1
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Babity S, Polomska AK, Couture F, Bonmarin M, Fehr D, Detmar M, Brambilla D. Rational design of a fluorescent microneedle tattoo for minimally invasive monitoring of lymphatic function. J Control Release 2020; 327:350-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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2
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Walther R, Rautio J, Zelikin AN. Prodrugs in medicinal chemistry and enzyme prodrug therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:65-77. [PMID: 28676386 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs are cunning derivatives of therapeutic agents designed to improve the pharmacokinetics profile of the drug. Within a prodrug, pharmacological activity of the drug is masked and is recovered within the human body upon bioconversion of the prodrug, a process that is typically mediated by enzymes. This concept is highly successful and a significant fraction of marketed therapeutic formulations is based on prodrugs. An advanced subset of prodrugs can be engineered such as to achieve site-specific bioconversion of the prodrug - to comprise the highly advantageous "enzyme prodrug therapy", EPT. Design of prodrugs for EPT is similar to the prodrugs in general medicinal use in that the pharmacological activity of the drug is masked, but differs significantly in that site-specific bioconversion is a prime consideration, and the enzymes typically used for EPT are non-mammalian and/or with low systemic abundance in the human body. This review focuses on the design of prodrugs for EPT in terms of the choice of an enzyme and the corresponding prodrug for bioconversion. We also discuss the recent success of "self immolative linkers" which significantly empower and diversify the prodrug design, and present methodologies for the design of prodrugs with extended blood residence time. The review aims to be of specific interest for medicinal chemists, biomedical engineers, and pharmaceutical scientists.
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3
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Daryaei I, Jones KM, Pagel MD. Detection of DT-diaphorase Enzyme with a ParaCEST MRI Contrast Agent. Chemistry 2017; 23:6514-6517. [PMID: 28370655 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A responsive magnetic resonance (MRI) contrast agent has been developed that can detect the enzyme activity of DT-diaphorase. The agent produced different chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI signals before and after incubation with the enzyme, NADH, and GSH at different pH values whereas it showed good stability in a reducing environment without enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Daryaei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Room 221, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0041, USA
| | - Kyle M Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1127 E James E. Rogers Way P.O. Box 210020, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0020, USA
| | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell, P.O. Box 245067, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA
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4
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Walton DP, Dougherty DA. A General Strategy for Visible-Light Decaging Based on the Quinone Trimethyl Lock. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4655-4658. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Walton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dennis A. Dougherty
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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5
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Patel A, Sant S. Hypoxic tumor microenvironment: Opportunities to develop targeted therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:803-812. [PMID: 27143654 PMCID: PMC4947437 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been great progress in the understanding of tumor biology and its surrounding microenvironment. Solid tumors create regions with low oxygen levels, generally termed as hypoxic regions. These hypoxic areas offer a tremendous opportunity to develop targeted therapies. Hypoxia is not a random by-product of the cellular milieu due to uncontrolled tumor growth; rather it is a constantly evolving participant in overall tumor growth and fate. This article reviews current trends and recent advances in drug therapies and delivery systems targeting hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment. In the first part, we give an account of important physicochemical changes and signaling pathways activated in the hypoxic microenvironment. This is then followed by various treatment strategies including hypoxia-sensitive signaling pathways and approaches to develop hypoxia-targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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6
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Nichifor M, Coessens V, Schacht EH. Macromolecular Prodrugs of 5-Fluorouracil. 1: Synthesis and Hydrolytic Stability. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159501000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxyl groups of poly(ethylene glycol), dextran and poly-[N5-(2-hydroxy-ethyl-L-glutamineI were activated using the 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate method. The resulting phenyl carbonate groups reacted quantitatively with the primary amine groups of oligopeptides with 2-(5-fluorouracil-1-yl) glycine ethyl ester moiety as C-terminus. Following this procedure, 5-fluorouracil-polymer conjugates with peptide chains of different amino acid sequences and configurations were synthesized. The conjugates showed a good hydrolytic stability in buffer solutions of pH 7.4 and 5.5, as well as in calf serum, which indicated good stability of the polymer-drug linkage in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieta Nichifor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biomaterial & Polymer Research Group, University of Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S4 bis, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Veerle Coessens
