proteasome function in SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Yang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
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Kulich SM, Horbinski C, Patel M, Chu CT. 6-Hydroxydopamine induces mitochondrial ERK activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:372-83. [PMID: 17602953 PMCID: PMC2023873 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injury to catecholaminergic neurons; however, the mechanism(s) are unclear. In addition to ROS generated during autoxidation, 6-OHDA may initiate secondary cellular sources of ROS that contribute to toxicity. Using a neuronal cell line, we found that catalytic metalloporphyrin antioxidants conferred protection if added 1 h after exposure to 6-OHDA, whereas the hydrogen peroxide scavenger catalase failed to protect if added more than 15 min after 6-OHDA. There was a temporal correspondence between loss of protection and loss of the ability of the antioxidant to inhibit 6-OHDA-induced ERK phosphorylation. Time course studies of aconitase inactivation, an indicator of intracellular superoxide, and MitoSOX red, a mitochondria targeted ROS indicator, demonstrate early intracellular ROS followed by a delayed phase of mitochondrial ROS production, associated with phosphorylation of a mitochondrial pool of ERK. Furthermore, on initiation of mitochondrial ROS and ERK activation, 6-OHDA-injured cells became refractory to rescue by metalloporphyrin antioxidants. Together with previous studies showing that inhibition of the ERK pathway confers protection from 6-OHDA toxicity, and that phosphorylated ERK accumulates in mitochondria of degenerating human Parkinson's disease neurons, these studies implicate mitochondrial ERK activation in Parkinsonian oxidative neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Kulich
- Department of Pathology, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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Zafar KS, Inayat-Hussain SH, Ross D. A comparative study of proteasomal inhibition and apoptosis induced in N27 mesencephalic cells by dopamine and MG132. J Neurochem 2007; 102:913-21. [PMID: 17504267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) and its metabolites have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. DA can produce reactive-oxygen species and DA-derived quinones such as aminochrome can induce proteasomal inhibition. We therefore examined the ability of DA and MG132 to induce apoptosis and proteasomal inhibition in N27 rat dopaminergic cells. DA (0-500 micromol/L, 0-24 h) and MG132 (0-5 micromol/L, 0-24 h) treated N27 cells resulted in time- and concentration-dependent apoptosis. To better define DA and MG132-induced apoptosis, the activation of initiator caspases 2 and caspase 9 and the executioner caspase 3 was investigated. Activation of caspase 2, caspase 9, and caspase 3 occurred early and prior to cell death. In addition, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) blocked DA but not MG132-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. NAC can react with both reactive-oxygen and quinoid metabolites and its inhibitory activity suggests a role for reactive species in DA-induced apoptosis. Proteasomal inhibition was detected after DA treatment in N27 cells which occurred prior to cell death and was abrogated by NAC. Our results implicate DA-derived reactive species in proteasomal inhibition and caspase-dependent apoptosis in N27 cells. The ability of endogenous DA-derived metabolites to induce proteasomal inhibition and apoptosis may contribute to the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Shoeb Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Vercammen L, Van der Perren A, Vaudano E, Gijsbers R, Debyser Z, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V. Parkin Protects against Neurotoxicity in the 6-Hydroxydopamine Rat Model for Parkinson's Disease. Mol Ther 2006; 14:716-23. [PMID: 16914382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the PARK2 gene are the major cause of early onset familial Parkinson's disease. The gene product, parkin, is an E3 ligase of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway involved in protein degradation. Dopaminergic neuron loss may result from the toxic accumulation of parkin substrates, suggesting a key role for parkin in dopaminergic neuron survival. In this study, we have investigated the neuroprotective capacity of parkin in the 6-OHDA rat model for Parkinson's disease. 6-OHDA induces the generation of reactive oxygen species leading to the degeneration of catecholaminergic neurons, but may also impair proteasome activity. Lentiviral vectors encoding human wild-type parkin or green fluorescent protein were stereotactically injected into the substantia nigra 2 weeks prior to a striatal 6-OHDA lesion. Histological analysis 1 and 3 weeks after lesioning showed a significant preservation of dopaminergic cell bodies and nerve terminals. Moreover, lesioned rats overexpressing parkin displayed a corresponding behavioral improvement as measured by the amphetamine-induced rotation test and the cylinder test. The improved performance in the amphetamine-induced rotation test lasted until 20 weeks after lesioning. Our results demonstrate that parkin acts as a potent neuroprotective agent in vivo against 6-OHDA toxic insults. These data support the therapeutic potential of parkin for the treatment of not only familial but also sporadic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vercammen
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Molecular Medicine, K.U. Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 VCTB+5, B-3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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30
