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Steinert JI, Shukla S, Vasumati Satish R. Navigating distress: Exploring factors affecting adolescent girls' wellbeing during and after a violence-focused survey in Maharashtra, India. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 152:106779. [PMID: 38574601 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring the emotional wellbeing of participants in violence-focused research is a paramount ethical requirement. While previous research suggests that most participants in violence-focused studies do not report harmful consequences, little is known about the experiences of adolescent participants in low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE This study, conducted in Maharashtra, India, aims at assessing how participant, contextual, and interviewer characteristics affect the level of distress that adolescent girls experience after participation in a violence survey. METHODS A total of 3049 13-18-year-old girls were interviewed on their experiences of family and intimate partner violence. Following the interview, both girls and interviewers completed a 5-item questionnaire on perceived participant distress. Linear regression analyses were conducted to identify possible correlates of girls' distress. RESULTS Less than 10 % of participants reported feelings of distress upon completion of the interview. Higher levels of interviewers' empathy were significantly associated with decreased levels of participants' distress (standardised beta: -0.25, p < 0.001). Reported distress was also lower if girls had opted for an audio- and mobile-assisted self-interview (ACASI) format (standardised beta: -0.05, p < 0.01) and if the interview was conducted by someone older (standardised beta: -0.22, p < 0.001). Conversely, if interviews were conducted in participants' homes and by interviewers with higher education levels, reported distress was significantly higher (standardised beta: 0.06, p < 0.01 and 0.12, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that incorporating empathetic interviewing and trust-building techniques into interviewer training, offering ACASI interviews, and choosing interview locations that ensure confidentiality can help protect the wellbeing of participants in violence research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Isabel Steinert
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Germany; TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Shruti Shukla
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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2
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Karmakar S, Duggal C. Trauma-Informed Approach to Qualitative Interviewing in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Research. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:33-47. [PMID: 37924212 DOI: 10.1177/10497323231207746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is recognized as a public health concern owing to its chronic nature, association with suicide risk, and its growing prevalence rates across the globe. Including individuals living with NSSI in research is crucial as it offers opportunities to give primacy to participant voices and insights, further guiding therapeutic interventions. Research has established an association between history of traumatic events and adverse childhood experiences with subsequent risk of NSSI. When planning a qualitative research study with individuals with potential trauma history, researchers need to be aware of and sensitive to potential re-traumatization and distressing emotions that participants may experience during interviews, as well as complex trauma reactions that may affect individuals after study participation. The article emphasizes that researchers be cognizant of the multifaceted nature of trauma and how it can impact individuals and communities and be sensitive in their approach to interviewing vulnerable groups such as individuals with experiences of NSSI. The authors propose adopting a trauma-informed approach to ethically plan and conduct qualitative interviews exploring NSSI experiences. Trauma-informed recommendations for preparing and carrying out specific steps during different stages of NSSI interviews are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Karmakar
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Chetna Duggal
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Hira S, Sheppard-Perkins M, Darroch FE. "The facilitator is not a bystander": exploring the perspectives of interdisciplinary experts on trauma research. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1225789. [PMID: 37680237 PMCID: PMC10481530 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1225789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigates the concepts, knowledge, and guiding principles that inform the practice of professionals researching trauma or working directly with individuals who have lived and living experiences of trauma. These aspects are explored with the aim of identifying current practices and potential gaps which may contribute to more trauma-informed biomarker-based research approaches. Method The perspectives of experts were explored through semi-structured interviews with seven participants; these individuals represented trauma research, clinical practice, and trauma-informed physical activity domains. Results A thematic analysis of the collected data revealed three focal areas highlighted by participants from all disciplines: "If I want to know trauma in the body of a person I need to know the person's language" which related to experiences of discussing trauma with clients; "What all people need is a safe place" relayed the importance of safety for participants working with the trauma expert; and "the facilitator is not a bystander" framing trauma-related work as a collaborative process between participants and their care providers. Conclusion Evidence of formal implementation of trauma-informed practices within research settings is lacking. This gap is identified within background literature, while the importance of implementing these practices is emphasized by the participants of this study. This presents an opportunity to apply the insights of the interviewed experts toward advancing trauma research methodologies. Adapting biomarker-based research methodologies to fit a trauma- and violence-informed model may have benefits for the quality of participant experiences, research data, and knowledge of effective interventions.
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Goyes DR, South N, Ramos Ñeñetofe DT, Cuchimba A, Baicué P, Abaibira MA. 'An incorporeal disease': COVID-19, social trauma and health injustice in four Colombian Indigenous communities. THE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW 2023; 71:105-125. [PMID: 38603355 PMCID: PMC9646887 DOI: 10.1177/00380261221133673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Worldwide, medical doctors and lawyers cooperate in health justice projects. These professionals pursue the ideal that, one day, every individual on Earth will be equally protected from the hazards that impair health. The main hindrances to health justice are discrimination, poverty and segregation, but we know that beyond concrete, quantifiable barriers, symbolic elements such as beliefs and fears also play a significant role in perpetuating health injustice. So, between March 2020, when the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and June 2021, when vaccines against the virus were globally available, we collected original information about the ways in which four Colombian Indigenous communities confronted COVID-19. Knowing that Colombian Indigenous communities often face health injustices, our goal was to understand the role of symbolic elements in the situation. Our main insight is that historical genocidal processes, in which the powerful have betrayed the trust of Indigenous communities, have created a trauma in the latter, resulting in reluctance and suspicion regarding the acceptance of 'gifts' from external sources, including potentially beneficial health treatments.
