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Quezada-Romegialli C, Quiroga-Carmona M, D’Elía G, Harrod C, Storz JF. Diet of Andean leaf-eared mice ( Phyllotis) living at extreme elevations on Atacama volcanoes: insights from metagenomics, DNA metabarcoding, and stable isotopes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.23.604871. [PMID: 39091768 PMCID: PMC11291156 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.23.604871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
On the flanks of >6000 m Andean volcanoes that tower over the Atacama Desert, leaf-eared mice (Phyllotis vaccarum) live at extreme elevations that surpass known vegetation limits. What the mice eat in these barren, hyperarid environments has been the subject of much speculation. According to the arthropod fallout hypothesis, sustenance is provided by windblown insects that accumulate in snowdrifts ('aolian deposits'). It is also possible that mice feed on saxicolous lichen or forms of cryptic vegetation that have yet to be discovered at such high elevations. We tested hypotheses about the diet of mice living at extreme elevations on Atacama volcanoes by combining metagenomic and DNA metabarcoding analyses of gut contents with stable-isotope analyses of mouse tissues. Genomic analyses of contents of the gastrointestinal tract of a live-captured mouse from the 6739 m summit of Volcán Llullaillaco revealed evidence for an opportunistic but purely herbivorous diet, including lichens. Although we found no evidence of animal DNA in gut contents of the summit mouse, stable isotope data indicate that mice native to elevations at or near vegetation limits (~5100 m) include a larger fraction of animal prey in their diet than mice from lower elevations. Some plant species detected in the gut contents of the summit mouse are known to exist at lower elevations at the base of the volcano and in the surrounding Altiplano, suggesting that such plants may occur at higher elevations beneath the snowpack or in other cryptic microhabitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Quezada-Romegialli
- Plataforma de Monitoreo Genómico y Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Marcial Quiroga-Carmona
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Colección de Mamíferos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Guillermo D’Elía
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Colección de Mamíferos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Chris Harrod
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Núcleo Milenio de Salmónidos Invasores Australes, INVASAL, Concepción, Chile
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow
| | - Jay F. Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Kraus JB, Huang ZP, Li YP, Cui LW, Wang SJ, Li JF, Liu F, Wang Y, Strier KB, Xiao W. Variation in monthly and seasonal elevation use impacts behavioral and dietary flexibility in Rhinopithecus bieti. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23627. [PMID: 38613565 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) rely on behavioral and dietary flexibility to survive in temperate latitudes at high-elevation habitats characterized by climate and resource seasonality. However, little is known about how elevation influences their behavioral and dietary flexibility at monthly or seasonal scales. We studied an isolated R. bieti population at Mt. Lasha in the Yunling Provincial Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China, between May 2008 and August 2016 to assess the impacts of elevation on feeding behavior and diet. Across our sample, R. bieti occupied elevations between 3031 and 3637 m above mean sea level (amsl), with a 315.1 m amsl range across months and a 247.3 m amsl range across seasons. Contrary to expectations, individuals spent less time feeding when ranging across higher elevations. Lichen consumption correlated with elevation use across months and seasons, with individuals spending more time feeding on this important resource at higher elevations. Leaf consumption only correlated with elevation use during the spring. Our results suggest that R. bieti do not maximize their food intake at higher elevations and that monthly and seasonal changes in lichen and leaf consumption largely explain variation in elevation use. These findings shed light on the responses of R. bieti to environmental change and offer insight into strategies for conserving their habitats in the face of anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Kraus
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zhi-Pang Huang
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forest University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan-Pang Li
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang-Wei Cui
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forest University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuang-Jin Wang
- Party School of YuXi committee of C.P.C, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin-Fa Li
- Administration Bureau of Nuozhadu Provincial Nature Reserve, Pu'er, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Xizang Autonomous Region Research Institute of Forestry Inventory and Planning, Lhasa, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Forestry Bureau of Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou, China
| | - Karen B Strier
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wen Xiao
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
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Li HB, Sun J, Li LH, Zhou Y, Fang XL, Li BY, Guo LJ, Geng Y, Wang CP, Huang ZP, Garber PA, Yang Y, Cui LW, Xiao W. Effects of provisioning on the activity budget and foraging strategies of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23548. [PMID: 37661600 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Provisioning can significantly affect the ranging patterns, foraging strategies, and time budget of wild primates. In this study, we document for the first time, the effects of provisioning on the activity budget and foraging effort in an Asian colobine. Over 3-years, we used an instantaneous scanning method at 10-min intervals to collect data on the activity budget of a semiprovisioned breeding band (SPB) of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) (42-70 individuals) at Xiangguqing (Tacheng), Yunnan, China. We then compared the effects of provisioning in our study band with published data on a sympatric wild nonprovisioned breeding band (NPB) of R. bieti (ca. 360 monkeys) at the same field site. The SPB spent 25.6% of their daytime feeding, 17.1% traveling, 46.9% resting, and 10.3% socializing. In comparison, the NPB devoted more time to feeding (34.9%) and socializing (14.1%), less time to resting (31.3%), and was characterized by a greater foraging effort (1.74 versus 0.96, foraging effort = (feeding + traveling)/resting; see Methods). There was no difference between bands in the proportion of their activity budget devoted to traveling (15.7% vs. 17.1%). In addition, the SPB exhibited a more consistent activity budget and foraging effort across all seasons of the year compared to the NPB. These findings suggest that the distribution, availability, and productivity of naturally occurring feeding sites is a major determinant of the behavioral strategies and activity budget of R. bieti. Finally, a comparison of our results with data on six nonprovisioned R. bieti bands indicates that caution must be raised in meta-analyses or intraspecific comparisons of primate behavioral ecology that contain data generated from both provisioned and nonprovisioned groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Yunling Black-and-White Snub-Nosed Monkey Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- International Center for Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lun-Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xue-Lan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo-Yan Li