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Ogawa N, Asanuma M, Miyazaki I, Diaz-Corrales FJ, Miyoshi K. L-DOPA treatment from the viewpoint of neuroprotection. Possible mechanism of specific and progressive dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2006; 252 Suppl 4:IV23-IV31. [PMID: 16222434 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-4006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With regard to the mechanism of selective dopaminergic neuronal death, experimental results of studies on the neurotoxicity of MPTP and rotenone indicate that degeneration of dopamine neurons is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory process and oxidative stress, particularly with regard to the generation of quinones as dopamine neuron-specific oxidative stress. Thus, it is now clear that the presence of high levels of discompartmentalized free dopamine in dopaminergic neurons may explain the specific vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons through the generation of highly toxic quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Ogawa
- Dept. of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine & Dentistry, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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31
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Perez FA, Curtis WR, Palmiter RD. Parkin-deficient mice are not more sensitive to 6-hydroxydopamine or methamphetamine neurotoxicity. BMC Neurosci 2005; 6:71. [PMID: 16375772 PMCID: PMC1351194 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-6-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) is caused by mutations in the parkin gene which encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Parkin is thought to be critical for protecting dopaminergic neurons from toxic insults by targeting misfolded or oxidatively damaged proteins for proteasomal degradation. Surprisingly, mice with targeted deletions of parkin do not recapitulate robust behavioral or pathological signs of parkinsonism. Since Parkin is thought to protect against neurotoxic insults, we hypothesized that the reason Parkin-deficient mice do not develop parkinsonism is because they are not exposed to appropriate environmental triggers. To test this possibility, we challenged Parkin-deficient mice with neurotoxic regimens of either methamphetamine (METH) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Because Parkin function has been linked to many of the pathways involved in METH and 6-OHDA toxicity, we predicted that Parkin-deficient mice would be more sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of these agents. Results We found no signs consistent with oxidative stress, ubiquitin dysfunction, or degeneration of striatal dopamine neuron terminals in aged Parkin-deficient mice. Moreover, results from behavioral, neurochemical, and immunoblot analyses indicate that Parkin-deficient mice are not more sensitive to dopaminergic neurotoxicity following treatment with METH or 6-OHDA. Conclusion Our results suggest that the absence of a robust parkinsonian phenotype in Parkin-deficient mice is not due to the lack of exposure to environmental triggers with mechanisms of action similar to METH or 6-OHDA. Nevertheless, Parkin-deficient mice could be more sensitive to other neurotoxins, such as rotenone or MPTP, which have different mechanisms of action; therefore, identifying conditions that precipitate parkinsonism specifically in Parkin-deficient mice would increase the utility of this model and could provide insight into the mechanism of AR-JP. Alternatively, it remains possible that the absence of parkinsonism in Parkin-deficient mice could reflect fundamental differences between the function of human and mouse Parkin, or the existence of a redundant E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase in mouse that is not found in humans. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to understand why Parkin-deficient mice do not display robust signs of parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Perez
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wendy R Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Hanrott K, Gudmunsen L, O'Neill MJ, Wonnacott S. 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis is mediated via extracellular auto-oxidation and caspase 3-dependent activation of protein kinase Cdelta. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:5373-82. [PMID: 16361258 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511560200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Hydroxydopamine is a neurotoxin commonly used to lesion dopaminergic pathways and generate experimental models for Parkinson disease, however, the cellular mechanism of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurodegeneration is not well defined. In this study we have explored how 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity is initiated. We have also investigated downstream signaling pathways activated in response to 6-hydroxydopamine, using a neuronal-like, catecholaminergic cell line (PC12 cells) as an in vitro model system. We have shown that 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity is initiated via extracellular auto-oxidation and the induction of oxidative stress from the oxidative products generated. Neurotoxicity is completely attenuated by preincubation with catalase, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide, at least in part, evokes neuronal cell death in this model. 6-Hydroxydopamine does not initiate toxicity by dopamine transporter-mediated uptake into PC12 cells, because both GBR-12909 and nisoxetine (inhibitors of dopamine and noradrenaline transporters, respectively) failed to reduce toxicity. 6-Hydroxydopamine has previously been shown to induce both apoptotic and necrotic cell-death mechanisms. In this study oxidative stress initiated by 6-hydroxydopamine caused mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of caspases 3/7, nuclear fragmentation, and apoptosis. We have shown that, in this model, proteolytic activation of the proapoptotic protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) is a key mediator of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death. 6-Hydroxydopamine induces caspase 3-dependent cleavage of full-length PKCdelta (79 kDa) to yield a catalytic fragment (41 kDa). Inhibition of PKCdelta (with rottlerin or via RNA interference-mediated gene suppression) ameliorates the neurotoxicity evoked by 6-hydroxydopamine, implicating this kinase in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity and Parkinsonian neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Hanrott