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Øverland E, Hauge ÅL, Orm S, Pellicano E, Øie MG, Skogli EW, Andersen PN. Exploring life with autism: Quality of Life, daily functioning and compensatory strategies from childhood to emerging adulthood: A qualitative study protocol. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1058601. [PMID: 36506426 PMCID: PMC9732257 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1058601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aims to investigate self-perceived quality of life, daily functioning, and the use of compensatory strategies in emerging adults with autism. Methods and analysis Participants will be recruited from the Lillehammer Neurodevelopmental 10-year follow-up study (LINEUP), with the aim of 15 individual in-depth interviews. Subsequently, two focus groups with clinicians will be invited to reflect on the themes found in the individual interviews. All interviews will be recorded and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Ethics and dissemination The study is approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics in South-East Norway. The findings will be disseminated to academic and clinical audiences through journal articles and conference presentations. To reach the broader autistic and autism communities, the findings will be shared with the Autism Society at national and local meetings, in their membership magazine, and on their social media channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Øverland
- Division of Mental Health Care, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Åshild Lappegard Hauge
- Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stian Orm
- Division of Mental Health Care, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elizabeth Pellicano
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Merete Glenne Øie
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Erik Winther Skogli
- Division of Mental Health Care, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Per Normann Andersen
- Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
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Anderson KM, Karris MY, DeSoto AF, Carr SG, Stockman JK. Engagement of Sexual Violence Survivors in Research: Trauma-Informed Research in the THRIVE Study. Violence Against Women 2022:10778012221125501. [PMID: 36148910 PMCID: PMC10387722 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221125501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the potential for retraumatization among survivors of sexual violence engaged in research, we aimed to provide pertinent knowledge and exemplification of the integration of trauma-informed practice to research with survivors. Grounded in trauma-informed care, we discuss the need for trauma-informed research, drawing upon experiences and data from a longitudinal case-control study on sexual violence. Through trauma-informed research settings, we can improve research experiences for survivors of sexual violence, as demonstrated by positive experiences of participants in The THRIVE Study. By meeting the needs of survivors, researchers can increase participation while maximizing the research quality and advancement of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, 12220University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maile Y Karris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, 12220University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Fernandez DeSoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, 12220University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara Giovanna Carr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, 12220University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jamila K Stockman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, 12220University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Ibrahim H, Goessmann K, Neuner F. Sharing for relief: associations of trauma-focused interviews and well-being among war-affected displaced populations in the Middle East. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2022.2122466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hawkar Ibrahim
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University
| | - Katharina Goessmann
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University
| | - Frank Neuner
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University
- Vivo International, Konstanz, Germany
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8
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Campbell R, Javorka M, Hetfield M, Gregory K, Vollinger L, Ma W. Developing Trauma-Informed Research Methods: Using Proxy Respondents to Assess Sexual Assault Survivors' Experiences Seeking Medical Forensic Exams. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2021; 36:793-807. [PMID: 34980586 DOI: 10.1891/vv-d-20-00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In research on sexual assault victims' help-seeking, proxy data sources are often utilized because outreach to survivors immediately postassault may increase a study's risk-to-benefit ratio. Victim advocates and services providers are common proxy respondents, but empirical research comparing the accuracy of their information is needed. We collaborated with seven sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) programs to collect de-identified, paired data from nurses and advocates regarding the help-seeking experiences of N = 744 adult victims. Using pairwise McNemar tests, we found statistically significant agreement on victim demographics, assault characteristics, and victims' decisions regarding medical forensic exams, sexual assault kit (SAK) collection, and release of SAKs for forensic DNA testing. Nurses and advocates had different information regarding victims' disclosure histories and their reasons for seeking SANE care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Campbell
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - McKenzie Javorka
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | - Katie Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Lauren Vollinger
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Stirling NS, Nixon RD, Takarangi MK. No more than discomfort: the trauma film paradigm meets definitions of minimal-risk research. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2021.1997603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Smith AM, Hamilton AB, Loeb T, Pemberton J, Wyatt GE. Reactions of Novice Interviewers Conducting Trauma Research With Marginalized Communities: A Qualitative Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP12176-NP12197. [PMID: 31789090 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519889925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trauma-focused research highlights the reactions of seasoned professionals when engaging with vulnerable clients; however, less is known about the common reactions of novices engaged in trauma research, who may lack the skills to cope and interact with traumatized participants. The purpose of this study is to (a) describe common reactions experienced by novice trauma interviewers; (b) examine whether the issues they face are similar to those of seasoned helping professionals; and (c) discuss ways in which training and supervision can increase the well-being of interviewers in trauma research. A semi-structured assessment was administered to novice interviewers who had previously conducted psychosocial and trauma assessments with diverse community participants. Participation was voluntary. The assessment elicited responses concerning secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma, posttraumatic growth, and self-help and resources. Audio files were transcribed; responses were compiled to explore themes and identify illustrative quotes. Eight interviewers (two males, six females) participated. Six reported no prior experience working with populations with histories of trauma. Novice interviewers described experiences of secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue, posttraumatic growth, and resilience. Novice interviewers described symptoms consistent with those reported by seasoned helping professionals; positive and negative symptoms often coexisted. Interviewers who completed more assessments described reactions of sadness, anger, insomnia, and changes in worldview. Interviewers who shared similar traumatic histories or environments reported more examples of countertransference. All reported similar feelings of posttraumatic growth, such as hope and optimism, for their participants and an increased appreciation of their resilience. Implications for training and supervision are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamra Loeb
