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Mucciolo S, Desiderato A, Mastrodonato M, Lana P, Arruda Freire C, Prodocimo V. First Insights into Body Localization of an Osmoregulation-Related Cotransporter in Estuarine Annelids. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:235. [PMID: 38666847 PMCID: PMC11048583 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The expression of the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC), widely associated with cell volume regulation, has never been directly demonstrated in annelids. Its putative presence was firstly recovered in silico, and then using immunofluorescence, its signal was retrieved for the first time in different tissues of four species of estuarine annelids from southern Brazil that are regularly subjected to salinity fluctuations. We tested two euryhaline species (wide salinity tolerance), the nereidids Alitta yarae and Laeonereis acuta (habitat salinity: ~10-28 psu), and two stenohaline species (restricted salinity tolerance), the nephtyid Nephtys fluviatilis (habitat salinity: ~6-10 psu), and the melinnid Isolda pulchella (habitat salinity: ~28-35 psu). All four species showed specific immunofluorescent labelling for NKCC-like expression. However, the expression of an NKCC-like protein was not homogeneous among them. The free-living/burrowers (both euryhaline nereidids and the stenohaline nephtyid) displayed a widespread signal for an NKCC-like protein along their bodies, in contrast to the stenohaline sedentary melinnid, in which the signal was restricted to the branchiae and the internal tissues of the body. The results are compatible with NKCC involvement in cell volume, especially in annelids that face wide variations in salinity in their habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mucciolo
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Laboratório de Bentos, Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar s/n, Pontal do Paraná 83255-976, Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Andrea Desiderato
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Mastrodonato
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Campus Universitario “E. Quagliariello”, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Paulo Lana
- Laboratório de Bentos, Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar s/n, Pontal do Paraná 83255-976, Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Carolina Arruda Freire
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Comparativa de Osmorregulação, Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba 81530-000, Paraná, Brazil; (C.A.F.); (V.P.)
| | - Viviane Prodocimo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Comparativa de Osmorregulação, Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba 81530-000, Paraná, Brazil; (C.A.F.); (V.P.)
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2
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Identification of Potential Diuretic and Laxative Drug Candidates from Avicennia officinalis L. Bark through In Vivo Mice Model Studies and In Vitro Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Docking Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4409250. [PMID: 36193132 PMCID: PMC9526662 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4409250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Avicennia officinalis is a medicinal plant that has traditionally been used as a diuretic, anti-infective, and antiasthmatic. Our investigation was designed to explore the diuretic and laxative potentials of different fractions of this plant’s bark extract as well as the identification of possible drug candidates for the activity. Methods. Collected bark was extracted in ethanol and fractionated in different polar and nonpolar solvents, i.e., water, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Phytoconstituents were identified following the published protocols and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the diuretic test, Na+ and K+ ions were measured using a flame photometer whereas the Cl− ion content was measured by titrimetric method against AgNO3. In the laxative test, feces amount and consistency were also measured. Molecular docking analysis was conducted using the “Vina Wizard” program in PyRx-Python Prescription 0.8. Results. Phytochemical analysis indicated that alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids were detected in the most bioactive crude extracts, whereas alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and gums were found in bioactive n-hexane fraction and steroids, glycosides, and terpenoids were found positive in chloroform fraction. Almost all the fractions demonstrated a dose-dependent increment of stool production with a soft consistency; however, the chloroform fraction was found to be the most active (
< 0.001). The crude extract and n-hexane fractions significantly increased (
< 0.01) the urinary output at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg. The concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl− in collected urine were found to be more compared with the control group. The GC-MS analysis identified seven compounds in bioactive n-hexane fraction (phenolic and ester-type mainly) whereas seven other compounds (acidic and ester-type mainly) were identified in chloroform fraction. In molecular docking, two drug candidates of this extract (2,4-bis(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)phenol and 2-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxo-1,1-diphenylethyl]phenyl]-2-phenylacetic acid) showed excellent binding affinity with the receptor compared with furosemide. Conclusion. A. officinalis bark might be a potential source of bioactive compounds for treating hypertension, edema, and constipation.
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Hanna RM, Ahdoot RS, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ghobry L, Kurtz I. Calcium Transport in the Kidney and Disease Processes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 12:762130. [PMID: 35299844 PMCID: PMC8922474 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.762130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a key ion involved in cardiac and skeletal muscle contractility, nerve function, and skeletal structure. Global calcium balance is affected by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D, and calcium is shuttled between the extracellular space and the bone matrix compartment dynamically. The kidney plays an important role in whole-body calcium balance. Abnormalities in the kidney transport proteins alter the renal excretion of calcium. Various hormonal and regulatory pathways have evolved that regulate the renal handling of calcium to maintain the serum calcium within defined limits despite dynamic changes in dietary calcium intake. Dysregulation of renal calcium transport can occur pharmacologically, hormonally, and via genetic mutations in key proteins in various nephron segments resulting in several disease processes. This review focuses on the regulation transport of calcium in the nephron. Genetic diseases affecting the renal handling of calcium that can potentially lead to changes in the serum calcium concentration are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy M. Hanna
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca S. Ahdoot
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Lena Ghobry
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ira Kurtz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Brain Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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4
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Influence of Trace Elements on Neurodegenerative Diseases of The Eye-The Glaucoma Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094323. [PMID: 33919241 PMCID: PMC8122456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of chronic neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a relatively selective, progressive damage to the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, which leads to axon loss and visual field alterations. To date, many studies have shown the role of various elements, mainly metals, in maintaining the balance of prooxidative and antioxidative processes, regulation of fluid and ion flow through cell membranes of the ocular tissues. Based on the earlier and current research results, their relationship with the development and progression of glaucoma seems obvious and is increasingly appreciated. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current evidence on the role of trace elements in the pathogenesis and prevention of glaucomatous diseases. Special attention is also paid to the genetic background associated with glaucoma-related abnormalities of physiological processes that regulate or involve the ions of elements considered as trace elements necessary for the functioning of the cells.
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Talsness DM, Owings KG, Coelho E, Mercenne G, Pleinis JM, Partha R, Hope KA, Zuberi AR, Clark NL, Lutz CM, Rodan AR, Chow CY. A Drosophila screen identifies NKCC1 as a modifier of NGLY1 deficiency. eLife 2020; 9:57831. [PMID: 33315011 PMCID: PMC7758059 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Glycanase 1 (NGLY1) is a cytoplasmic deglycosylating enzyme. Loss-of-function mutations in the NGLY1 gene cause NGLY1 deficiency, which is characterized by developmental delay, seizures, and a lack of sweat and tears. To model the phenotypic variability observed among patients, we crossed a Drosophila model of NGLY1 deficiency onto a panel of genetically diverse strains. The resulting progeny showed a phenotypic spectrum from 0 to 100% lethality. Association analysis on the lethality phenotype, as well as an evolutionary rate covariation analysis, generated lists of modifying genes, providing insight into NGLY1 function and disease. The top association hit was Ncc69 (human NKCC1/2), a conserved ion transporter. Analyses in NGLY1-/- mouse cells demonstrated that NKCC1 has an altered average molecular weight and reduced function. The misregulation of this ion transporter may explain the observed defects in secretory epithelium function in NGLY1 deficiency patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Talsness
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Katie G Owings
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Emily Coelho
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Gaelle Mercenne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - John M Pleinis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Raghavendran Partha
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Kevin A Hope
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Aamir R Zuberi
- Genetic Resource Science, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, United States
| | - Nathan L Clark
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Cathleen M Lutz
- Genetic Resource Science, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, United States
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Clement Y Chow
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
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6
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Koltai T. Targeting the pH Paradigm at the Bedside: A Practical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9221. [PMID: 33287221 PMCID: PMC7730959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inversion of the pH gradient in malignant tumors, known as the pH paradigm, is increasingly becoming accepted by the scientific community as a hallmark of cancer. Accumulated evidence shows that this is not simply a metabolic consequence of a dysregulated behavior, but rather an essential process in the physiopathology of accelerated proliferation and invasion. From the over-simplification of increased lactate production as the cause of the paradigm, as initially proposed, basic science researchers have arrived at highly complex and far-reaching knowledge, that substantially modified that initial belief. These new developments show that the paradigm entails a different regulation of membrane transporters, electrolyte exchangers, cellular and membrane enzymes, water trafficking, specialized membrane structures, transcription factors, and metabolic changes that go far beyond fermentative glycolysis. This complex world of dysregulations is still shuttered behind the walls of experimental laboratories and has not yet reached bedside medicine. However, there are many known pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals that are capable of targeting the pH paradigm. Most of these products are well known, have low toxicity, and are also inexpensive. They need to be repurposed, and this would entail shorter clinical studies and enormous cost savings if we compare them with the time and expense required for the development of a new molecule. Will targeting the pH paradigm solve the "cancer problem"? Absolutely not. However, reversing the pH inversion would strongly enhance standard treatments, rendering them more efficient, and in some cases permitting lower doses of toxic drugs. This article's goal is to describe how to reverse the pH gradient inversion with existing drugs and nutraceuticals that can easily be used in bedside medicine, without adding toxicity to established treatments. It also aims at increasing awareness among practicing physicians that targeting the pH paradigm would be able to improve the results of standard therapies. Some clinical cases will be presented as well, showing how the pH gradient inversion can be treated at the bedside in a simple manner with repurposed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Centro de Diagnostico y Tratamiento de la Obra Social del Personal de la Alimentacion, Talar de Pacheco, Buenos Aires 1617, Argentina
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7
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Differential expression of Na +/K +/Cl - cotransporter 1 in neurons and glial cells within the superficial spinal dorsal horn of rodents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11715. [PMID: 32678166 PMCID: PMC7367302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although convincing experimental evidence indicates that Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) is involved in spinal nociceptive information processing and in the generation of hyperalgesia and allodynia in chronic pain states, the cellular distribution of NKCC1 in the superficial spinal dorsal horn is still poorly understood. Because this important piece of knowledge is missing, the effect of NKCC1 on pain processing is still open to conflicting interpretations. In this study, to provide the missing experimental data, we investigated the cellular distribution of NKCC1 in the superficial spinal dorsal horn by immunohistochemical methods. We demonstrated for the first time that almost all spinal axon terminals of peptidergic nociceptive primary afferents express NKCC1. In contrast, virtually all spinal axon terminals of nonpeptidergic nociceptive primary afferents were negative for NKCC1. Data on the colocalization of NKCC1 with axonal and glial markers indicated that it is almost exclusively expressed by axon terminals and glial cells in laminae I-IIo. In lamina IIi, however, we observed a strong immunostaining for NKCC1 also in the dendrites and cell bodies of PV-containing inhibitory neurons and a weak staining in PKCγ-containing excitatory neurons. Our results facilitate further thinking about the role of NKCC1 in spinal pain processing.