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Pierson J, Svenningsson P, Caprioli RM, Andren PE. Increased levels of ubiquitin in the 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum of rats. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:223-6. [PMID: 15822896 DOI: 10.1021/pr049836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple genetic deficits have linked impaired ubiquitin-conjugation pathways to various forms of familiar Parkinson's disease. We therefore examined the possible role of 6-hydroxydopamine, a dopaminergic neurotoxin used in Parkinson's disease experimental models, in causing protein degradation and its association with the ubiquitin proteasome system. Using unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine-denervated rats and mass spectrometry profiling directly on brain tissue sections, we here report for the first time an increased level of unconjugated ubiquitin specifically in the dorsal striatum of the dopamine depleted hemisphere. No similar changes were found in the intact hemisphere or in the ventral striatum of the dopamine depleted hemisphere. The lesioning of the dopamine innervation to the striatum was confirmed by a strongly reduced dopamine transporter binding in the striatum, indicating an abundant loss of dopamine neurons. These results suggest that denervation of dopamine neurons per se is implicated in the regulation of ubiquitin pathways, at least in a classical animal model of Parkinson's disease. This study adds additional information regarding the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Pierson
- Laboratory for Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Box 583 Biomedical Centre, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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34
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Poulton NP, Muir GD. Treadmill training ameliorates dopamine loss but not behavioral deficits in hemi-parkinsonian rats. Exp Neurol 2005; 193:181-97. [PMID: 15817277 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether locomotor training could ameliorate neurochemical changes and behavioral deficits in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of Parkinson's disease. It has been recently demonstrated that forelimb motor training, or brief treadmill training, can attenuate dopamine loss and some deficits in forelimb usage in this animal model. Nevertheless, it is not known whether locomotor training could result in an amelioration of locomotor deficits. Rats were lesioned with 6-OHDA injected intracerebrally and randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: early treadmill trained, late treadmill trained and untrained. Animals in the early trained group underwent 2 x 20 min treadmill sessions daily for 30 days, beginning 24 h after 6-OHDA injection. Late trained animals underwent the same training regime beginning 7 days post-injection. All animals were assessed on their abilities to perform several behavioral tasks designed to test locomotor and forelimb movement abilities prior to 6-OHDA injection and at 3 and 6 weeks post-injection. Treadmill training resulted in the attenuation of dopamine depletion in the striatum compared to non-treadmill trained animals, as measured by in vivo apomorphine-induced rotations and post-mortem dopamine analysis. Nevertheless, treadmill training produced essentially no difference in behavioral deficits on most tests compared to untrained animals. We discuss the possible reasons for the discrepancies with previous studies, including differences in lesioning, training regimes and methods of behavioral assessment. We conclude that treadmill training does not ameliorate locomotor deficits in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease, even though this same training results in attenuation of dopamine loss in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine P Poulton
- Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B4
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35
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Ryu EJ, Angelastro JM, Greene LA. Analysis of gene expression changes in a cellular model of Parkinson disease. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 18:54-74. [PMID: 15649696 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 08/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed Serial Analysis of Gene Expression to identify transcriptional changes in a cellular model of Parkinson Disease (PD). The model consisted of neuronally differentiated PC12 cells compared before and after 8 hours' exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine. Approximately 1200 transcripts were significantly induced by 6-OHDA and approximately 500 of these are currently matched to known genes. Here, we categorize the regulated genes according to known functional activities and discuss their potential roles in neuron death and survival and in PD. We find induction of multiple death-associated genes as well as many with the capacity for neuroprotection. This suggests that survival or death of individual neurons in PD may reflect an integrated response to both protective and destructive gene changes. Our findings identify a number of regulated genes as candidates for involvement in PD and therefore as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Such intervention may include both inhibiting the induction/activity of death-promoting genes and enhancing those with neuroprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Ryu