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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11
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McGinn T, Taylor B, McColgan M. A Qualitative Study of the Perspectives of Domestic Violence Survivors on Behavior Change Programs With Perpetrators. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP9364-NP9390. [PMID: 31216924 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519855663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the process of change in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators through in-depth interviews with their (ex-)partners. Programs designed to help perpetrators change their behavior, have yet to be endorsed by rigorous evaluation. In this context, this study explored survivors' perspectives for direction on how these programs might be further developed. Interviews were conducted with 18 IPV survivors, who had recently had the experience of having a (ex-)partner complete a perpetrator program. The study employed iterative data collection and analysis, in keeping with the grounded theory approach to qualitative research. Researchers used secondary coding to enhance study rigor. Lines of enquiry which were relevant to perpetrator program development were identified in an expert review of interim findings, after nine interviews. Survivors described change on a spectrum, from highly significant change, through uncertainty about change, to harmful change. Some survivors described their subscription to new standards of family safety, following the support and time-out they had been afforded during their partners' treatment. Study findings give us pause to consider what we can realistically hope to achieve through traditionally formatted psycho-educative group-work programs with perpetrators. Survivors described the need for long-term sustained change in perpetrators and genuine feelings of safety for themselves and their children. We discuss the role the current perpetrator programs might play in achieving these aims and point toward the inadequacy of commonly used behavior-counting tools in program evaluations. Based on the current study findings, we suggest that perpetrator programs can become perpetrator centric, and stray from their original conceptualisation as just one part of an integrated response to IPV. We lend support to calls for the use of survivor safety, and well-being measures, in program evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony McGinn
- Ulster University, Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - Brian Taylor
- Ulster University, Londonderry, Northern Ireland
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12
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Marcoux TB. Adverse childhood experiences and trauma informed care: treating the whole patient with a more complete osteopathic approach. J Osteopath Med 2021; 121:763-769. [PMID: 34293832 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2020-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In 1998, a seminal study identified a strong connection between participants' exposures to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the development of risk factors for serious health conditions later in life. More than two decades later, leaders in both policy and health care professions now appreciate the impact of social determinants of health, including the enormous societal costs incurred by deleterious experiences, and recognize that treating illness begins with prevention in early childhood. The trauma informed care (TIC) model offers a treatment approach that lends consideration to the traumatic experiences that impact a given patient and allows for more complete treatment by their physician. Delivering care under the TIC model encourages trauma identification, early intervention, system level awareness and policy change, and avoiding retraumatization in the therapeutic setting. Various programs across the country seek to employ these methods at the community, state, and federal level. Several programs aimed at introducing medical students to these principles have contributed to an incorporation of TIC within the physician pipeline. In this Commentary, the author proposes an expansion of the Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine with a fifth principle-considering the implications of a patient's past formative experiences, their present life circumstances, and their future prospects-as a vehicle for instilling TIC principles ubiquitously throughout osteopathic medical training to develop physicians who treat the whole person more completely and are better equipped to manage this public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brian Marcoux
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287-0010, USA
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13
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Mendel WE, Sperlich M, Fava NM. "Is there anything else you would like me to know?": Applying a trauma-informed approach to the administration of the adverse childhood experiences questionnaire. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:1079-1099. [PMID: 33792050 PMCID: PMC8222088 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nearly ubiquitous agreement exists regarding the potentially negative impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on health and well-being across the lifespan. This has propelled a movement across the nation for consistent screening of ACEs. Despite agreement regarding the consequences of ACEs, little research related specifically to the administration of the ACE questionnaire exists. Using data from a mixed-methods study of first-time mothers as means of illustration, this paper examines shortcomings of the ACE questionnaire. Participant responses revealed ambiguity with item structure, limited breadth of included events, and failure to capture the gravity of the experience. These shortcomings underscore inadequacies of the measure in accurately understanding individuals' lived experiences and call for the application of trauma-informed (TI) values, both in its content and administration. We apply the main tenets of a TI framework to the ACE questionnaire and make recommendations for its administration, translating theoretical underpinnings of a TI approach into action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E Mendel
- Master of Public Health Program, Daemen College, Amherst, New York, USA
| | - Mickey Sperlich
- School of Social Work, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Nicole M Fava
- Center for Children and Families, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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Sikweyiya Y, Mahlangu P, Dartnall E, Suich H. Examining the Risks of Engaging in Population-based Surveys on Violence: Follow-up Study of the Individual Deprivation Measure in South Africa. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2021; 16:212-224. [PMID: 33890813 DOI: 10.1177/15562646211010641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the South African Individual Deprivation Measure, the individual survey, included questions about two potentially highly sensitive topics-individuals' experience of violence and their control over personal decision making. In-depth follow-up interviews were conducted with 105 consenting survey participants to determine whether participating in the survey resulted in negative impacts for individuals, particularly in relation to these two topics. Several participants found that being asked about their experiences resurfaced painful memories, but we did not find any evidence that the approach of surveying every eligible individual in the dwelling resulted in any form of harm for the survey participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandisa Sikweyiya
