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Wang D, Du Y, Zhang W, Han X, Zhang H, Wang Z, Liu N, Li M, Gao X, Zhuang X, Gao J, Zheng A. Development and in vivo evaluation of intranasal formulations of parathyroid hormone (1-34). Drug Deliv 2021; 28:487-498. [PMID: 33657948 PMCID: PMC7935113 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1889718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For efficient intranasal transport of parathyroid hormone (1-34) [PTH(1-34)], there is a great medical need to investigate permeation enhancers for intranasal formulations. In this study, the development of PTH(1-34) intranasal formulations was conducted. Based on conformation and chemical stability studies, the most preferable aqueous environment was determined to be 0.008 M acetate buffer solution (ABS). Subsequently, citric acid and Kolliphor® HS·15 were compared as permeation enhancers. The mechanisms of action of citric acid and Kolliphor® HS·15 were investigated using an in vitro model of nasal mucosa, and Kolliphor® HS·15 led to higher permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled PTH(1-34) (FITC-PTH) by enhancing both the transcellular and paracellular routes. Moreover, citric acid showed severe mucosal toxicity resulting in cilia shedding, while Kolliphor® HS·15 did not cause obvious mucosa damage. Finally, Kolliphor® HS·15 was studied as a permeation enhancer using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The results showed that 5% and 10% Kolliphor® HS·15 increased the bioavailability of PTH(1-34) to 14.76% and 30.87%, respectively. In conclusion, an effective and biosafe PTH(1-34) intranasal formulation was developed by using 10% Kolliphor® HS·15 as a permeation enhancer. Intranasal formulations with higher concentrations of Kolliphor® HS·15 for higher bioavailability of PTH(1-34) could be further researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yimeng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaolu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zengming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
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Lock JY, Carlson TL, Carrier RL. Mucus models to evaluate the diffusion of drugs and particles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:34-49. [PMID: 29117512 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a complex hydrogel that acts as a natural barrier to drug delivery at different mucosal surfaces including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and vaginal tracts. To elucidate the role mucus plays in drug delivery, different in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo mucus models and techniques have been utilized. Drug and drug carrier diffusion can be studied using various techniques in either isolated mucus gels or mucus present on cell cultures and tissues. The species, age, and potential disease state of the animal from which mucus is derived can all impact mucus composition and structure, and therefore impact drug and drug carrier diffusion. This review provides an overview of the techniques used to characterize drug and drug carrier diffusion, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different models available to highlight the information they can afford.
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Illum L, Jordan F, Lewis AL. CriticalSorb: a novel efficient nasal delivery system for human growth hormone based on Solutol HS15. J Control Release 2012; 162:194-200. [PMID: 22709592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The absorption enhancing efficiency of CriticalSorb for human growth hormone (MW 22 kDa) was investigated in the conscious rat model. The principle absorption enhancing component of CriticalSorb, Solutol HS15, comprises polyglycol mono- and di-esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid combined with free polyethylene glycol. When administering hGH nasally in rats with increasing concentrations of Solutol HS15, it was found that for a 10%w/v solution formulation a bioavailability of 49% was obtained in the first 2h after administration. Furthermore it was shown that the most effective ratio of Solutol HS15 to hGH was 4:1 on a mg to mg basis. Histopathology studies in rats after 5 days repeated nasal administration showed that Solutol HS15 had no toxic effect on the nasal mucosa. These results have been confirmed in a 6 month repeat nasal toxicity study in rats. It can be concluded that the principle absorption enhancing component of CriticalSorb - Solutol HS15 - is a potent and non- toxic nasal absorption enhancer that warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Illum
- Critical Pharmaceuticals Ltd., BioCity, Nottingham, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
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Bai S, Yang T, Abbruscato TJ, Ahsan F. Evaluation of human nasal RPMI 2650 cells grown at an air-liquid interface as a model for nasal drug transport studies. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:1165-78. [PMID: 17628494 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study tests the hypothesis that human nasal RPMI 2650 cells grown at an air-liquid interface is a feasible model for drug transport studies via the nasal route. RPMI 2650 cells were cultured in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) at both air-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces. For each culture regimen, monolayer integrity was tested by measuring the transepithelial resistance (TEER) as well as the transport of paracellular and transcellular markers across the monolayer. The expression of tight junction proteins-differentiation markers-in cells of the different monolayers was studied by western blot analysis and confocal microscopy. The highest TEER values (192 +/- 3 Omega . cm2) were observed for RPMI 2650 cells seeded onto collagen-coated permeable polytetrafluoroethylene inserts and grown at an air-liquid interface for 10 days; a seeding density of 4 x 10(5)/cm2 generated and maintained a cell monolayer with suitable barrier properties at days 9-12. Microscopic examination showed that RPMI 2650 cells grown on filter inserts formed a fully confluent monolayer. The apparent permeability coefficients of the paracellular marker, [14C] mannitol, and the transcellular marker, [3H] propranolol, were 5.07 +/- 0.01 x 10(-6) cm/s and 16.1 +/- 0.1 x 10(-6) cm/s, respectively. Western blot analysis indicated the presence of four tight junction proteins: ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1 and E-cadherin; and the quantities of ZO-1, occludin, and E-cadherin were significantly higher in cells grown at an air-liquid interface than in cells grown at a liquid-liquid interface. Confocal microscopic studies showed ZO-1, F-actin, occludin and claudin-1 proteins at cell-cell contacts and revealed significant differences in the distributions and densities of ZO-1 protein in cells grown at the two types of interface. The data indicate that RPMI 2650 cells grown at an air-liquid interface form polarized monolayers with the cells interconnected by tight junction proteins. This human nasal cell line model could provide a useful tool for in vitro screening of nasal drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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5
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Simultaneous determination of 10 active components in traditional Chinese medicine "YIGONG" capsule by RP-HPLC-DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:442-7. [PMID: 18314288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple, reliable and accurate method for the simultaneous separation and determination of 10 active components (psoralen, isopsoralen, emodin, oleanolic acid, stachydrine hydrochloride, ammonium glycyrrhizinate, glycyrrhizinate, schizandrol, imperatorin and isoimperatorin) in traditional Chinese medicine "YIGONG" capsule was developed using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with diode array detection. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Eurospher C(18) column (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d. with 5.0 microm particle size) with a acetonitrile-water gradient containing 0.5% (v/v) aqueous phosphoric acid as mobile phase. Two detection wavelengths (210 and 250 nm) were utilized for the quantitative analysis due to the different UV spectra of these components. Good linear behaviors over the investigated concentration ranges were observed with the values of R(2) higher than 0.999 for all the analytes. The recoveries, measured at three concentration levels, varied from 95.0 to 105.3%. The validated method was successfully applied to the simultaneously determination of these active components in "YIGONG" capsule from different production batches.
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Du G, Gao Y, Nie S, Pan W. The permeation of nalmefene hydrochloride across different regions of ovine nasal mucosa. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 54:1722-4. [PMID: 17139110 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.54.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The permeability of nalmefene hydrochloride (NH) across different regions of ovine nasal mucosa was investigated in vitro. Five different regions of ovine nasal mucosa (superior turbinate mucosa, middle turbinate mucosa, inferior turbinate mucosa, posterior septum mucosa, and anterior septum mucosa) were studied. The results showed that the permeability coefficients of NH through different regions of nasal mucosa were different, and the suitable regions for the absorption of NH were the middle turbinate mucosa, the posterior septum mucosa and the superior turbinate. At the same time, the middle turbinate mucosa was the largest region among the five regions, thus it was the main absorption region for NH. The high uniformity of the middle turbinate mucosa also made it the most suitable model for the permeation of NH in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gani Du
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Japan
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7
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Abstract
New approaches for enhancing intranasal drug delivery based on recent discoveries on the molecular biology of tight junctions (TJ) are significantly improving the bioavailability of 'non-Lipinsky' small molecules, and peptide, protein and oligonucleotide drugs. As knowledge of the structure and function of the TJ has developed, so has the ability to identify mechanism-based TJ modulators using high-throughput molecular biology-based screening methods. The present review focuses on recent developments on the TJ protein complex as a lipid raft-like membrane microdomain, the emerging role of unique endocytic pathways in regulating TJ dynamics, and the utility of techniques such as RNA interference and phage display to study TJ components and identify novel peptides and related molecules that can modulate their function. Experimental and statistical methodologies used for the identification of new classes of TJ modulators are described, which are capable of reversibly opening TJ barriers with broad potential to significantly improve intranasal and, eventually, oral drug delivery. The development of an advanced intranasal formulation for the obesity therapeutic PYY(3-36), the endogenous Y2 receptor agonist is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Johnson
- Nastech Pharmaceutical Company, Inc., Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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8