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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36
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Maingay M, Romero-Ramos M, Kirik D. Viral vector mediated overexpression of human alpha-synuclein in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons: a new model for Parkinson's disease. CNS Spectr 2005; 10:235-44. [PMID: 15744224 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is predominantly a dopamine deficiency syndrome, which is produced in the brain by the loss of cells located in a small area in the ventral midbrain called the substantia nigra. Complete unilateral dopamine lesions, based on the administration of toxic substances (ie, 6-hydroxy-dopamine in rats and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice and primates) have been extremely useful in testing strategies of replacement. For example, the functional and biochemical impact of the transplanted ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic progenitors has been characterized to a large extent, using the complete lesion model in rats. Over the last decade, however, studies addressing the ability of neurotrophic factors to protect injured dopamine cells prompted researchers to make available partial and progressive lesion models to allow a window of opportunity to interfere the disease progression. Recent findings relating alpha-synuclein with Parkinson's disease pathology have opened new possibilities to develop alternative models based on the overexpression of this protein using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors, which is valuable not only for helping to better understand its involvement in the disease process, but also to more closely resemble the neurodegeneration found in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Maingay
- Division of Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neurocenter, Lund University, Sweden.
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37
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Hillion JA, Takahashi K, Maric D, Ruetzler C, Barker JL, Hallenbeck JM. Development of an ischemic tolerance model in a PC12 cell line. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25:154-162. [PMID: 15647748 PMCID: PMC1378216 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although ischemic tolerance has been described in a variety of primary cell culture systems, no similar in vitro models have been reported with any cell line. A model of ischemic preconditioning in the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line is described here. When compared to nonpreconditioned cells, preexposure of PC12 cells to 6 hours of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) significantly increased cell viability after 15 hours of OGD 24 hours later. Flow cytometry analysis of cells labeled with specific markers for apoptosis, Annexin V, and Hoechst 33342, and of DNA content, revealed that apoptosis is involved in OGD-induced PC12 cell death and that preconditioning of the cells mainly counteracts the effect of apoptosis. Immunocytochemistry of caspase-3, a central executioner in the apoptotic process, further confirmed the activation of apoptotic pathways in OGD-induced PC12 cell death. This model may be useful to investigate the cellular mechanisms involved in neuronal transient tolerance following ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle A Hillion
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenzo Takahashi
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christl Ruetzler
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffery L Barker
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John M Hallenbeck
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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38
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Ming Z, Zhi-shun L, Jin-fa G, Lan-yin S, Xin-yuan L. Co-treatment with ethanol enhances the toxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine. Neurosci Lett 2004; 367:250-3. [PMID: 15331164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a widely used neural toxin in the pathogenesis research of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this work, we have studied the effect of ethanol on the toxicity of 6-OHDA on PC12 cell and SK-N-SH cell. Ethanol alone had little toxicity to these cells. However, if using 40 microM 6-OHDA along with 400 mM ethanol on PC12 cell or SK-N-SH cell for 24h, there was much more cell loss than using 40 microM 6-OHDA alone when detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazal-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay or flow cytometric assay. The toxicity of 6-OHDA was enhanced only if using at least 200 mM ethanol, and the cell loss was increased with the increase of ethanol concentration. We had also found that ethanol could enhance the toxicity of 6-OHDA only when using ethanol and 6-OHDA at the same time, ethanol treatment either before or after 6-OHDA treatment did not show such effect. This effect of ethanol suggests that ethanol may contribute to the degeneration of dopaminergic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Ming
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghia 20031, PR China