- 59097Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health, 37708University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pinky Mahlangu
- Gender & Health Research Unit, 59097South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health, 37707University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Helen Suich
- 2219Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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15
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Studying trauma: Indirect effects on researchers and self - And strategies for addressing them. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Carers' Motivations for, and Experiences of, Participating in Suicide Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051733. [PMID: 32155819 PMCID: PMC7084311 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: First-hand accounts of lived experience of suicide remain rare in the research literature. Increasing interest in the lived experience of suicide is resulting in more opportunities for people to participate in research based on their personal experience. How individuals choose to participate in research, and their experience of doing so, are important considerations in the ethical conduct of research. (2) Methods: To understand the experience of providing care for someone who has previously attempted suicide, a cross-sectional online community survey was conducted. This survey concluded with questions regarding motivation to participate and the experience of doing so. Of the 758 individuals who participated in the survey, 545 provided open-ended text responses to questions regarding motivation and 523 did so for questions regarding the experience of participating. It is these responses that are the focus of this paper. Data were analysed thematically. (3) Results: Motivations to participate were expressed as primarily altruistic in nature, with a future focus on improving the experience of the person who had attempted suicide alongside carers to ease distress. The experience of participating was difficult yet manageable, for all but a few participants. (4) Conclusions: With the increasing interest in first-hand accounts of suicide, how individuals experience participation in research is an important focus that requires further attention.
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McClinton Appollis T, Eggers SM, de Vries PJ, de Vries H, Lund C, Mathews C. The Impact of Participation in Research About Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence: An Investigation of Harms, Benefits, and Regrets in Young Adolescents in the Western Cape of South Africa. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:943-963. [PMID: 29294649 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517691522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is very little evidence whether recalling and answering questions about abuse or interpersonal violence has a positive or negative impact on participants of such research. This is an important ethical dilemma to ensure an appropriate risk-benefit ratio in research with young people is maintained. We assessed reported harms, benefits, and regrets of young adolescents who participated in a sensitive research project, and compared the harms and benefits in those who had and had not been victims and/or perpetrators of abuse or intimate partner violence. Participants were 3,264 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years in 41 public schools in the Western Cape, South Africa, who completed a survey about intimate partner violence, verbal, physical, and sexual abuse, as part of an HIV prevention cluster randomized controlled trial. The majority of participants reported research participation as beneficial (70.3%), while 27.7% reported harms and 14% regrets. Victims of abuse were more likely than non-victims to report benefits (71.9% vs. 67.1%; p = .02) and harms (31% vs. 20.9%; p < .01) and were less likely to report regret (13.1% vs. 16.7%; p = .02). Perpetrators of abuse were less likely than non-perpetrators to report benefits (67.4% vs. 72.8%; p = .01) and more likely to report harms (36.4% vs. 26.1%; p < .01) and regrets (17.4% vs. 13.3%; p = .01). Our findings suggested that research participation was more likely to have a positive rather than a negative emotional impact on young adolescents and that relatively few regretted participating. Victims and perpetrators of abuse were more likely to report benefits than harms, supporting the ethical appropriateness of ongoing research on abuse and violence. We recommend that further research is required to clarify and standardize terminology and instruments to quantify these kinds of evaluations, including measurement of the severity and intensity of reported benefits, harms and regrets, and the longer term impact of participation in sensitive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy McClinton Appollis
- University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Crick Lund
- University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Cathy Mathews
- University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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Campbell R, Goodman-Williams R, Javorka M. A Trauma-Informed Approach to Sexual Violence Research Ethics and Open Science. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:4765-4793. [PMID: 31514606 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519871530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The practice of ethics in social science research is a reflexive process of self-review to define a profession's collective responsibility in the face of changing norms and expectations. In recent years, we have seen transformative changes in how society thinks about supporting sexual assault survivors, and how the scientific community thinks about our obligations to society. Decades of research on trauma and its impact has raised awareness about the needs of victimized individuals, giving rise to the trauma-informed practice movement, which emphasizes that service providers must center survivors' well-being in all interactions, decisions, and program practices. The field of sexual assault research helped give rise to this movement and provides empirical support for its guiding tenets, and in this article, we explore how to bring these ideas full circle to begin articulating trauma-informed principles for research. A trauma-informed perspective on research challenges scientists to go beyond the requirements of the Belmont Report (1979) and institutional review boards' (IRB) regulations to develop research procedures that fully support survivors' choice, control, and empowerment. Such reflection on participants' rights is particularly important given the open science movement sweeping academia, which calls on scientists to share their data publicly to promote transparency, replication, and new discoveries. Disseminating data could pose significant safety, privacy, and confidentiality risks for victims of sexual assault, so we need to evaluate what open science means within a trauma-informed framework. In this article, we examine three key stages of the research process-participant recruitment, data collection, and dissemination-and consider how trauma-informed principles could help, but also could complicate, research practices. We explore these tensions and offer potential solutions so that research on sexual trauma embodies trauma-informed practice.