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8
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Becskeházi E, Korsós MM, Erőss B, Hegyi P, Venglovecz V. OEsophageal Ion Transport Mechanisms and Significance Under Pathological Conditions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:855. [PMID: 32765303 PMCID: PMC7379034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion transporters play an important role in several physiological functions, such as cell volume regulation, pH homeostasis and secretion. In the oesophagus, ion transport proteins are part of the epithelial resistance, a mechanism which protects the oesophagus against reflux-induced damage. A change in the function or expression of ion transporters has significance in the development or neoplastic progression of Barrett’s oesophagus (BO). In this review, we discuss the physiological and pathophysiological roles of ion transporters in the oesophagus, highlighting transport proteins which serve as therapeutic targets or prognostic markers in eosinophilic oesophagitis, BO and esophageal cancer. We believe that this review highlights important relationships which might contribute to a better understanding of the pathomechanisms of esophageal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Becskeházi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Bálint Erőss
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Division of Gastroenterology, First Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Venglovecz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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9
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Jones RS, Ruszaj D, Parker MD, Morris ME. Contribution of Monocarboxylate Transporter 6 to the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Bumetanide in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:788-795. [PMID: 32587098 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bumetanide, a sulfamyl loop diuretic, is used for the treatment of edema in association with congestive heart failure. Being a polar, anionic compound at physiologic pH, bumetanide uptake and efflux into different tissues is largely transporter-mediated. Of note, organic anion transporters (SLC22A) have been extensively studied in terms of their importance in transporting bumetanide to its primary site of action in the kidney. The contribution of one of the less-studied bumetanide transporters, monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6; SLC16A5), to bumetanide pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) has yet to be characterized. The affinity of bumetanide for murine Mct6 was evaluated using Mct6-transfected Xenopus laevis oocytes. Furthermore, bumetanide was intravenously and orally administered to wild-type mice (Mct6+/+) and homozygous Mct6 knockout mice (Mct6-/-) to elucidate the contribution of Mct6 to bumetanide PK/PD in vivo. We demonstrated that murine Mct6 transports bumetanide at a similar affinity compared with human MCT6 (78 and 84 μM, respectively, at pH 7.4). After bumetanide administration, there were no significant differences in plasma PK. Additionally, diuresis was significantly decreased by ∼55% after intravenous bumetanide administration in Mct6-/- mice. Kidney cortex concentrations of bumetanide were decreased, suggesting decreased Mct6-mediated bumetanide transport to its site of action in the kidney. Overall, these results suggest that Mct6 does not play a major role in the plasma PK of bumetanide in mice; however, it significantly contributes to bumetanide's pharmacodynamics due to changes in kidney concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Previous evidence suggested that MCT6 transports bumetanide in vitro; however, no studies to date have evaluated the in vivo contribution of this transporter. In vitro studies indicated that mouse and human MCT6 transport bumetanide with similar affinities. Using Mct6 knockout mice, we demonstrated that murine Mct6 does not play a major role in the plasma pharmacokinetics of bumetanide; however, the pharmacodynamic effect of diuresis was attenuated in the knockout mice, likely because of the decreased bumetanide concentrations in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S.J., D.R., M.E.M.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (M.D.P.), University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Donna Ruszaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S.J., D.R., M.E.M.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (M.D.P.), University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mark D Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S.J., D.R., M.E.M.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (M.D.P.), University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S.J., D.R., M.E.M.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (M.D.P.), University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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Shaughnessy CA, McCormick SD. Functional characterization and osmoregulatory role of the Na +-K +-2Cl - cotransporter in the gill of sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus), a basal vertebrate. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 318:R17-R29. [PMID: 31617750 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00125.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides molecular and functional characterization of Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC1/Slc12a2) in the gills of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), the most basal extant vertebrate with an osmoregulatory strategy. We report the full-length peptide sequence for the lamprey Na-K-Cl cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), which we show groups strongly with and occupies a basal position among other vertebrate NKCC1 sequences. In postmetamorphic juvenile lamprey, nkcc1 mRNA was present in many tissues but was fivefold higher in the gill than any other examined tissue, and NKCC1 protein was only detected in the gill. Gill mRNA and protein abundances of NKCC1 and Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA/Atp1a1) were significantly upregulated (20- to 200-fold) during late metamorphosis in fresh water, coinciding with the development of salinity tolerance, and were upregulated an additional twofold after acclimation to seawater (SW). Immunohistochemistry revealed that NKCC1 in the gill is found in filamental ionocytes coexpressing NKA, which develop during metamorphosis in preparation for SW entry. Lamprey treated with bumetanide, a widely used pharmacological inhibitor of NKCC1, exhibited higher plasma Cl- and osmolality as well as reduced muscle water content after 24 h in SW; there were no effects of bumetanide in freshwater-acclimated lamprey. This work provides the first functional characterization of NKCC1 as a mechanism for branchial salt secretion in lampreys, providing evidence that this mode of Cl- secretion has been present among vertebrates for ~550 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran A Shaughnessy
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- United States.Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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11
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Tang L, Chen J, Ye Z, Zhao M, Meng Z, Lin H, Li S, Zhang Y. Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Regulatory Mechanisms of Oocyte Maturation and Hydration in Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:537-549. [PMID: 31129797 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oocyte maturation and hydration are regulated by a complex interplay of various hormones and local factors. We have investigated the morphological changes of follicles and serum steroid levels during the HCG (human choionic gonadotophin)-induced oocyte maturation in the orange-spotted grouper. For the first time, a large-scale transcriptomic analysis of follicles during the maturation has been conducted in a fish species which produce pelagic oocytes. Eight cDNA libraries of follicle samples, from full-grown immature follicles to mature follicles, were constructed. A total of 402,530,284 high-quality clean reads were obtained after filtering, 79.66% of which perfectly mapped to the orange-spotted grouper genome. Real-time PCR results of 12 representative genes related to oocyte maturation and hydration verified the reliability of the RNA-seq data. A large number of genes related to oocyte maturation and hydration were identified in the transcriptome dataset. And the transcriptomic analysis revealed the dynamic changes of the steroid synthesis pathway and the pathway of hydration during oocyte maturation. The present study will facilitate future study on the oocyte maturation and hydration in the orange-spotted grouper and other marine pelagic egg spawner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhifeng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Mi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zining Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shuisheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
- Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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12
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Wang F, Chen S, Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Sun L, Zheng B, Chen L, Liu Z, Zheng X, Yi K, Li C, Zhou X. Effects of ammonia on apoptosis and oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Mutagenesis 2019; 33:291-299. [PMID: 30184101 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia, produced mainly from the deamination of amino acids and glutamine, is one of the major toxic components in blood and tissues that may affect bovine health. However, the physiological and pathological roles of ammonia in the mammary glands are not understood clearly. In the present study, the bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) was utilised as an in vitro model to determine the effects of ammonia on bovine mammary gland. We demonstrated that ammonia stimulated the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, interrupted intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) homeostasis and induced cell apoptosis. Ammonia also significantly reduced cell viability and increased the proportion of apoptotic cells through enhancing the level of p53 phosphorylation and increasing the expressions of BAX, caspase 8, caspase 9, caspase 3. Interestingly, bumetanide, a specific Na+ K+ 2Cl--cotransporter inhibitor, dramatically abolished the damaging effects of ammonia on the cells. These data suggest that ammonia exposure induces apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells via activation of the p53 pathway and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and that these effects involved the Na+ K+ 2Cl--cotransporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Shuxiong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yanwen Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Liting Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Biaobiao Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Kangle Yi
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Chunjin Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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13
