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Decundo JM, Dieguez SN, Martínez G, Amanto FA, Gaudio DSP, Soraci AL. The vehicle of administration, feed or water, and prandial state influence the oral bioavailability of amoxicillin in piglets. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2135-2144. [PMID: 38630426 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Feed and water components may interact with drugs and affect their dissolution and bioavailability. The impact of the vehicle of administration (feed and water) and the prandial condition of weaner piglets on amoxicillin´s oral bioavailability was evaluated. First, amoxicillin's in vitro dissolution and stability in purified, soft, and hard water, as well as release kinetics from feed in simulated gastric and intestinal media were assessed. Then, pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability were determined in fasted and fed pigs using soft water, hard water, or feed as vehicles of administration following a balanced incomplete block design. Amoxicillin showed similar dissolution profiles in soft and hard water, distinct from the dissolution profile obtained with purified water. Complete dissolution was only achieved in purified water, and merely reached 50% in soft or hard water. Once dissolved, antibiotic concentrations decreased by around 20% after 24 h in all solutions. Korsmeyer-Peppas model best described amoxicillin release from feed in simulated gastric and intestinal media. Feed considerably reduced antibiotic dissolution in both simulated media. In vivo, amoxicillin exhibited significantly higher bioavailability when delivered via water to fasted than to fed animals, while in-feed administration yielded the lowest values. All treatments showed a similar rate of drug absorption. In conclusion, we demonstrated that water and feed components, as well as feed present in gastrointestinal tract of piglets decrease amoxicillin´s oral bioavailability. Therefore, the use of oral amoxicillin as a broad-spectrum antibiotic to treat systemic infections in pigs should be thoroughly revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta M Decundo
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Campus Universitario, CP (7000), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Susana N Dieguez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Campus Universitario, CP (7000), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Campus Universitario, CP (7000), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián A Amanto
- Área de Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Denisa S Pérez Gaudio
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Campus Universitario, CP (7000), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro L Soraci
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Campus Universitario, CP (7000), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Pires CL, Moreno MJ. Improving the Accuracy of Permeability Data to Gain Predictive Power: Assessing Sources of Variability in Assays Using Cell Monolayers. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:157. [PMID: 39057665 PMCID: PMC11278619 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The ability to predict the rate of permeation of new compounds across biological membranes is of high importance for their success as drugs, as it determines their efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety profile. In vitro permeability assays using Caco-2 monolayers are commonly employed to assess permeability across the intestinal epithelium, with an extensive number of apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) values available in the literature and a significant fraction collected in databases. The compilation of these Papp values for large datasets allows for the application of artificial intelligence tools for establishing quantitative structure-permeability relationships (QSPRs) to predict the permeability of new compounds from their structural properties. One of the main challenges that hinders the development of accurate predictions is the existence of multiple Papp values for the same compound, mostly caused by differences in the experimental protocols employed. This review addresses the magnitude of the variability within and between laboratories to interpret its impact on QSPR modelling, systematically and quantitatively assessing the most common sources of variability. This review emphasizes the importance of compiling consistent Papp data and suggests strategies that may be used to obtain such data, contributing to the establishment of robust QSPRs with enhanced predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana L. Pires
- Coimbra Chemistry Center—Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Moreno
- Coimbra Chemistry Center—Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Jang JH, Jeong SH. Structure-Based Analysis of Cefaclor Pharmacokinetic Diversity According to Human Peptide Transporter-1 Genetic Polymorphism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6880. [PMID: 38999989 PMCID: PMC11241437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cefaclor is a substrate of human-peptide-transporter-1 (PEPT1), and the impact of inter-individual pharmacokinetic variation due to genetic polymorphisms of solute-carrier-family-15-member-1 (SLC15A1) has been a topic of great debate. The main objective of this study was to analyze and interpret cefaclor pharmacokinetic variations according to genetic polymorphisms in SLC15A1 exons 5 and 16. The previous cefaclor bioequivalence results were integrated with additional SLC15A1 exons 5 and 16 genotyping results. An analysis of the structure-based functional impact of SLC15A1 exons 5 and 16 genetic polymorphisms was recently performed using a PEPT1 molecular modeling approach. In cefaclor pharmacokinetic analysis results according to SLC15A1 exons 5 and 16 genetic polymorphisms, no significant differences were identified between genotype groups. Furthermore, in the population pharmacokinetic modeling, genetic polymorphisms in SLC15A1 exons 5 and 16 were not established as effective covariates. PEPT1 molecular modeling results also confirmed that SLC15A1 exons 5 and 16 genetic polymorphisms did not have a significant effect on substrate interaction with cefaclor and did not have a major effect in terms of structural stability. This was determined by comprehensively considering the insignificant change in energy values related to cefaclor docking due to point mutations in SLC15A1 exons 5 and 16, the structural change in conformations confirmed to be less than 0.05 Å, and the relative stabilization of molecular dynamic simulation energy values. As a result, molecular structure-based analysis recently suggested that SLC15A1 exons 5 and 16 genetic polymorphisms of PEPT1 were limited to being the main focus in interpreting the pharmacokinetic diversity of cefaclor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si 57922, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung-Hyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si 57922, Republic of Korea;
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon-si 57922, Republic of Korea
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4
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Newstead S, Parker J, Deme J, Lichtinger S, Kuteyi G, Biggin P, Lea S. Structural basis for antibiotic transport and inhibition in PepT2, the mammalian proton-coupled peptide transporter. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4435259. [PMID: 38903084 PMCID: PMC11188089 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4435259/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The uptake and elimination of beta-lactam antibiotics in the human body are facilitated by the proton-coupled peptide transporters PepT1 (SLC15A1) and PepT2 (SLC15A2). The mechanism by which SLC15 family transporters recognize and discriminate between different drug classes and dietary peptides remains unclear, hampering efforts to improve antibiotic pharmacokinetics through targeted drug design and delivery. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of the mammalian proton-coupled peptide transporter, PepT2, in complex with the widely used beta-lactam antibiotics cefadroxil, amoxicillin and cloxacillin. Our structures, combined with pharmacophore mapping, molecular dynamics simulations and biochemical assays, establish the mechanism of antibiotic recognition and the important role of protonation in drug binding and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin Deme
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | | | | | | | - Susan Lea
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
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5
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Saito T, Ichimura Y, Oda M, Saitoh H. Preferential meropenem absorption activated by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and shared with foscarnet, a phosphate transporter substrate, in the rat ileum. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 55:100997. [PMID: 38367298 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2024.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Meropenem (MEPM) is used for the treatment of serious infectious diseases solely as. INJECTABLE: Therefore, the development of an oral formulation would expand its clinical utility. To this end, an exact understanding of the absorption characteristics of MEPM is essential. In this study, MEPM absorption in the rat small intestine was investigated using an in situ loop technique and an in vitro diffusion chamber method. The disappearance ratios of MEPM (0.1 mM) were in the order of ileum > duodenum > jejunum. The extensive MEPM disappearance in the ileum was significantly reduced in the presence of foscarnet, a Na+-dependent phosphate transporter (NaPi-T) substrate, whereas glycylsarcosine, thiamine, taurocholic acid, and biapenem had no effects. The mucosal-to-serosal (M-to-S) permeation of MEPM across the rat ileal segments was very small under normal experimental conditions. However, on addition of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) to the experimental medium, the M-to-S permeation of MEPM markedly increased, showing a more than 7-fold greater apparent permeation coefficient. The present results suggest that MEPM is preferentially absorbed in the rat ileum, sharing with foscarnet, and that 1,25(OH)2D3 potentially activates the absorption of MEPM there. A likely candidate for involvement in MEPM absorption was NaPi-T or a related transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Saito
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ichimura
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Masako Oda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saitoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan.