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Short NA, Sullivan J, Soward A, Bollen KA, Liberzon I, Martin S, Rauch SAM, Bell K, Rossi C, Lechner M, Novak C, Witkemper K, Kessler RC, McLean SA. Protocol for the first large-scale emergency care-based longitudinal cohort study of recovery after sexual assault: the Women's Health Study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031087. [PMID: 31753875 PMCID: PMC6887008 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Worldwide, an estimated 10%-27% of women are sexually assaulted during their lifetime. Despite the enormity of sexual assault as a public health problem, to our knowledge, no large-scale prospective studies of experiences and recovery over time among women presenting for emergency care after sexual assault have been performed. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Women ≥18 years of age who present for emergency care within 72 hours of sexual assault to a network of treatment centres across the USA are approached for study participation. Blood DNA and RNA samples and brief questionnaire and medical record data are obtained from women providing initial consent. Full consent is obtained at initial 1 week follow-up to analyse blood sample data and to perform assessments at 1 week, 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year. These assessments include evaluation of survivor life history, current health and recovery and experiences with treatment providers, law enforcement and the legal system. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the IRB of each participating study site. We hope to present the results of this study to the scientific community at conferences and in peer-reviewed journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Short
- Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenyth Sullivan
- Department of Anesthesiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - April Soward
- Department of Anesthesiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth A Bollen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Sandra Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheila A M Rauch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathy Bell
- Tulsa Forensic Nursing, Tulsa Police Department, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Catherine Rossi
- Forensic Nursing, Cone Health, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Megan Lechner
- Forensic Nurse Examining Team, University of Colorado Health Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Carissa Novak
- Department of Anesthesiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen Witkemper
- Department of Anesthesiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel A McLean
- Department of Anesthesiology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Faulkner A, Carr S, Gould D, Khisa C, Hafford-Letchfield T, Cohen R, Megele C, Holley J. 'Dignity and respect': An example of service user leadership and co-production in mental health research. Health Expect 2019; 24 Suppl 1:10-19. [PMID: 31556244 PMCID: PMC8137502 DOI: 10.1111/hex.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the methodological aspects of a user‐led study investigating mental health service user experiences of targeted violence and abuse (often called 'hate crime'). 'Keeping Control' was a 16‐month qualitative study, undertaken in the context of adult safeguarding reforms in England. By collecting data on service user concepts and experiences, the research sought to address a gap in research and practice knowledge relating to targeted violence, abuse and hostility against people with mental health problems. In this paper, we discuss the significance of the design and methodology used for this study, with a particular focus on the interviews with service users. The research was both user‐led and carried out in collaboration with practitioners and academics, a form of research co‐production. Our aim is to inform researchers, practitioners and policymakers about the value of user leadership in co‐productive research with practitioners, particularly for a highly sensitive and potentially distressing topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Carr
- Department of Mental Health, Social Work and Integrative Medicine, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| | - Dorothy Gould
- Independent Service User/Survivor Researcher, London, UK
| | - Christine Khisa
- Department of Mental Health, Social Work and Integrative Medicine, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| | - Trish Hafford-Letchfield
- Department of Mental Health, Social Work and Integrative Medicine, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Cohen
- Department of Mental Health, Social Work and Integrative Medicine, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Megele
- Service for Quality Assurance and PSW, Wiltshire Council, London, UK
| | - Jessica Holley
- Department of Mental Health, Social Work and Integrative Medicine, Middlesex University London, London, UK
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Wadsworth P, Krahe JAE, Allen E. Occupational Well-Being in Sexual Assault Victims and Survivors. J Holist Nurs 2019; 38:170-185. [PMID: 31347435 DOI: 10.1177/0898010119863537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: While researchers have established that sexual assault may adversely affect successful employment and academic achievement, little is known about the barriers and facilitators of occupational well-being from the perspective of sexual assault survivors. This study assessed the barriers and facilitators of occupational well-being. Design: Constructivist grounded theory. Method: Digitally recorded, semistructured interviews were used to collect data. Data were collected from 22 adult female sexual assault survivors. Analysis consisted of coding, creation of data matrices, and within and across case analysis. Findings: Theoretical saturation was achieved after interviews with 22 participants. Barriers to occupational well-being were mental health symptoms and diagnoses, substance abuse, inflexible attendance policies, and workplace bullying. Facilitators to occupational well-being were personal coping strategies, and organizational and social support. Conclusions: Sexual assault has significant effects on the occupational well-being of women. The work or academic environment can exacerbate the harms of sexual assault or facilitate healing in sexual assault survivors. To facilitate the occupational well-being of sexual assault survivors, workplaces and academic institutions can adopt a trauma-informed approach, create policies that allow for time off to deal with sequela of sexual assault, implement anti-bullying programs, and make resources for gendered violence available.