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Zheng S, Krump NA, McKenna MM, Li YH, Hannemann A, Garrett LJ, Gibson JS, Bodine DM, Low PS. Regulation of erythrocyte Na +/K +/2Cl - cotransport by an oxygen-switched kinase cascade. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2519-2528. [PMID: 30563844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many erythrocyte processes and pathways, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), KCl cotransport, ATP release, Na+/K+-ATPase activity, ankyrin-band 3 interactions, and nitric oxide (NO) release, are regulated by changes in O2 pressure that occur as a red blood cell (RBC) transits between the lungs and tissues. The O2 dependence of glycolysis, PPP, and ankyrin-band 3 interactions (affecting RBC rheology) are controlled by O2-dependent competition between deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb), but not oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb), and other proteins for band 3. We undertook the present study to determine whether the O2 dependence of Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport (catalyzed by Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter 1 [NKCC1]) might similarly originate from competition between deoxyHb and a protein involved in NKCC1 regulation for a common binding site on band 3. Using three transgenic mouse strains having mutated deoxyhemoglobin-binding sites on band 3, we found that docking of deoxyhemoglobin at the N terminus of band 3 displaces the protein with no lysine kinase 1 (WNK1) from its overlapping binding site on band 3. This displacement enabled WNK1 to phosphorylate oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1), which, in turn, phosphorylated and activated NKCC1. Under normal solution conditions, the NKCC1 activation increased RBC volume and thereby induced changes in RBC rheology. Because the deoxyhemoglobin-mediated WNK1 displacement from band 3 in this O2 regulation pathway may also occur in the regulation of other O2-regulated ion transporters, we hypothesize that the NKCC1-mediated regulatory mechanism may represent a general pattern of O2 modulation of ion transporters in erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suilan Zheng
- From the Institute for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Nathan A Krump
- the Hematopoiesis Section, National Human Genome Research Institute and
| | - Mary M McKenna
- the Hematopoiesis Section, National Human Genome Research Institute and
| | - Yen-Hsing Li
- From the Institute for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Anke Hannemann
- the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J Garrett
- the National Human Genome Research Institute Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20815, and
| | - John S Gibson
- the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - David M Bodine
- the Hematopoiesis Section, National Human Genome Research Institute and
| | - Philip S Low
- From the Institute for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,
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14
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Simmons S, Erfinanda L, Bartz C, Kuebler WM. Novel mechanisms regulating endothelial barrier function in the pulmonary microcirculation. J Physiol 2018; 597:997-1021. [PMID: 30015354 DOI: 10.1113/jp276245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary epithelial and vascular endothelial cell layers provide two sequential physical and immunological barriers that together form a semi-permeable interface and prevent alveolar and interstitial oedema formation. In this review, we focus specifically on the continuous endothelium of the pulmonary microvascular bed that warrants strict control of the exchange of gases, fluid, solutes and circulating cells between the plasma and the interstitial space. The present review provides an overview of emerging molecular mechanisms that permit constant transcellular exchange between the vascular and interstitial compartment, and cause, prevent or reverse lung endothelial barrier failure under experimental conditions, yet with a clinical perspective. Based on recent findings and at times seemingly conflicting results we discuss emerging paradigms of permeability regulation by altered ion transport as well as shifts in the homeostasis of sphingolipids, angiopoietins and prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szandor Simmons
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lasti Erfinanda
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Bartz
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Azosemide is more potent than bumetanide and various other loop diuretics to inhibit the sodium-potassium-chloride-cotransporter human variants hNKCC1A and hNKCC1B. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9877. [PMID: 29959396 PMCID: PMC6026185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27995-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+–K+–2Cl− cotransporter NKCC1 plays a role in neuronal Cl− homeostasis secretion and represents a target for brain pathologies with altered NKCC1 function. Two main variants of NKCC1 have been identified: a full-length NKCC1 transcript (NKCC1A) and a shorter splice variant (NKCC1B) that is particularly enriched in the brain. The loop diuretic bumetanide is often used to inhibit NKCC1 in brain disorders, but only poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier. We determined the sensitivity of the two human NKCC1 splice variants to bumetanide and various other chemically diverse loop diuretics, using the Xenopus oocyte heterologous expression system. Azosemide was the most potent NKCC1 inhibitor (IC50s 0.246 µM for hNKCC1A and 0.197 µM for NKCC1B), being about 4-times more potent than bumetanide. Structurally, a carboxylic group as in bumetanide was not a prerequisite for potent NKCC1 inhibition, whereas loop diuretics without a sulfonamide group were less potent. None of the drugs tested were selective for hNKCC1B vs. hNKCC1A, indicating that loop diuretics are not a useful starting point to design NKCC1B-specific compounds. Azosemide was found to exert an unexpectedly potent inhibitory effect and as a non-acidic compound, it is more likely to cross the blood-brain barrier than bumetanide.
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16
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Early Detection of Cerebral Infarction After Focal Ischemia Using a New MRI Indicator. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:658-670. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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17
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Liu Y, Goldfarb DS, El-Achkar TM, Lieske JC, Wu XR. Tamm-Horsfall protein/uromodulin deficiency elicits tubular compensatory responses leading to hypertension and hyperuricemia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F1062-F1076. [PMID: 29357410 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00233.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP or uromodulin) is highly restricted to the kidney thick ascending limb (TAL) of loop of Henle. Despite the unique location and recent association of THP gene mutations with hereditary uromodulin-associated kidney disease and THP single nucleotide polymorphisms with chronic kidney disease and hypertension, the physiological function(s) of THP and its pathological involvement remain incompletely understood. By studying age-dependent changes of THP knockout (KO) mice, we show here that young KO mice had significant salt and water wasting but were partially responsive to furosemide, due to decreased luminal translocation of Na-K-Cl cotransporter 2 (NKCC2) in the TAL. Aged THP KO mice were, however, markedly oliguric and unresponsive to furosemide, and their NKCC2 was localized primarily in the cytoplasm as evidenced by lipid raft floatation assay, cell fractionation, and confocal and immunoelectron microscopy. These aged KO mice responded to metolazone and acetazolamide, known to target distal and proximal tubules, respectively. They also had marked upregulation of renin in juxtaglomerular apparatus and serum, and they were hypertensive. Finally, the aged THP KO mice had significant upregulation of Na-coupled urate transporters Slc5a8 and Slc22a12 as well as sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) in the proximal tubule and elevated serum uric acid and allantoin. Collectively, our results suggest that THP deficiency can cause progressive disturbances in renal functions via initially NKCC2 dysfunction and later compensatory responses, resulting in prolonged activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York
| | - David S Goldfarb
- Department of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York.,Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine and Indianapolis Veterans Affairs , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - John C Lieske
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York.,Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York
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18
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Wilson CS, Mongin AA. The signaling role for chloride in the bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2018; 689:33-44. [PMID: 29329909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the electrical signaling in neuronal networks is modulated by chloride (Cl-) fluxes via the inhibitory GABAA and glycine receptors. Here, we discuss the putative contribution of Cl- fluxes and intracellular Cl- to other forms of information transfer in the CNS, namely the bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes. The manuscript (i) summarizes the generic functions of Cl- in cellular physiology, (ii) recaps molecular identities and properties of Cl- transporters and channels in neurons and astrocytes, and (iii) analyzes emerging studies implicating Cl- in the modulation of neuroglial communication. The existing literature suggests that neurons can alter astrocytic Cl- levels in a number of ways; via (a) the release of neurotransmitters and activation of glial transporters that have intrinsic Cl- conductance, (b) the metabotropic receptor-driven changes in activity of the electroneutral cation-Cl- cotransporter NKCC1, and (c) the transient, activity-dependent changes in glial cell volume which open the volume-regulated Cl-/anion channel VRAC. Reciprocally, astrocytes are thought to alter neuronal [Cl-]i through either (a) VRAC-mediated release of the inhibitory gliotransmitters, GABA and taurine, which open neuronal GABAA and glycine receptor/Cl- channels, or (b) the gliotransmitter-driven stimulation of NKCC1. The most important recent developments in this area are the identification of the molecular composition and functional heterogeneity of brain VRAC channels, and the discovery of a new cytosolic [Cl-] sensor - the Wnk family protein kinases. With new work in the field, our understanding of the role of Cl- in information processing within the CNS is expected to be significantly updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Biophysics and Functional Diagnostics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
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19
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Ma L, Liu Y, Landry NK, El-Achkar TM, Lieske JC, Wu XR. Point mutation in D8C domain of Tamm-Horsfall protein/uromodulin in transgenic mice causes progressive renal damage and hyperuricemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186769. [PMID: 29145399 PMCID: PMC5690637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary mutations in Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP/uromodulin) gene cause autosomal dominant kidney diseases characterized by juvenile-onset hyperuricemia, gout and progressive kidney failure, although the disease pathogenesis remains unclear. Here we show that targeted expression in transgenic mice of a mutation within the domain of 8 cysteines of THP in kidneys' thick ascending limb (TAL) caused unfolded protein response in younger (1-month old) mice and apoptosis in older (12-month old) mice. While the young mice had urine concentration defects and polyuria, such defects progressively reversed in the older mice to marked oliguria, highly concentrated urine, fibrotic kidneys and reduced creatinine clearance. Both the young and the old transgenic mice had significantly higher serum uric acid and its catabolic product, allantoin, than age-matched wild-type mice. This THP mutation apparently caused primary defects in TAL by compromising the luminal translocation and reabsorptive functions of NKCC2 and ROMK and secondary responses in proximal tubules by upregulating NHE3 and URAT1. Our results strongly suggest that the progressive worsening of kidney functions reflects the accumulation of the deleterious effects of the misfolded mutant THP and the compensatory responses. Transgenic mice recapitulating human THP/uromodulin-associated kidney diseases could be used to elucidate their pathogenesis and test novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Ma
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nichole K. Landry
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine and Indianapolis VA, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tarek M. El-Achkar