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biomaterial & Polymer Research Group, University of Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S4 bis, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Etienne H. Schacht
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biomaterial & Polymer Research Group, University of Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S4 bis, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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7
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Zheng Y, Yu B, Ji K, Pan Z, Chittavong V, Wang B. Esterase-Sensitive Prodrugs with Tunable Release Rates and Direct Generation of Hydrogen Sulfide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4514-8. [PMID: 26822005 PMCID: PMC4902284 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs that release hydrogen sulfide upon esterase-mediated cleavage of an ester group followed by lactonization are described herein. By modifying the ester group and thus its susceptibility to esterase, and structural features critical to the lactonization rate, H2 S release rates can be tuned. Such prodrugs directly release hydrogen sulfide without the involvement of perthiol species, which are commonly encountered with existing H2 S donors. Additionally, such prodrugs can easily be conjugated to another non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, leading to easy synthesis of hybrid prodrugs. As a biological validation of the H2 S prodrugs, the anti-inflammatory effects of one such prodrug were examined by studying its ability to inhibit LPS-induced TNF-α production in RAW 264.7 cells. This type of H2 S prodrugs shows great potential as both research tools and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
| | - Bingchen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
| | - Kaili Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
| | - Vayou Chittavong
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA.
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8
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Zheng Y, Yu B, Ji K, Pan Z, Chittavong V, Wang B. Esterase-Sensitive Prodrugs with Tunable Release Rates and Direct Generation of Hydrogen Sulfide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303-3083 USA
| | - Bingchen Yu
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303-3083 USA
| | - Kaili Ji
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303-3083 USA
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303-3083 USA
| | - Vayou Chittavong
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303-3083 USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303-3083 USA
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9
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Kusaka E, Ito T, Tanabe K, Nishimoto SI. Enzyme-Catalyzed Conversion of Chemical Structures on the Surface of Gold Nanorods. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1435-44. [DOI: 10.1021/bc3005599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kusaka
- Department
of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takeo Ito
- Department
of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tanabe
- Department
of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Sei-ichi Nishimoto
- Department
of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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10
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Loew M, Forsythe JC, McCarley RL. Lipid nature and their influence on opening of redox-active liposomes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6615-23. [PMID: 23698020 PMCID: PMC3778659 DOI: 10.1021/la304340e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The pathway for content release from reduction-sensitive liposomes based on a quinone-dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine lipid conjugate (Q-DOPE) is outlined using results from fluorescent dye content release assays as well as single- and multiple-angle light scattering. Experimental observations are consistent with a shape/size change of the reduced liposomes prior to their aggregation, with subsequent near-quantitative content release achieved only when the lipid membrane experiences conditions favorable to a lamellar to an inverted hexagonal phase transition. Addition of poly(ethyleneglycol)-modified DOPE (PEG-DOPE) to the Q-DOPE liposomal formulation results in stabilization of the lipid bilayer, whereas incorporation of DOPE yields faster content release. At high DOPE concentrations, DOPE/PEG-DOPE/Q-DOPE liposomes exhibit larger content release, indicating a change in pathway for content release. The outcomes here provide a better understanding of the underlying principles of triggered liposomal content release and the potential utility of specific lipid properties for the rational design of drug delivery systems based on the novel Q-DOPE lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin L. McCarley
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Telephone: (225) 578-3239. Facsimile: (225) 578-3458.