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6
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Luo Y, Gao J, Jiang X, Zhu L, Zhou QT, Murray M, Li J, Zhou F. Molecular Insights to the Structure-Interaction Relationships of Human Proton-Coupled Oligopeptide Transporters (PepTs). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2517. [PMID: 37896276 PMCID: PMC10609898 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (PepTs) are important membrane influx transporters that facilitate the cellular uptake of many drugs including ACE inhibitors and antibiotics. PepTs mediate the absorption of di- and tri-peptides from dietary proteins or gastrointestinal secretions, facilitate the reabsorption of peptide-bound amino acids in the kidney, and regulate neuropeptide homeostasis in extracellular fluids. PepT1 and PepT2 have been the most intensively investigated of all PepT isoforms. Modulating the interactions of PepTs and their drug substrates could influence treatment outcomes and adverse effects with certain therapies. In recent studies, topology models and protein structures of PepTs have been developed. The aim of this review was to summarise the current knowledge regarding structure-interaction relationships (SIRs) of PepTs and their substrates as well as the potential applications of this information in therapeutic optimisation and drug development. Such information may provide insights into the efficacy of PepT drug substrates in patients, mechanisms of drug-drug/food interactions and the potential role of PepTs targeting in drug design and development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Luo
- Molecular Drug Development Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Jingchun Gao
- Molecular Drug Development Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Xukai Jiang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Ling Zhu
- Macular Research Group, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Michael Murray
- Molecular Drug Development Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia;
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Molecular Drug Development Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.G.); (M.M.)
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7
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Larder CE, Iskandar MM, Kubow S. Collagen Hydrolysates: A Source of Bioactive Peptides Derived from Food Sources for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:50. [PMID: 37755240 PMCID: PMC10538231 DOI: 10.3390/medicines10090050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, with a social and financial burden that is expected to increase in the coming years. Currently, there are no effective medications to treat it. Due to limited treatment options, patients often resort to supplements, such as collagen hydrolysates (CHs). CHs are products with low molecular weight (MW) peptides, often between 3 and 6 kDa, and are a result of industrialized processed collagen. Collagen extraction is often a by-product of the meat industry, with the main source for collagen-based products being bovine, although it can also be obtained from porcine and piscine sources. CHs have demonstrated positive results in clinical trials related to joint health, such as decreased joint pain, increased mobility, and structural joint improvements. The bioactivity of CHs is primarily attributed to their bioactive peptide (BAP) content. However, there are significant knowledge gaps regarding the digestion, bioavailability, and bioactivity of CH-derived BAPs, and how different CH products compare in that regard. The present review discusses CHs and their BAP content as potential treatments for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E. Larder
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (C.E.L.); (M.M.I.)
- Corporation Genacol Canada Inc., Blainville, QC J7C 6B4, Canada
| | - Michèle M. Iskandar
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (C.E.L.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Stan Kubow
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (C.E.L.); (M.M.I.)
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8
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Stauffer M, Jeckelmann JM, Ilgü H, Ucurum Z, Boggavarapu R, Fotiadis D. Peptide transporter structure reveals binding and action mechanism of a potent PEPT1 and PEPT2 inhibitor. Commun Chem 2022; 5:23. [PMID: 36697632 PMCID: PMC9814568 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors for membrane transporters have been shown to be indispensable as drugs and tool compounds. The proton-dependent oligopeptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2 from the SLC15 family play important roles in human and mammalian physiology. With Lys[Z(NO2)]-Val (LZNV), a modified Lys-Val dipeptide, a potent transport inhibitor for PEPT1 and PEPT2 is available. Here we present the crystal structure of the peptide transporter YePEPT in complex with LZNV. The structure revealed the molecular interactions for inhibitor binding and a previously undescribed mostly hydrophobic pocket, the PZ pocket, involved in interaction with LZNV. Comparison with a here determined ligand-free structure of the transporter unveiled that the initially absent PZ pocket emerges through conformational changes upon inhibitor binding. The provided biochemical and structural information constitutes an important framework for the mechanistic understanding of inhibitor binding and action in proton-dependent oligopeptide transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Stauffer
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Jeckelmann
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hüseyin Ilgü
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zöhre Ucurum
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rajendra Boggavarapu
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ,grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Present Address: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Neumaier F, Zlatopolskiy BD, Neumaier B. Drug Penetration into the Central Nervous System: Pharmacokinetic Concepts and In Vitro Model Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1542. [PMID: 34683835 PMCID: PMC8538549 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of most drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which remains a significant bottleneck for development of novel CNS-targeted therapeutics or molecular tracers for neuroimaging. Consistent failure to reliably predict drug efficiency based on single measures for the rate or extent of brain penetration has led to the emergence of a more holistic framework that integrates data from various in vivo, in situ and in vitro assays to obtain a comprehensive description of drug delivery to and distribution within the brain. Coupled with ongoing development of suitable in vitro BBB models, this integrated approach promises to reduce the incidence of costly late-stage failures in CNS drug development, and could help to overcome some of the technical, economic and ethical issues associated with in vivo studies in animal models. Here, we provide an overview of BBB structure and function in vivo, and a summary of the pharmacokinetic parameters that can be used to determine and predict the rate and extent of drug penetration into the brain. We also review different in vitro models with regard to their inherent shortcomings and potential usefulness for development of fast-acting drugs or neurotracers labeled with short-lived radionuclides. In this regard, a special focus has been set on those systems that are sufficiently well established to be used in laboratories without significant bioengineering expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Boris D. Zlatopolskiy
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
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10
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Darlow CA, da Costa RMA, Ellis S, Franceschi F, Sharland M, Piddock L, Das S, Hope W. Potential Antibiotics for the Treatment of Neonatal Sepsis Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Paediatr Drugs 2021; 23:465-484. [PMID: 34435316 PMCID: PMC8418595 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-021-00465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis causes up to an estimated 680,000 deaths annually worldwide, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A significant and growing proportion of bacteria causing neonatal sepsis are resistant to multiple antibiotics, including the World Health Organization-recommended empiric neonatal sepsis regimen of ampicillin/gentamicin. The Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership is aiming to develop alternative empiric antibiotic regimens that fulfil several criteria: (1) affordable in LMIC settings; (2) activity against neonatal bacterial pathogens, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers, gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); (3) a licence for neonatal use or extensive experience of use in neonates; and (4) minimal toxicities. In this review, we identify five antibiotics that fulfil these criteria: amikacin, tobramycin, fosfomycin, flomoxef, and cefepime. We describe the available characteristics of each in terms of mechanism of action, resistance mechanisms, clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity profile. We also identify some knowledge gaps: (1) the neonatal pharmacokinetics of cefepime is reliant on relatively small and limited datasets, and the pharmacokinetics of flomoxef are also reliant on data from a limited demographic range and (2) for all reviewed agents, the pharmacodynamic index and target has not been definitively established for both bactericidal effect and emergence of resistance, with many assumed to have an identical index/target to similar class molecules. These five agents have the potential to be used in novel combination empiric regimens for neonatal sepsis. However, the data gaps need addressing by pharmacokinetic trials and pharmacodynamic characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Darlow
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | | | - Sally Ellis
- Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Mike Sharland
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Laura Piddock
- Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shampa Das
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - William Hope
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
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11
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Stauffer M, Ucurum Z, Harder D, Fotiadis D. Engineering and functional characterization of a proton-driven β-lactam antibiotic translocation module for bionanotechnological applications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17205. [PMID: 34446740 PMCID: PMC8390754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel approaches in synthetic biology focus on the bottom-up modular assembly of natural, modified natural or artificial components into molecular systems with functionalities not found in nature. A possible application for such techniques is the bioremediation of natural water sources contaminated with small organic molecules (e.g., drugs and pesticides). A simple molecular system to actively accumulate and degrade pollutants could be a bionanoreactor composed of a liposome or polymersome scaffold combined with energizing- (e.g., light-driven proton pump), transporting- (e.g., proton-driven transporter) and degrading modules (e.g., enzyme). This work focuses on the engineering of a transport module specific for β-lactam antibiotics. We previously solved the crystal structure of a bacterial peptide transporter, which allowed us to improve the affinity for certain β-lactam antibiotics using structure-based mutagenesis combined with a bacterial uptake assay. We were able to identify specific mutations, which enhanced the affinity of the transporter for antibiotics containing certain structural features. Screening of potential compounds allowed for the identification of a β-lactam antibiotic ligand with relatively high affinity. Transport of antibiotics was evaluated using a solid-supported membrane electrophysiology assay. In summary, we have engineered a proton-driven β-lactam antibiotic translocation module, contributing to the growing toolset for bionanotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Stauffer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zöhre Ucurum
