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Xie RP, Liang XF, Peng D, Zhang QW, Wu DL, Chen JL, Zeng M. Dietary supplementation of pyridoxine can enhance the growth performance and improve the protein, lipid utilization efficiency of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1063-1078. [PMID: 37542702 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of pyridoxine supplementation in the mandarin fish diet on growth performance, protein and lipid metabolism, and liver and intestinal histology. Mandarin fish were fed six diets with different levels of pyridoxine (2.67 mg/kg (control), 4.41 mg/kg, 6.57 mg/kg, 10.25 mg/kg, 17.93 mg/kg, 33.12 mg/kg diet) for 8 weeks, and samples were collected for analysis. The findings demonstrated that feeding mandarin fish a diet with 6.57 mg/kg pyridoxine led to a significant increase in weight gain rate (WGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), whole-body crude protein, whole-body crude lipid, serum protein, cholesterol (CHO), triacylglycerol (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as significantly lower serum glucose (GLU) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we found a significant upregulation of the relative expression of genes associated with hepatic lipid oxidation and synthesis (hl, lpl, pparα, cpt1, cs, srebp1, and fas) and proteolysis (ast, alt, and gdh) in fish fed a diet containing 6.57 mg/kg pyridoxine (P < 0.05). Regarding the histological analysis, we observed a notable decrease in the quantity of intestinal mucus-secreting cells when the fish fed a diet containing 10.25 mg/kg pyridoxine (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that dietary pyridoxine supplementation promotes mandarin fish growth by improving the efficiency of protein and lipid utilization. Additionally, we used a broken-line regression analysis to estimate the optimal dietary pyridoxine requirement for mandarin fish in the range of 6.17-6.41 mg/kg based on WGR, FCR, and PER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Peng Xie
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Di Peng
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qi-Wei Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dong-Liang Wu
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jun-Liang Chen
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Miyazaki K, Sasaki A, Mizuuchi H. Advances in the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Absorption Considering the Mucus Layer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2714. [PMID: 38140055 PMCID: PMC10747107 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the increasing sophistication of formulation technology and the increasing polymerization of compounds directed toward undruggable drug targets, the influence of the mucus layer on gastrointestinal drug absorption has received renewed attention. Therefore, understanding the complex structure of the mucus layer containing highly glycosylated glycoprotein mucins, lipids bound to the mucins, and water held by glycans interacting with each other is critical. Recent advances in cell culture and engineering techniques have led to the development of evaluation systems that closely mimic the ecological environment and have been applied to the evaluation of gastrointestinal drug absorption while considering the mucus layer. This review provides a better understanding of the mucus layer components and the gastrointestinal tract's biological defense barrier, selects an assessment system for drug absorption in the mucus layer based on evaluation objectives, and discusses the overview and features of each assessment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Miyazaki
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan; (A.S.); (H.M.)
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Binte Abu Bakar SY, Salim M, Clulow AJ, Seibt S, Landersdorfer CB, Geddes DT, Nicholas KR, Boyd BJ. Construction of a Synthetic Colostrum Substitute and Its Protection of Intestinal Cells against Inflammation in an In Vitro Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37480336 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Colostrum provides bioactive components that are essential for the colonization of microbiota in the infant gut, while preventing infectious diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis. As colostrum is not always available from the mother, particularly for premature infants, effective and safe substitutes are keenly sought after by neonatologists. The benefits of bioactive factors in colostrum are recognized; however, there have been no accounts of human colostrum being studied during digestion of the lipid components or their self-assembly in gastrointestinal environments. Due to the weaker bile pool in infants than adults, evaluating the lipid composition of human colostrum and linking it to structural self-assembly behavior is important in these settings and thus enabling the formulation of substitutes for colostrum. This study is aimed at the rational design of an appropriate lipid component for a colostrum substitute and determining the ability of this formulation to reduce inflammation in intestinal cells. Gas chromatography was utilized to map lipid composition. The self-assembly of lipid components occurring during digestion of colostrum was monitored using small-angle X-ray scattering for comparison with substitute mixtures containing pure triglyceride lipids based on their abundance in colostrum. The digestion profiles of human colostrum and the substitute mixtures were similar. Subtle differences in lipid self-assembly were evident, with the substitute mixtures exhibiting additional non-lamellar phases, which were not seen for human colostrum. The difference is attributable to the distribution of free fatty acids released during digestion. The biological markers of necrotizing enterocolitis were modulated in cells that were treated with bifidobacteria cultured on colostrum substitute mixtures, compared to those treated with infant formula. These findings provide an insight into a colostrum substitute mixture that resembles human colostrum in terms of composition and structural behavior during digestion and potentially reduces some of the characteristics associated with necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syaza Y Binte Abu Bakar
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Susanne Seibt
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Cornelia B Landersdorfer
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, M310, 25 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Kevin R Nicholas
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Singh V, Garg A, Dewangan HK. Recent Advances in Drug Design and Delivery Across Biological Barriers using Computational Models. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819999220204110306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
The systemic delivery of pharmacological substances generally exhibits several significant limitations associated with the bio-distribution of active drugs in the body. As per consequence, human body’s defense mechanisms become impediments to drug delivery. Various technologies to overcome these limitations have been evolved including computational approaches and advanced drug delivery. As the body of human has evolved to defend itself from hostile biological as well as chemical invaders, along with that these biological barriers such as ocular barriers, blood-brain barriers, intestinal and skin barriers also limit the passage of drugs across desired sites. Therefore, efficient delivery remains an utmost challenge for researchers and scientists. The present review focuses on the techniques to deliver the drugs with efficient therapeutic efficacy at the targeted sites. This review article considered the insights into main biological barriers along with the application of computational or numerical methods dealing with different barriers by determining the drug flow, temperature and various other parameters. It also summarizes the advanced implantable drug delivery system to circumvent the inherent resistance showed by these biological barriers and in turn to improve the drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanshita Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura, NH-2 Delhi Mathura Road, PO-Chaumuhan, Mathura, UttarPradesh, India 281406
| | - Akash Garg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura, NH-2 Delhi Mathura Road, PO-Chaumuhan, Mathura, UttarPradesh, India 281406
| | - Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences (UIPS), Chandigarh University NH-95, Chandigarh Ludhiyana Highway, Mohali Punjab, India