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11
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Ciampi S, James M, Choudhury MH, Darwish NA, Gooding JJ. The detailed characterization of electrochemically switchable molecular assemblies on silicon electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:9879-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50355k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Ji C, Miller MJ. Chemical syntheses and in vitro antibacterial activity of two desferrioxamine B-ciprofloxacin conjugates with potential esterase and phosphatase triggered drug release linkers. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3828-36. [PMID: 22608921 PMCID: PMC3364023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Two desferrioxamine B-ciprofloxacin conjugates with 'trimethyl-lock' based linkers that are designed to release the antibiotic after esterase or phosphatase-mediated hydrolysis were synthesized. The potential esterase-sensitive conjugate 13 displayed moderate to good antibacterial activities against selected ferrioxamine-utilizing bacteria, although the activities were lower than the parent drug ciprofloxacin. However, the potential phophatase-sensitive conjugate 23 was inactive against the same panel of organisms tested. These properties appeared to be related to the activating efficiency of the linker by the enzyme and to the outer membrane protein recognition of the chemically modified siderophore used in the conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States
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13
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Levine MN, Raines RT. Trimethyl lock: A trigger for molecular release in chemistry, biology, and pharmacology. Chem Sci 2012; 3:2412-2420. [PMID: 23181187 PMCID: PMC3501758 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20536j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The trimethyl lock is an o-hydroxydihydrocinnamic acid derivative in which unfavorable steric interactions between three pendant methyl groups encourage lactonization to form a hydrocoumarin. This reaction is extremely rapid, even when the electrophile is an amide and the leaving group is an amino group of a small-molecule drug, fluorophore, peptide, or nucleic acid. O-Acylation of the phenolic hydroxyl group prevents reaction, providing a trigger for the reaction. Thus, the release of an amino group from an amide can be coupled to the hydrolysis of a designated ester (or to another chemical reaction that regenerates the hydroxyl group). Trimethyl lock conjugates are easy to synthesize, making the trimethyl lock a highly versatile module for chemical biology and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Levine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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14
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Li Y, Sheth VR, Liu G, Pagel MD. A self-calibrating PARACEST MRI contrast agent that detects esterase enzyme activity. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 6:219-28. [PMID: 21861282 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The CEST effect of many PARACEST MRI contrast agents changes in response to a molecular biomarker. However, other molecular biomarkers or environmental factors can influence CEST, so that a change in CEST is not conclusive proof for detecting the biomarker. To overcome this problem, a second control CEST effect may be included in the same PARACEST agent, which is responsive to all factors that alter the first CEST effect except for the biomarker to be measured. To investigate this approach, a PARACEST MRI contrast agent was developed with one CEST effect that is responsive to esterase enzyme activity and a second control CEST effect. The ratio of the two CEST effects was independent of concentration and T(1) relaxation, so that this agent was self-calibrating with respect to these factors. This ratiometric method was dependent on temperature and was influenced by MR coalescence as the chemical exchange rates approached the chemical shifts of the exchangable protons as temperature was increased. The two CEST effects also showed evidence of having different pH dependencies, so that this agent was not self-calibrating with respect to pH. Therefore, a self-calibrating PARACEST MRI contrast agent can more accurately detect a molecular biomarker such as esterase enzyme activity, as long as temperature and pH are within an acceptable physiological range and remain constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5024, USA
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15
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Blanche EA, Maskell L, Colucci MA, Whatmore JL, Moody CJ. Synthesis of potential prodrug systems for reductive activation. Prodrugs for anti-angiogenic isoflavones and VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitory oxindoles. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Simplício AL, Clancy JM, Gilmer JF. Prodrugs for amines. Molecules 2008; 13:519-47. [PMID: 18463563 PMCID: PMC6245426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to review the published strategies for the production of prodrugs of amines. The review is divided in two main groups of approaches: those that rely on enzymatic activation and those that take advantage of physiological chemical conditions for release of the drugs. A compilation of the most important approaches is presented in the form of a table, where the main advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are also referred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Simplício