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Harder
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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12
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Gote V, Ansong M, Pal D. Prodrugs and nanomicelles to overcome ocular barriers for drug penetration. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:885-906. [PMID: 32729364 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1803278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular barriers hinder drug delivery and reduce drug bioavailability. This article focuses on enhancing drug absorption across the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. Both, transporter targeted prodrug formulations and nanomicellar strategy is proven to enhance the drug permeation of therapeutic agents across various ocular barriers. These strategies can increase aqueous drug solubility and stability of many hydrophobic drugs for topical ophthalmic formulations. AREAS COVERED The article discusses various ocular barriers, ocular influx, and efflux transporters. It elaborates various prodrug strategies used for enhancing drug absorption. Along with this, the article also describes nanomicellar formulation, its characteristic and advantages, and applications in for anterior and posterior segment drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION Prodrugs and nanomicellar formulations provide an effective strategy for improving drug absorption and drug bioavailability across various ocular barriers. It will be exciting to see the efficacy of nanomicelles for treating back of the eye disorders after their topical application. This is considered as a holy grail of ocular drug delivery due to the dynamic and static ocular barriers, restricting posterior entry of topically applied drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Gote
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Michael Ansong
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
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13
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O’Donnell J, Tanudra A, Chen A, Hines D, Tommasi R, Mueller J. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Determination and Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of the β-Lactamase Inhibitor ETX1317 and Its Orally Available Prodrug ETX0282. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1378-1388. [PMID: 32379415 PMCID: PMC7297445 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly resistant Enterobacteriaceae have emerged as a health threat in both hospital and community settings. Infections of the urinary tract, once often treated with oral agents in the community, are requiring increased hospitalization and use of intravenously administered agents for effective treatment. These isolates often carry extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases that necessitate the need for an inhibitor to cover a broad range of β-lactamases. ETX1317 is a novel diazabicyclooctane class serine β-lactamase inhibitor that restores the antibacterial activity of several classes of β-lactams, including third-generation cephalosporins such as cefpodoxime. ETX1317 is currently being developed as an orally available prodrug, ETX0282, to be administered with cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDP). The combination has demonstrated oral efficacy in murine models of infection. Pharmacokinetics established in preclinical species and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic attributes suggest the orally administered combination ETX0282 + CPDP could serve as an effective treatment option against contemporary ESBL and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O’Donnell
- Entasis Therapeutics 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Angela Tanudra
- Entasis Therapeutics 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - April Chen
- Entasis Therapeutics 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Daniel Hines
- Entasis Therapeutics 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ruben Tommasi
- Entasis Therapeutics 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - John Mueller
- Entasis Therapeutics 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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14
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Suitability and functional characterization of two Calu-3 cell models for prediction of drug permeability across the airway epithelial barrier. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119484. [PMID: 32485216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Calu-3 cell line has been largely investigated as a physiological and pharmacological model of the airway epithelial barrier. Its suitability for prediction of drug permeability across the airway epithelia, however, has not been yet evaluated by using large enough set of model drugs. We evaluated two Calu-3 cell models (air-liquid and liquid-liquid) for drug permeability prediction based on the recent regulatory guidelines on showing suitability of in vitro permeability methods for drug permeability classification. Bidirectional permeability assays using 22 model drugs and several zero permeability markers, as well as using ABC transporter substrates were conducted. Functional activity of P-gp, but not of BCRP was revealed. The potential of the Calu-3 cells to be used as a model of the nasal epithelial barrier, despite their different anatomical origin, has been demonstrated by the obtained excellent correlation with the fully differentiated 3D human nasal epithelial model (MucilAir™) for 11 model drugs, as well as by the good correlation obtained with the human nasal epithelial cell line RPMI 2650. In addition, the permeability values determined in the two Calu-3 models correlated well with the intestinal permeability model Caco-2.
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15
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Montanha MC, Diniz A, Silva NMEN, Kimura E, Paixão P. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model on the Oral Drug Absorption in Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Bariatric Patients: Amoxicillin Tablet and Suspension. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:5025-5034. [PMID: 31721592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict oral amoxicillin bioavailability, by considering the physiological changes after "Roux-en-Y gastric bypass" (RYGB) surgery in bariatric patients, was evaluated. A middle-out approach for parameter estimations was undertaken using in vitro, in situ, and in vivo data. The observed versus predicted plasma concentrations and the model sensitivity of the simulated parameters of AUC0-inf and Cmax of amoxicillin (AMX) were used to confirm the reliability of the estimation. The model considers that a drug-transporter (Transp) in the initial segments of the normal intestine plays a significant role in the AMX absorption. A lower fraction absorbed (Fabs) was observed in RYGB patients (54.43% for suspension and 45.21% for tablets) compared to healthy subjects (77.48% capsule). Furthermore, the tablet formulation presented a lower dissolved fraction (Fd) and Fabs compared to the suspension formulation of AMX in RYGB patients (91.70% and 45.21% versus 99.92% and 54.43%, respectively). The AUC0-inf and Cmax were sensitive to changes in Rtintestine, PeffAMX, and Transp for both healthy and RYGB models. Additionally, AUC0-inf and Cmax were also sensitive to changes in the tlag parameter for tablet formulation in RYGB patients. The PBPK model showed a reduction in AMX bioavailability as a consequence of reduced intestinal length after RYGB surgery. Additionally, the difference in the predicted Fd and Fabs between suspension and tablet suggests that liquid formulations are preferable in postbariatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Camotti Montanha
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology (PBF), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Clinical Research Centre and Bioequivalence Studies, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andréa Diniz
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Department of Pharmacy, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Elza Kimura
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Clinical Research Centre and Bioequivalence Studies, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Department of Pharmacy, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo Paixão
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Sibinovska N, Žakelj S, Kristan K. Suitability of RPMI 2650 cell models for nasal drug permeability prediction. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 145:85-95. [PMID: 31639418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The RPMI 2650 cell line has been a subject of evaluation as a physiological and pharmacological model of the nasal epithelial barrier. However, its suitability for drug permeability assays has not yet been established on a sufficiently large set of model drugs. We investigated two RPMI 2650 cell models (air-liquid and liquid-liquid) for nasal drug permeability determination by adopting the most recent regulatory guidelines on showing suitability of in vitro permeability methods for drug permeability classification. The permeability of 23 model drugs and several zero permeability markers across the cell models was assessed. The functional expression of two efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Breast Cancer Resistant Protein (BCRP) was shown to be negligible by bidirectional transport studies using appropriate transporter substrates and inhibitors. The model drug permeability determined in the two RPMI 2650 cell models was correlated with the fully differentiated nasal epithelial model (MucilAir™). Additionally, correlations between the drug permeability in the investigated cell models and the ones determined in the Caco-2 cells and isolated rat jejunum were established. In conclusion, the air-liquid RPMI 2650 cell model is a promising pharmacological model of the nasal epithelial barrier and is much more suitable than the liquid-liquid model for nasal drug permeability prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadica Sibinovska
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Aškerčeva c. 7, SI- 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Žakelj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Aškerčeva c. 7, SI- 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Kristan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Lek Pharmaceuticals, d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Cis-, Trans-, and Total Cefprozil in Healthy Male Koreans. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11100531. [PMID: 31614996 PMCID: PMC6836086 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cefprozil, one of cephalosporin antibiotics, has been used extensively in clinics. However, pharmacokinetic (PK) information on cefprozil is still very limited. There have been no reports of population pharmacokinetics (PPKs). A PPK model for cefprozil will be a great advantage for clinical use. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a PPK model for cefprozil for healthy male Koreans. Clinical PK and demographic data of healthy Korean males receiving cefprozil at a dose of 1000 mg were analyzed using Phoenix® NLME™. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption with lag-time was constructed as a base model. The model was extended to include covariates that influenced between-subject variability. Creatinine clearance significantly influenced systemic clearance of cefprozil. The final PPK model for cis-, trans-, and total cefprozil was established and validated. PPK parameter values of cis- and total cefprozil were similar to each other, but different from those of trans-isomer. Herein, we describe the establishment of accurate PPK models of cis-, trans-, and total cefprozil for healthy male Koreans for the first time. It may be useful as a dosing algorithm for the general population. These results might also contribute to the development of stereoisomeric cefprozil.