- Institute of Resource Conservation, Lashihai Plateau Wetland Provincial Nature Reserve Bureau, Lijiang, Yunnan, China
| | - Long-Jie Guo
- Nujiang Administration Bureau, Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Liuku, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Geng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Pang Huang
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Yunling Black-and-White Snub-Nosed Monkey Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Paul A Garber
- International Center for Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yin Yang
- International Center for Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang-Wei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- International Center for Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- Yunling Black-and-White Snub-Nosed Monkey Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
- International Center for Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
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Qi XG, Wu J, Zhao L, Wang L, Guang X, Garber PA, Opie C, Yuan Y, Diao R, Li G, Wang K, Pan R, Ji W, Sun H, Huang ZP, Xu C, Witarto AB, Jia R, Zhang C, Deng C, Qiu Q, Zhang G, Grueter CC, Wu D, Li B. Adaptations to a cold climate promoted social evolution in Asian colobine primates. Science 2023; 380:eabl8621. [PMID: 37262163 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl8621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms that underpin primate social evolution remain poorly understood. Asian colobines display a range of social organizations, which makes them good models for investigating social evolution. By integrating ecological, geological, fossil, behavioral, and genomic analyses, we found that colobine primates that inhabit colder environments tend to live in larger, more complex groups. Specifically, glacial periods during the past 6 million years promoted the selection of genes involved in cold-related energy metabolism and neurohormonal regulation. More-efficient dopamine and oxytocin pathways developed in odd-nosed monkeys, which may have favored the prolongation of maternal care and lactation, increasing infant survival in cold environments. These adaptive changes appear to have strengthened interindividual affiliation, increased male-male tolerance, and facilitated the stepwise aggregation from independent one-male groups to large multilevel societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guang Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinwei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Opie
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Runjie Diao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruliang Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weihong Ji
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Zhi-Pang Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunzhong Xu
- Shanghai Wild Animal Park Development Co., Shanghai, China
| | - Arief B Witarto
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pertahanan, Jabodetabek, Indonesia
| | - Rui Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Cheng Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- College of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Cyril C Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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5
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The Influence of Environmental Variables on Home Range Size and Use in the Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182338. [PMID: 36139197 PMCID: PMC9495049 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate descriptions of home ranges can provide important information for understanding animal ecology and behavior and contribute to the formulation of conservation strategies. We used the grid cell method and kernel density estimation (KDE) to estimate the home range size of golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve. We also used Moran’s eigenvector maps analysis and variation partitioning to test the influence of environmental variables on home range use. The seasonal home range size was 15.4 km2 in spring, 11.6 km2 in summer, 13.7 km2 in autumn, and 15.6 km2 in winter, based on the grid cell method. The seasonal core area of 50% KDE was 9.86 km2 in spring, 5.58 km2 in summer, 7.20 km2 in autumn, and 4.23 km2 in winter. The environmental variables explained 63.60% of home range use intensity in spring, 72.21% in summer, 26.52% in autumn, and none in winter, and some environmental variables contributed to the spatial variation in home range use intensity. Water sources, tree density, and dominant trees of Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera) were the important environmental factors determining home range use. These environmental factors require protection to ensure the survival of the golden snub-nosed monkey.
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Teichroeb JA, Adams FV, Khwaja A, Stapelfeldt K, Stead SM. Tight quarters: ranging and feeding competition in a Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii multilevel society occupying a fragmented habitat. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03166-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Davila-Ross M, Pople H, Gibson V, Nathan SKSS, Goossens B, Stark DJ. An Approaching Motor Boat Induces Stress-Related Behaviors in Proboscis Monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) Living in a Riparian Area. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrimate ecotourism is a fast-growing tourism sector that may have a negative effect on wildlife. In riparian areas, tourists can conveniently reach primates via motor boats, but no study has directly examined whether such boats cause stress in primates. Our goal was to test whether the approach of a motor boat induces stress-related and other behaviors in proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus), an Endangered species. We studied six one-male, multifemale groups living in a remote riparian area in Sabah, Malaysia, and conducted an experiment by approaching the monkeys in a motor boat by using three conditions with different speeds and travel distances (fast-close, slow-close, and slow-far conditions; 7-8 subjects per condition). For each condition, we compared stress-related behaviors before the boat approach with after the boat started approaching. Feeding, allogrooming and aggression were similarly examined, respectively. We also observed the monkeys’ behaviors at other times to examine age-sex classes differences in vigilance, social proximity, allogrooming, aggression and play (87 subjects). In the experiment, subjects displayed stress-related behaviors for longer in the fast-close and slow-close conditions once the boat started approaching than before the boat approach. The subjects also reduced feeding in the fast-close condition after the boat started approaching. In our observational study, males were more vigilant than females—a behavior that is likely to relate to male-male competition and group protection. This study provides evidence that even a single motor boat moving slowly, with humans behaving calmly, may negatively affect primate behavior and induce stress—an impact that is likely to be larger with tourist boats. Our study also shows that using conditions comparable to the slow-far condition (speed of 3.6 km/hr; no closer than 60 m), where no impact was observed, may help with to develop guidelines for primate tourism in riparian areas. Future research that examines the impact of boats on other primates is needed.