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Metry M, Polli JE. Evaluation of Excipient Risk in BCS Class I and III Biowaivers. AAPS J 2022; 24:20. [PMID: 34988701 PMCID: PMC8817461 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review article is to summarize literature data pertinent to potential excipient effects on intestinal drug permeability and transit. Despite the use of excipients in drug products for decades, considerable research efforts have been directed towards evaluating their potential effects on drug bioavailability. Potential excipient concerns stem from drug formulation changes (e.g., scale-up and post-approval changes, development of a new generic product). Regulatory agencies have established in vivo bioequivalence standards and, as a result, may waive the in vivo requirement, known as a biowaiver, for some oral products. Biowaiver acceptance criteria are based on the in vitro characterization of the drug substance and drug product using the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Various regulatory guidance documents have been issued regarding BCS-based biowaivers, such that the current FDA guidance is more restrictive than prior guidance, specifically about excipient risk. In particular, sugar alcohols have been identified as potential absorption-modifying excipients. These biowaivers and excipient risks are discussed here. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Metry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Arai M, Komori H, Fujita D, Tamai I. Uptake Pathway of Apple-derived Nanoparticle by Intestinal Cells to Deliver its Cargo. Pharm Res 2021; 38:523-530. [PMID: 33723795 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Food-derived nanoparticles exert cytoprotective effects on intestinal cells by delivering their cargo, which includes macromolecules such as microRNAs and proteins, as well as low-molecular weight compounds. We previously reported that apple-derived nanoparticles (APNPs) downregulate the expression of human intestinal transporter OATP2B1/SLCO2B1 mRNA. To verify the involvement of the cargo of APNPs in affecting the expression of transporters, we characterized the uptake mechanism of APNPs in intestinal cells. METHODS The uptake of fluorescent PKH26-labeled APNPs (PKH-APNPs) into Caco-2, LS180, and HT-29MTX cells was evaluated by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS The uptake of PKH-APNPs was prevented in the presence of clathrin-dependent endocytosis inhibitors, chlorpromazine and Pitstop2. Furthermore, PKH-APNPs were incorporated by the HT29-MTX cells, despite the disturbance of the mucus layer. Additionally, the decrease in SLCO2B1 mRNA by APNPs was reversed by Pitstop 2 in Caco-2 cells, indicating that APNPs decrease SLCO2B1 by being incorporated via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that clathrin-dependent endocytosis was mainly involved in the uptake of APNPs by intestinal cells, and that the cargo in the APNPs downregulate the mRNA expression of SLCO2B1. Therefore, APNPs could be a useful tool to deliver large molecules such as microRNAs to intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Arai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Komori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Daichi Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Drug Disposition in the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Targeting and Monitoring. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020161. [PMID: 33530468 PMCID: PMC7912393 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of colonic diseases calls for a better understanding of the various colonic drug absorption barriers of colon-targeted formulations, and for reliable in vitro tools that accurately predict local drug disposition. In vivo relevant incubation conditions have been shown to better capture the composition of the limited colonic fluid and have resulted in relevant degradation and dissolution kinetics of drugs and formulations. Furthermore, drug hurdles such as efflux transporters and metabolising enzymes, and the presence of mucus and microbiome are slowly integrated into drug stability- and permeation assays. Traditionally, the well characterized Caco-2 cell line and the Ussing chamber technique are used to assess the absorption characteristics of small drug molecules. Recently, various stem cell-derived intestinal systems have emerged, closely mimicking epithelial physiology. Models that can assess microbiome-mediated drug metabolism or enable coculturing of gut microbiome with epithelial cells are also increasingly explored. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the colonic physiology in relation to drug absorption, and review colon-targeting formulation strategies and in vitro tools to characterize colonic drug disposition.
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Javanmardi S, Rezaei Tavabe K, Rosentrater KA, Solgi M, Bahadori R. Effects of different levels of vitamin B 6 in tank water on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, intestine and liver histology, and intestinal enzyme activity. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1909-1920. [PMID: 32592129 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00840-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
According to the importance of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) as a water-soluble vitamin on the physiological conditions of aquatic animals, the present study aimed to investigate effects of different concentrations of this vitamin in recycle system culture water on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Treatments including 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg L-1 vitamin B6 were adjusted in triplicate recirculating systems. Each of the experimental tanks (100 L) was stocked 15 fingerling Nile tilapia during 60-day experimental period. According to the findings, weight gain in treatments of 30 and 40 mg L-1 pyridoxine was significantly higher than the other treatments while blood cortisol hormone in the treatment of 40 mg L-1 was significantly highest among the treatments. In addition, mid-intestine trypsin activity in the treatment of 40 mg L-1 was significantly higher than the other treatments. The histological analysis of the intestine showed that the number of mucus-secreting cells significantly decreased in treatments of 30 and 40 mg L-1. Our findings here suggest that pyridoxine can possibly be absorbed by the Nile tilapia's body through culture water and it seems 20-30 mg L-1 pyridoxine in the culture water is the optimal concentration for the Nile tilapia juveniles in recycle system culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Javanmardi
- Fisheries Department, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Kamran Rezaei Tavabe
- Fisheries Department, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Kurt A Rosentrater
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, 3327 Elings Hall, Ames, IA, 50011-3270, USA
| | - Masoomeh Solgi
- Fisheries Department, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rana Bahadori
- Fisheries Department, Natural Resources Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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Matsson P, Baranczewski P, Giacomini KM, Andersson TB, Palm J, Palm K, Charman WN, Bergström CAS. A Tribute to Professor Per Artursson - Scientist, Explorer, Mentor, Innovator, and Giant in Pharmaceutical Research. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:2-11. [PMID: 33096136 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This issue of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences is dedicated to Professor Per Artursson and the groundbreaking contributions he has made and continues to make in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Per is one of the most cited researchers in his field, with more than 30,000 citations and an h-index of 95 as of September 2020. Importantly, these citations are distributed over the numerous fields he has explored, clearly showing the high impact the research has had on the discipline. We provide a short portrait of Per, with emphasis on his personality, driving forces and the inspirational sources that shaped his career as a world-leading scientist in the field. He is a curious scientist who deftly moves between disciplines and has continued to innovate, expand boundaries, and profoundly impact the pharmaceutical sciences throughout his career. He has developed new tools and provided insights that have significantly contributed to today's molecular and mechanistic approaches to research in the fields of intestinal absorption, cellular disposition, and exposure-efficacy relationships of pharmaceutical drugs. We want to celebrate these important contributions in this special issue of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Per's honor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pawel Baranczewski