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Skar AMS, Ormhaug SM, Jensen TK. Reported Levels of Upset in Youth After Routine Trauma Screening at Mental Health Clinics. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e194003. [PMID: 31099873 PMCID: PMC6537919 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Clinical guidelines recommend routine screening for trauma at youth mental health clinics. However, many clinicians are concerned that screening may be upsetting both for youths who have been exposed to trauma and for those who have not. Objectives To investigate levels of upset following routine trauma screening and whether type of trauma and symptoms of posttraumatic stress were associated with level of upset. Design, Setting, and Participants Survey study in which data from routine screening for trauma exposure and trauma-related symptoms were collected from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017. Nearly half (n = 40) of all youth mental health clinics in Norway submitted survey data. Participants included youths aged 6 to 18 years referred to treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures The trauma screening inventory, Child & Adolescent Trauma Screening Questionnaire, was administered. Self-reported levels of upset after initial screening were scored on a scale ranging from 1 (not upsetting) to 7 (very upsetting). Results Among 10 157 youths aged 6 to 18 years (mean [SD] age, 13.0 [3.1] years; 5320 [55.0%] female), surveyed, 8021 (79.1%) reported exposure to at least 1 potentially traumatizing event and a mean (SD) of 2.44 (2.27) different types of events (range, 0-15). Only 453 participants (4.5%) reported high levels of upset, while 2757 participants (27.2%) reported moderate levels of upset and 6942 participants (68.4%) reported no or low levels of upset. Youths who had been exposed to any type of traumatic event reported significantly higher levels of upset compared with those reporting no trauma exposure, and a higher number of reported traumatic events was associated with a higher level of upset (point estimate, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.22-0.24; P < .001). Among participants who reported trauma, exposure to sexual abuse (point estimate, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77-0.95; P < .001) and higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (point estimate, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.04-0.05; P < .001) were associated with higher levels of upset. Conclusions and Relevance A high level of trauma exposure was found among youths referred to youth mental health clinics, but trauma screening was well tolerated, with most participants reporting no or low levels of upset. These findings can be used to support therapists and health care leaders in implementing routine trauma screening to better identify youths who are in need of trauma-focused treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane-Marthe Solheim Skar
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tine K. Jensen
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Tan DPW, Morgan AJ, Jorm AF, Reavley NJ. Emotional impacts of participation in an Australian national survey on mental health-related discrimination. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2019.1593844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise P. W. Tan
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University
| | - Amy J. Morgan
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne
| | - Anthony F. Jorm
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne
| | - Nicola J. Reavley
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne
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Allard CB, Straus E, Ra MI, Thomas KB, Kawamura R, Tosaka Y. Japanese Students Do See the Value of Asking About Child Abuse and Trauma in the Research Setting. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2019; 14:141-151. [PMID: 30616432 DOI: 10.1177/1556264618821799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence regarding the impact of childhood abuse perpetrated by close others, or high betrayal trauma, a number of barriers continue to impede research efforts, including concerns that research may do more harm than good. Research conducted with Western samples has indicated that contrary to such concerns, participants rate the benefit of participating in trauma research as outweighing costs, even when they have a history of high betrayal trauma. Certain non-Western values, such as interpersonal harmony, could play a role in perceptions regarding trauma research participation. The current study evaluated perceptions of 79 Japanese undergraduate students who participated in an online study of child abuse. Japanese students rated the importance of participating in trauma research as greater than any immediate distress it caused. Interpersonal harmony was not related to perceptions of participating in trauma research, nor was a history of high betrayal child trauma. Taken together, these findings support continued research on childhood abuse in non-Western samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn B Allard
- 1 University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,2 VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,3 Alliant International University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Straus
- 1 University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,2 VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mai I Ra
- 3 Alliant International University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Abu-Rus A, Bussell N, Olsen DC, Davis-Ku MAAL, Arzoumanian MA. Informed consent content in research with survivors of psychological trauma. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2018.1551802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Abu-Rus
- Trauma Research Institute at Alliant International University
| | - Noah Bussell
- Trauma Research Institute at Alliant International University
| | - Donald C. Olsen
- Trauma Research Institute at Alliant International University
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Rafiq S, Campodonico C, Varese F. The relationship between childhood adversities and dissociation in severe mental illness: a meta-analytic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 138:509-525. [PMID: 30338524 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have observed that dissociative experiences are frequently reported by individuals with severe mental illness (SMI), especially amongst patients that report a history of adverse/traumatic life experiences. This review examined the magnitude and consistency of the relationship between childhood adversity (sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, bullying, natural disasters and mass violence) and dissociation across three SMI diagnostic groups: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and personality disorders. METHOD A database search (EMBASE, PubMed and PsycINFO) identified 30 eligible empirical studies, comprising of 2199 clinical participants. Effect sizes representing the relationship between exposure to childhood adversity and dissociation were examined and integrated using a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS The results indicated that exposure to childhood trauma was associated with heightened dissociation across SMIs. Positive significant associations were also found between specific childhood adversities and dissociation, with aggregated effect sizes in the small-to-moderate range. CONCLUSION These findings support calls for the routine assessment of traumatic experiences in clients with SMIs presenting with dissociative symptoms and the provision of adequate therapeutic support (e.g. trauma-focused therapies) to manage and resolve these difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rafiq
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C Campodonico
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - F Varese
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Complex Trauma and Resilience Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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27
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A systematic review of the experiences of vulnerable people participating in research on sensitive topics. Int J Nurs Stud 2018; 88:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Overstreet NM, Okuyan M, Fisher CB. Perceived Risks and Benefits in IPV and HIV Research: Listening to the Voices of HIV-Positive African American Women. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2018; 13:511-524. [PMID: 30183457 DOI: 10.1177/1556264618797557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
African American women living with HIV were asked to reflect on the perceived risks and benefits of research participation after completing a study examining socially sensitive issues in their lives, including intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV. Administration of standardized quantitative instruments yielded positive responses to the research experience. However, qualitative assessments of perceived risks and benefits revealed more nuanced responses. For example, confidentiality concerns were more prominent in open-ended responses as was participants' positive attitudes toward monetary compensation. In addition, some women reported that study participation provided them with new insights about their experiences with IPV. Findings suggest that empirical studies on research protections involving potentially distressing and socially sensitive experiences with vulnerable populations require both quantitative and qualitative assessments of perceived risks and benefits. We discuss implications of our findings for ethics practices in trauma-related research among populations with multiple social vulnerabilities.