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Xia W, Zhao M, Wang D, Wang F, Chen H, Liu G, Zhu L, Li D. Invasion and defense of the basic social unit in a nonhuman primate society leads to sexual differences in the gut microbiome. Integr Zool 2021; 17:168-180. [PMID: 34751507 PMCID: PMC9299848 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multilevel society is one of the most complex social systems in natural ecosystems and is a typical feature among some primates. Given the potential connection between social behavior and gut microbiome composition, the multilevel social system could affect the primate gut microbiome. Here, based on long‐term observation (e.g. social unit dynamics, transfer, and behavior), we investigated this potential integrating 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and behavior data in Yunnan snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti), which possess a multilevel social group based on one male units (OMUs, each unit with several breeding females and their offspring) and all‐male unit (AMU, several bachelor males residing together). We found that the mean unweighted Unifrac distance between adult males from different OMUs was significantly lower than that between adult females from different OMUs (paired Wilcoxon test, P = 0.007). There was no significant difference in the mean unweighted Unifrac distance between females within the same OMU or between females from different OMUs. These findings indicated the potential connection between the defense and invasion of social units and the gut microbiome community in wild Yunnan snub‐nosed monkeys. We speculated that the resident males of OMUs displaying a significantly higher similarity in the gut microbial community than that of adult females in separate OMUs might be associated with the sexual differences in their interactions and from previously having cohabitated together in the AMU. Therefore, this study suggested that multilevel societies might have an effect on the gut microbial community in this wild nonhuman primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Dali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Mingkef Biotechnology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqi Liu
- Mingkef Biotechnology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Rare Animals and Plants, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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Ulibarri LR, Gartland KN. Ranging and territoriality in red-shanked doucs (Pygathrix nemaeus) at Son Tra Nature Reserve, Vietnam. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23292. [PMID: 34170034 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The home ranges of odd-nosed colobines as reported by a number of studies can vary greatly both within and between taxa. Evaluating Pygathrix, particularly within the context of the odd-nosed colobines, has proven challenging due to the comparable dearth of published data on all three species-Pygathrix nigripes, Pygathrix cinerea, and Pygathrix nemaeus. This dearth has also proven challenging when assessing territoriality within Pygathrix and contextualizing this behavior to odd-nosed colobines. For this study, we set out to assess home range, daily path length, and territoriality in a population of P. nemaeus at Son Tra Nature Reserve in Vietnam. We collected a total of 259 h of behavioral data using 10-min focal follows with 1-min instantaneous scans, including GPS recordings for each follow. We collected phenology and weather data, which were then used with Pearson's correlations to test whether ecological factors influenced variation in ranging or daily path length at both the monthly and seasonal levels. Finally, we used the Mitani-Rodman defendability index to assess territoriality in P. nemaeus. We found that our population of P. nemaeus had a home range of 36.00 ha with a core area of 8.02 ha and an average daily path length of 509.11 ± 244.87 m. Daily path length was correlated to precipitation such that daily path lengths were shorter during increases in rainfall (r(17) = 0.52, p = .03). These measures resulted in a defendability index of 0.75, suggesting that the population of P. nemaus on Son Tra does not travel far enough each day to actively defend territorial borders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kylen N Gartland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
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10
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Dunbar RIM, Shultz S. Social complexity and the fractal structure of group size in primate social evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1889-1906. [PMID: 33945202 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Compared to most other mammals and birds, anthropoid primates have unusually complex societies characterised by bonded social groups. Among primates, this effect is encapsulated in the social brain hypothesis: the robust correlation between various indices of social complexity (social group size, grooming clique size, tactical behaviour, coalition formation) and brain size. Hitherto, this has always been interpreted as a simple, unitary relationship. Using data for five different indices of brain volume from four independent brain databases, we show that the distribution of group size plotted against brain size is best described as a set of four distinct, very narrowly defined grades which are unrelated to phylogeny. The allocation of genera to these grades is highly consistent across the different data sets and brain indices. We show that these grades correspond to the progressive evolution of bonded social groups. In addition, we show, for those species that live in multilevel social systems, that the typical sizes of the different grouping levels in each case coincide with different grades. This suggests that the grades correspond to demographic attractors that are especially stable. Using five different cognitive indices, we show that the grades correlate with increasing social cognitive skills, suggesting that the cognitive demands of managing group cohesion increase progressively across grades. We argue that the grades themselves represent glass ceilings on animals' capacity to maintain social and spatial coherence during foraging and that, in order to evolve more highly bonded groups, species have to be able to invest in costly forms of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 1GG, UK
| | - Susanne Shultz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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11
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Creating small food-habituated groups might alter genetic diversity in the endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Huang P, Bian K, Huang Z, Li Q, Dunn DW, Fang G, Liu J, Wang M, Yang X, Pan R, Gao C, Si K, Li B, Qi X. Human activities and elevational constraints restrict ranging patterns of snub-nosed monkeys in a mountainous refuge. Integr Zool 2020; 16:202-213. [PMID: 32961032 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Both natural conditions and anthropogenic factors affect the survivability, distribution, and population density of wildlife. To understand the extent and how these factors drive species distributions, a detailed description of animal movement patterns in natural habitats is needed. In this study, we used satellite telemetry to monitor elevational ranges favored by endangered golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), in the Qinling Mountains, central China. We investigated the abundance and distribution of food resources through sampling vegetation quadrats at different elevations and sampled anthropogenic activities using field surveys. Our results indicated that although there was no significant variation in food resources between low- (<1500 m) and middle-elevations (1500-2200 m), monkeys were found most often in areas above 1500 m, where there was less anthropogenic development (e.g. houses and roads); however, monkeys rarely ranged above 2200 m and had limited food availability at this altitude. There was limited human disturbance at this elevation. We suggest that both human activity and ecological constraints (i.e. food resources) have considerable effects on elevational use of R. roxellana in the Qinling Mountains. This study highlights the critical roles these factors can play in shaping the vertical distribution of high-altitude primates. This research provides useful insights for habitat-based conservation plans in which human disturbance management and habitat restoration should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhen Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Bian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhipang Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Derek W Dunn
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gu Fang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruliang Pan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cunlao Gao
- Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Baoguo Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoguang Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Li YP, Zhong T, Huang ZP, Pan RL, Garber PA, Yu FQ, Xiao W. Male and female birth attendance and assistance in a species of non-human primate (Rhinopithecus bieti). Behav Processes 2020; 181:104248. [PMID: 32961283 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Birth attendance, or midwifery service, is an important characteristic in human evolution, and has been argued to separate our lineage from other taxa in the animal kingdom. Recent studies, however, indicate that similar or analogous behaviors also may occur in a small number of nonhuman primate species. Here, we report the first case of both male and female attendance and female birth assistance in a wild species of nonhuman primate, the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). At our field site in Yunnan, China we observed a diurnal birth event in which the leader male of a one-male unit (OMU) remained in close- proximity (0-2 m) to the parturient, groomed her, and remained vigilant over a five hour pre- and postpartum period. In addition, a multiparous female member of the OMU also remained in close proximity to the soon-to-be mother, helped to pull the neonate from the birth canal, took the neonate from the new mother within 15 s of the birth, held the infant for 20 min, and then severed the umbilical cord. For the next several days the leader male traveled in close-proximity to the new mother and four days after the birth event, we observed him to share food with her. Given that diurnal births are extremely rare in this primate species; it remains unclear the degree to which the events we observed commonly occur during nighttime births. We argue that adult male and female black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys are highly attracted to young infants, and birth attendance and birth assistance in this, and certain other primate species, may play a critical role in maternal and infant survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Peng Li
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for the Biodiversity in the Three Parallel Rivers of China, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
| | - Tai Zhong
- Administration of Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve, Deqin, Yunnan 674500, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for the Biodiversity in the Three Parallel Rivers of China, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
| | - Zhi-Pang Huang
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for the Biodiversity in the Three Parallel Rivers of China, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
| | - Ru-Liang Pan
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; School of Anatomy, Physiology, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Collaborative Innovation Center for the Biodiversity in the Three Parallel Rivers of China, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
| | - Paul A Garber
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Feng-Qin Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Biodiversity in the Three Parallel Rivers of China, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; China Wildlife Conservation Association, Beijing 100714, China.