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Chemuturi NV, Hayden P, Klausner M, Donovan MD. Comparison of Human Tracheal/Bronchial Epithelial Cell Culture and Bovine Nasal Respiratory Explants for Nasal Drug Transport Studies. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94:1976-85. [PMID: 16052562 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ten drug compounds with varying physicochemical properties and transporter substrate specificities were investigated to compare their in vitro permeabilities across bovine nasal respiratory explants and the EpiAirway system, both established models for the assessment of nasal drug absorption. Permeability across the bovine explants and EpiAirway correlated well with the partitioning behavior of compounds whose clogDC values were greater than 0. The permeabilities of all ten compounds were well-correlated between the two tissue models, with the permeability values through the EpiAirway tissues being approximately 10-fold higher than through the bovine explants due to the thickness differences between the models. For more lipophilic compounds, the in vitro permeabilities measured with both tissue systems were also predictive of the reported in vivo nasal bioavailabilities. Deviations from these correlations were observed for compounds reported to be substrates of p-glycoprotein or OCT transporters, and differences were also seen between the permeabilities measured in the tissue models for these compounds. Both models can be used to estimate the systemic bioavailability of moderately lipophilic compounds administered intranasally, while each may have particular advantages or disadvantages in estimating the bioavailability of drug compounds that are subject to local mucosal metabolism or to carrier-mediated uptake or efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra V Chemuturi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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9
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Yoo JW, Kim YS, Lee SH, Lee MK, Roh HJ, Jhun BH, Lee CH, Kim DD. Serially passaged human nasal epithelial cell monolayer for in vitro drug transport studies. Pharm Res 2004; 20:1690-6. [PMID: 14620527 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026112107100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of using a serially passaged culture of human nasal epithelial cell monolayers on a permeable support for in vitro drug transport studies. The optimum conditions for passaged culture as well as the correlation between the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value and drug permeability (Papp) were evaluated. METHODS Fresh human nasal epithelial cells were collected from normal inferior turbinates and were subcultured repeatedly in serum-free bronchial epithelial cell growth media (BEGM) in petri dishes. The subcultured cells of each passage were seeded onto permeable supports at 5 x 10(5) cells/cm2 and grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM). Morphologic characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To verify the formation of tight junctions, actin staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were conducted. In the drug transport study, [14C]mannitol and budesonide were selected as the paracellular and the transcellular route markers, respectively. RESULTS Serially passaged cells were successfully cultured on a permeable support and showed significantly high TEER values up to passage 4. After 14 days of seeding, SEM showed microvilli, and protrusions of cilia and mucin granules were detected by TEM. The paracellular marker [14C]mannitol showed a nearly constant permeability coefficient (Papp) when the TEER value exceeded 500 omega x cm2 regardless of the passage number. However, as expected, budesonide showed a higher permeability coefficient compared to [14C]mannitol and was less affected by the TEER value. CONCLUSIONS Human nasal epithelial cell monolayers were successfully subcultured on a permeable support up to passage 4. These cell culture methods may be useful in high-throughput screening of in vitro nasal transport studies of various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, South Korea
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10
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Wadell C, Björk E, Camber O. Permeability of porcine nasal mucosa correlated with human nasal absorption. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 18:47-53. [PMID: 12554072 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(02)00240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Ussing chamber diffusion system was used as a model to study the apparent permeability across porcine nasal mucosa of eight drugs and molecules with different physicochemical characteristics, namely insulin, lidocaine, nicotine, PEG 4000, propranolol, sumatriptan, melagatran and an amino diether. A weak correlation was found between the apparent permeability coefficients and the corresponding literature data on the fraction absorbed after nasal administration in humans. In the case of passively transported drugs, a closer correlation was found than for the substances where other mechanisms such as carrier-mediated transport or possible efflux were involved. Factors influencing the correlation between in vitro and in vivo data are discussed and the importance of electrophysiological control of the viability status of the excised mucosa is emphasised. Although caution has to be exercised in view of the limitations of the in vitro system, it seems to be a useful tool when evaluating different factors influencing permeability of nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wadell
- AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85, Södertälje, Sweden.