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Schelbe L, Hardwick A, Wilfong AN, Hanifin CE, Tripodi SJ, Pettus-Davis C. Incarcerated Women's Experiences and Perceptions of Participating in Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:3797-3814. [PMID: 29241385 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x17747173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The research process within prisons has largely considered researchers' perspectives. Only one known study explicitly examined incarcerated persons' perceptions and no known studies have explored incarcerated persons' experiences with research on sensitive topics. This study examines incarcerated women's experiences with participating in research on victimization. A thematic analysis was conducted on responses to open-ended questions about participating in a research study from 227 women in two prisons who participated in a study about victimization. Women prisoners were overwhelmingly positive about participating in the research study with the vast majority willing to participate in a future study. Participants believed participating in the study provided opportunities for them to share their story, heal, reflect, grow, and help others. Some women mentioned that discussing certain topics created uncomfortable emotions and memories. Participants perceived benefits of participating in research. Implications for research in prisons are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schelbe
- 1 Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Design, rationale and feasibility of a multidimensional experimental protocol to study early life stress. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2018; 7:33-43. [PMID: 29696166 PMCID: PMC5898516 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rapidly accumulating body of evidence regarding the influential role of early life stress (ELS) upon medical and psychiatric conditions. While self-report instruments, with their intrinsic limitations of recall, remain the primary means of detecting ELS in humans, biological measures are generally limited to a single biological system. This paper describes the design, rationale and feasibility of a study to simultaneously measure neuroendocrine, immune and autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses to psychological and physiological stressors in relation to ELS. Five healthy university students were recruited by advertisement. Exclusion criteria included chronic medical conditions, psychotic disorders, needle phobia, inability to tolerate pain, and those using anti-inflammatory medications. They were clinically interviewed and physiological recordings made over a two-hour period pre, during and post two acute stressors: the cold pressor test and recalling a distressing memory. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Parental Bonding Index were utilised to measure ELS. Other psychological measures of mood and personality were also administered. Measurements of heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, skin conductance, skin blood flow and temporal plasma samples were successfully obtained before, during and after acute stress. Participants reported the extensive psychological and multisystem physiological data collection and stress provocations were tolerable. Most (4/5) participants indicated a willingness to return to repeat the protocol, indicating acceptability. Our protocol is viable and safe in young physically healthy adults and allows us to assess simultaneously neuroendocrine, immune and autonomic nervous system responses to stressors in persons assessed for ELS.
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Key Words
- ANS, Autonomic nervous system
- Adverse-childhood-events
- CPT, Cold pressor test
- CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
- Childhood-stress
- Childhood-trauma questionnaire
- DASS, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale
- DS14, Type D Scale
- ECG, lectrocardiogram
- ELS, Early life stress
- EPQRs, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised – short form
- HPA, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
- PBI, Parental Bonding Instrument
- PTSD, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
- Parental-bonding-instrument
- RDM, Recall of distressing memory
- Type D scale (DS14)
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The career adaptive refugee: Exploring the structural and personal barriers to refugee resettlement. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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St Vil C, Richardson J, Cooper C. Methodological Considerations for Research With Black Male Victims of Violent Injury in an Urban Trauma Unit. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2018; 33:383-396. [PMID: 29609682 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-17-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a body of research over the last three decades that has focused on the etiology of violence among victims of violent injury. This body of literature indicates that Black men are disproportionately represented among victims of violent injury seen in emergency departments and trauma centers across the country. Despite the disproportionate number of low-income young Black men treated for violent injury in urban trauma units and the growing body of literature accompanying it, little is known about the unique methodological challenges violent injury researchers face when conducting research on this vulnerable population in a clinical setting. This article describes the unique and often nuanced methodological difficulties a research team encountered while conducting a longitudinal qualitative study on risk factors for repeat violent injury among low-income young Black male victims of violent injury treated at a Level II trauma center in the Eastern United States. Four methodological challenges are identified: (a) the identification and screening of participants, (b) recruitment and interviewing, (c) understanding hospital culture, policies, and procedures, and (d) retention and attrition of sample. Recommendations to overcome these challenges are offered.