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18
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Repurposing salicylamide for combating multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019:AAC.01225-19. [PMID: 31570391 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01225-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists Neisseria gonorrhoeae as one of the most urgent antibiotic-resistant threats in the United States. This is due to the emergence of clinical isolates that have developed resistance to nearly every antibiotic used to treat gonorrhea and highlights the critical need to find new therapeutics. The present study discovered salicylamide, an analgesic and antipyretic drug, has antibacterial activity against 40 different antibiotic-resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae (MIC 8-32 μg/ml) with low frequency of resistance <2.4x10-9 Interestingly, salicylamide did not inhibit growth of bacterial species in the vaginal microflora involved in defense against gonococcal infections, such as Lactobacillus gasseri, L. jensenii, L. johnsonii, and L. crispatus A time-kill assay revealed that salicylamide is a rapidly bactericidal drug as it eradicated a high inoculum of N. gonorrhoeae within 10 hours. Salicylamide was superior to the drug of choice, ceftriaxone, in reducing the burden of intracellular N. gonorrhoeae by 97% in infected endocervical cells. Furthermore, salicylamide outperformed ceftriaxone in reducing expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 from endocervical cells infected with N. gonorrhoeae A checkerboard assay revealed that salicylamide exhibited a synergistic interaction with tetracycline and an additive relationship with azithromycin and ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. A more in-depth investigation of the structure-activity-relationship of derivatives of salicylamide revealed the amide and hydroxyl groups are important for anti-gonorrheal activity. In conclusion, this study identified salicylamide as a promising candidate for further investigation as a novel treatment option for multidrug-resistant gonorrhea.
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19
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Montanha MC, Dos Santos Magon TF, de Souza Alcantara C, Simões CF, Silva SRB, Kuroda CM, Yamada SS, de Oliveira LES, Nasser D, Junior NN, Mazucheli J, Diniz A, Paixão PJPA, Kimura E. Reduced bioavailability of oral amoxicillin tablets compared to suspensions in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass bariatric subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:2118-2125. [PMID: 31215676 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the relative bioavailability of oral amoxicillin (AMX) tablets in comparison to AMX suspension in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass bariatric subjects. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study was performed on the bioavailability of oral AMX tablets and suspension in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass subjects operated at least 3 months previously . Doses of 875 mg of the AMX tablet or 800 mg of the AMX suspension were given to all the subjects, allowing a washout of 7 days between the periods. Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after drug administration and the AMX levels were quantified by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis, normalized to an 875 mg dose and the bioavailability of the AMX from the tablets was compared to that from the suspension formulation. RESULTS Twenty subjects aged 42.65 ± 7.21 years and with a body mass index of 29.88 ± 4.36 kg/m2 were enrolled in the study. The maximum AMX plasma concentration of the tablets and the suspension (normalized to 875 mg) were 7.42 ± 2.99 mg/L and 8.73 ± 3.26 mg/L (90% confidence interval of 70.71-99.11), and the total area under the curve from time zero to infinity were 23.10 ± 7.41 mg.h/L and 27.59 ± 8.32 mg.h/L (90% confidence interval of 71.25-97.32), respectively. CONCLUSION The tablets presented a lower bioavailability than the suspension formulation and the total absorbed amount of AMX in these subjects was lower in comparison to the standard AMX absorption rates in nonbariatric subjects, regardless of the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Camotti Montanha
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology (PBF), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Clinical Research Centre and Bioequivalence Studies, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Conrado de Souza Alcantara
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology (PBF), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Clinical Research Centre and Bioequivalence Studies, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Caroline Ferraz Simões
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Bin Silva
- Clinical Research Centre and Bioequivalence Studies, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cristina Megumi Kuroda
- Clinical Research Centre and Bioequivalence Studies, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Seiji Yamada
- Clinical Research Centre and Bioequivalence Studies, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Daoud Nasser
- Clinical Research Centre and Bioequivalence Studies, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nelson Nardo Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Centre for Multiprofessional Studies of Obesity (NEMO), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Josmar Mazucheli
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andrea Diniz
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Elza Kimura
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology (PBF), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Food Science (PPC), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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20
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Jarc T, Novak M, Hevir N, Rižner TL, Kreft ME, Kristan K. Demonstrating suitability of the Caco-2 cell model for BCS-based biowaiver according to the recent FDA and ICH harmonised guidelines. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 71:1231-1242. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
According to the regulatory guidelines, one of the critical steps in using in-vitro permeability methods for permeability classification is to demonstrate the suitability of the method. Here, suitability of the permeability method by using a monolayer of cultured epithelial cells was verified with different criteria.
Methods
Imaging with a transmission electron microscope was used for characterisation of the cells. Monolayer integrity was confirmed by transepithelial electrical resistance measurements and permeability of zero permeability marker compounds. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was employed to evaluate expression levels of 84 known transporters. Samples for bidirectional permeability determination were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography.
Key findings
The Caco-2 cells grow in an intact monolayer and morphologically resemble enterocytes. Genes of 84 known transporters were expressed at different levels; furthermore, expression was time depended. Functional expression of efflux transporter P-glycoprotein was confirmed. We established a correlation between permeability coefficients of 21 tested drug substances ranging from low, moderate and high absorption with human fraction absorbed literature data (R2 = 0.84).
Conclusions
Assay standardisation assures the consistency of experimental data. Only such fully characterised model has the ability to accurately predict drug's intestinal permeability at the early stage of research or for the BCS-based biowaiver application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jarc
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Neli Hevir
- Biopharma Process & Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Kristan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Lek Pharmaceuticals, d.d., Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Smith PW, Zuccotto F, Bates RH, Martinez-Martinez MS, Read KD, Peet C, Epemolu O. Pharmacokinetics of β-Lactam Antibiotics: Clues from the Past To Help Discover Long-Acting Oral Drugs in the Future. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1439-1447. [PMID: 30141902 PMCID: PMC6189874 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
β-Lactams represent perhaps the most important class of antibiotics yet discovered. However, despite many years of active research, none of the currently approved drugs in this class combine oral activity with long duration of action. Recent developments suggest that new β-lactam antibiotics with such a profile would have utility in the treatment of tuberculosis. Consequently, the historical β-lactam pharmacokinetic data have been compiled and analyzed to identify possible directions and drug discovery strategies aimed toward new β-lactam antibiotics with this profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School
of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee. DDI 5EH, U.K.
| | - Robert H. Bates
- Global
Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School
of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee. DDI 5EH, U.K.
| | - Caroline Peet
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School
of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee. DDI 5EH, U.K.
| | - Ola Epemolu
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School
of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee. DDI 5EH, U.K.
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22
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Räder AFB, Weinmüller M, Reichart F, Schumacher-Klinger A, Merzbach S, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. Orally Active Peptides: Is There a Magic Bullet? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14414-14438. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. B. Räder
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Michael Weinmüller
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Florian Reichart
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | | | - Shira Merzbach
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Horst Kessler
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
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23
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Räder AFB, Weinmüller M, Reichart F, Schumacher-Klinger A, Merzbach S, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. Oral aktive Peptide: Gibt es ein Patentrezept? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. B. Räder
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Michael Weinmüller
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Florian Reichart
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | | | - Shira Merzbach
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Horst Kessler
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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24
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Mixed Micelles Loaded with Bile Salt: An Approach to Enhance Intestinal Transport of the BCS Class III Drug Cefotaxime in Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 42:635-645. [PMID: 27686853 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cefotaxime is a class III drug according to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System due to low intestinal permeability based on poor oral bioavailability. Bile salt compounds have been shown to be effective additive for drug permeation through several biological membranes. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of a mixed micelles made of phosphatidylcholine, sodium deoxycholate, and loaded with a cefotaxime-3α,7α-dihydroxy-12-keto-5β-cholanate complex to enhance the oral bioavailability of cefotaxime in rats. METHODS Thin-film hydration method was used to prepare cefotaxime-loaded mixed micelles using different bile salt concentrations (0.87-25 mM of sodium deoxycholate). Overall, micelle sizes ranging from 86.9 to 155.6 nm were produced with negative zeta potential values from -15.9 to -19.5 mV and drug loading from 10.5 to 18.9 %. The oral bioavailability of cefotaxime in mixed micellar formulation was assessed and the pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with cefotaxime-3α,7α-dihydroxy-12-keto-5β-cholanate complex and cefotaxime aqueous solution. 24 Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 6, per group) to receive the following: (1) a single intravenous dose of cefotaxime (25 mg/kg) in sterilized normal saline solution for injection; (2) a single oral dose of mixed micelles (100 mg/kg of cefotaxime) in phosphate buffered saline administered by oral gavage; (3) a single oral dose of cefotaxime-3α,7α-dihydroxy-12-keto-5β-cholanate complex (100 mg/kg of cefotaxime) in phosphate buffered saline administered by oral gavage; (4) a single oral dose of free cefotaxime (100 mg/kg) in aqueous solution administered by oral gavage. Blood samples were collected for up to 24 h and cefotaxime analyzed using a validated HPLC assay. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic data showed that the oral bioavailability of cefotaxime in mixed micelles was found to be 4.91 % higher compared to the cefotaxime in aqueous solution (1.30 %). Maximum concentration (C max) of cefotaxime in mixed micellar formulation was higher (1.08 ± 0.1 µg/ml) compared to the cefotaxime-3α,7α-dihydroxy-12-keto-5β-cholanate complex (0.69 ± 0.1 µg/ml) and cefotaxime in aqueous solution (0.52 ± 0.1 µg/ml). Similarly, the mean values for area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-∞) of cefotaxime in the mixed micellar formulation was higher (3.89 ± 0.9 μg·h/mL) compared to the cefotaxime-3α,7α-dihydroxy-12-keto-5β-cholanate complex (1.52 ± 0.2 μg·h/mL) and cefotaxime in aqueous solution (1.03 ± 0.4 μg·h/mL), respectively. CONCLUSION The mixed micellar formulation was able to increase the oral bioavailability of the BCS Class III drug cefotaxime up to fourfold by enhancing drug permeation through the mucosal membrane of the small intestine.