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (Retired)
| | - Johan Palm
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katrin Palm
- Early Product Development and Manufacture, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - William N Charman
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville campus), Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Brayden DJ. Per Artursson's Major Contributions to the Caco-2 Cell Literature in Pharmaceutical Sciences. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:12-16. [PMID: 32860800 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This edition of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences is dedicated to the wonderful career of Per Artursson from the Uppsala University. My Commentary focusses on Per's major contributions to the Caco-2 cell literature over the past 30 years. Two especially influential papers have been cited more than 1000 times out of a total citation count of almost 30,000 and a h-index of 93 (Google Scholar), making Per one of the most cited and influential Pharmaceutical scientists of his generation. The Caco-2 field to which Per contributed so many advances has informed the community on key areas including predictive drug fluxes across the intestine, metabolism by intestinal epithelia, the role of transporters during flux, enantiomer-selective flux, excipient interaction with tight junctions, and nanoparticle uptake by enterocytes. In this pioneering work, Per has been careful to emphasise that Caco-2 monolayers have limitations and are a model of the human small intestine where observations must be backed up with in vitro tissue and in vivo work. Throughout, he has paid great attention to detail in methodology, as reflected by co-authorship of two Nature Protocols on Caco-2 assays. The article briefly assesses some of the most important milestones in Per's published Caco-2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Schoultz I, Keita ÅV. The Intestinal Barrier and Current Techniques for the Assessment of Gut Permeability. Cells 2020; 9:E1909. [PMID: 32824536 PMCID: PMC7463717 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is essential in human health and constitutes the interface between the outside and the internal milieu of the body. A functional intestinal barrier allows absorption of nutrients and fluids but simultaneously prevents harmful substances like toxins and bacteria from crossing the intestinal epithelium and reaching the body. An altered intestinal permeability, a sign of a perturbed barrier function, has during the last decade been associated with several chronic conditions, including diseases originating in the gastrointestinal tract but also diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. This has led to an intensified interest from researchers with diverse backgrounds to perform functional studies of the intestinal barrier in different conditions. Intestinal permeability is defined as the passage of a solute through a simple membrane and can be measured by recording the passage of permeability markers over the epithelium via the paracellular or the transcellular route. The methodological tools to investigate the gut barrier function are rapidly expanding and new methodological approaches are being developed. Here we outline and discuss, in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo techniques and how these methods can be utilized for thorough investigation of the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Schoultz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 703 62 Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Åsa V. Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Limage R, Tako E, Kolba N, Guo Z, García-Rodríguez A, Marques CNH, Mahler GJ. TiO 2 Nanoparticles and Commensal Bacteria Alter Mucus Layer Thickness and Composition in a Gastrointestinal Tract Model. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000601. [PMID: 32338455 PMCID: PMC7282385 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are used in food packaging and processing and have become an integral part of many commonly ingested products. There are few studies that have focused on the interaction between ingested NPs, gut function, the mucus layer, and the gut microbiota. In this work, an in vitro model of gastrointestinal (GI) tract is used to determine whether, and how, the mucus layer is affected by the presence of Gram-positive, commensal Lactobacillus rhamnosus; Gram-negative, opportunistic Escherichia coli; and/or exposure to physiologically relevant doses of pristine or digested TiO2 NPs. Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 cell monolayers are exposed to physiological concentrations of bacteria (expressing fluorescent proteins) and/or TiO2 nanoparticles for a period of 4 h. To determine mucus thickness and composition, cell monolayers are stained with alcian blue, periodic acid schiff, or an Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate of wheat germ agglutinin. It is found that the presence of both bacteria and nanoparticles alter the thickness and composition of the mucus layer. Changes in the distribution or pattern of mucins can be indicative of pathological conditions, and this model provides a platform for understanding how bacteria and/or NPs may interact with and alter the mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elad Tako
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nikolai Kolba
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Alba García-Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Cláudia N H Marques
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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Mitsou E, Dupin A, Sassi AH, Monteil J, Sotiroudis GT, Leal-Calderon F, Xenakis A. Hydroxytyrosol encapsulated in biocompatible water-in-oil microemulsions: How the structure affects in vitro absorption. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110482. [PMID: 31539752 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, the incorporation of natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical formulations has gained attention, delaying or preventing oxidation phenomena in the final products. In order to take full advantage of their properties, protection in special microenvironments is of great importance. The unique features of the natural phenolic compound hydroxytyrosol (HT) - including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and cardioprotective properties - have been studied to clarify its mechanism of action. In the present study novel biocompatible water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions were developed as hosts for HT and subsequently examined for their absorption profile following their oral uptake. The absorption of HT in solution was compared with the encapsulated one in vitro, using a coculture model (Caco-2/TC7 and HT29-MTX cell lines). The systems were structurally characterized by means of Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) techniques. The diameter of the micelles remained unaltered after the incorporation of 678 ppm of HT but the interfacial properties were slightly affected, indicating the involvement of the HT molecules in the surfactant monolayer. EPR was used towards a lipophilic stable free radial, namely galvinoxyl, indicating a high scavenging activity of the systems and encapsulated HT. Finally, after the biocompatibility study of the microemulsions the intestinal absorption of the encapsulated HT was compared with its aqueous solution in vitro. The higher the surfactants' concentration in the system the lower the HT concentration that penetrated the constructed epithelium, indicating the involvement of the amphiphiles in the antioxidant's absorption and its entrapment in the mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Mitsou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Adeline Dupin
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Abdessattar Hadj Sassi
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Julien Monteil
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - George T Sotiroudis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Fernando Leal-Calderon
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece.