| | - Wen Xiao
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for the Biodiversity in the Three Parallel Rivers of China, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China; Center for Cultural Ecology in Northwest Yunnan, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China.
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14
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Li C, Zhao X, Li D, Garber PA, Xiang Z, Li M, Pan H. Impact of cost distance and habitat fragmentation on the daily path length of Rhinopithecus bieti. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9165. [PMID: 32509457 PMCID: PMC7245332 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of primate movement patterns in response to natural and anthropogenically induced changes in habitat heterogeneity, food availability, and plant species distribution is essential for developing effective management and conservation programs. Therefore, from July 2013 to June 2014, we examined the effects of landscape configuration on the ranging behavior (daily path length, DPL) of the Endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve (27°34′N, 99°17′E) in Gehuaqing, China. Given the extreme difficulties in following the study group across high altitude mountainous terrain across an elevation of 2,500–4,000 m, we were only able to collect DPL using 3-4 GPS points per day on 21 individual days. We found that R. bieti traveled the shortest DPL in winter (1,141.31 m), followed by spring (2,034.06 m) and autumn (2,131.19 m). The cost distance, a statistical tool designed to estimate the difficulty of a species moving across its distributional range, was lowest in autumn (205.47), followed by spring (225.93) and winter (432.59) (one-way ANOVA: F = 3.852, P = 0.026, df = 2). The habitat fragmentation index (HFI), which measures the density of forest patches, indicated areas visited in the winter were more fragmented (HFI = 2.16) compared to spring (HFI = 1.83) or autumn (HFI = 1.3). Although our results should be considered preliminary, they suggest that both the availability of suitable travel routes and habitat fragmentation, driven by high-intensity human disturbance, constrain the movement of R. bieti. We found that undisturbed areas of the bands’ range contained a high density of lichens, which represent a nutritious and abundant and year-round food source for Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys. In order to protect this Endangered species, we recommend that researchers construct detailed maps of landscape heterogeneity, particularly habitat connectivity, forest fragmentation, and seasonal variation in the location of major food patches in order to better understand and mitigate the effects of seasonal habitat change on patterns of R. bieti habitat utilization and population viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China
| | - Xumao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation [Ministry of Education] China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Paul Alan Garber
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IIIinois, USA
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Huijuan Pan
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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15
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Guo C, Krzton A, Ruan X, Xiang Z, Li M. Reproductive strategy of bachelors in a snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) all-male unit. Primates 2020; 61:291-299. [PMID: 31955302 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-019-00789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Snub-nosed monkeys exhibit a rare multilevel social system composed of several one-male units (OMU) and at least one all-male unit (AMU). The AMU comprises males who are blocked from access to females by resident males in the OMUs, and how these satellite males achieve reproductive success is still unclear. To investigate their reproductive strategies, we focused on the AMU in a band of provisioned black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan, China. Behaviors that AMU males use to gain access to females (i.e. immigration, male takeover, and sexual interaction with females) were recorded and compared with resident OMU males to explore how AMU bachelors achieve reproductive success when they are denied stable access to females. We found that in response to solicitation from females, adult and sub-adult members of the AMU responded more actively than resident males, and the bachelors actively initiated mating with females when the latter's resident male was temporarily absent. These mating opportunities mostly coincided with the peak mating season in OMUs, and probably allowed bachelors to sire some offspring. We also found that for some AMU adults, taking over an OMU is the main strategy used to gain stable access to females, and these males repeatedly migrate between bands. AMU members therefore show multiple strategies that allow them to gain some degree of reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 Shaoshan Nanlu, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Alicia Krzton
- RBD Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Xiangdong Ruan
- National Forest Inventory and Design Institute, Beijing, 100714, China
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 Shaoshan Nanlu, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
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16
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Liu J, Fitzgerald M, Liao H, Luo Y, Jin T, Li X, Yang X, Hirata S, Matsuzawa T. Modeling habitat suitability for Yunnan Snub-nosed monkeys in Laojun Mountain National Park. Primates 2019; 61:277-287. [PMID: 31602589 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-019-00767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We provide new information on Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) behavioral ecology, contributing to future conservation efforts within the Laojun Mountain National Park. Habitat evaluation procedures are used to quantify the value of land as a habitat for a species. We analyzed environmental variables hypothesized to influence habitat suitability for Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys, and mapped the distribution of suitable habitats across the study area and adjacent areas. Spatial analysis with GPS data was conducted to investigate home-range change of these monkeys. Predictor variables were generated using ArcMap and R programming language. We prepared 34 environmental variables at 30-m spatial resolution. Maxent was used to analyze environmental variables that contributed to suitability. Using satellite remote sensing and GIS, we modeled the distribution of suitable habitat for Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys in the Jinsichang area of the Laojun Mountains in China. This study did not describe the frequency or intensity of habitat use. Habitat suitability was affected by several variables, the most influential, as determined by permutation importance, being mean diurnal temperature range (31.6%), precipitation during the wettest quarter of the year (30.4%), average annual precipitation (17%), normalized difference vegetation index (5%), wetness (4.6%), and aspect (4.5%). This habitat suitability model provides information about the current distribution of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys, which is important for appropriate implementation of conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | | - Tong Jin
- The Nature Conservancy, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- The Nature Conservancy, Lijiang, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuerong Yang
- Lijiang Laojun Mountain Biodiversity Conservation Center, Lijiang, Yunnan, China
| | - Satoshi Hirata
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Pisor AC, Surbeck M. The evolution of intergroup tolerance in nonhuman primates and humans. Evol Anthropol 2019; 28:210-223. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Pisor
- Department of AnthropologyWashington State University Pullman Washington
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and CultureMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Surbeck
- Department of Human Evolutionary BiologyHarvard University Cambridge Massachusetts
- Department of PrimatologyMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
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18