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Spanier B, Rohm F. Proton Coupled Oligopeptide Transporter 1 (PepT1) Function, Regulation, and Influence on the Intestinal Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:843-869. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Stelzl T, Geillinger-Kästle KE, Stolz J, Daniel H. Glycans in the intestinal peptide transporter PEPT1 contribute to function and protect from proteolysis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G580-G591. [PMID: 28336547 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00343.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that many membrane proteins carry extracellular glycans, little is known about whether the glycan chains also affect protein function. We recently demonstrated that the proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) in the intestine is glycosylated at six asparagine residues (N50, N406, N439, N510, N515, and N532). Mutagenesis-induced disruption of the individual N-glycosylation site N50, which is highly conserved among mammals, was detected to significantly enhance the PEPT1-mediated inward transport of peptides. Here, we show that for the murine protein the inhibition of glycosylation at sequon N50 by substituting N50 with glutamine, lysine, or cysteine or by replacing S52 with alanine equally altered PEPT1 transport kinetics in oocytes. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the uptake of [14C]glycyl-sarcosine in immortalized murine small intestinal (MODE-K) or colonic epithelial (PTK-6) cells stably expressing the PEPT1 transporter N50Q is also significantly increased relative to the wild-type protein. By using electrophysiological recordings and tracer flux studies, we further demonstrate that the rise in transport velocity observed for PEPT1 N50Q is bidirectional. In line with these findings, we show that attachment of biotin derivatives, comparable in weight with two to four monosaccharides, to the PEPT1 N50C transporter slows down the transport velocity. In addition, our experiments provide strong evidence that glycosylation of PEPT1 confers resistance against proteolytic cleavage by proteinase K, whereas a remarkable intrinsic stability against trypsin, even in the absence of N-linked glycans, was detected.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study highlights the role of N50-linked glycans in modulating the bidirectional transport activity of the murine peptide transporter PEPT1. Electrophysiological and tracer flux measurements in Xenopus oocytes have shown that removal of the N50 glycans increases the maximal peptide transport rate in the inward and outward directions. This effect could be largely reversed by replacement of N50 glycans with structurally dissimilar biotin derivatives. In addition, N-glycans were detected to stabilize PEPT1 against proteolytic cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Stelzl
- Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Stolz
- Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Thambavita D, Galappatthy P, Mannapperuma U, Jayakody L, Cristofoletti R, Abrahamsson B, Groot DW, Langguth P, Mehta M, Parr A, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman J. Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Amoxicillin Trihydrate. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2930-2945. [PMID: 28483422 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Literature and experimental data relevant to waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate-release solid oral dosage forms containing amoxicillin trihydrate are reviewed. Solubility and permeability characteristics according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), therapeutic uses, therapeutic index, excipient interactions, as well as dissolution and BE and bioavailability studies were taken into consideration. Solubility and permeability studies indicate that amoxicillin doses up to 875 mg belong to BCS class I, whereas 1000 mg belongs to BCS class II and doses of more than 1000 mg belong to BCS class IV. Considering all aspects, the biowaiver procedure can be recommended for solid oral products of amoxicillin trihydrate immediate-release preparations containing amoxicillin as the single active pharmaceutical ingredient at dose strengths of 875 mg or less, provided (a) only the excipients listed in this monograph are used, and only in their usual amounts, (b) the biowaiver study is performed according to the World Health Organization-, U.S. Food and Drug Administration-, or European Medicines Agency-recommended method using the innovator as the comparator, and (c) results comply with criteria for "very rapidly dissolving" or "similarly rapidly dissolving." Products containing other excipients and those containing more than 875 mg amoxicillin per unit should be subjected to an in vivo BE study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanusha Thambavita
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Priyadarshani Galappatthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Uthpali Mannapperuma
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Lal Jayakody
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Division of Bioequivalence, Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Dirk W Groot
- RIVM (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Langguth
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mehul Mehta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Alan Parr
- BioCeutics LLC, Cary, North Carolina 28594
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Vinod P Shah
- International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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O'Hagan S, Kell DB. Analysis of drug-endogenous human metabolite similarities in terms of their maximum common substructures. J Cheminform 2017; 9:18. [PMID: 28316656 PMCID: PMC5344883 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-017-0198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, we have assessed the structural similarities between marketed drugs (‘drugs’) and endogenous natural human metabolites (‘metabolites’ or ‘endogenites’), using ‘fingerprint’ methods in common use, and the Tanimoto and Tversky similarity metrics, finding that the fingerprint encoding used had a dramatic effect on the apparent similarities observed. By contrast, the maximal common substructure (MCS), when the means of determining it is fixed, is a means of determining similarities that is largely independent of the fingerprints, and also has a clear chemical meaning. We here explored the utility of the MCS and metrics derived therefrom. In many cases, a shared scaffold helps cluster drugs and endogenites, and gives insight into enzymes (in particular transporters) that they both share. Tanimoto and Tversky similarities based on the MCS tend to be smaller than those based on the MACCS fingerprint-type encoding, though the converse is also true for a significant fraction of the comparisons. While no single molecular descriptor can account for these differences, a machine learning-based analysis of the nature of the differences (MACCS_Tanimoto vs MCS_Tversky) shows that they are indeed deterministic, although the features that are used in the model to account for this vary greatly with each individual drug. The extent of its utility and interpretability vary with the drug of interest, implying that while MCS is neither ‘better’ nor ‘worse’ for every drug–endogenite comparison, it is sufficiently different to be of value. The overall conclusion is thus that the use of the MCS provides an additional and valuable strategy for understanding the structural basis for similarities between synthetic, marketed drugs and natural intermediary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK.,Centre for the Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
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The effect of cephalexin in influencing the pharmacokinetics of a novel drug - 5'-valyl-cytarabine hydrochloride. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 12:143-148. [PMID: 32104323 PMCID: PMC7032087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the pharmacokinetics of 5′-valyl-cytarabine hydrochloride (OPC) when co-administered with cephalexin, which are both the substrates of PepT1. The drugs were administered orally by gavage. Blood samples were collected from the orbital plexus of the rats after oral administration of drug solutions. A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method was validated and used for determination of the two drugs. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using DAS 2.1.1 software with noncompartmental analysis. After oral administration of OPC and co-administration of OPC and cephalexin, there were significant differences in the main pharmacokinetic parameters. The main pharmacokinetic parameters for the OPC group and the co-administrative group were as follows: AUC0-10 (18,168.7 ± 2561.4) ng⋅h/ml and (13,448.5 ± 2544.73) ng⋅h/ml, AUC0-∞ (18,683.1 ± 3066.5) ng⋅h/ml and (13,721.1 ± 2683.0) ng⋅h/ml, Cmax (6654.8 ± 481.3) ng/ml and (4765.1 ± 928.9) ng/ml, respectively. The results showed that the bioavailability of OPC could be reduced when co-administered with cephalexin, suggesting that the efficacy of a novel drug might be reduced when it came to combination use of β-lactam antibiotics.