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14
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Prantil-Baun R, Novak R, Das D, Somayaji MR, Przekwas A, Ingber DE. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis Enabled by Microfluidically Linked Organs-on-Chips. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 58:37-64. [PMID: 29309256 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation approaches are beginning to be integrated into drug development and approval processes because they enable key pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters to be predicted from in vitro data. However, these approaches are hampered by many limitations, including an inability to incorporate organ-specific differentials in drug clearance, distribution, and absorption that result from differences in cell uptake, transport, and metabolism. Moreover, such approaches are generally unable to provide insight into pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters. Recent development of microfluidic Organ-on-a-Chip (Organ Chip) cell culture devices that recapitulate tissue-tissue interfaces, vascular perfusion, and organ-level functionality offer the ability to overcome these limitations when multiple Organ Chips are linked via their endothelium-lined vascular channels. Here, we discuss successes and challenges in the use of existing culture models and vascularized Organ Chips for PBPK and PD modeling of human drug responses, as well as in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of these results, and how these approaches might advance drug development and regulatory review processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Prantil-Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Debarun Das
- CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | | | | | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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15
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Caldorera-Moore M, Vela Ramirez JE, Peppas NA. Transport and delivery of interferon-α through epithelial tight junctions via pH-responsive poly(methacrylic acid-grafted-ethylene glycol) nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2019; 27:582-589. [PMID: 30457357 PMCID: PMC6522304 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1547732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Whereas significant advancements have been made in our fundamental understanding of cancer, they have not yet translated into effective clinical cancer treatments. One of the areas that has the potential to improve the efficacy of cancer therapies is the development of novel drug delivery technologies. In particular, the design of pH-sensitive polymeric complexation hydrogels may allow for targeted oral delivery of a wide variety of chemotherapeutic drugs and proteins. In this work, poly(methacrylic acid-grafted-ethylene glycol) hydrogel nanoparticles were synthesised, characterised, and studied as matrix-type, diffusion-controlled, pH-responsive carriers to enable the oral delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent interferon alpha (IFN-α). The biophysical mechanisms controlling the transport of IFN-α were investigated using a Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture as a gastrointestinal (GI) tract model. The synthesised nanoparticles exhibited pH-responsive swelling behaviour and allowed the permeation of IFN-α through the tight junctions of the developed cellular GI epithelium model. These studies demonstrate the capabilities of these particles to contribute to the improved oral delivery of protein chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Caldorera-Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Julia E. Vela Ramirez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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16
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Freedman JC, Navarro MA, Morrell E, Beingesser J, Shrestha A, McClane BA, Uzal FA. Evidence that Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin-Induced Intestinal Damage and Enterotoxemic Death in Mice Can Occur Independently of Intestinal Caspase-3 Activation. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00931-17. [PMID: 29685988 PMCID: PMC6013662 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00931-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is responsible for the gastrointestinal symptoms of C. perfringens type A food poisoning and some cases of nonfoodborne gastrointestinal diseases, such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea. In the presence of certain predisposing medical conditions, this toxin can also be absorbed from the intestines to cause enterotoxemic death. CPE action in vivo involves intestinal damage, which begins at the villus tips. The cause of this CPE-induced intestinal damage is unknown, but CPE can induce caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in cultured enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. Therefore, the current study evaluated whether CPE activates caspase-3 in the intestines and, if so, whether this effect is required for the development of intestinal tissue damage or enterotoxemic lethality. Using a mouse ligated small intestinal loop model, CPE was shown to cause intestinal caspase-3 activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Most of this caspase-3 activation occurred in epithelial cells shed from villus tips. However, CPE-induced caspase-3 activation occurred after the onset of tissue damage. Furthermore, inhibition of intestinal caspase-3 activity did not affect the onset of intestinal tissue damage. Similarly, inhibition of intestinal caspase-3 activity did not reduce CPE-induced enterotoxemic lethality in these mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that caspase-3 activation occurs in the CPE-treated intestine but that this effect is not necessary for the development of CPE-induced intestinal tissue damage or enterotoxemic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Freedman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Eleonora Morrell
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Juliann Beingesser
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Archana Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce A McClane
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, California, USA
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17
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Morphofunctional properties of a differentiated Caco2/HT-29 co-culture as an in vitro model of human intestinal epithelium. Biosci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540534 PMCID: PMC5920134 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An intestinal 70/30 Caco2/HT-29 co-culture was set up starting from the parental populations of differentiated cells to mimic the human intestinal epithelium. Co-culture was harvested at confluence 0 (T0) and at 3, 6, 10, and 14 days post confluence after plating (T3, T6, T10, and T14, respectively) for morphological and functional analysis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed different features from T0 to T14: microvilli and a complete junctional apparatus from T6, mucus granules from T3, as also confirmed by PAS/Alcian Blue staining. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aminopeptidase N (APN), and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) progressively increased after T0, indicating the acquirement of a differentiated and digestive phenotype. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), indicative of the barrier properties of the monolayer, increased from T0 up to T6 reaching values very similar to the human small intestine. The apparent permeability coefficient for Lucifer Yellow (LY), along with morphological analysis, reveals a good status of the tight junctions. At T14, HT-29 cells reduced to 18.4% and formed domes, indicative of transepithelial transport of nutrients. This Caco2/HT-29 co-culture could be considered a versatile and suitable in vitro model of human intestinal epithelium for the presence of more than one prevalent intestinal cell type, by means of a minimum of 6 to a maximum of 14 post-confluence days obtained without the need of particular inducers of subclones and growth support to reach an intestinal differentiated phenotype.
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18
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Lechanteur A, das Neves J, Sarmento B. The role of mucus in cell-based models used to screen mucosal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:50-63. [PMID: 28751201 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest in developing tools to predict drug absorption through mucosal surfaces is fostering the establishment of epithelial cell-based models. Cell-based in vitro techniques for drug permeability assessment are less laborious, cheaper and address the concerns of using laboratory animals. Simultaneously, in vitro barrier models that thoroughly simulate human epithelia or mucosae may provide useful data to speed up the entrance of new drugs and new drug products into the clinics. Nevertheless, standard cell-based in vitro models that intend to reproduce epithelial surfaces often discard the role of mucus in influencing drug permeation/absorption. Biomimetic models of mucosae in which mucus production has been considered may not be able to fully reproduce the amount and architecture of mucus, resulting in biased characterization of permeability/absorption. In these cases, artificial mucus may be used to supplement cell-based models but still proper identification and quantification are required. In this review, considerations regarding the relevance of mucus in the development of cell-based epithelial and mucosal models mimicking the gastro-intestinal tract, the cervico-vaginal tract and the respiratory tract, and the impact of mucus on the permeability mechanisms are addressed. From simple epithelial monolayers to more complex 3D structures, the impact of the presence of mucus for the extrapolation to the in vivo scenario is critically analyzed. Finally, an overview is provided on several techniques and methods to characterize the mucus layer over cell-based barriers, in order to intimately reproduce human mucosal layer and thereby, improve in vitro/in vivo correlation.