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Zhao X, Ren B, Li D, Xiang Z, Garber PA, Li M. Effects of habitat fragmentation and human disturbance on the population dynamics of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey from 1994 to 2016. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6633. [PMID: 30886785 PMCID: PMC6421056 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we integrate data from field investigations, spatial analysis, genetic analysis, and Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) to evaluate the effects of habitat fragmentation on the population dynamics, genetic diversity, and range shifts in the endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). The results indicate that from 1994 to 2016, R. bieti population size increased from less than 2,000 to approximately 3,000 individuals. A primary factor promoting population recovery was the establishment of protected nature reserves. We also found that subpopulation growth rates were uneven, with the groups in some areas, and the formation of new groups. Both the fragmentation index, defined as the ratio of the number of forest patches to the total area of forest patches (e.g., increased fragmentation), and increasing human population size had a negative effect on population growth in R. bieti. We recommend that government conservation plans prioritize the protection of particular R. bieti populations, such as the Baimei and Jisichang populations, which have uncommon haplotypes. In addition, effective conservation strategies need to include an expansion of migration corridors to enable individuals from larger populations such as Guyoulong (Guilong) to serve as a source population to increase the genetic diversity of smaller R. bieti subpopulations. We argue that policies designed to protect endangered primates should not focus solely on total population size but also need to determine the amount of genetic diversity present across different subpopulations and use this information as a measure of the effectiveness of current conservation policies and the basis for new conservation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoping Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nancong, China
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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19
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Fu R, Li L, Yu Z, Afonso E, Giraudoux P. Spatial and temporal distribution of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus bieti, indices. MAMMALIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2017-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Studying elusive species of conservation concern might be difficult for technical and ethical reasons. However, censuses can be based on the observation of activity indices. When coupled to non-invasive genetic methods this approach can provide extremely precise information about population size, individual movements and diseases. However, the design of optimal sampling is dependent on a knowledge on group distribution and possible variations of detectability of index targets. The aim of this study was to document the distribution of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey indices in space and time in that perspective. Based on transects carried out across the range of a fed population and on counts along the trail across the range of a wild group, we show that 2–3 day stays of a group in a place of some hectares were sufficient to get an homogeneous distribution of indices. Furthermore, the number of indices found were dependent on both pig presence and season. On the other hand, on a large scale of 100 km2 indices were spatially distributed as nested clusters. Indices distribution indicated a strong preference towards southern slopes and altitudes ranging between 2900 and 3400 m. Those observations pinpoint the importance of considering spatial scale to organise sampling designed to estimate population distribution.
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20
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Xiang Z, Fan P, Chen H, Liu R, Zhang B, Yang W, Yao H, Grueter CC, Garber PA, Li M. Routine allomaternal nursing in a free-ranging Old World monkey. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav0499. [PMID: 30801014 PMCID: PMC6382398 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While regular allomaternal nursing (suckling) has been documented in a number of rodent and carnivore species, as well as in some prosimians, New World monkeys, and humans, it is not common in Old World monkeys and apes. Here, we present a detailed field study of allomaternal nursing in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana, Colobinae). We found that more than 87% of infants were nursed by females other than their mothers. Allomaternal nursing was largely confined to the first 3 months of an infant's life and occurred predominantly between related females who nursed each other's offspring in a reciprocal manner. Allomaternal nursing enhanced infant survivorship and did not have a negative impact on the future reproductive success of allonursers. Our findings expand the taxonomic distribution of allomaternal nursing and provide fresh insight into the possible factors driving evolution of allomaternal nursing behavior in primates, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuofu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Penglai Fan
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Haochun Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Ruoshuang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Wanji Yang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Hubei Province, Shennongjia Forest District, Hubei 442411, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Hubei Province, Shennongjia Forest District, Hubei 442411, China
| | - Cyril C. Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Department of Anthropology Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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21
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Zhu P, Grueter CC, Garber PA, Li D, Xiang Z, Ren B, Li M. Seasonal changes in social cohesion among males in a same-sex primate group. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22914. [PMID: 30307631 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Male-male interactions in mixed-sex groups of social mammals are typically characterized by a mix of hostility and affiliation, as a result of inherent conflicts over mating opportunities, and the costs and benefits of social alliances, co-operative behaviors, and coalitionary defense. In species of nonhuman primates that form all-male groups, it is still unclear how the tradeoffs between the benefits of forming an all-male group and the cost of male-male competition in seeking mating opportunities with females in bisexual groups influence social cohesion in different seasons. Here, we used social network analysis to quantify the impact of reproductive seasonality on social cohesion and clique size of bachelor males residing in an all-male unit (AMU) in wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). These primates are strict seasonal breeders and live in a modular social system composed of a number of one-male units (OMUs) and an associated peripheral AMU. We found that the AMU social network had a significantly lower density, centralization, clustering coefficient, and smaller clique size during the mating season compared to the non-mating period. However, aggression among AMU males during both mating and non-mating periods was low. Our results suggest that network structure topology in male same-sex social units is modulated by seasonal changes. Bachelor males engage in two types of competition to gain reproductive success: first, which is analogous to contest competition, in which bachelor males act aggressively and challenge OMU leader males in an attempt to take over an OMU; and second, which is more analogous to scramble competition, in which bachelor males avoid aggressive interactions and instead engage in sneaky copulations with fertile females. Our work adds to an understanding of the maintenance of all-male groups in species that form a multilevel society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfen Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cyril C Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation [Ministry of Education], China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Baoping Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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22