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine and Indianapolis VA, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John C. Lieske
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Kaewsaro K, Nualplub S, Bumrungsri S, Khuituan P. Furosemide suppresses ileal and colonic contractility via interactions with GABA-A receptor in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:1155-1165. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kannaree Kaewsaro
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
| | - Suparp Nualplub
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
| | - Sara Bumrungsri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
| | - Pissared Khuituan
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
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21
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Quinton PM. Both Ways at Once: Keeping Small Airways Clean. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:380-390. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00013.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The small airways of the lungs are under constant assault from the pathogens and debris in the air that they must conduct to alveoli. Although hygiene is of paramount importance for respiratory health, the underlying principles of airway clearance have not been well integrated or established. Newly emerging concepts of simultaneous absorption and secretion of airway surface liquid (ASL) and the role of [Formula: see text] in the maturation of mucins have advanced from experimental evidence as well as observations from the congenital disease cystic fibrosis (CF) to present a novel model that integrates microanatomy with organ physiology to meet the constant challenge of cleaning small airways.
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22
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Hwang JH, Chan YC. Expressions of ion co-transporter genes in salicylate-induced tinnitus and treatment effects of spirulina. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:159. [PMID: 27590453 PMCID: PMC5009550 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the activity of tinnitus-related ion co-transporter are known, their mRNA expressions has seldom been reported. We aimed to investigate the mRNA expressions of tinnitus-related ion co-transporter genes, and treatment effects of Spirulina. METHODS The mRNA expressions of K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter (KCC2) and Na-K-2Cl co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) genes in the cochlea and brain of mice were evaluated after tinnitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of salicylate. The effects of spirulina water extract on these gene expressions were investigated. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the tinnitus scores increased significantly, however, the salicylate-induced tinnitus could be reduced significantly by spirulina water extract. The tinnitus group had higher of borderline significance mRNA expression of KCC2 gene in the cochlear, significantly higher in the temporal lobes and in the frontal lobes. Meanwhile, compared to the tinnitus group, the spirulina group had significantly lower mRNA expression of KCC2 gene in the cochlear, temporal lobes, frontal lobes and parahippocampus/hippocampus. However, the NKCC1 mRNA expression was not significantly different between three groups in the cochlea and these brain areas. CONCLUSION Salicylate-induced tinnitus might be associated with increased mRNA expression of KCC2 gene, but not with mRNA expressions of NKCC1 gene in the cochlear and some tinnitus-related brain areas. Spirulina reduced the expression of KCC2 genes in salicylate-induced tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juen-Haur Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ching Chan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
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23
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Dbouk HA, Huang CL, Cobb MH. Hypertension: the missing WNKs. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F16-27. [PMID: 27009339 PMCID: PMC4967160 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00358.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The With no Lysine [K] (WNK) family of enzymes are central in the regulation of blood pressure. WNKs have been implicated in hereditary hypertension disorders, mainly through control of the activity and levels of ion cotransporters and channels. Actions of WNKs in the kidney have been heavily investigated, and recent studies have provided insight into not only the regulation of these enzymes but also how mutations in WNKs and their interacting partners contribute to hypertensive disorders. Defining the roles of WNKs in the cardiovascular system will provide clues about additional mechanisms by which WNKs can regulate blood pressure. This review summarizes recent developments in the regulation of the WNK signaling cascade and its role in regulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem A Dbouk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
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25
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Huang X, Dorhout Mees E, Vos P, Hamza S, Braam B. Everything we always wanted to know about furosemide but were afraid to ask. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F958-71. [PMID: 26911852 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00476.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Furosemide is a widely used, potent natriuretic drug, which inhibits the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC)-2 in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle applied to reduce extracellular fluid volume expansion in heart and kidney disease. Undesirable consequences of furosemide, such as worsening of kidney function and unpredictable effects on sodium balance, led to this critical evaluation of how inhibition of NKCC affects renal and cardiovascular physiology. This evaluation reveals important knowledge gaps, involving furosemide as a drug, the function of NKCC2 (and NKCC1), and renal and systemic indirect effects of NKCC inhibition. Regarding renal effects, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate could become compromised by activation of tubuloglomerular feedback or by renin release, particularly if renal function is already compromised. Modulation of the intrarenal renin angiotensin system, however, is ill-defined. Regarding systemic effects, vasodilation followed by nonspecific NKCC inhibition and changes in venous compliance are not well understood. Repetitive administration of furosemide induces short-term (braking phenomenon, acute diuretic resistance) and long-term (chronic diuretic resistance) adaptations, of which the mechanisms are not well known. Modulation of NKCC2 expression and activity in kidney and heart failure is ill-defined. Lastly, furosemide's effects on cutaneous sodium stores and on uric acid levels could be beneficial or detrimental. Concluding, a considerable knowledge gap is identified regarding a potent drug with a relatively specific renal target, NKCC2, and renal and systemic actions. Resolving these questions would increase the understanding of NKCCs and their actions and improve rational use of furosemide in pathophysiology of fluid volume expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evert Dorhout Mees
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Utrecht University, Vorden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vos
- Dianet Dialysis Centers, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Shereen Hamza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Branko Braam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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26
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Li BO, Meng C, Zhang X, Cong D, Gao X, Gao W, Ju D, Hu S. Effect of photodynamic therapy combined with torasemide on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 in rat peritumoral edema and glioma. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2084-2090. [PMID: 26998126 PMCID: PMC4774439 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritumoral edema is a key stage in the infiltration and recurrence of glioma. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) increases the extent of peritumoral edema, which leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of PDT in treating glioma. The present study evaluated the effects of PDT combined with torasemide on the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC) 1 in peritumoral edema regions of rat glioma. Adult male Wistar rats were inoculated with rat glioma C6 cells, and the presence of glioma was confirmed using magnetic resonance imaging 7 days subsequent to injection. The rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=15): Control group, the rats received no treatment; PDT group, the rats received PDT at 80 J/cm2 for 10 min; torasemide group, the rats received 5 mg/kg torasemide intraperitoneally; and PDT + torasemide group, the rats received 5 mg/kg torasemide intraperitoneally for 3 days following PDT at 80 J/cm2 for 10 min. A total of 5 rats from each group were sacrificed 21 days following injection and the peritumoral edema tissues were harvested. MMP2 and NKCC1 expression levels were detected in the tissues using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. The mRNA expression levels of MMP2 and NKCC1 were observed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Peritumoral edema was measured using a wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio, and survival times of the remaining 10 rats in each group were evaluated. Compared with the control group, tumor growth was significantly suppressed in the PDT group and the survival time was prolonged through a reduction in the expression of MMP2 (P<0.05), and an increased W/D ratio resulted in significantly increased expression of NKCC1 (P<0.05). Compared with the PDT group, the expression of NKCC1 and the W/D ratio in the PDT + torasemide group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the expression levels of MMP2. In conclusion, PDT combined with torasemide prolonged the survival time of rats by inhibiting the growth of glioma through a reduction in the expression of MMP2, and by reducing peritumoral edema through a reduction in the expression levels of NKCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Chao Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Damin Cong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Wanlong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Donghui Ju
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Shaoshan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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α6-Containing GABAA Receptors Are the Principal Mediators of Inhibitory Synapse Strengthening by Insulin in Cerebellar Granule Cells. J Neurosci 2015; 35:9676-88. [PMID: 26134650 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0513-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent strengthening of central synapses is a key factor driving neuronal circuit behavior in the vertebrate CNS. At fast inhibitory synapses, strengthening is thought to occur by increasing the number of GABAA receptors (GABARs) of the same subunit composition to preexisting synapses. Here, we show that strengthening of mouse cerebellar granule cell GABAergic synapses occurs by a different mechanism. Specifically, we show that the neuropeptide hormone, insulin, strengthens inhibitory synapses by recruiting α6-containing GABARs rather than accumulating more α1-containing receptors that are resident to the synapse. Because α6-receptors are targeted to functionally distinct postsynaptic sites from α1-receptors, we conclude that only a subset of all inhibitory synapses are strengthened. Together with our recent findings on stellate cells, we propose a general mechanism by which mature inhibitory synapses are strengthened. In this scenario, α1-GABARs resident to inhibitory synapses form the hardwiring of neuronal circuits with receptors of a different composition fulfilling a fundamental, but unappreciated, role in synapse strengthening.