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República – EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- IBET, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
| | - John M. Clancy
- School of Pharmacy, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; E-mails: ;
| | - John F. Gilmer
- School of Pharmacy, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; E-mails: ;
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17
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Gomes P, Vale N, Moreira R. Cyclization-activated prodrugs. Molecules 2007; 12:2484-506. [PMID: 18065953 PMCID: PMC6149143 DOI: 10.3390/12112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many drugs suffer from an extensive first-pass metabolism leading to drug inactivation and/or production of toxic metabolites, which makes them attractive targets for prodrug design. The classical prodrug approach, which involves enzyme-sensitive covalent linkage between the parent drug and a carrier moiety, is a well established strategy to overcome bioavailability/toxicity issues. However, the development of prodrugs that can regenerate the parent drug through non-enzymatic pathways has emerged as an alternative approach in which prodrug activation is not influenced by inter- and intraindividual variability that affects enzymatic activity. Cyclization-activated prodrugs have been capturing the attention of medicinal chemists since the middle-1980s, and reached maturity in prodrug design in the late 1990 s. Many different strategies have been exploited in recent years concerning the development of intramoleculary-activated prodrugs spanning from analgesics to anti-HIV therapeutic agents. Intramolecular pathways have also a key role in two-step prodrug activation, where an initial enzymatic cleavage step is followed by a cyclization-elimination reaction that releases the active drug. This work is a brief overview of research on cyclization-activated prodrugs from the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Maskell L, Blanche EA, Colucci MA, Whatmore JL, Moody CJ. Synthesis and evaluation of prodrugs for anti-angiogenic pyrrolylmethylidenyl oxindoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1575-8. [PMID: 17254788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Potential prodrugs of inhibitors of VEGF-induced angiogenesis have been investigated. The prodrug systems studied were the 4-nitrobenzyl, 2-nitrophenylacetyl and 3-methyl-3-(3,6-dimethylbenzo-1,4-quinon-2-yl)butanoyl groups, readily attached to acidic OH or NH groups in drug molecules, and released upon bioreductive activation. The anti-angiogenic compounds studied were the pyrrolylmethylidenyl oxindole SU5416 (semaxanib) and its novel 6-hydroxy derivative. The potentially pro-anti-angiogenic compounds were assayed for their ability to block VEGF-induced angiogenesis in HUVECS in comparison to the free agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Maskell
- Peninsula Medical School, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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19
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Weerapreeyakul N, Anorach R, Khuansawad T, Yenjai C, Isaka M. Synthesis of Bioreductive Esters from Fungal Compounds. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:930-5. [PMID: 17541198 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four new bioreductive esters (7-10) have been synthesized. Their structures composed of trimethyl lock containing quinone propionic acid with an ester linkage to the fungal cytotoxic compounds; preussomerin G (1), preussomerin I (2), phaseolinone (3) and phomenone (4). The synthesized esters are aimed to act via reductive activation specifically at the cancer cells, resulting from hypoxia and overexpression of reductases. Hence, the toxicity will be lessened during distribution across the normal cells. The anticancer activity was determined in cancer cell lines with reported reductase i.e., BC-1 cells and NCI-H187 as well as in non-reductase containing cancer cells; KB cells. When considering each cell lines, result showed that structure modification giving to 7-10 led to less cytotoxicity than their parent compounds (1-4). Both 7 and 8 were strongly cytotoxic (IC50 < or = 5 microg/ml) to NCI-H187, whereas 9 and 10 were moderately cytotoxic (IC50 = 6-10 microg/ml) to BC-1 cells. Additional study of stability of represented phenolic ester (8) and an alcoholic ester (9) were performed. Result illustrated that both 8 and 9 were stable in the presence of esterase. Therefore, the cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds (8-10) might be due to partial bioreductive activation in the cancer cells.
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20
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Padmanabhan S, Coughlin JE, Zhang G, Kirk CJ, Iyer RP. Anti-HBV nucleotide prodrug analogs: synthesis, bioreversibility, and cytotoxicity studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1491-4. [PMID: 16387496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several pronucleotide analogs of the model anti-HBV dinucleotide 3'-dA-U(2'OMe) have been synthesized and evaluated for stability, bioreversibility and cytotoxicity. These studies have helped identify potential candidates for further evaluation.