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Abuhelwa AY, Williams DB, Upton RN, Foster DJ. Food, gastrointestinal pH, and models of oral drug absorption. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 112:234-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Shan W, Zhu X, Tao W, Cui Y, Liu M, Wu L, Li L, Zheng Y, Huang Y. Enhanced Oral Delivery of Protein Drugs Using Zwitterion-Functionalized Nanoparticles to Overcome both the Diffusion and Absorption Barriers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25444-53. [PMID: 27588330 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oral delivery of protein drugs based on nanoparticulate delivery system requires permeation of the nanoparticles through the mucus layer and subsequent absorption via epithelial cells. However, overcoming these two barriers requires very different or even contradictory surface properties of the nanocarriers, which greatly limits the oral bioavailability of macromolecular drugs. Here we report a simple zwitterions-based nanoparticle (NP) delivery platform, which showed a great potency in simultaneously overcoming both the mucus and epithelium barriers. The dense and hydrophilic coating of zwitterions endows the NPs with excellent mucus penetrating ability. Moreover, the zwitterions-based NPs also possessed excellent affinity with epithelial cells, which significantly improved (4.5-fold) the cellular uptake of DLPC NPs, compared to PEGylated NPs. Our results also indicated that this affinity was due to the interaction between zwitterions and the cell surface transporter PEPT1. Moreover, the developed NPs loaded with insulin could induce a prominent hypoglycemic response in diabetic rats following oral administration. These results suggest that zwitterions-based NPs might provide a new perspective for oral delivery of protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
- National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Tao
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaxian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
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Grumetto L, Russo G, Barbato F. Polar interactions drug/phospholipids estimated by IAM-HPLC vs cultured cell line passage data: Their relationships and comparison of their effectiveness in predicting drug human intestinal absorption. Int J Pharm 2016; 500:275-90. [PMID: 26780120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between data of passage through Caco-2 cultured cell lines (log Papp), taken from the literature, for 38 structurally unrelated compounds and both n-octanol lipophilicity parameters (log P(N) and log D(7.4)) and phospholipid affinity indexes were investigated. Phospholipid affinity(log k W(IAM)) was experimentally determined by HPLC on two different phospholipid stationary phases and the polar/electrostatic interaction component drug/phospholipids (Δ log k W(IAM)) was calculated according to a method we previously proposed. Log Papp moderately related to lipophilicity values measured at pH 7.4 (log D(7.4)), according to a parabolic pattern, but poorly related with log k W(IAM). Furthermore, a significant inverse linear relationship with Δ l og k W(IAM) values was only observed for the analytes with m.w. >300 Da, for which paracellular diffusion can be considered a minor transport route in vivo. Indeed, it has been reported that Caco-2 passage data also encode secondary passage mechanisms, which participate in a different extent to the jejunal absorption in vivo and cannot be directly equated to the corresponding human in situ log Peff values, unless a normalization is performed. In an attempt to elucidate this issue, 47 structurally unrelated compounds whose cultured cell line passage data were corrected for the effects of the aqueous boundary layer and paracellular permeability, so as to express transcellular intrinsic permeability, log P 0(Caco-2/MDCK), were also considered. Highly significant inverse linear relationships were observed between log P 0(Caco-2/MDCK) and Δlog k W(IAM) values from both IAM.PC.MG (r(2)=0.765) and IAM.PC.DD2 (r(2)=0.806) stationary phases whereas the relationships with either lipophilicity in n-octanol or log k W(IAM) values were very poor. The results of the present study, in complete agreement with those of our recent study on the relationships between jejunal absorption data measured in situ and Δ log k W(IAM) values, confirm the soundness of Δ log k W(IAM) parameters in the prediction of the intestinal absorption of drugs. From a mechanistic point of view, they suggest that the polar/electrostatic forces between drugs and phospholipids play a major role in the passage through biomembranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Grumetto
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Russo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Barbato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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Lu X, Chan T, Xu C, Zhu L, Zhou QT, Roberts KD, Chan HK, Li J, Zhou F. Human oligopeptide transporter 2 (PEPT2) mediates cellular uptake of polymyxins. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:403-12. [PMID: 26494147 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymyxins are a last-line therapy to treat MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections. Nephrotoxicity is the dose-limiting factor for polymyxins and recent studies demonstrated significant accumulation of polymyxins in renal tubular cells. However, little is known about the mechanism of polymyxin uptake into these cells. Oligopeptide transporter 2 (PEPT2) is a solute carrier transporter (SLC) expressed at the apical membrane of renal proximal tubular cells and facilitates drug reabsorption in the kidney. In this study, we examined the role of PEPT2 in polymyxin uptake into renal tubular cells. METHODS We investigated the inhibitory effects of colistin and polymyxin B on the substrate uptake mediated through 15 essential SLCs in overexpressing HEK293 cells. The inhibitory potency of both polymyxins on PEPT2-mediated substrate uptake was measured. Fluorescence imaging was employed to investigate PEPT2-mediated uptake of the polymyxin fluorescent probe MIPS-9541 and a transport assay was conducted with MIPS-9541 and [(3)H]polymyxin B1. RESULTS Colistin and polymyxin B potently inhibited PEPT2-mediated [(3)H]glycyl-sarcosine uptake (IC50 11.4 ± 3.1 and 18.3 ± 4.2 μM, respectively). In contrast, they had no or only mild inhibitory effects on the transport activity of the other 14 SLCs evaluated. MIPS-9541 potently inhibited PEPT2-mediated [(3)H]glycyl-sarcosine uptake (IC50 15.9 μM) and is also a substrate of PEPT2 (Km 74.9 μM). [(3)H]polymyxin B1 was also significantly taken up by PEPT2-expressing cells (Km 87.3 μM). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first evidence of PEPT2-mediated uptake of polymyxins and contributes to a better understanding of the accumulation of polymyxins in renal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ting Chan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chenghao Xu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Retinal Therapeutics Research Group, Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2091, USA
| | - Kade D Roberts
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Beale JH, Parker JL, Samsudin F, Barrett AL, Senan A, Bird LE, Scott D, Owens RJ, Sansom MSP, Tucker SJ, Meredith D, Fowler PW, Newstead S. Crystal Structures of the Extracellular Domain from PepT1 and PepT2 Provide Novel Insights into Mammalian Peptide Transport. Structure 2015; 23:1889-1899. [PMID: 26320580 PMCID: PMC4597091 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammals obtain nitrogen via the uptake of di- and tri-peptides in the gastrointestinal tract through the action of PepT1 and PepT2, which are members of the POT family of proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters. PepT1 and PepT2 also play an important role in drug transport in the human body. Recent crystal structures of bacterial homologs revealed a conserved peptide-binding site and mechanism of transport. However, a key structural difference exists between bacterial and mammalian homologs with only the latter containing a large extracellular domain, the function of which is currently unknown. Here, we present the crystal structure of the extracellular domain from both PepT1 and PepT2 that reveal two immunoglobulin-like folds connected in tandem, providing structural insight into mammalian peptide transport. Functional and biophysical studies demonstrate that these domains interact with the intestinal protease trypsin, suggesting a role in clustering proteolytic activity to the site of peptide transport in eukaryotic cells. Crystal structure of the extracellular domains of PepT1 and PepT2 Modular architecture for a mammalian MFS transporter Extracellular domains contain immunoglobulin-like fold and interact with trypsin
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Beale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Joanne L Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Firdaus Samsudin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anne L Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Anish Senan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Louise E Bird
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; OPPF-UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK
| | - David Scott
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK; ISIS Spallation Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK; School of Biosciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; OPPF-UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and Membrane Transport, University of Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Stephen J Tucker
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK; OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and Membrane Transport, University of Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - David Meredith
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Philip W Fowler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Simon Newstead
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and Membrane Transport, University of Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