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Lykke K, Töllner K, Römermann K, Feit PW, Erker T, MacAulay N, Löscher W. Structure-activity relationships of bumetanide derivatives: correlation between diuretic activity in dogs and inhibition of the human NKCC2A transporter. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4469-4480. [PMID: 26101812 PMCID: PMC4562508 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The N-K-Cl cotransporters (NKCCs) mediate the coupled, electroneutral movement of Na+ , K+ and Cl- ions across cell membranes. There are two isoforms of this cation co-transporter, NKCC1 and NKCC2. NKCC2 is expressed primarily in the kidney and is the target of diuretics such as bumetanide. Bumetanide was discovered by screening ∼5000 3-amino-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives, long before NKCC2 was identified in the kidney. Therefore, structure-activity studies on effects of bumetanide derivatives on NKCC2 are not available. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, the effect of a series of diuretically active bumetanide derivatives was investigated on human NKCC2 variant A (hNKCC2A) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. KEY RESULTS Bumetanide blocked hNKCC2A transport with an IC50 of 4 μM. There was good correlation between the diuretic potency of bumetanide and its derivatives in dogs and their inhibition of hNKCC2A (r2 = 0.817; P < 0.01). Replacement of the carboxylic group of bumetanide by a non-ionic residue, for example, an anilinomethyl group, decreased inhibition of hNKCC2A, indicating that an acidic group was required for transporter inhibition. Exchange of the phenoxy group of bumetanide for a 4-chloroanilino group or the sulfamoyl group by a methylsulfonyl group resulted in compounds with higher potency to inhibit hNKCC2A than bumetanide. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The X. laevis oocyte expression system used in these experiments allowed analysis of the structural requirements that determine relative potency of loop diuretics on human NKCC2 splice variants, and may lead to the discovery of novel high-ceiling diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Lykke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrin Töllner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannover, Germany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannover, Germany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannover, Germany
| | - Peter W Feit
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Erker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannover, Germany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannover, Germany
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Beyenbach KW, Yu Y, Piermarini PM, Denton J. Targeting renal epithelial channels for the control of insect vectors. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1081861. [PMID: 26716074 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1081861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three small molecules were identified in high throughput screens that 1) block renal inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels of Aedes aegypti expressed in HEK cells and Xenopus oocytes, 2) inhibit the secretion of KCl but not NaCl in isolated Malpighian tubules, and after injection into the hemolymph, 3) inhibit KCl excretion in vivo, and 4) render mosquitoes flightless or dead within 24h. Some mosquitoes had swollen abdomens at death consistent with renal failure. VU625, the most potent and promising small molecule for development as mosquitocide, inhibits AeKir1-mediated currents with an IC50 less than 100 nM. It is highly selective for AeKir1 over mammalian Kir channels, and it affects only 3 of 68 mammalian membrane proteins. These results document 1) renal failure as a new mode-of-action for mosquitocide development, 2) renal Kir channels as molecular target for inducing renal failure, and 3) the promise of the discovery and development of new species-specific insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus W Beyenbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Cornell University ; Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Yasong Yu
- College of Medicine; SUNY Downstate Medical Center ; Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Peter M Piermarini
- Department of Entomology; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University ; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Jerod Denton
- Department of Anesthesiology; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine ; Nashville, TN USA
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A sea urchin Na + K + 2Cl − cotransporter is involved in the maintenance of calcification-relevant cytoplasmic cords in Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 187:184-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bobermin LD, Hansel G, Scherer EBS, Wyse ATS, Souza DO, Quincozes-Santos A, Gonçalves CA. Ammonia impairs glutamatergic communication in astroglial cells: protective role of resveratrol. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:2022-9. [PMID: 26318273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a key toxin in the precipitation of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with liver failure. In response to ammonia, various toxic events are triggered in astroglial cells, and alterations in brain glutamate communication are common. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that has been extensively studied in pathological events because it presents several beneficial effects, including some in the central nervous system (CNS). We previously described that resveratrol is able to significantly modulate glial functioning and has a protective effect during ammonia challenge in vitro. In this study, we addressed the mechanisms by which resveratrol can protect C6 astroglial cells from glutamatergic alterations induced by ammonia. Resveratrol was able to prevent all the effects triggered by ammonia: (i) decrease in glutamate uptake activity and expression of the EAAC1 glutamate transporter, the main glutamate transporter present in C6 cells; (ii) increase of glutamate release, which was also dependent on the activation of the Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter NKCC1; (iii) reduction in GS activity and intracellular GSH content; and (iv) impairment of Na(+)K(+)-ATPase activity. Interestingly, resveratrol, per se, also positively modulated the astroglial functions evaluated. Moreover, we demonstrated that heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), an enzyme that is part of the cellular defense system, mediated some of the effects of resveratrol. In conclusion, the mechanisms of the putative protective role of resveratrol against ammonia toxicity involve the modulation of pathways and molecules related to glutamate communication in astroglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Hansel
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Emilene B S Scherer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Anti-angiogenic Effects of Bumetanide Revealed by DCE-MRI with a Biodegradable Macromolecular Contrast Agent in a Colon Cancer Model. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3029-43. [PMID: 25840948 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the antiangiogenic effect of bumetanide with dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI and a biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent. METHODS A new polydisulfide containing macrocyclic gadolinium (Gd(III)) chelates, poly([(Gd-DOTA)-DETA]-co-DTBP) (GODP), was synthesized as a safe biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agent for DCE-MRI. Nude mice bearing flank HT29 colon cancer xenografts were then treated daily with either bumetanide or saline for a total of 3 weeks. DCE-MRI was performed before and after the treatment weekly. The DCE-MRI data were analyzed using the adiabiatic approximation to the tissue homogeneity (AATH) model to assess the change of tumor vascularity in response to the treatment. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot were performed to study tumor angiogenic biomarkers and hypoxia. RESULTS DCE-MRI with GODP revealed that bumetanide reduced vascular permeability and plasma volume fraction by a significantly greater extent than the saline control therapy after 3 weeks of therapy. These changes were verified by the significant decline of CD31 and VEGF expression in the bumetanide treatment group. Despite a significant regression in vascularity, the tumors remained highly proliferative. Overexpression of the transcription factor HIF-1α in response to elevated hypoxia is thought to be the driving force behind the uninterrupted tumor expansion. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the effectiveness of DCE-MRI with GODP in detecting vascular changes following the administration of bumetanide. Bumetanide has the potential to curtail growth of the tumor vasculature and can be employed in future therapeutic strategies.