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21
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Yan C, Matsuda W, Pepperberg DR, Zimmerman SC, Leckband DE. Synthesis and characterization of an electroactive surface that releases gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 296:165-77. [PMID: 16168426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a new electroactive surface capable of releasing the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) upon reduction. The GABA was anchored to an alkanethiol via electrochemically active quinone (abbreviation, TM-GABA). The quinone unit, upon reduction to the hydroquinone, cyclizes to release GABA into solution. The half-life is 99 s. The self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of TM-GABA on gold was prepared and characterized with several surface sensitive techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) explored the SAM formation of TM-GABA on Au surfaces. Cyclic voltammograms showed the ability to electrochemically control the quinone unit at the distal end of the chain. GABA was selectively released upon electrochemical reduction at a potential of -700 mV. The functional GABA terminal group was detected by surface plasmon resonance measurements of anti-GABA antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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22
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Gilmer JF, Simplício AL, Clancy JM. A new amino-masking group capable of pH-triggered amino-drug release. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 24:315-23. [PMID: 15734298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The prodrug approach is potentially useful for mitigating pharmaceutical problems--such as poor membrane permeability or stability--which commonly occur with amino drugs. On the other hand there persists a dearth of useful systems for masking amines that satisfy the prodrug requirements of good in vitro stability coupled with predictable and rapid drug release in response to a local tissue condition. This study describes an evaluation of aminoindanes as bioreversibly masked amines poised to undergo elimination to the parent amine. Several model amine and amino drug indanone derivatives were synthesised. pK(a) values were determined by capillary electrophoresis and pH rate profiles for elimination and amine liberation were measured. The aminoindanone system appears to have particular applicability to secondary amino substrates whose indanone derivatives are stable at low pH but undergo drug release at rates corresponding to first-order half-lives of <5 min at pH 7.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Gilmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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23
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Vangapandu S, Sachdeva S, Jain M, Singh S, Singh PP, Kaul CL, Jain R. 8-quinolinamines and their pro prodrug conjugates as potent blood-schizontocidal antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 11:4557-68. [PMID: 14527552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and antimalarial activities of N8-(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)-5-alkoxy-4-ethyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolinamines (5) and their pro prodrug analogues (6-7) prepared by covalently linking 5 to the redox-sensitive (8) and esterase-sensitive (9) linkers through the amide linkage are reported. The most effective 8-quinolinamines [5c (R=C5H11) and 5f (R=C8H17)] have exhibited in vitro and in vivo biological efficacy superior to that of the standard drug chloroquine against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant malaria strains. Analogues 6-7 were evaluated for in vivo blood-schizontocidal activity as potential pro prodrug models for the primary amino group containing 8-quinolinamines (5). The most effective pro prodrug analogue (6c) has displayed promising activities against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryanarayana Vangapandu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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24
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Nam NH, Kim Y, You YJ, Hong DH, Kim HM, Ahn BZ. Water soluble prodrugs of the antitumor agent 3-[(3-amino-4-methoxy)phenyl]-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-one. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:1021-9. [PMID: 12614888 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen prodrugs of the antitumor agent 3-[(3-amino-4-methoxy)phenyl]-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-one (1) were prepared to improve its water solubility and potency. These prodrugs include alpha-amino acid (1a-1h), aliphatic amino acid (1i-1l), phosphoramidate (1m), and phosphate (1n) derivatives. All of the prodrugs showed improved water solubility. A number of the amino acid prodrugs (1a, 1b, 1d-1f, 1h, 1j, and 1k) exhibited more potent antitumor activity compared to the parent compound (1). The phosphate prodrug 1n also offered a potent antitumor activity, but the phosphoramidate 1m did not show any antitumor activity in vivo. None of the prodrugs exhibited significant toxicities in mice. These results indicate that the design and preparation of the amino acid prodrugs (1a, 1b, 1d-1f, 1h, 1j, and 1k) and phosphate prodrug (1n) are beneficial for enhancing the antitumor activity of 1. The similar approaches may be used to improve water solubility and bioactivity of other poorly soluble aromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Hai Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Taejon 305-764, South Korea.