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19
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Epithelia transmembrane transport of orally administered ultrafine drug particles evidenced by environment sensitive fluorophores in cellular and animal studies. J Control Release 2017; 270:65-75. [PMID: 29196044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the in vivo fate of drug particles taken orally, in particular, the drug release kinetics and interaction with the gastrointestinal (GI) membrane. Lacking is analytical means that can reliably identify the integrity of drug particles under the complexity of biological environment. Herein, we explored fluorescent probes whose signals become quenched upon being released from drug carriers. Taking advantage of so-called the aggregation caused quenching (ACQ), particles may be identified by the integrated fluorophores, which are "turned off" when the particles become destructed and dyes are released. In the current study, ultrafine amorphous particles (UAPs) of cyclosporin A (CsA) were prepared with synthesized ACQ dyes physically entrapped. The fluorescence intensity of suspension of these UAPs was found correlated well with the dissolution of the particles. When given to rats orally, it was found that some of the administered UAPs could survive the animal's GI tracts for as long as 18h. Whole-body fluorescence imaging detected fluorescent signals in the liver and lungs. Particularly noticed in sections of jejunum and ileum, the detection suggested the possibility of direct absorption of UAPs through epithelial membranes. Moreover, 250nm particles were absorbed faster via transepithelia than larger ones (550nm), while the latter were preferably taken up by M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) region of Peyer's patches. In vitro permeation studies with Caco-2 cells confirmed the transmembrane transport of the dye-integrated UAPs. Our study supports the idea of using ACQ fluorophores for imaging and characterizing the fate of intact particles in a biological environment.
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20
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Lundquist P, Artursson P. Oral absorption of peptides and nanoparticles across the human intestine: Opportunities, limitations and studies in human tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:256-276. [PMID: 27496705 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we review the molecular and physiological barriers to oral delivery of peptides and nanoparticles. We discuss the opportunities and predictivity of various in vitro systems with special emphasis on human intestine in Ussing chambers. First, the molecular constraints to peptide absorption are discussed. Then the physiological barriers to peptide delivery are examined. These include the gastric and intestinal environment, the mucus barrier, tight junctions between epithelial cells, the enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium, and the subepithelial tissue. Recent data from human proteome studies are used to provide information about the protein expression profiles of the different physiological barriers to peptide and nanoparticle absorption. Strategies that have been employed to increase peptide absorption across each of the barriers are discussed. Special consideration is given to attempts at utilizing endogenous transcytotic pathways. To reliably translate in vitro data on peptide or nanoparticle permeability to the in vivo situation in a human subject, the in vitro experimental system needs to realistically capture the central aspects of the mentioned barriers. Therefore, characteristics of common in vitro cell culture systems are discussed and compared to those of human intestinal tissues. Attempts to use the cell and tissue models for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lundquist
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - P Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
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21
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Transport of wheat gluten exorphins A5 and C5 through an in vitro model of intestinal epithelium. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Zeller P, Legendre A, Jacques S, Fleury MJ, Gilard F, Tcherkez G, Leclerc E. Hepatocytes cocultured with Sertoli cells in bioreactor favors Sertoli barrier tightness in rat. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:287-295. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Zeller
- Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Centre de recherche Royallieu; Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, UMR 7338; Compiègne cedex France
- INSERM U1193, Physiopathogénèse et Traitement des Maladies du Foie; Hôpital Paul Brousse, bâtiment Lavoisier; Villejuif Cedex France
| | - A. Legendre
- Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Centre de recherche Royallieu; Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, UMR 7338; Compiègne cedex France
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)PRP-HOM, SRBE, LRTOX; Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex France
| | - S. Jacques
- INSERM U1016, Plate-forme génomique; institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain; Paris France
| | - M. J. Fleury
- Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Centre de recherche Royallieu; Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, UMR 7338; Compiègne cedex France
| | - F. Gilard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA; Saclay Plant Sciences; Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité; France
| | - G. Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - E. Leclerc
- Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Centre de recherche Royallieu; Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, UMR 7338; Compiègne cedex France
- CNRS-LIMMS-UMI 2820; Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo; Meguro ku Japan
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23
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Tanabe T, Rubin BK. Airway Goblet Cells Secrete Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, Chemokines, and Growth Factors. Chest 2016; 149:714-20. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.15-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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24
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Abstract
The brush border on the apical surface of enterocytes is a highly specialized structure well-adapted for efficient digestion and nutrient transport, whilst at the same time providing a protective barrier for the intestinal mucosa. The brush border is constituted of a densely ordered array of microvilli, protrusions of the plasma membrane, which are supported by actin-based microfilaments and interacting proteins and anchored in an apical network of actomyosin and intermediate filaments, the so-called terminal web. The highly dynamic, specialized apical domain is both an essential partner for the gut microbiota and an efficient signalling platform that enables adaptation to physiological stimuli from the external and internal milieu. Nevertheless, genetic alterations or various pathological stresses, such as infection, inflammation, and mechanical or nutritional alterations, can jeopardize this equilibrium and compromise intestinal functions. Long-time neglected, the intestinal brush-border shall be enlightening again as the central actor of the complex but essential intestinal homeostasis. Here, we review the processes and components involved in brush border organization and discuss pathological mechanisms that can induce brush border defects and their physiological consequences.