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Rubino JG, Zimmer AM, Wood CM. Intestinal ammonia transport in freshwater and seawater acclimated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): evidence for a Na+ coupled uptake mechanism. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 183:45-56. [PMID: 25545914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In vitro gut sac experiments were performed on freshwater and 60% seawater acclimated trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under treatments designed to discern possible mechanisms of intestinal ammonia transport. Seawater acclimation increased ammonia flux rate into the serosal saline (Jsamm) in the anterior intestine, however it did not alter Jsamm in the mid- or posterior intestine suggesting similar mechanisms of ammonia handling in freshwater and seawater fish. Both fluid transport rate (FTR) and Jsamm were inhibited in response to basolateral ouabain treatment, suggesting a linkage of ammonia uptake to active transport, possibly coupled to fluid transport processes via solvent drag. Furthermore, decreases in FTR and Jsamm caused by low Na(+) treatment indicated a Na(+) linked transport mechanism. Mucosal bumetanide (10(-4) M) had no impact on FTR, yet decreased Jsamm in the anterior and mid-intestine, suggesting NH4(+) substitution for K(+) on an apical NKCC, and at least a partial uncoupling of ammonia transport from fluid transport. Additional treatments (amiloride, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA), phenamil, bafilomycin, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), high sodium) intended to disrupt alternative routes of Na(+) uptake yielded no change in FTR or Jsamm, suggesting the absence of direct competition between Na(+) and ammonia for transport. Finally, [(14)C]methylamine permeability (PMA) measurements indicated the likely presence of an intestinal Rh-mediated ammonia transport system, as increasing NH4Cl (0, 1, 5 mmol l(-1)) concentrations reduced PMA, suggesting competition for transport through Rh proteins. Overall, the data presented in this paper provide some of the first insights into mechanisms of teleost intestinal ammonia transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian G Rubino
- McMaster University, Life Sciences Building, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada.
| | - Alex M Zimmer
- McMaster University, Life Sciences Building, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada
| | - Chris M Wood
- McMaster University, Life Sciences Building, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada; Dept. of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Chew SF, Hiong KC, Lam SP, Chen XL, Ching B, Ip YK. Ammonia exposure increases the expression of Na(+):K (+):2Cl (-) cotransporter 1a in the gills of the giant mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 185:57-72. [PMID: 25348644 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The giant mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, is an obligate air-breathing teleost that can actively excrete ammonia against high concentrations of environmental ammonia. This study aimed to clone and sequence the Na (+) :K (+) :2Cl (-) cotransporter 1 (nkcc1) from the gills of P. schlosseri, and to determine the effects of ammonia exposure on its mRNA expression and protein abundance after pre-acclimation to slightly brackish water (salinity 3; SBW) for 2 weeks. The complete coding cDNA sequences of nkcc1a consisted of 3453 bp, coding for 1151 amino acid with an estimated molecular mass of 125.4 kDa. Exposure to 75 mmol l(-1) NH4Cl in SBW had no effect on the mRNA expression of nkcc1a. However, western blotting revealed a significant increase in the protein abundance of multiple T4-immunoreactive bands of molecular mass 170-250 kDa in the gills of P. schlosseri exposed to ammonia. Furthermore, immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated the colocalization of the increased T4-immunoreactive protein with Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (Nka) α-subunit to the basolateral membrane of certain ionocytes in the gills of the ammonia-exposed fish. As Nkcc1 is known to have a basolateral localization, it can be concluded that ammonia exposure led to an increase in the expression of glycosylated Nkcc1, the molecular masses of which were reduced upon enzymatic deglycosylation, in the gills of P. schlosseri. The dependency on post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of branchial Nkcc1 in P. schlosseri would facilitate prompt responses to changes in environmental condition. As NH4 (+) can replace K(+), NH4 (+) could probably enter ionocytes through the basolateral Nkcc1a during active ammonia excretion, but increased influx of Na(+), NH4 (+) and 2Cl(-) would alter the transmembrane Na(+) gradient. Consequently, exposure of P. schlosseri to ammonia would also result in an increase in branchial activity of Nka with decreased NH4 (+) affinity so as to maintain intracellular Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis as reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shit F Chew
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Republic of Singapore,
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He Y, Xu S, Huang J, Gong Q. Analgesic effect of intrathecal bumetanide is accompanied by changes in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1055-62. [PMID: 25206759 PMCID: PMC4146300 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.133170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chloride regulation in the pain pathway and by effecting neuronal excitability and pain sensitization. The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of the specific sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 inhibitor bumetanide, and the change in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain. Results showed that intrathecal bumetanide could decrease cumulative pain scores, and could increase thermal and mechanical pain thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain. Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression increased in neurons from dorsal root ganglion and the deep laminae of the ipsilateral dorsal horn following incision. By contrast, potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression decreased in neurons of the deep laminae from the ipsilateral dorsal horn. These findings suggest that spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression was up-regulated and spinal potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression was down-regulated following incision. Intrathecal bumetanide has analgesic effects on incisional pain through inhibition of sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shiyuan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qingjuan Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Blood-brain barrier Na transporters in ischemic stroke. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 71:113-46. [PMID: 25307215 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells form a barrier that is highly restrictive to passage of solutes between blood and brain. Many BBB transport mechanisms have been described that mediate transcellular movement of solutes across the barrier either into or out of the brain. One class of BBB transporters that is all too often overlooked is that of the ion transporters. The BBB has a rich array of ion transporters and channels that carry Na, K, Cl, HCO3, Ca, and other ions. Many of these are asymmetrically distributed between the luminal and abluminal membranes, giving BBB endothelial cells the ability to perform vectorial transport of ions across the barrier between blood and brain. In this manner, the BBB performs the important function of regulating the volume and composition of brain interstitial fluid. Through functional coupling of luminal and abluminal transporters and channels, the BBB carries Na, Cl, and other ions from blood into brain, producing up to 30% of brain interstitial fluid in healthy brain. During ischemic stroke cerebral edema forms by processes involving increased activity of BBB luminal Na transporters, resulting in "hypersecretion" of Na, Cl, and water into the brain interstitium. This review discusses the roles of luminal BBB Na transporters in edema formation in stroke, with an emphasis on Na-K-Cl cotransport and Na/H exchange. Evidence that these transporters provide effective therapeutic targets for reduction of edema in stroke is also discussed, as are recent findings regarding signaling pathways responsible for ischemia stimulation of the BBB Na transporters.
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Furosemide diminishes 18F-fluoroethylcholine uptake in prostate cancer in vivo. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 41:2074-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-014-2829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fraser SA, Davies M, Katerelos M, Gleich K, Choy SW, Steel R, Galic S, Mount PF, Kemp BE, Power DA. Activation of AMPK reduces the co-transporter activity of NKCC1. Mol Membr Biol 2014; 31:95-102. [PMID: 24702155 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2014.902128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The co-transporter activity of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) 1 (NKCC1) is dependent on phosphorylation. In this study we show the energy-sensing kinase AMPK inhibits NKCC1 activity. Three separate AMPK activators (AICAR, Phenformin and A-769662) inhibited NKCC1 flux in a variety of nucleated cells. Treatment with A-769662 resulted in a reduction of NKCC1(T212/T217) phosphorylation, and this was reversed by treatment with the non-selective AMPK inhibitor Compound C. AMPK dependence was confirmed by treatment of AMPK null mouse embryonic fibroblasts, where A-769662 had no effect on NKCC1 mediated transport. AMPK was found to directly phosphorylate a recombinant human-NKCC1 N-terminal fragment (1-293) with the phosphorylated site identified as S77. Mutation of Serine 77 to Alanine partially prevented the inhibitory effect of A-769662 on NKCC1 activity. In conclusion, AMPK can act to reduce NKCC1-mediated transport. While the exact mechanism is still unclear there is evidence for both a direct effect on phosphorylation of S77 and reduced phosphorylation of T212/217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Fraser
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Kidney Laboratory , Melbourne, Australia
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Zhang X, Cong D, Shen D, Gao X, Chen L, Hu S. The effect of bumetanide on photodynamic therapy-induced peri-tumor edema of C6 glioma xenografts. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46:422-30. [PMID: 24700489 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Damin Cong
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Dawei Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery; Shouguang City People's Hospital; Weifang 262700 China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Shaoshan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150086 China
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delos Heros P, Alessi D, Gourlay R, Campbell D, Deak M, Macartney T, Kahle K, Zhang J. The WNK-regulated SPAK/OSR1 kinases directly phosphorylate and inhibit the K+-Cl- co-transporters. Biochem J 2014; 458:559-73. [PMID: 24393035 PMCID: PMC3940040 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Precise homoeostasis of the intracellular concentration of Cl- is achieved via the co-ordinated activities of the Cl- influx and efflux. We demonstrate that the WNK (WNK lysine-deficient protein kinase)-activated SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase)/OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1) known to directly phosphorylate and stimulate the N[K]CCs (Na+-K+ ion co-transporters), also promote inhibition of the KCCs (K+-Cl- co-transporters) by directly phosphorylating a recently described C-terminal threonine residue conserved in all KCC isoforms [Site-2 (Thr1048)]. First, we demonstrate that SPAK and OSR1, in the presence of the MO25 regulatory subunit, robustly phosphorylates all KCC isoforms at Site-2 in vitro. Secondly, STOCK1S-50699, a WNK pathway inhibitor, suppresses SPAK/OSR1 activation and KCC3A Site-2 phosphorylation with similar efficiency. Thirdly, in ES (embryonic stem) cells lacking SPAK/OSR1 activity, endogenous phosphorylation of KCC isoforms at Site-2 is abolished and these cells display elevated basal activity of 86Rb+ uptake that was not markedly stimulated further by hypotonic high K+ conditions, consistent with KCC3A activation. Fourthly, a tight correlation exists between SPAK/OSR1 activity and the magnitude of KCC3A Site-2 phosphorylation. Lastly, a Site-2 alanine KCC3A mutant preventing SPAK/OSR1 phosphorylation exhibits increased activity. We also observe that KCCs are directly phosphorylated by SPAK/OSR1, at a novel Site-3 (Thr5 in KCC1/KCC3 and Thr6 in KCC2/KCC4), and a previously recognized KCC3-specific residue, Site-4 (Ser96). These data demonstrate that the WNK-regulated SPAK/OSR1 kinases directly phosphorylate the N[K]CCs and KCCs, promoting their stimulation and inhibition respectively. Given these reciprocal actions with anticipated net effects of increasing Cl- influx, we propose that the targeting of WNK-SPAK/OSR1 with kinase inhibitors might be a novel potent strategy to enhance cellular Cl- extrusion, with potential implications for the therapeutic modulation of epithelial and neuronal ion transport in human disease states.