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25
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Naughton DP. Drug targeting to hypoxic tissue using self-inactivating bioreductive delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 53:229-33. [PMID: 11731028 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a characteristic feature of a number of diseases including some cancers, rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. Hypoxic tissue facilitates the use of bioreductive drug targeting systems as oxygen suppresses the release of the active drug. This review focuses on bioreductive delivery where accompanying intramolecular cyclisation negates adduct formation between the bioreductive and macromolecules such as DNA. To date, three systems have been reported. In the quinone lactonization system, reduction of the quinone facilitates through bond cyclisation and concomitant release of the drug. In the self-alkylating system, a nucleophile is built into the bioreductive structure to favour intramolecular cyclisation over nucleophilic attack from DNA moieties. The final system is based on vitamin E which undergoes redox mediated cyclisation between its oxidised (tocopherol quionone) and reduced (tocopherol) forms. Self-inactivating bioreductive delivery systems represent a powerful tool for extending bioreductive-based drug delivery to non-cancerous hypoxic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Naughton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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26
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Gharat L, Taneja R, Weerapreeyakul N, Rege B, Polli J, Chikhale PJ. Targeted drug delivery systems 6: Intracellular bioreductive activation, uptake and transport of an anticancer drug delivery system across intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. Int J Pharm 2001; 219:1-10. [PMID: 11337161 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate transport across, intracellular accumulation and bioreductive activation of a conformationally constrained, anticancer drug delivery system (the CH(3)-TDDS) using Caco-2 cell monolayers (CCMs) as an in vitro model of the human intestinal mucosa. Reverse-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with UV detection was used to detect CH(3)-TDDS, the bioreduction product (lactone) and the released drug (melphalan methyl ester; MME). Upon incubation of the CH(3)-TDDS with the apical (AP) surface of 21-day-old CCM, we observed rapid decrease in the AP concentration of the CH(3)-TDDS (60%/hr) as a result of cellular uptake. Rapid intracellular accumulation of the CH(3)-TDDS was followed by bioreductive activation to deplete the cellular levels of CH(3)-TDDS. The drug part (MME) and lactone, as well as CH(3)-TDDS, were detected in the basolateral (BL) chamber. Intracellular Caco-2 levels of TDDS and lactone were also detectable. Bioreductive activation of the CH(3)-TDDS was additionally confirmed by formation of lactone after incubation of the CH(3)-TDDS in the presence of freshly prepared Caco-2 cell homogenates. During transport studies of melphalan or MME alone (as control), the intact drug was not detected in the intracellular compartment or in the BL chamber. These observations demonstrate that CH(3)-TDDS has potential for improving intestinal delivery of MME. TDDS could be useful in facilitating oral absorption of MME as well as the oral delivery of other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gharat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Weerapreeyakul N, Hollenbeck RG, Chikhale PJ. Stability of bioreductive drug delivery systems containing melphalan is influenced by conformational constraint and electronic properties of substituents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2391-5. [PMID: 11078186 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stability of bioreductive drug delivery systems (TDDS) was monitored at various pH values and in the presence of glutathione (GSH). Results suggest that steric hindrance due to conformational constraint in TDDS led to an increase in stability of TDDS toward nucleophilic degradation under aqueous conditions. The electronic properties of substituents influenced TDDS stability at different pH values and in the presence of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Weerapreeyakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA
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28
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Killian DM, Gharat L, Chikhale PJ. Modulating blood-brain barrier interactions of amino acid-based anticancer agents. Drug Deliv 2000; 7:21-5. [PMID: 10895416 DOI: 10.1080/107175400266759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The large neutral amino acid (LNAA) transporter at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediates brain uptake of amino acid-based anticancer agents (e.g., melphalan and acivicin). In this study, we blocked the amino acid terminus of the anticancer agents using a bioreductive drug delivery system (TDDS). This molecular modification of the anticancer agents is expected to prevent LNAA carrier-mediated transport across the BBB. In this study, we demonstrate that the parent amino acid containing anticancer agents are substrates for the LNAA transporter at the BBB, whereas the TDDS