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Chen G, Bower KA, Ma C, Fang S, Thiele CJ, Luo J. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) mediates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal death. FASEB J 2004; 18:1162-4. [PMID: 15132987 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1551fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 03/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The causes of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) are poorly understood. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a PD mimetic, is widely used to model this neurodegenerative disorder in vitro and in vivo; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. We demonstrate here that 6-OHDA evoked endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which was characterized by an up-regulation in the expression of GRP78 and GADD153 (Chop), cleavage of procaspase-12, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha in a human dopaminergic neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y) and cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3beta) responds to ER stress, and its activity is regulated by phosphorylation. 6-OHDA significantly inhibited phosphorylation of GSK3beta at Ser9, whereas it induced hyperphosphorylation of Tyr216 with little effect on GSK3beta expression in SH-SY5Y cells and PC12 cells (a rat dopamine cell line), as well as CGNs. Furthermore, 6-OHDA decreased the expression of cyclin D1, a substrate of GSK3beta, and dephosphorylated Akt, the upstream signaling component of GSK3beta. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), an ER stress-responsive phosphatase, was involved in 6-OHDA-induced GSK3beta dephosphorylation (Ser9). Blocking GSK3beta activity by selective inhibitors (lithium, TDZD-8, and L803-mts) prevented 6-OHDA-induced cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), DNA fragmentations and cell death. With a tetracycline (Tet)-controlled TrkB inducible system, we demonstrated that activation of TrkB in SH-SY5Y cells alleviated 6-OHDA-induced GSK3beta dephosphorylation (Ser9) and ameliorated 6-OHDA neurotoxicity. TrkB activation also protected CGNs against 6-OHDA-induced damage. Although antioxidants also offered neuroprotection, they had little effect on 6-OHDA-induced GSK3beta activation. These results suggest that GSK3beta is a critical intermediate in pro-apoptotic signaling cascades that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, thus providing a potential target site amenable to pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
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Hashimoto M, Bar-On P, Ho G, Takenouchi T, Rockenstein E, Crews L, Masliah E. β-Synuclein Regulates Akt Activity in Neuronal Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:23622-9. [PMID: 15026413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313784200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the neurodegenerative process in disorders with Lewy body formation, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, is associated with alpha-synuclein accumulation and that beta-synuclein might protect the central nervous system from the neurotoxic effects of alpha-synuclein. However, the mechanisms are unclear. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the potential involvement of the serine threonine kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B) signaling pathway in the mechanisms of beta-synuclein neuroprotection. For this purpose, Akt activity and cell survival were analyzed in synuclein-transfected B103 neuroblastoma cells and primary cortical neurons. Beta-synuclein transfection resulted in increased Akt activity and conferred protection from the neurotoxic effects of rotenone. Down-regulation of Akt expression resulted in an increased susceptibility to rotenone toxicity, whereas transfection with a lentiviral vector encoding for beta-synuclein was protective. The effects of beta-synuclein on the Akt pathway appear to be by direct interaction between these molecules and were independent of upstream signaling molecules. Taken together, these results indicate that the mechanisms of beta-synuclein neuroprotection might involve direct interactions between beta-synuclein and Akt and suggest that this signaling pathway could be a potential therapeutic target for neurological conditions associated with parkinsonism and alpha-synuclein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosciences and Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, USA
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Höglinger GU, Carrard G, Michel PP, Medja F, Lombès A, Ruberg M, Friguet B, Hirsch EC. Dysfunction of mitochondrial complex I and the proteasome: interactions between two biochemical deficits in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2003; 86:1297-307. [PMID: 12911637 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two biochemical deficits have been described in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease, decreased activity of mitochondrial complex I and reduced proteasomal activity. We analysed interactions between these deficits in primary mesencephalic cultures. Proteasome inhibitors (epoxomicin, MG132) exacerbated the toxicity of complex I inhibitors [rotenone, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)] and of the toxic dopamine analogue 6-hydroxydopamine, but not of inhibitors of mitochondrial complex II-V or excitotoxins [N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), kainate]. Rotenone and MPP+ increased free radicals and reduced proteasomal activity via adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion. 6-hydroxydopamine also increased free radicals, but did not affect ATP levels and increased proteasomal activity, presumably in response to oxidative damage. Proteasome inhibition potentiated the toxicity of rotenone, MPP+ and 6-hydroxydopamine at concentrations at which they increased free radical levels >/= 40% above baseline, exceeding the cellular capacity to detoxify oxidized proteins reduced by proteasome inhibition, and also exacerbated ATP depletion caused by complex I inhibition. Consistently, both free radical scavenging and stimulation of ATP production by glucose supplementation protected against the synergistic toxicity. In summary, proteasome inhibition increases neuronal vulnerability to normally subtoxic levels of free radicals and amplifies energy depletion following complex I inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter U Höglinger
- INSERM U289, Experimental Neurology and Therapeutics, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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