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Key Words
- γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba)
- blood pressure/hypertension
- ion homoeostasis
- k+–cl− co-transporter 2 (kcc2)
- k+–cl− co-transporter 3 (kcc3)
- na+–cl− co-transporter (ncc)
- na+–k+–2cl− co-transporter 1 (nkcc1)
- protein kinase
- signal transduction
- ccc, cation–cl− co-transporter
- cct, conserved c-terminal
- ctd, c-terminal cytoplasmic domain
- erk1, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1
- es, embryonic stem
- hek, human embryonic kidney
- hrp, horseradish peroxidase
- kcc, k+–cl− co-transporter
- lds, lithium dodecyl sulfate
- ncc, na+–cl− co-transporter
- n[k]cc, na+–k+ ion co-transporter
- nkcc, na+–k+–2cl− co-transporter
- ntd, n-terminal cytoplasmic domain
- osr1, oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1
- slc12, solute carrier family 12
- spak, sps1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase
- ttbs, tris-buffered saline containing tween 20
- wnk, wnk lysine-deficient protein kinase
- xic, extracted ion chromatogram
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola delos Heros
- *MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- *MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
- 1Correspondence may be addressed to either of these authors (email or )
| | - Robert Gourlay
- *MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - David G. Campbell
- *MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Maria Deak
- *MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Thomas J. Macartney
- *MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- †Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, U.S.A
- ‡Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- *MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
- 1Correspondence may be addressed to either of these authors (email or )
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Witte M, Reinert T, Dietz B, Nerlich J, Rübsamen R, Milenkovic I. Depolarizing chloride gradient in developing cochlear nucleus neurons: Underlying mechanism and implication for calcium signaling. Neuroscience 2014; 261:207-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ip YK, Hiong KC, Wong SZH, Ching B, Chen XL, Soh MML, Chng YR, Ong JLY, Wilson JM, Chew SF. Branchial Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-) cotransporter 1 and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase α-subunit in a brackish water-type ionocyte of the euryhaline freshwater white-rimmed stingray, Himantura signifer. Front Physiol 2013; 4:362. [PMID: 24339817 PMCID: PMC3857534 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Himantura signifer is a freshwater stingray which inhabits rivers in Southeast Asia. It can survive in brackish water but not seawater. In brackish water, it becomes partially ureosmotic, but how it maintains its plasma hypoionic to the external medium is enigmatic because of the lack of a rectal gland. Here, we report for the first time the expression of Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-) cotransporter 1 (nkcc1) in the gills of freshwaterH. signifer, and its moderate up-regulation (~2-fold) in response to brackish water (salinity 20) acclimation. The absence of the Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase and oxidation stress response kinase 1 interaction site from the N-terminus of H. signifer Nkcc1 suggested that it might not be effectively activated by stress kinases in response to salinity changes as in more euryhaline teleosts. The increased activity of Nkcc1 during salt excretion in brackish water would lead to an influx of Na(+) into ionocytes, and the maintenance of intracellular Na(+) homeostasis would need the cooperation of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (Nka). We demonstrated for the first time the expression of nkaα1, nkaα2 and nkaα3 in the gills of H. signifer, and the up-regulation of the mRNA expression of nkaα3 and the overall protein abundance of Nkaα in response to acclimation to brackish water. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of a sub-type of ionocyte, co-expressing Nkcc1 and Nkaα, near the base of the secondary lamellae in the gills of H. signifer acclimated to brackish water, but this type of ionocyte was absent from the gills of fish kept in fresh water. Hence, there could be a change in the function of the gills of H. signifer from salt absorption to salt excretion during brackish water acclimation in the absence of a functioning rectal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen K Ip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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Töpfer M, Töllner K, Brandt C, Twele F, Bröer S, Löscher W. Consequences of inhibition of bumetanide metabolism in rodents on brain penetration and effects of bumetanide in chronic models of epilepsy. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 39:673-87. [PMID: 24251546 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diuretic bumetanide, which acts by blocking the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC), is widely used to inhibit neuronal NKCC1, particularly when NKCC1 expression is abnormally increased in brain diseases such as epilepsy. However, bumetanide poorly penetrates into the brain and, in rodents, is rapidly eliminated because of extensive oxidation of its N-butyl sidechain, reducing the translational value of rodent experiments. Inhibition of oxidation by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) has previously been reported to increase the half-life and diuretic activity of bumetanide in rats. Here we studied whether inhibition of bumetanide metabolism by PBO also increases brain levels of bumetanide in rats, and whether this alters pharmacodynamic effects in the kindling model of epilepsy. Furthermore, we studied the effects of PBO in mice. Mice eliminated bumetanide less rapidly than rats (elimination half-life 47 min vs. 13 min). Pretreatment with PBO increased the half-life in mice to average values (70 min) previously determined in humans, and markedly elevated brain levels of bumetanide. In rats, the increase in plasma and brain levels of bumetanide by PBO was less marked than in mice. PBO significantly increased the diuretic activity of bumetanide in rats and, less effectively, in mice. In epileptic mice, bumetanide (with PBO) did not suppress spontaneous seizures. In the rat kindling model, bumetanide (with or without PBO) did not exert anticonvulsant effects on fully kindled seizures, but dose-dependently altered kindling development. These data indicate that PBO offers a simple means to enhance the translational properties of rodent experiments with bumetanide, particularly when using mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Töpfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, D-30559, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Christensen EI, Wagner CA, Kaissling B. Uriniferous tubule: structural and functional organization. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:805-61. [PMID: 23961562 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The uriniferous tubule is divided into the proximal tubule, the intermediate (thin) tubule, the distal tubule and the collecting duct. The present chapter is based on the chapters by Maunsbach and Christensen on the proximal tubule, and by Kaissling and Kriz on the distal tubule and collecting duct in the 1992 edition of the Handbook of Physiology, Renal Physiology. It describes the fine structure (light and electron microscopy) of the entire mammalian uriniferous tubule, mainly in rats, mice, and rabbits. The structural data are complemented by recent data on the location of the major transport- and transport-regulating proteins, revealed by morphological means(immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and/or mRNA in situ hybridization). The structural differences along the uriniferous tubule strictly coincide with the distribution of the major luminal and basolateral transport proteins and receptors and both together provide the basis for the subdivision of the uriniferous tubule into functional subunits. Data on structural adaptation to defined functional changes in vivo and to genetical alterations of specified proteins involved in transepithelial transport importantly deepen our comprehension of the correlation of structure and function in the kidney, of the role of each segment or cell type in the overall renal function,and our understanding of renal pathophysiology.