is not recognized by the LNAA transporter. An in situ rat brain perfusion technique was used to determine competition for LNAA carrier-mediated transport at the BBB using [14C]L-leucine. The BBB capillary permeability-surface area (PA) product for the radiotracer [14C]L-leucine (control) was determined to be 5.18 +/- 0.32 x 10(-2) ml/s/g (100%). The control PA value for [14C]L-leucine was competitively inhibited (down to 7-18% of control) by excess L-phenylalanine as well as by excess concentration of the anticancer amino acids, melphalan and acivicin, showing competition for the LNAA transporter at the BBB. In contrast, brain perfusion of [14C]L-leucine in presence of excess TDDS resulted in no competition for brain uptake of [14C]L-leucine via the LNAA transporter. Thus, bioreversible derivatization of the parent anticancer amino acids resulted in blocking the amino acid functional group, thereby leading to loss of recognition for the cerebrovascular LNAA transporter at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Killian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland-School of Pharmacy, Baltimore 21201, USA
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29
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Wang B, Nimkar K, Wang W, Zhang H, Shan D, Gudmundsson O, Gangwar S, Siahaan T, Borchardt RT. Synthesis and evaluation of the physicochemical properties of esterase-sensitive cyclic prodrugs of opioid peptides using coumarinic acid and phenylpropionic acid linkers. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1999; 53:370-82. [PMID: 10406215 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to improve the membrane permeabilities of opioid peptides, we have synthesized cyclic prodrugs of [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE using a coumarinic acid or a phenylpropionic acid linker. The synthesis of the coumarinic acid- and phenylpropionic acid-based cyclic prodrugs followed similar strategies. Key intermediates were the compounds with the C-terminal amino acids of opioid peptides (L-Leu, [Leu5]-enkephalin; D-Leu, DADLE) attached to the phenol hydroxyl group and the remaining amino acids of the peptide linked via the N-terminal amino acid (L-Tyr) attached to the carboxylic acid groups of the prodrug moieties (coumarinic acid or propionic acid). Cyclization of these linear precursors gave the cyclic prodrugs in 30-50% yields. These cyclic prodrugs exhibited excellent transcellular permeation characteristics across Caco-2 cell monolayers, an in vitro model of the intestinal mucosa. To correlate the cellular permeabilities of these cyclic prodrugs with their physicochemical properties, we calculated their Stokes-Einstein molecular radii from their diffusion coefficients which were determined by NMR and we determined their membrane interaction potentials using immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) column chromatography. The cyclic prodrugs exhibited molecular radii similar to those of the parent compounds, [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE. However, these cyclic prodrugs were shown to have much higher membrane interaction potentials than their corresponding opioid peptides. Therefore, the enhanced cellular permeation of the cyclic prodrugs is apparently due to the alteration of their lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding potential, but not their molecular sizes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects
- Chemical Phenomena
- Chemistry, Physical
- Coumaric Acids/chemistry
- Enkephalin, Leucine/chemistry
- Enkephalin, Leucine/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine/chemistry
- Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine/pharmacology
- Esterases/metabolism
- Membranes, Artificial
- Models, Biological
- Opioid Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Opioid Peptides/chemistry
- Opioid Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism
- Permeability
- Phenylpropionates/chemistry
- Prodrugs/chemical synthesis
- Prodrugs/chemistry
- Prodrugs/metabolism
- Prodrugs/pharmacology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-8204, USA.
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30
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Zheng A, Wang W, Zhang H, Wang B. Two new improved approaches to the synthesis of coumarin-based prodrugs. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang B, Zhang H, Zheng A, Wang W. Coumarin-based prodrugs. Part 3: Structural effects on the release kinetics of esterase-sensitive prodrugs of amines. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:417-26. [PMID: 9597186 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To study the structural effects on the release kinetics of a coumarin-based esterase-sensitive prodrug system, two series of compounds with varying structural features of the ester 'trigger' part and the amine 'drug' part were synthesized. The half-lives of the nine model prodrugs in the presence of porcine liver esterase ranged from about 2 min to 190 min. The steric bulkiness of the acyl group seems to have only a very minor effect on the half-lives of the esterase-triggered release of amines from the model prodrugs. The rate of the lactonization depends on the steric and electronic properties of the amine moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-8204, USA.