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Grumetto L, Russo G, Barbato F. Relationships between human intestinal absorption and polar interactions drug/phospholipids estimated by IAM–HPLC. Int J Pharm 2015; 489:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Papich MG, Martinez MN. Applying Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Criteria to Predict Oral Absorption of Drugs in Dogs: Challenges and Pitfalls. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:948-64. [PMID: 25916691 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) has been a prognostic tool for assessing the potential effects of formulation on the human drug oral bioavailability. When used in conjunction with in vitro dissolution tests, the BCS can support the prediction of in vivo product performance and the development of mechanistic models that support formulation assessments through the generation of "what if" scenarios. To date, the applicability of existing human BCS criteria has not been evaluated in dogs, thereby limiting its use in canine drug development. Therefore, we examined 50 drugs for which absolute bioavailability (F) was available both in dogs and humans. The drugs were also evaluated for any potential association between solubility (calculated from the dose number, Do) or lipophilicity (LogP) and F in dogs. In humans, solubility is determined in 250 mL of fluid. However, the appropriate volume for classifying drug solubility in dogs has not been established. In this analysis, the estimated volume of a water flush administered to fasted dogs (6 mL) and a volume of 250 mL scaled to a Beagle dog (35 mL) were examined. In addition, in humans, a Do value greater than 1.0 is used to define a compound as highly soluble and a LogP value greater than 1.72 as high permeability. These same criteria were applied for defining highly soluble and highly permeable in dogs. Whether using 35 or 6 mL to determine Do, the canine solubility classification remained unchanged for all but seven compounds. There were no clear associations between a drug's F in dogs and humans or between the canine value of F and either its human BCS classification, its LogP value, or the canine Do estimate. There was a tendency for those drugs with canine values of F equal to or greater than 80% to have LogP values equal to or greater than 1.0. Exceptions to this observation tended to be those compounds known to be absorbed via mechanisms other than passive diffusion (e.g., via transporters or paracellular transporters). Although there are limitations to the approach used in this study, the results of our assessment strongly suggest that the human BCS classification system requires substantial modification before it can be reliably applied to dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA,
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Uchida Y, Ohtsuki S, Kamiie J, Ohmine K, Iwase R, Terasaki T. Quantitative targeted absolute proteomics for 28 human transporters in plasma membrane of Caco-2 cell monolayer cultured for 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:205-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Vivian D, Polli JE. Mechanistic interpretation of conventional Michaelis-Menten parameters in a transporter system. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 64:44-52. [PMID: 25169756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to elucidate how steps in drug translocation by a solute carrier transporter impact Michaelis-Menten parameters Km, Ki, and Vmax. The first objective was to derive a model for carrier-mediated substrate translocation and perform sensitivity analysis with regard to the impact of individual microrate constants on Km, Ki, and Vmax. The second objective was to compare underpinning microrate constants between compounds translocated by the same transporter. Equations for Km, Ki, and Vmax were derived from a six-state model involving unidirectional transporter flipping and reconfiguration. This unidirectional model is applicable to co-transporter type solute carriers, like the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and the proton-coupled peptide cotransporter (PEPT1). Sensitivity analysis identified the microrate constants that impacted Km, Ki, and Vmax. Compound comparison using the six-state model employed regression to identify microrate constant values that can explain observed Km and Vmax values. Results yielded some expected findings, as well as some unanticipated effects of microrate constants on Km, Ki, and Vmax. Km and Ki were found to be equal for inhibitors that are also substrates. Additionally, microrate constant values for certain steps in transporter functioning influenced Km and Vmax to be low or high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vivian
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James E Polli
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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In vivo absorption and disposition of cefadroxil after escalating oral doses in wild-type and PepT1 knockout mice. Pharm Res 2014; 30:2931-9. [PMID: 23959853 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of PepT1 on the absorption and disposition of cefadroxil, including the potential for saturable intestinal uptake, after escalating oral doses of drug. METHODS The absorption and disposition kinetics of [3H]cefadroxil were determined in wild-type and PepT1 knockout mice after 44.5, 89.1, 178, and 356 nmol/g oral doses of drug. The pharmacokinetics of [3H]cefadroxil were also determined in both genotypes after 44.5 nmol/g intravenous bolus doses. RESULTS PepT1 deletion reduced the area under the plasma concentration-time profile (AUC0-120) of cefadroxil by 10-fold, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) by 17.5-fold, and increased the time to reach a maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) by 3-fold. There was no evidence of nonlinear intestinal absorption since AUC0-120 and Cmax values changed in a dose-proportional manner. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil were not different between genotypes after intravenous bolus doses, indicating that PepT1 did not affect drug disposition. Finally, no differences were observed in the peripheral tissue distribution of cefadroxil (i.e., outside gastrointestinal tract) once these tissues were corrected for differences in perfusing blood concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate convincingly the critical role of intestinal PepT1 in both the rate and extent of oral administration for cefadroxil and potentially other aminocephalosporin drugs.
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Hutson PH, Pennick M, Secker R. Preclinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacology and toxicology of lisdexamfetamine: a novel d-amphetamine pro-drug. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:41-50. [PMID: 24594478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) is a novel pro-drug of d-amphetamine that is currently used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children aged ≥ 6 years and adults. LDX is enzymatically cleaved to form d-amphetamine following contact with red blood cells, which reduces the rate of appearance and magnitude of d-amphetamine concentration in the blood and hence the brain when compared with immediate-release d-amphetamine at equimolar doses. Thus, the increase of striatal dopamine efflux and subsequent increase of locomotor activity following d-amphetamine is less prominent and slower to attain maximal effect following an equimolar dose of LDX. Furthermore, unlike d-amphetamine, the pharmacodynamic effects of LDX are independent of the route of administration underlining the requirement to be hydrolyzed by contact with red blood cells. It is conceivable that these pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences may impact the psychostimulant properties of LDX in the clinic. This article reviews the preclinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, and toxicology of LDX. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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Zhu Q, Liu Z, Li P, Cheng Z. Drug Interaction Studies Reveal That Simotinib Upregulates Intestinal Absorption by Increasing the Paracellular Permeability of Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:317-24. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rg-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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PepT1 expressed in immune cells has an important role in promoting the immune response during experimentally induced colitis. J Transl Med 2013; 93:888-99. [PMID: 23797361 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have shown that the dipeptide cotransporter PepT1 is expressed in immune cells, including macrophages that are in close contact with the lamina propria of the small and large intestines. In the present study, we used PepT1-knockout (KO) mice to explore the role played by PepT1 in immune cells during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. DSS treatment caused less severe body weight loss, diminished rectal bleeding, and less diarrhea in PepT1-KO mice than in wild-type (WT) animals. A histological examination of colonic sections revealed that the colonic architecture was less disrupted and the extent of immune cell infiltration into the mucosa and submucosa following DSS treatment was reduced in PepT1-KO mice compared with WT animals. Consistent with these results, the DSS-induced colitis increase in colonic myeloperoxidase activity was significantly less in PepT1-KO mice than in WT littermates. The colonic levels of mRNAs encoding the inflammatory cytokines CXCL1, interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, IL-12, and interferon-γ were significantly lower in DSS-treated PepT1-KO mice than in DSS-treated WT animals. Colonic immune cells from WT had significantly higher level of proinflammatory cytokines then PepT1 KO. In addition, we observed that knocking down the PepT1 expression decreases chemotaxis of immune cells recruited during intestinal inflammation. Antibiotic treatment before DSS-induced colitis eliminated the differential expression of inflammatory cytokines between WT and PepT1-KO mice. In conclusion, PepT1 in immune cells regulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines triggered by bacteria and/or bacterial products, and thus has an important role in the induction of colitis. PepT1 may transport small bacterial products, such as muramyl dipeptide and the tripeptide L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-meso-DAP, into macrophages. These materials may be sensed by members of the nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat family of intracellular receptors, ultimately resulting in altered homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota.