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11
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Osth K, Gråsjö J, Björk E. A new method for drug transport studies on pig nasal mucosa using a horizontal Ussing chamber. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91:1259-73. [PMID: 11977102 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The horizontal Ussing chamber method described here allows performance of transport studies on pig nasal respiratory mucosa under conditions simulating reality in that it mimics the air-mucosa interface. The transport of testosterone and mannitol through pig nasal mucosa in the horizontal Ussing chamber was investigated using both liquid and air mucosal interfaces. There were no significant differences in either the bioelectrical parameters (transmucosal electrical resistance, R, potential difference, PD, and short circuit current, I(sc)) or the apparent permeability (P(app)) of the mucosa to testosterone or mannitol between the liquid and air interface experiments. The histological study showed that the epithelial cell layer tolerates exposure to the air interface well. The P(app) equation was developed to correct for substance binding to the wall of the receiver chamber. The mean values +/- SD of R, PD, and I(sc) for the mucosae in the study were 75.0 +/- 28.0 Omegacm(2), (-4.53) +/- 3.46 mV and 58.6 +/- 28.8 microA/cm(2), respectively. The corrected P(app) for testosterone with and without the mucosal air interface were 9.82. 10(-6) +/- 11.41. 10(-6) cm/s and 32.24. 10(-6) +/- 31.12. 10(-6) cm/s, respectively. The P(app) values for mannitol with and without the air interface were 2.26. 10(-6) +/- 1.42. 10(-6) cm/s and 3.12. 10(-6) +/- 1.72. 10(-6) cm/s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Osth
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Choi SJ, Lee HY, Kim SB, Kim JH, Lee SS, Yoo SD, Lee KC, Lee HS. Determination of growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 754:461-6. [PMID: 11339289 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel HPLC method with electrochemical detection is described for the determination of a growth-hormone-releasing hexapeptide (GHRP-6). HPLC conditions, such as the column, mobile phase, and oxidation potential, were optimized for sensitivity and selectivity of analysis. GHRP-6 was separated on a reversed-phase CN column with 37% acetonitrile in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) as the mobile phase. The optimum electrochemical oxidation signal was obtained at 0.85 V vs. Ag/AgCl in a glassy carbon working electrode due to two electroactive tryptophans and a histidine residue. Solid-phase extraction using octadecyl cartridges was optimized for sample cleanup of GHRP-6 from serum samples and the method was successfully applied over the concentration range of 5 to 100 ng/ml of analyte. reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Choi
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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13
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Wadell C, Björk E, Camber O. Nasal drug delivery--evaluation of an in vitro model using porcine nasal mucosa. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999; 7:197-206. [PMID: 9845806 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(98)00023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro model for permeation studies using porcine nasal mucosa was developed and evaluated. The viability and integrity of the mucosa were determined by electrophysiological measurements, permeation studies involving 14C-mannitol and D-(2-3H) glucose, histological studies and a biochemical assay. Enzymatic activity in the mucosa was determined by serosal addition of ouabain. Three different types of porcine nasal mucosa (cavity mucosa, natural septum mucosa and dermatomed septum mucosa) were examined. The results showed that cavity mucosa was the most suitable; this type remained viable for up to 8 h after removal. Lower limits for electrophysiological data were defined in order to establish criteria for tissue viability. This in vitro method using porcine nasal mucosa appears potentially valuable as a tool for further permeation and mechanistic studies within nasal drug delivery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wadell
- Pharmacia and Upjohn, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Sakai M, Imai T, Ohtake H, Azuma H, Otagiri M. Simultaneous use of sodium deoxycholate and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate enhances the cellular transport of poorly absorbed compounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999; 51:27-33. [PMID: 10197414 DOI: 10.1211/0022357991772051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The absorption-enhancing effect of a combination of sodium deoxycholate and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate in Caco-2 cell monolayers has been compared with that of the enhancers when used alone, and the mechanism of the enhancement was partially elucidated. The effect of the combined compounds was evaluated by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the cellular permeability of the water-soluble model compounds sodium fluorescein (MW 376.3) and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (MW 4400). The TEER of the monolayers