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25
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Adamczak MI, Hagesaether E, Smistad G, Hiorth M. An in vitro study of mucoadhesion and biocompatibility of polymer coated liposomes on HT29-MTX mucus-producing cells. Int J Pharm 2015; 498:225-33. [PMID: 26706437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the oral cavity poses a significant challenge due to the short residence time of the formulations at the site of action. From this point of view, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems with ability to adhere to the oral mucosa are advantageous as they could increase the effectiveness of the therapy. Positively, negatively and neutrally charged liposomes were coated with four different types of polymers: alginate, low-ester pectin, chitosan and hydrophobically modified ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose. The mucoadhesion was studied using a novel in vitro method allowing the liposomes to interact with a mucus-producing confluent HT29-MTX cell-line without applying any external force. MTT viability and paracellular permeability tests were conducted on the same cell-line. The alginate-coated liposomes achieved a high specific (genuine) mucin interaction, with a low potential of cell-irritation. The positively charged uncoated liposomes achieved the highest initial mucoadhesion, but also displayed a higher probability of cell-irritation. The chitosan-coated liposomes displayed the highest potential for long lasting mucoadhesion, but with the drawback of a higher general adhesion (tack) and a higher potential for irritating the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata I Adamczak
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ellen Hagesaether
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Pilestredet 50, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Smistad
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Hiorth
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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26
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Boegh M, Baldursdóttir SG, Müllertz A, Nielsen HM. Property profiling of biosimilar mucus in a novel mucus-containing in vitro model for assessment of intestinal drug absorption. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Bergström CA, Holm R, Jørgensen SA, Andersson SB, Artursson P, Beato S, Borde A, Box K, Brewster M, Dressman J, Feng KI, Halbert G, Kostewicz E, McAllister M, Muenster U, Thinnes J, Taylor R, Mullertz A. Early pharmaceutical profiling to predict oral drug absorption: Current status and unmet needs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:173-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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28
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Zhang Y, Du X, Zhang Y, Li G, Cai C, Xu J, Tang X. Thiolated Eudragit-based Nanoparticles for Oral Insulin Delivery: Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation Using Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:842-52. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
- Normal College; Shenyang University; Shenyang 110044 China
| | - Xuli Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Guofei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Cuifang Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Jinghua Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
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29
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Costello CM, Hongpeng J, Shaffiey S, Yu J, Jain NK, Hackam D, March JC. Synthetic small intestinal scaffolds for improved studies of intestinal differentiation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1222-32. [PMID: 24390638 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vitro intestinal models can provide new insights into small intestinal function, including cellular growth and proliferation mechanisms, drug absorption capabilities, and host-microbial interactions. These models are typically formed with cells cultured on 2D scaffolds or transwell inserts, but it is widely understood that epithelial cells cultured in 3D environments exhibit different phenotypes that are more reflective of native tissue. Our focus was to develop a porous, synthetic 3D tissue scaffold with villous features that could support the culture of epithelial cell types to mimic the natural microenvironment of the small intestine. We demonstrated that our scaffold could support the co-culture of Caco-2 cells with a mucus-producing cell line, HT29-MTX, as well as small intestinal crypts from mice for extended periods. By recreating the surface topography with accurately sized intestinal villi, we enable cellular differentiation along the villous axis in a similar manner to native intestines. In addition, we show that the biochemical microenvironments of the intestine can be further simulated via a combination of apical and basolateral feeding of intestinal cell types cultured on the 3D models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait M Costello
- Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Araújo F, Sarmento B. Towards the characterization of an in vitro triple co-culture intestine cell model for permeability studies. Int J Pharm 2013; 458:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hagesaether E, Christiansen E, Due-Hansen ME, Ulven T. Mucus can change the permeation rank order of drug candidates. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Navabi N, McGuckin MA, Lindén SK. Gastrointestinal cell lines form polarized epithelia with an adherent mucus layer when cultured in semi-wet interfaces with mechanical stimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68761. [PMID: 23869232 PMCID: PMC3712011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin glycoproteins are secreted in large quantities by mucosal epithelia and cell surface mucins are a prominent feature of the glycocalyx of all mucosal epithelia. Currently, studies investigating the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier use either animal experiments or non-in vivo like cell cultures. Many pathogens cause different pathology in mice compared to humans and the in vitro cell cultures used are suboptimal because they are very different from an in vivo mucosal surface, are often not polarized, lack important components of the glycocalyx, and often lack the mucus layer. Although gastrointestinal cell lines exist that produce mucins or polarize, human cell line models that reproducibly create the combination of a polarized epithelial cell layer, functional tight junctions and an adherent mucus layer have been missing until now. We trialed a range of treatments to induce polarization, 3D-organization, tight junctions, mucin production, mucus secretion, and formation of an adherent mucus layer that can be carried out using standard equipment. These treatments were tested on cell lines of intestinal (Caco-2, LS513, HT29, T84, LS174T, HT29 MTX-P8 and HT29 MTX-E12) and gastric (MKN7, MKN45, AGS, NCI-N87 and its hTERT Clone5 and Clone6) origins using Ussing chamber methodology and (immuno)histology. Semi-wet interface culture in combination with mechanical stimulation and DAPT caused HT29 MTX-P8, HT29 MTX-E12 and LS513 cells to polarize, form functional tight junctions, a three-dimensional architecture resembling colonic crypts, and produce an adherent mucus layer. Caco-2 and T84 cells also polarized, formed functional tight junctions and produced a thin adherent mucus layer after this treatment, but with less consistency. In conclusion, culture methods affect cell lines differently, and testing a matrix of methods vs. cell lines may be important to develop better in vitro models. The methods developed herein create in vitro mucosal surfaces suitable for studies of host-pathogen interactions at the mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Navabi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael A. McGuckin
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and the University of Queensland School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Intestinal transport of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in various models of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells. Toxicology 2013; 311:147-53. [PMID: 23793072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Food is the main pathway of exposure to mercury for most of the population. In food, mercury is generally present as inorganic mercury [Hg(II)] or methylmercury [MeHg]. Both chemical forms have some degree of toxicity, especially MeHg, which is considered a powerful neurotoxicant during development and is classified as a possible human carcinogen. Since the main exposure pathway is oral, gastrointestinal absorption is a decisive step in the process by which mercury reaches the systemic circulation. However, there are few studies that characterize this absorption process. The present work evaluates transport and cellular retention of Hg(II) and MeHg, using various models of the intestinal epithelium (Caco-2 monocultures and Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-cultures in various proportions). Additionally, a study was made of the influence of the mucus secreted by HT29-MTX cells and of substances normally present in the gastrointestinal tract (l-cysteine, bile salts and food components) on mercury transport and accumulation. The results show that incorporation of HT29-MTX reduces the permeability coefficient of Hg(II) and MeHg. This decrease coincides with an increase in cellular accumulation, since mercury is retained in the layer of mucus secreted by HT29-MTX cells [Hg(II): 40%; MeHg: 70%]. The presence of l-cysteine, bile salts and food matrix components increases the percentage of both species that is not absorbed. It is noteworthy that in all the conditions assayed the intracellular accumulation of mercury was very high (37-77%). This study shows the importance of the cell model and assay conditions for an in vitro evaluation of intestinal transport of mercury species.