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45
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Jennings ML. Transport of H2S and HS(-) across the human red blood cell membrane: rapid H2S diffusion and AE1-mediated Cl(-)/HS(-) exchange. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C941-50. [PMID: 23864610 PMCID: PMC4042536 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00178.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rates of H2S and HS(-) transport across the human erythrocyte membrane were estimated by measuring rates of dissipation of pH gradients in media containing 250 μM H2S/HS(-). Net acid efflux is caused by H2S/HS(-) acting analogously to CO2/HCO3(-) in the Jacobs-Stewart cycle. The steps are as follows: 1) H2S efflux through the lipid bilayer and/or a gas channel, 2) extracellular H2S deprotonation, 3) HS(-) influx in exchange for Cl(-), catalyzed by the anion exchange protein AE1, and 4) intracellular HS(-) protonation. Net acid transport by the Cl(-)/HS(-)/H2S cycle is more efficient than by the Cl(-)/HCO3(-)/CO2 cycle because of the rapid H2S-HS(-) interconversion in cells and medium. The rates of acid transport were analyzed by solving the mass flow equations for the cycle to produce estimates of the HS(-) and H2S transport rates. The data indicate that HS(-) is a very good substrate for AE1; the Cl(-)/HS(-) exchange rate is about one-third as rapid as Cl(-)/HCO3(-) exchange. The H2S permeability coefficient must also be high (>10(-2) cm/s, half time <0.003 s) to account for the pH equilibration data. The results imply that H2S and HS(-) enter erythrocytes very rapidly in the microcirculation of H2S-producing tissues, thereby acting as a sink for H2S and lowering the local extracellular concentration, and the fact that HS(-) is a substrate for a Cl(-)/HCO3(-) exchanger indicates that some effects of exogenous H2S/HS(-) may not result from a regulatory role of H2S but, rather, from net acid flux by H2S and HS(-) transport in a Jacobs-Stewart cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Jennings
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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46
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Bobermin LD, Souza DO, Gonçalves CA, Quincozes-Santos A. Lipoic acid protects C6 cells against ammonia exposure through Na+-K+-Cl− co-transporter and PKC pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2041-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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47
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Ip YK, Hou Z, Chen XL, Ong JLY, Chng YR, Ching B, Hiong KC, Chew SF. High brain ammonia tolerance and down-regulation of Na+:K+:2Cl(-) Cotransporter 1b mRNA and protein expression in the brain of the Swamp Eel, Monopterus albus, exposed to environmental ammonia or terrestrial conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69512. [PMID: 24069137 PMCID: PMC3777983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-) cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) has been implicated in mediating ischemia-, trauma- or ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling/brain edema in mammals. This study aimed to determine the effects of ammonia or terrestrial exposure on ammonia concentrations in the plasma and brain, and the mRNA expression and protein abundance of nkcc/Nkcc in the brain, of the swamp eel Monopterusalbus. Ammonia exposure led to a greater increase in the ammonia concentration in the brain of M. albus than terrestrial exposure. The brain ammonia concentration of M. albus reached 4.5 µmol g(-1) and 2.7 µmol g(-1) after 6 days of exposure to 50 mmol l(-1) NH4Cl and terrestrial conditions, respectively. The full cDNA coding sequence of nkcc1b from M. albus brain comprised 3276 bp and coded for 1092 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 119.6 kDa. A molecular characterization indicated that it could be activated through phosphorylation and/or glycosylation by osmotic and/or oxidative stresses. Ammonia exposure for 1 day or 6 days led to significant decreases in the nkcc1b mRNA expression and Nkcc1b protein abundance in the brain of M. albus. In comparison, a significant decrease in nkcc1b mRNA expression was observed in the brain of M. albus only after 6 days of terrestrial exposure, but both 1 day and 6 days of terrestrial exposure resulted in significant decreases in the protein abundance of Nkcc1b. These results are novel because it has been established in mammals that ammonia up-regulates NKCC1 expression in astrocytes and NKCC1 plays an important role in ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling and brain edema. By contrast, our results indicate for the first time that M. albus is able to down-regulate the mRNA and protein expression of nkcc1b/Nkcc1b in the brain when confronted with ammonia toxicity, which could be one of the contributing factors to its extraordinarily high brain ammonia tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen K. Ip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiu L. Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jasmine L. Y. Ong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - You R. Chng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Biyun Ching
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kum C. Hiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shit F. Chew
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Schiessl IM, Rosenauer A, Kattler V, Minuth WW, Oppermann M, Castrop H. Dietary salt intake modulates differential splicing of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1139-48. [PMID: 23946287 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00259.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Both sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) and macula densa salt sensing crucially depend on the function of the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter NKCC2. The NKCC2 gene gives rise to at least three different full-length NKCC2 isoforms derived from differential splicing. In the present study, we addressed the influence of dietary salt intake on the differential splicing of NKCC2. Mice were subjected to diets with low-salt, standard salt, and high-salt content for 7 days, and NKCC2 isoform mRNA abundance was determined. With decreasing salt intake, we found a reduced abundance of the low-affinity isoform NKCC2A and an increase in the high-affinity isoform NKCC2B in the renal cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla. This shift from NKCC2A to NKCC2B during a low-salt diet could be mimicked by furosemide in vivo and in cultured kidney slices. Furthermore, the changes in NKCC2 isoform abundance during a salt-restricted diet were partly mediated by the actions of angiotensin II on AT1 receptors, as determined using chronic angiotensin II infusion. In contrast to changes in oral salt intake, water restriction (48 h) and water loading (8% sucrose solution) increased and suppressed the expression of all NKCC2 isoforms, without changing the distribution pattern of the single isoforms. In summary, the differential splicing of NKCC2 pre-mRNA is modulated by dietary salt intake, which may be mediated by changes in intracellular ion composition. Differential splicing of NKCC2 appears to contribute to the adaptive capacity of the kidney to cope with changes in reabsorptive needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Maria Schiessl
- Institute of Physiology, Univ. of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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Deeb TZ, Nakamura Y, Frost GD, Davies PA, Moss SJ. Disrupted Cl(-) homeostasis contributes to reductions in the inhibitory efficacy of diazepam during hyperexcited states. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2453-67. [PMID: 23627375 PMCID: PMC3735799 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The K(+) -Cl(-) cotransporter type 2 is the major Cl(-) extrusion mechanism in most adult neurons. This process in turn leads to Cl(-) influx upon activation of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA ) receptors and the canonical hyperpolarising inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Several neurological disorders are treated with drugs that target and enhance GABAA receptor signaling, including the commonly used benzodiazepine diazepam and the anesthetic propofol. Some of these disorders are also associated with deficits in GABAA signaling and become less sensitive to therapeutic drugs that target GABAA receptors. To date, it is unknown if alterations in the neuronal Cl(-) gradient affect the efficacies of diazepam and propofol. We therefore used the in vitro model of glutamate-induced hyperexcitability to test if alterations in the Cl(-) gradient affect the efficacy of GABAA modulators. We exclusively utilised the gramicidin perforated-patch-clamp configuration to preserve the endogenous Cl(-) gradient in rat neurons. Brief exposure to glutamate reduced the inhibitory efficacy of diazepam within 5 min, which was caused by the collapse of the Cl(-) gradient, and not due to reductions in GABAA receptor number. Unlike diazepam, propofol retained its efficacy by shunting the membrane conductance despite the glutamate-induced appearance of depolarising GABAA -mediated currents. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of K(+) -Cl(-) cotransporter type 2 by furosemide disrupted Cl(-) homeostasis and reduced the efficacy of diazepam but not propofol. Collectively our results suggest that pathological hyperexcitable conditions could cause the rapid accumulation of intracellular Cl(-) and the appearance of depolarising GABAA -mediated currents that would decrease the efficacy of diazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Z Deeb
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Shen W, Purpura LA, Li B, Nan C, Chang IJ, Ripps H. Regulation of synaptic transmission at the photoreceptor terminal: a novel role for the cation-chloride co-transporter NKCC1. J Physiol 2012; 591:133-47. [PMID: 23090945 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.241042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) co-transporter type 1 (NKCC1) is localized primarily throughout the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of the distal retina, a synaptic lamina that is comprised of the axon terminals of photoreceptors and the dendrites of horizontal and bipolar cells. Although known to play a key role in development, signal transmission and the gating of sensory signals in other regions of the retina and in the CNS, the contribution of NKCC1 to synaptic transmission within the OPL is largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the function of NKCC1 at the photoreceptor-horizontal cell synapse by recording the electrical responses of photoreceptors and horizontal cells before and after blocking the activity of the transporter with bumetanide (BMN). Because NKCC1 co-transports 1 Na(+), 1 K(+) and 2 Cl(-), it is electroneutral and its activation had little effect on membrane conductance. However, recordings from postsynaptic horizontal cells revealed that inhibiting NKCC1 with BMN greatly increased glutamate release from both rod and cone terminals. In addition, we found that NKCC1 directly regulates Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis at the photoreceptor synapse, raising the possibility that NKCC1 serves to suppress bulk release of glutamate vesicles from photoreceptor terminals in the dark and at light offset. Interestingly, NKCC1 gene and protein expressions were upregulated by light, which we attribute to the light-induced release of dopamine acting on D1-like receptors. In sum, our study reveals a new role for NKCC1 in the regulation of synaptic transmission in photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
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