decreased with increasing concentrations of dipotassium glycyrrhizinate in combination with 0.02% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate for 20 min, and reached a minimum at 1% (w/v) dipotassium glycyrrhizinate. Although a combination of 0.02% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate and 1% (w/v) dipotassium glycyrrhizinate enhanced the cellular permeability of sodium fluorescein and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, 0.02% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate and 1% (w/v) dipotassium glycyrrhizinate alone had no effect on either the TEER of the monolayers or the cellular transport of the water-soluble compounds. Sequential and separate exposure of the monolayers to each enhancer for 10 min had no effect on the TEER, but a marked decrease in TEER was observed when both compounds were used in combination. The enhancing effect of the combination of sodium deoxycholate and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate was inhibited by H7, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, suggesting that dipotassium glycyrrhizinate might enhance the activation of PKC via sodium deoxycholate. The combined use of these two enhancers had no toxic effects. These results provide useful, basic information on the action of these absorption enhancers on drugs for which absorption is limited owing to polarity or molecular size, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakai
- Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co. Inc., Tsukuba Laboratories, Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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Johansen PB, Hansen KT, Andersen JV, Johansen NL. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues with emphasis on nasal absorption. Xenobiotica 1998; 28:1083-92. [PMID: 9879640 DOI: 10.1080/004982598238976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
1. The pharmacokinetics of three new peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues, ipamorelin (NNC 26-0161), NNC 26-0194 and NNC 26-0235, were compared with two well-known hexapeptides, GHRP-2 and GHRP-6, in the male rat following different routes of administration. 2. Following i.v. bolus injection, plasma concentrations of the peptides declined biexponentially. Ipamorelin differed markedly from the other peptides investigated, demonstrating a systemic plasma clearance 5-fold lower than that of GHRP-6. Ipamorelin was mainly excreted in the urine, whereas GHRP-6 was predominantly excreted in the bile. NNC 26-0194 and NNC 26-0235 also showed high biliary excretions. Ipamorelin and the two NNC peptides were moderately resistant towards metabolism as 60-80% of the administered dose could be recovered from bile and urine as intact peptide. 3. After intranasal application, the bioavailability of ipamorelin was estimated at approximately 20%. Higher bioavailabilities of approximately 50% were determined for NNC 26-0235, NNC 26-0194 and GHRP-2, whereas the nasal absorption of GHRP-6 was somewhat lower. Thus, the peptides could be easily transported across the nasal epithelium suggesting that the nasal route seems promising for systemic delivery of this family of peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Johansen
- Department of Growth Hormone Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Allé, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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16
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Kissel T, Werner U. Nasal delivery of peptides: an in vitro cell culture model for the investigation of transport and metabolism in human nasal epithelium. J Control Release 1998; 53:195-203. [PMID: 9741927 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(97)00253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the transport- and metabolism properties of three peptides in monolayers of human nasal epithelial cells. The effective permeability coefficients of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, met-enkephalin and human recombinant insulin were found to be 4.5, 4.4 and 0.4 x 10(-7) cm/s, respectively. The permeability was inversely proportional to the molecular weight and one order of magnitude lower than in excised nasal mucosa of rabbits. The metabolic cleavage of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to the free acid by cytosolic prolyl-endopeptidase was also detected in human nasal cell monolayers, suggesting that ca. 10% of the total amount of TRH is transported via a transcellular pathway. Met-enkephalin is a substrate for aminopeptidases, located on the apical membrane of nasal epithelial cells. Metabolites and enzyme activity are comparable with literature data. Our studies demonstrate that not only morphological, but also functional properties of human nasal epithelial cells are preserved under in vitro conditions. Such a cell culture model based on human nasal cells could be beneficial for the characterization of peptide transport on a cellular level and for investigation of the absorption enhancer mechanism. Further studies are necessary, however, to establish correlations between in vitro permeabilities in cell cultures and nasal drug absorption in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kissel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany.