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Guo Y, Zhou J, Xie J, Garber PA, Bruford M, Ren B, Li D, Zhou J. Altitudinal ranging of the Guizhou golden monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi): Patterns of habitat selection and habitat use. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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Grueter CC, Li D, Ren B, Wei F, Li M. Deciphering the Social Organization and Structure of Wild Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys ( Rhinopithecus bieti). Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 88:358-383. [DOI: 10.1159/000480503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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The status of snow leopards Panthera uncia, and high altitude use by common leopards P. pardus, in north-west Yunnan, China. ORYX 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605317000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe Endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia is a flagship species of mountainous Asia and a conservation priority. China is the most important country for the species’ conservation because it has the most potential habitat and the largest population of snow leopards. North-west Yunnan province in south-west China is at the edge of the snow leopard's range, and a biodiversity hotspot, where three major Asian rivers, the Yangtze, Mekong and Salween, flow off the Tibetan plateau and cut deep valleys through the Hengduan Mountains. The snow leopard's status in north-west Yunnan is uncertain. We conducted interviews and camera-trapping surveys to assess the species’ status at multiple sites: two east of the Yangtze River and two between the Yangtze and Mekong Rivers. Thirty-eight herders/nature reserve officials interviewed claimed that snow leopards were present, but in 6,300 camera-trap days we did not obtain any photographs of snow leopards, so if the species is present, it is rare. However, we obtained many photographs of potential prey, such as blue sheep Pseudois nayaur, as well as photographs of common leopards Panthera pardus, at high elevations (3,000–4,500 m). More study is necessary in Yunnan and other areas of south-west China to investigate the status and resource overlap of snow leopards and common leopards, especially as climate change is resulting in increases in common leopard habitat and decreases in snow leopard habitat.
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Li W, Clauzel C, Dai Y, Wu G, Giraudoux P, Li L. Improving landscape connectivity for the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey through cropland reforestation using graph theory. J Nat Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Huang ZP, Scott MB, Li YP, Ren GP, Xiang ZF, Cui LW, Xiao W. Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) feeding behavior in a degraded forest fragment: clues to a stressed population. Primates 2017. [PMID: 28634668 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-017-0618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid global deforestation has forced many of the world's primates to live in fragmented habitats, making the understanding of their behavioral responses to degraded and fragmented habitats a key challenge for their future protection and management. The black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) is an endangered species endemic to southwest China. The forest habitat ranges from near-continuous to fragmented. In this study, we investigated the activity budget and diet of a R. bieti population that live in an isolated and degraded habitat patch at Mt. Lasha in Yunnan Province, near the current southern limit of the species. We used our data along with data from six other sites in more-continuous habitats across its range to model factors that predict stress, including feeding effort and time feeding on lichens against potential predictive parameters. Models showed feeding effort across all sites increased with increasing altitude and latitude, and with decreasing food species diversity. There was also a strong positive relationship between feeding effort and time feeding lichens. The Mt. Lasha R. bieti population exploited a total of 36 food species, spending 80.2% of feeding time feeding on lichens, Bryoria spp. and Usnea longissima. These figures are more comparable to those living in the north than those living in the mid- and southern part of the species' range. Given the models for feeding effort and time feeding on lichens, the unexpectedly high time spend feeding on lichens and feeding effort relative to latitude and elevation are suggestive of a stressed population at Mt. Lasha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Pang Huang
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.,Forestry Faculty, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Matthew B Scott
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.,Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Ilam, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Yan-Peng Li
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Guo-Peng Ren
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Zuo-Fu Xiang
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Liang-Wei Cui
- Forestry Faculty, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China.
| | - Wen Xiao
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.
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Huang ZP, Bian K, Liu Y, Pan RL, Qi XG, Li BG. Male Dispersal Pattern in Golden Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Qinling Mountains and its Conservation Implication. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46217. [PMID: 28492280 PMCID: PMC5425912 DOI: 10.1038/srep46217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is one of the most endangered primate species found in China, exhibiting multilevel society consisting of several one-male-females together with their offspring units (OMU), and all-male units (AMU). Female dispersal patterns of the species within herd have been well documented, whereas those of the males within or between herds are still poorly understood. Our results based a long-term observation indicate that more than half of sub-adult males, and half of the deposed males that stayed a short period in OMU disperse between herds, three of them established their own OMU in new herd after the dispersal. Smaller number of the sub-adult and adult males, compared with adult females, stayed in natal herd, implying sub-adult males started dispersing and male-biased dispersal occurred between herds. High frequencies of resident males were wounded as their OUMs were taken over, and resident males co-operation defend bachelor males were found. Mating competition among males within the herd may have contributed to the scenarios of male-biased dispersal. The results also suggest that maintaining connection between isolated herds and establishing the corridors among the fragmented habitats for the species will greatly benefit increasing its gene flow and promoting conservation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Pang Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
| | - Kun Bian
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Ru-Liang Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia 6009, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xiao-Guang Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Bao-Guo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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Contexts and consequences of takeovers in hamadryas baboons: Female parity, reproductive state, and observational evidence of pregnancy loss. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Effect of habitat fragmentation on ranging behavior of white-headed langurs in limestone forests in Southwest China. Primates 2017; 58:423-434. [PMID: 28197795 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-017-0600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The critically endangered white-headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) is confined to fragmented karst forests of southwest Guangxi Province, China. A lack of information on the influence of habitat fragmentation on langur behavior has prevented a comprehensive understanding of their ranging behavior and the development of effective langur conservation strategies. We collected comparative data on time budgets, daily path lengths, home range and diets of four langur groups inhabiting the lightly fragmented Fusui forest (G1, G2) and the more heavily fragmented Chongzuo forest (G3, G4). The aim was to explore the effect of this fragmentation on langur ranging behavior. Our results showed that the Fusui groups spent more time on moving and less time on feeding and playing than the Chongzuo groups. Daily path lengths were 472.4-536.1 m for the Fusui groups and 449.6-480.7 m for the Chongzuo groups, indicating no marked inter-site variation. The Fusui groups occupied much larger home ranges (23.8-33.8 ha) than the Chongzuo groups (14.5-15.8 ha). However, all groups had similar monthly home ranges. Diets significantly differed among langur groups. The Fusui groups consumed more young leaves and had much lower diet diversity compared with the Chongzuo groups. Our findings indicate that habitat fragmentation is one of the crucial determinants of white-headed langur ranging behavior because fragmentation reduces and restricts the home range. Langurs in fragmented habitat adopt an energy conservation strategy characterized by devoting more time to feeding and less time to moving, with a smaller home range and consumption of more plant species. We argue that linking fragmented forests with corridors should be considered a priority in a wider and comprehensive longer term langur population conservation and habitat management strategy.