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Sigurdsson HH, Kirch J, Lehr CM. Mucus as a barrier to lipophilic drugs. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:56-64. [PMID: 23727593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a complex hydrogel, comprising glycoproteins, lipids, salts, DNA, enzymes and cellular debris, covering many epithelial surfaces in the human body. Once secreted, mucin forms a barrier to protect the underlying tissues against the extracellular environment. Mucus can therefore adversely affect the absorption or action of drugs administered by the oral, pulmonary, vaginal, nasal or other routes. Solubility and lipophilicity are key factors determining drug absorption, as a drug has to be soluble in the body fluids at the site of absorption and must also possess enough lipophilicity to permeate the biological membrane. Evidence has accumulated over the past 40 years indicating that poorly soluble drugs will interact with mucus glycoprotein. Studies of the permeability of native or purified mucous gels are important when it comes to understanding the relative importance of hindered diffusion versus drug binding in mucous layers. This review highlights the current understanding of the drug-mucin interaction and also examines briefly the interaction of polymers and particles with the mucus matrix. While the concept of mucoadhesion was thought to provide an intensified and prolonged contact to mucosal absorption sites, mucopenetrating properties are nowadays being discussed for (nano)particulate carriers to overcome the mucus as a barrier and enhance drug delivery through mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakon H Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Boegh M, Foged C, Müllertz A, Mørck Nielsen H. Mucosal drug delivery: barriers, in vitro models and formulation strategies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(13)50055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Artursson P, Palm K, Luthman K. Caco-2 monolayers in experimental and theoretical predictions of drug transport. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rocha R, Vélez D, Devesa V. In vitro evaluation of intestinal fluoride absorption using different cell models. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:311-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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O'Neill MJ, Bourre L, Melgar S, O'Driscoll CM. Intestinal delivery of non-viral gene therapeutics: physiological barriers and preclinical models. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:203-18. [PMID: 21262379 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The future of nucleic acid-based therapeutics is dependent on achieving successful delivery. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in delivery via the gastrointestinal tract. Gene therapy via this route has many advantages, including non-invasive access and the versatility to treat local diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, as well as systemic diseases, such as haemophilia. However, the intestine presents several distinct barriers and, therefore, the design of robust non-viral delivery systems is key to future success. Several non-viral delivery strategies have provided evidence of activity in vivo. To facilitate the design of more efficient and safe gene medicines, more physiologically relevant models, at both the in vitro and in vivo levels, are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J O'Neill
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
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Hanson PJ, Moran AP, Butler K. Paracellular permeability is increased by basal lipopolysaccharide in a primary culture of colonic epithelial cells; an effect prevented by an activator of Toll-like receptor-2. Innate Immun 2010; 17:269-82. [PMID: 20472611 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910367813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which generally activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), is expressed on commensal colonic bacteria. In a number of tissues, LPS can act directly on epithelial cells to increase paracellular permeability. Such an effect in the colon would have an important impact on the understanding of normal homeostasis and of pathology. Our aim was to use a novel primary culture of colonic epithelial cells grown on Transwells to investigate whether LPS, or Pam(3)CSK( 4), an activator of TLR2, affected paracellular permeability. Consequently, [(14)C]-mannitol transfer and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were measured. The preparation consisted primarily of cytokeratin-18 positive epithelial cells that produced superoxide, stained for mucus with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, exhibited alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed TLR2 and TLR4. Tight junctions and desmosomes were visible by transmission electron microscopy. Basally, but not apically, applied LPS from Escherichia coli increased the permeability to mannitol and to a 10-kDa dextran, and reduced TEER. The LPS from Helicobacter pylori increased paracellular permeability of gastric cells when applied either apically or basally, in contrast to colon cells, where this LPS was active only from the basal aspect. A pan-caspase inhibitor prevented the increase in caspase activity caused by basal E. coli LPS, and reduced the effects of LPS on paracellular permeability. Synthetic Pam(3)CSK(4) in the basal compartment prevented all effects of basal E. coli LPS. In conclusion, LPS applied to the base of the colonic epithelial cells increased paracellular permeability by a mechanism involving caspase activation, suggesting a process by which perturbation of the gut barrier could be exacerbated. Moreover, activation of TLR2 ameliorated such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hanson
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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Chen XM, Elisia I, Kitts DD. Defining conditions for the co-culture of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells using Taguchi design. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:334-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sugano K, Cucurull‐Sanchez L, Bennett J. Membrane Permeability – Measurement and Prediction in Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527627448.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ungell A, Artursson P. An Overview of Caco‐2 and Alternatives for Prediction of Intestinal Drug Transport and Absorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527623860.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mahler GJ, Esch MB, Glahn RP, Shuler ML. Characterization of a gastrointestinal tract microscale cell culture analog used to predict drug toxicity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:193-205. [PMID: 19418562 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest surface exposed to the external environment in the human body. One of the main functions of the small intestine is absorption, and intestinal absorption is a route used by essential nutrients, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals to enter the systemic circulation. Understanding the effects of digestion on a drug or chemical, how compounds interact with and are absorbed through the small intestinal epithelium, and how these compounds affect the rest of the body is critical for toxicological evaluation. Our goal is to create physiologically realistic in vitro models of the human GI tract that provide rapid, inexpensive, and accurate predictions of the body's response to orally delivered drugs and chemicals. Our group has developed an in vitro microscale cell culture analog (microCCA) of the GI tract that includes digestion, a mucus layer, and physiologically realistic cell populations. The GI tract microCCA, coupled with a multi-chamber silicon microCCA representing the systemic circulation, is described and challenged with acetaminophen. Proof of concept experiments showed that acetaminophen passes through and is metabolized by the in vitro intestinal epithelium and is further metabolized by liver cells, resulting in liver cell toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The microCCA response is also consistent with in vivo measurements in mice. The system should be broadly useful for studies on orally delivered drugs or ingestion of chemicals with potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen J Mahler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Laparra JM, Glahn RP, Miller DD. Different responses of Fe transporters in Caco-2/HT29-MTX cocultures than in independent Caco-2 cell cultures. Cell Biol Int 2009; 33:971-7. [PMID: 19524686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human intestinal epithelium is composed of several cell types, mainly enterocytes and goblet (mucin-secreting) cells. This study compares the cellular response of Fe transporters in Caco-2, HT29-MTX, and Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture models for Fe bioavailability. Caco-2 cells in vitro differentiate into enterocyte-like cells and HT29-MTX cell lineage into a mucin-secreting cellular population. Cell cultures were exposed to digests of Fe+3, Fe+3/ascorbic acid, cooked fish (high-available Fe) or white beans (low-available Fe). Cell responses as shown by mRNA expression of the main Fe transporters, DMT1 and DcytB, and cell ferritin formation were monitored. In Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-cultures, the mucin layer lowered the pool of free Fe to diffuse towards the cell brush border membrane of enterocytes, which was accompanied of an upregulation of DMT1 mRNA expression. In contrast, cultures exposed to digests of fish or white beans showed no significant differences in the regulation of Fe transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Balaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