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17
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Abstract
Whereas in vivo studies represent the most crucial test for any nasal drug application or formulation, mechanistic aspects of nasal absorption may be more clearly approached by well defined and controlled in vitro studies. In this review the progress of nasal in vitro models to investigate drug permeation and metabolism in the epithelium is summarized and their potential and limitations are discussed. The following subjects will be covered: (i) primary cell cultures of human nasal epithelium, including sampling techniques and culture conditions, (ii) human nasal cell lines (in particular the human nasal cell line RPMI 2650), and (iii) excised nasal epithelium (rabbit, bovine, ovine, canine, human), also summarizing suitable preparation techniques and tissue characterization, test media, tissue equilibration, viability testing, and integrity tests. Furthermore, an overview on the various experimental set-ups suitable for in vitro transport studies (permeation rates; identification of permeation pathways; mechanisms and toxicity of absorption enhancers) and for metabolism studies (rates, saturation and pathways of enzymatic cleavage) is presented. Some attention is given to identify potential endocytotic uptake mechanisms. To date, the permeation and metabolic barrier function of excised nasal tissue derived from various animals has shown to mimic the in vivo situation 'ex vivo' at the highest degree possible. Supply of human tissue will continue to be short. Therefore, further studies are necessary to evaluate and improve culture conditions, handling, performance and physiologic relevance of primary human cell and cell line cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Reed
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
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ZIA HOSSEIN, DONDETI POLIREDDY, NEEDHAM THOMASE. COMPARISON OF NASAL INSULIN POWDERS PREPARED BY SUPERCRITICAL FLUID AND FREEZE-DRYING TECHNIQUES. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/02726359708906772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sakai M, Imai T, Ohtake H, Azuma H, Otagiri M. Effects of absorption enhancers on the transport of model compounds in Caco-2 cell monolayers: assessment by confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86:779-85. [PMID: 9232516 DOI: 10.1021/js960529n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Three typical absorption enhancers, i.e., sodium caprate (Cap-Na), sodium deoxycholate (Deo-Na), and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (Grz-K), were compared in terms of their permeability-enhancing effects on hydrophilic and hydrophobic model compounds in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the monolayers was reduced concentration-dependently by treatment with Cap-Na and Deo-Na, while treatment with Grz-K increased the TEER. Two patterns of TEER reduction were observed: one pattern indicated that Cap-Na had a rapid reducing effect, and another indicated that Deo-Na had a delayed reducing effect. These reductions in the TEER were accompanied by the increased transepithelial transport of two hydrophilic model compounds, sodium fluorescein (Flu-Na; MW = 376, log P = -1.52) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4000 (FD-4; MW = 4400, log P = -2.0), and one hydrophobic model compound, rhodamine 123 hydrate (Rh123; MW = 381, log P = 1.13). The transport-enhancing effects of Cap-Na and Deo-Na on these model compounds decreased in the following order: FD-4 > Rh123 > Flu-Na, while Grz-K was found to have no effect on the transport of any of these model compounds. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of Caco-2 cell monolayers revealed that Cap-Na and Deo-Na enhanced the transepithelial transport of the hydrophilic model compounds via the paracellular route and that of the hydrophobic model compound via both paracellular and transcellular routes. Semiquantitative visual information obtained from CLSM images reflected the results of the transport experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakai
- Tsukuba Laboratories, Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Company, Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
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Cornaz Gudet AL, Ganem-Quintanar A, Buri P. Simple method of in vitro diffusion of nicotine across porcine palatine mucosa. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(97)00049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Maitani Y, Ishigaki K, Takayama K, Nagai T. In vitro nasal transport across rabbit mucosa: Effect of oxygen bubbling, pH and hypertonic pressure on permeability of lucifer yellow, diazepam and 17 β-estradiol. Int J Pharm 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(96)04750-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lee CP, de Vrueh RL, Smith PL. Selection of development candidates based on in vitro permeability measurements. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(96)00425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Reardon
- Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA
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Smith PL. Methods for evaluating intestinal permeability and metabolism in vitro. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1996; 8:13-34. [PMID: 8791802 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1863-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P L Smith
- Department of Drug Delivery, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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Yeh PY, Berenson MM, Samowitz WS, Kopečková P, Kopecek J. Site-specific drug delivery and penetration enhancement in the gastrointestinal tract. J Control Release 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(95)00057-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Dondeti P, Zia H, Needham TE. In vivo evaluation of spray formulations of human insulin for nasal delivery. Int J Pharm 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)00045-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Yeh PY, Smith PL, Ellens H. Effect of medium-chain glycerides on physiological properties of rabbit intestinal epithelium in vitro. Pharm Res 1994; 11:1148-54. [PMID: 7971716 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018988832492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Medium chain glycerides (MCGs) have been reported to enhance intestinal absorption of hydrophilic drugs. However, the mechanisms involved in absorption enhancement are not well understood. The effects of MCGs (CapMul MCM) on physiological properties of rabbit ileum and distal colon, including active ion transport, transepithelial resistance (Rt) and passive permeability, have been investigated in vitro. CapMul MCM inhibited active ion transport (measured as a decrease in short-circuit current, Isc) in both intestinal segments in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition of Isc was rapidly reversible (within 100 min) upon removal of CapMul MCM. The data indicate that CapMul MCM preferentially affected ion transport by villus cells in the ileum and surface cells in the distal colon. Ion transport in crypt cells in both segments was not significantly altered. Rt of the ileum was not significantly affected by 5% CapMul MCM, while mannitol transport was 6 fold enhanced. Treatment of distal colon with 1% CapMul MCM reduced Rt by 95%, while mannitol transport was 100 fold enhanced. In a parallel experiment, mucosal(m)-to-serosal(s) transport of cephalexin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, in the ileum was about 40% reduced in the presence of 5% CapMul MCM, whereas transport in the s-to-m direction was 2.5 fold enhanced. Treatment of the distal colon with 1% CapMul MCM resulted in 25 fold enhancement of cephalexin transport in either direction. These results suggest that absorption enhancement by MCGs results from an increased permeability of the intestine confined to the villus or surface epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Yeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake
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Smith P, Yeulet S, Citerone D, Drake F, Cook M, Wall D, Marcello J. SK&F 110679: comparison of absorption following oral or respiratory administration. J Control Release 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(94)90154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Reardon PM, Wall DA, Hart TK, Smith PL, Gochoco CH. Lack of effect of ammonium glycyrrhizinate on the morphology of ovine nasal mucosa in vitro. Pharm Res 1993; 10:1301-7. [PMID: 8234167 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018965612638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives are reported to be nasal absorption promoters (1). Effects of ammonium glycyrrhizinate (AMGZ) on the in vitro morphology of ovine nasal mucosa were therefore examined by light and electron microscopy. Nasal mucosa was stripped from the submucosa and mounted in Ussing chambers. Exposure of the apical surface to 2% ammonium glycyrrhizinate (24 mM) for 90 min caused no histopathological changes to the nasal epithelium. Epithelial integrity remained intact as evidenced by the continued presence of morphologically intact junctional complexes. No sloughing of the epithelial layer from the basement membrane was observed, and cilia and microvilli were not affected by treatment with AMGZ. The results indicate that short-term exposure in vitro to ammonium glycyrrhizinate caused no overt morphological damage to ovine nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Reardon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence
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