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Aiming low: A resident male's rank predicts takeover success by challenging males in Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:974-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Seasonally Consistent Small Home Range and Long Ranging Distance in Presbytis rubicunda in Danum Valley, Borneo. INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Plant Diversity along the Eastern and Western Slopes of Baima Snow Mountain, China. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Richter C, Heesen M, Nenadić O, Ostner J, Schülke O. Males matter: Increased home range size is associated with the number of resident males after controlling for ecological factors in wild Assamese macaques. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:52-62. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Richter
- Department of Behavioral Ecology; Georg-August-University Göttingen; Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Marlies Heesen
- Department of Behavioral Ecology; Georg-August-University Göttingen; Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Oleg Nenadić
- Chair of Econometrics, University of Erfurt; Erfurt 99089 Germany
| | - Julia Ostner
- Department of Behavioral Ecology; Georg-August-University Göttingen; Göttingen 37077 Germany
- Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center; Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Department of Behavioral Ecology; Georg-August-University Göttingen; Göttingen 37077 Germany
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Wada K, Li B, Watanabe K. Affiliative interactions between one-male units in a band of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) living in the Qinling Mountains, China. Primates 2015; 56:327-37. [PMID: 26162774 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-015-0475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied affiliative behaviors that occurred within and between one-male units (OMUs) in a band of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) living in the Qinling Mountains, China for 3 years from 2002 to 2004. During the birth season, females handling infants of other females affiliatively interacted with females in neighboring OMUs as well as with females in their own OMU. After these interactions, affiliative encounters occurred without conflict between the OMUs. In the mating season, females sometimes presented their genitals to males of other OMUs. These interactions may facilitate the maintenance of a higher level social organization, a band. Therefore, the band composed of OMUs and all male group(s) is the basic unit of social structure of this species. Almost all other Asian colobines have OMUs that either maintain distance from each other or engage in territorial defense, so these OMUs would not be expected to form a band. Contrary to these species, the 3 species of Rhinopithecus spp. inhabiting China form a band composed of OMUs, because infants and females may function as a bridge connecting OMUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Wada
- Cooperative Research Program, Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University, Kanrin 41-2, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Baoguo Li
- College of Life Sciences, North-West University, Xian, China
| | - Kunio Watanabe
- Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University, Kanrin 41-2, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
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Chen Y, Xiang Z, Wang X, Xiao W, Xiao Z, Ren B, He C, Sang C, Li H, Li M. Preliminary Study of the Newly Discovered Primate Species Rhinopithecus strykeri at Pianma, Yunnan, China Using Infrared Camera Traps. INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Ranging Behavior and Resource Use by Lion-Tailed Macaques (Macaca silenus) in Selectively Logged Forests. INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pengfei F, Garber P, Chi M, Guopeng R, Changming L, Xiaoyong C, Junxing Y. High dietary diversity supports large group size in Indo-Chinese gray langurs in Wuliangshan, Yunnan, China. Am J Primatol 2014; 77:479-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pengfei
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research; Dali University; Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Paul Garber
- Department of Anthropology; Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois
| | - Ma Chi
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research; Dali University; Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Ren Guopeng
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research; Dali University; Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Liu Changming
- Jingdong Management Bureau of Wuliangshan National Nature Reserve; Jingdong; Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Chen Xiaoyong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Yang Junxing
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Yunnan P. R. China
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Guo S, Huang K, Ji W, Garber PA, Li B. The role of kinship in the formation of a primate multilevel society. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156:606-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Kang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Weihong Ji
- Human and Wildlife Interactions Research Group Institute of Natural Mathematical Sciences; Massey University; Albany Auckland New Zealand 1311
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Anthropology Department; University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801
| | - Baoguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
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Qi XG, Garber PA, Ji W, Huang ZP, Huang K, Zhang P, Guo ST, Wang XW, He G, Zhang P, Li BG. Satellite telemetry and social modeling offer new insights into the origin of primate multilevel societies. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5296. [PMID: 25335993 PMCID: PMC4220467 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilevel societies (MLS), in which polygynous reproductive units are nested in a larger social matrix, represent a highly complex social system documented only in a small number of mammalian species. Using long-term behavioural data, satellite telemetry and social network analysis, we present a new framework for understanding the function and social dynamics of the golden snub-nosed monkey MLS. Here we show that several one-male units form a cohesive breeding band that associates with one or more all-male units to form a herd. Herds seasonally aggregate and exchange members, thus facilitating gene flow and inbreeding avoidance. This MLS evolved from the aggregation of independent one-male, multifemale units that characterize ancestral Asian colobines; the evolutionary pathway leading to this MLS contrasts with that proposed for African papionins, which appear to have undergone internal fissioning of multimale-multifemale groups. The results suggest that both environmental and phylogenetic factors are important in the evolution of a primate MLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guang Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Anthropology Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Anthropology Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Weihong Ji
- Institute of Natural Resource, Massey University, Albany 0632, New Zealand
| | - Zhi-Pang Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Kang Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Song-Tao Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Gang He
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Bao-Guo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710032, China