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Posada MM, Smith DE. Relevance of PepT1 in the intestinal permeability and oral absorption of cefadroxil. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1017-25. [PMID: 23224978 PMCID: PMC3596500 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the contribution of intestinal PepT1 on the permeability and oral absorption of the β-lactam antibiotic drug cefadroxil. METHODS The effective permeability (P eff ) of cefadroxil was evaluated in wild-type and PepT1 knockout mice following in situ single-pass intestinal perfusions. The plasma concentration-time profiles of cefadroxil were also examined after oral gavage. RESULTS The P eff (cm/s) of cefadroxil in wild-type mice was 0.49 × 10(-4) in duodenum, 0.80 × 10(-4) in jejunum, 0.88 × 10(-4) in ileum and 0.064 × 10(-4) in colon. The P eff (cm/s) in PepT1 knockout mice was significantly reduced in small intestine, but not in colon, as shown by values of 0.003 × 10(-4), 0.090 × 10(-4), 0.042 × 10(-4) and 0.032 × 10(-4), respectively. Jejunal uptake of cefadroxil was saturable (Km = 2-4 mM) and significantly attenuated by the sodium-proton exchange inhibitor 5-(N,N-dimethyl)amiloride. Jejunal permeability of cefadroxil was not affected by L-histidine, glycine, cephalothin, p-aminohippurate or N-methylnicotinamide. In contrast, cefadroxil permeability was significantly reduced by glycylproline, glycylsarcosine, or cephalexin. Finally, PepT1 ablation resulted in 23-fold reductions in peak plasma concentrations and 14-fold reductions in systemic exposure of cefadroxil after oral dosing. CONCLUSIONS The findings are definitive in demonstrating that PepT1 is the major transporter responsible for the small intestinal permeability of cefadroxil as well as its enhanced oral drug performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Posada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5633, USA
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Bjornsson TD, Callaghan JT, Einolf HJ, Fischer V, Gan L, Grimm S, Kao J, King SP, Miwa G, Ni L, Kumar G, McLeod J, Obach SR, Roberts S, Roe A, Shah A, Snikeris F, Sullivan JT, Tweedie D, Vega JM, Walsh J, Wrighton SA. The Conduct of In Vitro and In Vivo Drug-Drug Interaction Studies: A PhRMA Perspective. J Clin Pharmacol 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270003252519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Krylov IS, Kashemirov BA, Hilfinger JM, McKenna CE. Evolution of an amino acid based prodrug approach: stay tuned. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:445-58. [PMID: 23339402 PMCID: PMC3788118 DOI: 10.1021/mp300663j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Certain acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) such as (S)-HPMPC (cidofovir, Vistide) and (S)-HPMPA have been shown to be active against a broad spectrum of DNA and retroviruses. However, their poor absorption as well as their toxicity limit the utilization of these therapeutics in the clinic. Nucleoside phosphonates are poorly absorbed primarily due to the presence of the phosphonic acid group, which ionizes at physiological pH. When dosed intravenously they display dose-limiting nephrotoxicity due to their accumulation in the kidney. To overcome these limitations, nucleoside phosphonate prodrug strategies have taken center stage in the development pathway and a number of different approaches are at various stages of development. Our efforts have focused on the development of ANP prodrugs in which a benign amino acid promoiety masks a phosphonate P-OH via a hydroxyl side chain. The design of these prodrugs incorporates multiple chemical groups (the P-X-C linkage, the amino acid stereochemistry, the C-terminal and N-terminal functional groups) that can be tuned to modify absorption, pharmacokinetic and efficacy properties with the goal of improving overall prodrug performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744 USA
| | - Boris A. Kashemirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744 USA
| | | | - Charles E. McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744 USA
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Saaby L, Nielsen C, Steffansen B, Larsen S, Brodin B. Current status of rational design of prodrugs targeting the intestinal di/tri-peptide transporter hPEPT1 (SLC15A1). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(13)50047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zaki NM, Hafez MM. Enhanced antibacterial effect of ceftriaxone sodium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against intracellular Salmonella typhimurium. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:411-21. [PMID: 22359159 PMCID: PMC3364366 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to utilize chitosan (CS) nanoparticles for the intracellular delivery of the poorly cell-penetrating antibiotic, ceftriaxone sodium (CTX). In vitro characterization of (CTX-CS) nanoparticles was conducted leading to an optimized formula that was assessed for its biocompatibility to blood (hemolysis test) and cells (MTT assay). Progressively, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), cellular uptake (microfluorimetry), and antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles were investigated in two cell lines: Caco-2 and macrophages J774.2 pre-infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Results showed that the optimized formula had size 210 nm, positive zeta potential (+30 mV) and appreciable entrapment efficiency for CTX (45%) and included a biphasic release pattern. The nanoparticles were biocompatible and were internalized by cells as verified by CLSM whereas microfluorimetry indicated substantial cellular uptake. Moreover, the CTX-chitosan nanoparticles showed a significant reduction in the count of intracellular S. typhimurium in Caco-2 and macrophages J774.2. This reduction was significantly higher than that obtained in case of placebo nanoparticles, CTX, and CTX-chitosan solutions and might be attributed to enhanced endocytic uptake of the nanoaprticles and antibacterial effect of the chitosan polymer. In conclusion, the results provide evidence for the potential use of chitosan nanoparticles to enhance the intracellular delivery and antibacterial effect of CTX in enterocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Zaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Smith A, Henriksen B, Cohen A. Pharmacokinetic considerations in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2012; 68:2241-7. [PMID: 22095812 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pharmacokinetic considerations in patients who have undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are explored. SUMMARY The prevalence of obesity, especially morbid obesity, has dramatically increased in recent years. In response, the number of bariatric surgeries performed has risen sharply, as this surgery is the technique demonstrated as being the most effective for sustained treatment of morbid obesity. RYGB, the most popular technique in the United States, combines the principle of restriction (dramatically decreasing stomach size) with malabsorption (bypassing the entire duodenum). It stands to reason that a decrease in gastric and intestinal absorptive surface area may considerably affect oral bioavailability of some drugs. Drugs that require a more acidic environment for absorption, uncoating, or activation and drugs that rely on intestinal transporters located in the duodenum for proper absorption would be most affected. Practitioners looking for guidance in tailoring pharmacotherapy to the RYGB patient will find little help in the primary literature at this time. Until more pharmacokinetic studies are available, practitioners may apply and log P of individual the principles of pK(a) drugs in the attempt to predict the potential impact of the RYGB on a drug's absorption. Likewise, if a drug relies on certain transporters located with highest frequency in the duodenum, alternative therapies can be selected that do not rely on such transport mechanisms for absorption. CONCLUSION The pK(a), log P, and intestinal transport mechanisms should be considered when determining which drugs may have altered pharmacokinetics in patients who have undergone RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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Guo X, Meng Q, Liu Q, Wang C, Mao Q, Sun H, Peng J, Kaku T, Liu K. Peptide cotransporter 1 in intestine and organic anion transporters in kidney are targets of interaction between JBP485 and lisinopril in rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 27:232-41. [PMID: 22123131 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the pharmacokinetic mechanism of interaction between JBP485 (cyclo-trans-4-L-hydroxyprolyl-L-serine, a dipeptide with antihepatitis activity) and lisinopril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) in vitro and in vivo. When JBP485 and lisinopril were administered orally simultaneously, the plasma concentrations of the two drugs were decreased significantly, but few changes were observed after simultaneous intravenous administration of the two drugs. The uptake of JBP485 and lisinopril in everted intestinal sacs and in HeLa cells transfected with human peptide cotransporter 1 (PEPT1), as well as absorption of JBP485 and lisinopril after jejunal perfusion were reduced after simultaneous drug administration, which suggested that the first target of drug interaction was PEPT1 in the intestine during the absorption process. The cumulative urinary excretions and renal clearance of the two drugs were decreased after intravenous co-administration, while uptakes of the two drugs in kidney slices and hOAT1/hOAT3-transfected HEK293 cells were decreased. These results indicated that the second target of drug-drug interaction was located in the kidney. These findings confirmed that the pharmacokinetic mechanism of interaction between JBP485 and lisinopril could be explained by their inhibition of the same transporters in the intestinal mucosa (PEPT1) and kidneys (OATs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjin Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Dalmasso G, Nguyen HTT, Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, Laroui H, Charania MA, Yan Y, Sitaraman SV, Merlin D. The PepT1-NOD2 signaling pathway aggravates induced colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1334-45. [PMID: 21762661 PMCID: PMC3186842 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The human di/tripeptide transporter human intestinal H-coupled oligonucleotide transporter (hPepT1) is abnormally expressed in colons of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, although its exact role in pathogenesis is unclear. We investigated the contribution of PepT1 to intestinal inflammation in mouse models of colitis and the involvement of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) signaling pathway in the pathogenic activity of colonic epithelial hPepT1. METHODS Transgenic mice were generated in which hPepT1 expression was regulated by the β-actin or villin promoters; colitis was induced using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) or dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and the inflammatory responses were assessed. The effects of NOD2 deletion in the hPepT1 transgenic mice also was studied to determine the involvement of the PepT1-NOD2 signaling pathway. RESULTS TNBS and DSS induced more severe levels of inflammation in β-actin-hPepT1 transgenic mice than wild-type littermates. Intestinal epithelial cell-specific hPepT1 overexpression in villin-hPepT1 transgenic mice increased the severity of inflammation induced by DSS, but not TNBS. Bone marrow transplantation studies showed that hPepT1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells has an important role in the proinflammatory response. Antibiotics abolished the effect of hPepT1 overexpression on the inflammatory response in DSS-induced colitis in β-actin-hPepT1 and villin-hPepT1 transgenic mice, indicating that commensal bacteria are required to aggravate intestinal inflammation. Nod2-/-, β-actin-hPepT1 transgenic/Nod2-/-, and villin-hPepT1 transgenic/Nod2-/- littermates had similar levels of susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis, indicating that hPepT1 overexpression increased intestinal inflammation in a NOD2-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The PepT1-NOD2 signaling pathway is involved in aggravation of DSS-induced colitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dalmasso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah A. Ingersoll
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Saravanan Ayyadurai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hamed Laroui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Moiz A Charania
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yutao Yan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shanthi V Sitaraman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Didier Merlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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