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46
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Cu Y, Saltzman WM. Mathematical modeling of molecular diffusion through mucus. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:101-14. [PMID: 19135488 PMCID: PMC2646819 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rate of molecular transport through the mucus gel can be an important determinant of efficacy for therapeutic agents delivered by oral, intranasal, intravaginal/rectal, and intraocular routes. Transport through mucus can be described by mathematical models based on principles of physical chemistry and known characteristics of the mucus gel, its constituents, and of the drug itself. In this paper, we review mathematical models of molecular diffusion in mucus, as well as the techniques commonly used to measure diffusion of solutes in the mucus gel, mucus gel mimics, and mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Cu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - W. Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
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Ungell AL. In Vitro Absorption Studies and Their Relevance to Absorption from the GI Tract. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049709148694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tippin TK, Thakker DR. Biorelevant Refinement of the Caco-2 Cell Culture Model to Assess Efficacy of Paracellular Permeability Enhancers. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:1977-92. [PMID: 17724658 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell monolayers are routinely used to evaluate efficacy of paracellular permeability enhancers (PPEs). The purpose of the present work was to investigate how biorelevant refinements to the Caco-2 cell model impact in vitro efficacy (decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and increase in mannitol permeability) of PPEs. Standard transport buffer was replaced by fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) or serum; or stirring was performed to decrease the unstirred water layer thickness. Apical FaSSIF significantly reduced the efficacy of amphiphilic PPEs palmitoylcarnitine and hexadecylphosphocholine and reduced the amount of these PPEs associated with cells. In contrast, FaSSIF did not affect efficacy of nonamphiphilic PPEs, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or 3-nitrocoumarin. Basolateral serum increased the transepithelial flux of PPEs, but did not lessen their potency. Stirring increased the flux of all PPEs, and also enhanced the potency of the amphiphilic PPEs. These results show that inclusion of FaSSIF and agitation in the cellular models significantly alter the efficacy of amphiphilic PPEs but not of hydrophilic or lipophilic PPEs. Future studies should be directed at evaluating the ability to these refined in vitro systems to predict in vivo effects of PPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Tippin
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Roth-Walter F, Bohle B, Schöll I, Untersmayr E, Scheiner O, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Gabor F, Brayden DJ, Jensen-Jarolim E. Targeting antigens to murine and human M-cells with Aleuria aurantia lectin-functionalized microparticles. Immunol Lett 2005; 100:182-8. [PMID: 15913790 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidases act as a virulence factors for several pathogens that invade the human body through Peyer's patch M-cells. Because of the structural similarity of Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) to neuraminidases, we hypothesized that AAL might also target human M-cells. In an in vitro human M-cell co-culture model significantly more particles were transported across the epithelium when microparticles were functionalized with AAL versus those that were not. Moreover, high concentrations of AAL induced no detectable cytotoxic effects on the related intestinal epithelial cell cultures, epithelial Caco2- and HT29-MTX-E12-cells. Upon incubation with AAL, PBMCs of allergic volunteers proliferated in response to AAL and secreted the cytokines, IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-10 and IL-5 in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating immune-stimulatory properties of the lectin. We conclude that AAL-coated microparticles may have the potential to target entrapped antigens to human M-cells for oral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, AKH-3Q, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Keely S, Rullay A, Wilson C, Carmichael A, Carrington S, Corfield A, Haddleton DM, Brayden DJ. In vitro and ex vivo intestinal tissue models to measure mucoadhesion of poly (methacrylate) and N-trimethylated chitosan polymers. Pharm Res 2005; 22:38-49. [PMID: 15771228 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-004-9007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The adhesion of a range of polymers based on poly(2-(dimethylamino-ethyl) methacrylate (pDMAEMA) was assessed using human mucus-secreting and non mucus-secreting intestinal cell monolayers, HT29-MTX-E12 (E12) and HT29 monolayers, as well as excised non-everted intestinal sacs from rats. Differentiation of mucoadhesion from bioadhesion was achieved by pre-treatment with the mucolytic agent, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Adherence of pDMAEMA polymers was compared to that obtained with the mucoadhesive, N-trimethylated chitosan (TMC). METHODS The quantity of adherent coumarin 343-conjugated polymers to HT29, E12, and intestinal sacs was measured by fluorescence. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), light microscopy, and fluorescent microscopy were used to provide direct evidence. Measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), permeability to FITC-dextran 4000 (FD-4), and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were used to assess potential cytotoxicity of polymers. RESULTS Adherence of unquaternized and of 10%, 24%, and 32% methyl iodide-quaternized pDMAEMA polymers was measured in E12, HT29, and sacs. All pDMAEMA polymers showed significantly higher levels of adhesion to mucus (mucoadhesion) than to epithelium (bioadhesion). Colocalization of pDMAEMA with mucus was confirmed in E12 by microscopy. TMC showed equally high levels of mucoadhesion as unquaternized and 24% quaternized pDMAEMA, but displayed higher levels of bioadhesion. pDMAEMA-based polymers demonstrated lower levels of adherence to E12 and rat sacs in the presence of NAC, whereas adherence of TMC was unchanged. pDMAEMA significantly decreased the permeability of FD-4 across E12 monolayers and sacs and was less cytotoxic in E12 than in HT29. In contrast, TMC increased the permeability of FD-4 across E12 and sacs and was less cytotoxic in E12 than in HT29. CONCLUSIONS Human mucus-producing E12 monolayers can be used to assess polymer mucoadhesion and give similar data to isolated rat intestinal sacs. pDMAEMA displayed similar levels of mucoadhesion and lower levels of bioadhesion than a chitosan derivative and it was not cytotoxic. pDMAEMA decreased FD-4 flux in the presence of mucus, whereas TMC increased it. The combination of mucus and methacrylate polymers appears to increase barrier function of the apical membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Keely
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College, Dublin, Ireland
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