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Erinjery JJ, Kavana TS, Singh M. Food resources, distribution and seasonal variations in ranging in lion-tailed macaques, Macaca silenus in the Western Ghats, India. Primates 2014; 56:45-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-014-0447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang X, Wang C, Qi X, Guo S, Zhao H, Li B. A newly-found pattern of social relationships among adults within one-male units of golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxenalla) in the Qinling Mountains, China. Integr Zool 2014; 8:400-9. [PMID: 24344964 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Group living provides various advantages to individuals in regards to protection avoidance, intergroup competition, productive success and social information. Stable one-male units (OMUs) consist of relationships between the adult females and the resident male as well as the relationships among adult females. Based on continuous observation of a reproductive group of golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains, we analyzed the relationships among adult individual dyads within 4 OMUs. The results indicated that in golden snub-nosed monkey societies, females not only had no strong tendency to build a relationship with the resident male in the OMU but also had no strong tendency to build relationships with other females in the OMU. In comparison with hamadryas (Papio hamadryas) and gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada), the relationships within golden snub-nosed monkeys OMUs showed neither the star-shaped pattern observed in hamadryas baboons nor the net-shaped pattern observed in gelada baboons. We concluded that the relationships within golden snub-nosed monkey OMUs indicated a third pattern in nonhuman primate societies. Future research is required to determine the potential mechanisms for such a pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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Potential habitat corridors and restoration areas for the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan, China. ORYX 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605313001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe black-and-white snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti is endemic to China, where its population is fragmented into 15 isolated groups and threatened despite efforts to protect the species. Here we analyse possible habitat connectivity between the groups reported in Yunnan, using genetic, least-cost path and Euclidean distances. We detect genetic isolation between the northern and southern groups but not among the northern groups. We show that genetic distance is better explained by human disturbance and land-cover least-cost paths than by Euclidian distance. High-quality habitats were found to be more fragmented in the southern part of the study area and interspersed with human-influenced areas unsuitable for black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys, which may explain the genetic isolation of the southern groups. Potential corridors are identified based on the least-cost path analysis, and seven sensitive areas are proposed for restoration. We recommend (1) that restoration is focused on the current range of the monkeys, with efforts to reduce human disturbance and human population pressure and increase public awareness, and (2) the development of a long-term plan for habitat restoration and corridor design in the areas between groups.
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LI D, GRUETER CC, REN B, LI M, PENG Z, WEI F. Distribution of sleeping sites of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Samage Forest, China. Integr Zool 2013; 8:327-34. [PMID: 24344956 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayong LI
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, Ministry of Education; China West Normal University; Nanchong China
- College of Life Sciences; China West Normal University; Nanchong China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Cyril C. GRUETER
- Anthropological Institute and Museum; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology; Leipzig Germany
| | - Baoping REN
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Ming LI
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhengsong PENG
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, Ministry of Education; China West Normal University; Nanchong China
- College of Life Sciences; China West Normal University; Nanchong China
| | - Fuwen WEI
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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GRUETER CC, LI D, REN B, LI M. Substrate use and postural behavior in free-ranging snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan. Integr Zool 2013; 8:335-45. [PMID: 24344957 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril C. GRUETER
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley Australia
| | - Dayong LI
- College of Life Sciences; China West Normal University; Nanchong Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Baoping REN
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Ming LI
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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Home-Range Use and Activity Patterns of the Red Langur (Presbytis rubicunda) in Sabangau Tropical Peat-Swamp Forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Niche Divergence Among Sex and Age Classes in Black-and-White Snub-nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li T, Ren B, Li D, Zhu P, Li M. Mothering Style and Infant Behavioral Development in Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in China. INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ecological Correlates of Ranging Behavior in Bearded Sakis (Chiropotes sagulatus) in a Continuous Forest in Guyana. INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ehlers Smith DA, Ehlers Smith YC. Population density of red langurs in Sabangau tropical peat-swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:837-47. [PMID: 23526631 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Because of the large-scale destruction of Borneo's rainforests on mineral soils, tropical peat-swamp forests (TPSFs) are increasingly essential for conserving remnant biodiversity, particularly in the lowlands where the majority of habitat conversion has occurred. Consequently, effective strategies for biodiversity conservation are required, which rely on accurate population density and distribution estimates as a baseline. We sought to establish the first population density estimates of the endemic red langur (Presbytis rubicunda) in Sabangau TPSF, the largest remaining contiguous lowland forest-block on Borneo. Using Distance sampling principles, we conducted line transect surveys in two of Sabangau's three principle habitat sub-classes and calculated group density at 2.52 groups km⁻² (95% CI 1.56-4.08) in the mixed-swamp forest sub-class. Based on an average recorded group size of 6.95 individuals, population density was 17.51 ind km⁻², the second highest density recorded in this species. The accessible area of the tall-interior forest, however, was too disturbed to yield density estimates representative of the entire sub-class, and P. rubicunda was absent from the low-pole forest, likely as a result of the low availability of the species' preferred foods. This absence in 30% of Sabangau's total area indicates the importance of in situ population surveys at the habitat-specific level for accurately informing conservation strategies. We highlight the conservation value of TPSFs for P. rubicunda given the high population density and large areas remaining, and recommend 1) quantifying the response of P. rubicunda to the logging and burning of its habitats; 2) surveying degraded TPSFs for viable populations, and 3) effectively delineating TPSF sub-class boundaries from remote imagery to facilitate population estimates across the wider peat landscape, given the stark contrast in densities found across the habitat sub-classes of Sabangau.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ehlers Smith
- Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project, Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands, Universitas Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.
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Shelmidine N, McAloose D, McCann C. Survival Patterns and Mortality in the North American Population of Silvered Leaf Monkeys (Trachypithecus cristatus). Zoo Biol 2013; 32:177-88. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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