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32
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33
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Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of dipeptide derivatives of 5-fluorouracil. J Control Release 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(97)01654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Shan D, Nicolaou MG, Borchardt RT, Wang B. Prodrug strategies based on intramolecular cyclization reactions. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86:765-7. [PMID: 9232513 DOI: 10.1021/js970069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several new prodrug systems for amines, alcohols, and peptides are reviewed. The design of these new prodrug systems takes advantage of several facile intramolecular cyclization reactions, that permit separate manipulation of the release kinetics independent of the structural features of the drug moiety. Such systems can be used for the preparation of esterase-, phosphatase-, and redox-sensitive prodrugs of amines and alcohols and esterase-sensitive cyclic prodrugs of peptides and peptide mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shan
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-8204, USA
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Pauletti GM, Gangwar S, Wang B, Borchardt RT. Esterase-sensitive cyclic prodrugs of peptides: evaluation of a phenylpropionic acid promoiety in a model hexapeptide. Pharm Res 1997; 14:11-7. [PMID: 9034215 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012091014242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate a cyclic phenylpropionic acid prodrug of a model hexapeptide (H-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-OH) as a novel approach to enhance the membrane permeation of a peptide and stabilize it to metabolism. METHODS Conversion to the linear hexapeptide was studied at 37 degrees C in HBSS, pH 7.4, and in various biological milieus having measurable esterase activities. Transport and metabolism characteristics were assessed using the Caco-2 cell culture model. RESULTS In aqueous buffered solution, pH 7.4, the cyclic prodrug degraded quantitatively (t1/2 = 1795 +/- 289 min) to the linear hexapeptide and the lactone. Substantially faster degradation of the cyclic prodrug was observed in 90% human plasma (t1/2 = 508 +/- 24 min), and in homogenates of Caco-2 cells (t1/2 = 940 +/- 13 min), the rat intestinal mucosa (t1/2 = 1286 +/- 32 min), and rat liver (t1/2 = 840 +/- 42 min). Pretreatment of these biological media with paraoxon significantly decreased the degradation rate of the prodrug. When applied to the apical side of Caco-2 cell monolayers, the cyclic prodrug was significantly more stable than the hexapeptide and at least 71-fold more able to permeate (P(app) = 1.21 +/- 0.12 X 10(-7) cm/s) than was the parent peptide (P(app) < or = 0.17 x 10(-8) cm/s). In the presence of 0.1 mM palmitoyl-DL-carnitine, the transport rate of the cyclic prodrug (P(app) = 2.19 X 10(-6) cm/s) was 1250-fold greater than that of the linear hexapeptide. CONCLUSIONS Preparation of a cyclic peptide using a phenylpropionic acid promoiety reduced the lability of the peptide to peptidase metabolism and substantially increased its permeation through biological membranes. In various biological media the parent peptide was released from the prodrug by an apparent esterase-catalyzed reaction, sensitive to paraoxon inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Pauletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA
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37
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Amsberry KL, Gerstenberger AE, Borchardt RT. Amine prodrugs which utilize hydroxy amide lactonization. II. A potential esterase-sensitive amide prodrug. Pharm Res 1991; 8:455-61. [PMID: 1871039 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015890809507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to develop esterase-sensitive pro-prodrugs for amines, an amide derivative of 3-(2'-acetoxy-4',6'-dimethylphenyl)-3,3- dimethylpropionic acid (4-methoxyaniline amide 8) was synthesized and its stability investigated. This esterified hydroxy amide was found under all conditions to degrade via a two-step process initiated by acetyl ester hydrolysis generating the hydroxy amide intermediate 9a. The lactonization of this intermediate 9a in the second step resulted in the formation of 4-methoxyaniline (10) and 4,4,5,7-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin (1a). The pro-prodrug 8 was observed to possess the following half-lives at 37 degrees C under various conditions: 4030 min in phosphate buffer (50 mM, mu = 0.15) fixed to pH 7.4, 11.9 min in the same buffer containing a porcine liver esterase, 53.7 min in plasma, and 475 min in plasma containing diisopropylfluorophosphate. These results suggest that in a biological milieu the ester hydrolysis will occur by the enzymic hydrolysis rather than the chemical hydrolysis and that the enzymic hydrolysis of 8 in plasma is due, in part, to the action of serine-dependent esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Amsberry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045
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