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33
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Cancer treatment experiences among survivors of childhood sexual abuse: A qualitative investigation of triggers and reactions to cumulative trauma. Palliat Support Care 2017; 16:767-776. [PMID: 28809134 DOI: 10.1017/s147895151700075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTObjective:Some 25% of women and 8% of men in the United States have experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) before the age of 18. For these individuals, healthcare visits and interactions can be retraumatizing due to perceived similarities to past abuse (e.g., pain, undressing, lack of control). However, no prior studies have provided formal qualitative analyses regarding CSA survivors' reactions to cancer treatment. Therefore, our study's objective was to identify key themes pertaining to CSA survivors' cancer treatment experiences. METHOD Male and female members of the Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 159, mean age = 44.27 years, SD = 10.02) participated in an anonymous online survey study. The inclusion criteria included reporting: history of CSA; a diagnosis of colorectal, gynecological, breast, or skin cancer; and experience of triggers and/or difficulties during cancer treatment. Participants' responses to open-ended questions were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS We identified two primary themes describing CSA survivors' experiences: Theme 1: treatment-related triggers (key subthemes: procedure-related, provider-related, and emotional triggers); and Theme 2: questioning the meaning of cumulative trauma (e.g., "Why me again?"). SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS For CSA survivors, cancer and its treatment can trigger thoughts and emotions associated with the original abuse as well as negative evaluations of themselves, the world, and their future. Our findings are consistent with past research on CSA survivors' experiences in non-cancer healthcare settings and add to the literature by highlighting their struggles during cancer treatment. The present results can inform further research on trauma survivors' reactions to cancer treatment and give cancer care providers the context they need to understand and sensitively serve a substantial yet often overlooked patient group.
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Schnur JB, Chaplin WF, Khurshid K, Mogavero JN, Goldsmith RE, Lee YS, Litman L, Montgomery GH. Development of the Healthcare Triggering Questionnaire in adult sexual abuse survivors. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA-THEORY RESEARCH PRACTICE AND POLICY 2017; 9:714-722. [PMID: 28447815 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One in 4 women and 1 in 10 men in the United States are survivors of sexual abuse (SA). For these survivors, healthcare experiences may trigger memories, thoughts, feelings or sensations related to this past abuse. Such triggering can be associated with negative responses to healthcare (e.g., anxiety, avoidance). However, to date, no healthcare triggering assessment tool exists. Therefore, the study goal was to describe the prevalence of healthcare triggering, to develop a brief Healthcare Triggering Questionnaire (HTQ), and to examine its initial validity. METHOD An initial pool of 117 items was developed based on previous research. Two-parameter logistic item response theory models were used to develop the scales. SA survivors [male (n = 233), female (n = 222)] and a comparison group of non-SA individuals [male (n = 114), female (n = 106)] were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and completed the study anonymously online. RESULTS Three 10-item scales were developed: (a) the HTQ-M for males; (b) the HTQ-F for females; and (c) the HTQ-U (unisex) for all respondents. The results supported the utility and initial validity of the gender-specific and unisex scales. CONCLUSIONS The HTQ scales are a psychometrically sound approach to evaluating healthcare triggering experienced by adult sexual abuse survivors. The HTQ may be considered for use by researchers interested in studying healthcare triggering, healthcare retraumatization, and healthcare adherence. The HTQ may also be of use to clinicians interested in identifying trauma survivors who are more likely to experience triggering in healthcare settings. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B Schnur
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | | | | | - Rachel E Goldsmith
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Human Development, Teachers College, Columbia University
| | - Leib Litman
- Department of Psychology, Lander College for Men
| | - Guy H Montgomery
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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Rinehart JK, Nason EE, Yeater EA, Miller G. Do Some Students Need Special Protection From Research on Sex and Trauma? New Evidence for Young Adult Resilience in "Sensitive Topics" Research. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:273-283. [PMID: 27093242 PMCID: PMC6563918 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1156047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Institutional review boards (IRBs) have expressed concerns that certain individuals or groups, such as participants who are younger, ethnic minorities, or who have certain psychological or personality traits, may be particularly distressed when participating in "sensitive topics" research. This study examined the effects of several demographic and individual difference factors (i.e., age, sex, ethnicity, religiosity, Big Five personality traits, and baseline psychological distress levels) on reactions to participation in sensitive topics research. Participants were 504 undergraduates who completed an extensive battery of either trauma/sex questionnaires or cognitive tests and rated their positive and negative emotional reactions and the perceived benefits and mental costs of participating. They also compared research participation to normal life stressors. Our findings indicated that individual difference and demographic risk factors do not increase participant distress after participating in sex/trauma research over and above that experienced after participating in traditionally minimal-risk cognitive tasks. Participants generally found research participation less distressing than normal life stressors and even enjoyable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica E. Nason
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
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Ciclitira K, Starr F, Payne N, Clarke L, Marzano L. A sanctuary of tranquillity in a ruptured world: Evaluating long-term counselling at a women’s community health centre. FEMINISM & PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0959353516685344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The longitudinal study described in this article evaluated long-term counselling provided at a women’s health centre in the UK for service users on low incomes. The article focuses on the qualitative aspect of the study in which 59 women were interviewed individually before and/or after their counselling. The interviews explored how women make sense of long-term counselling in the context of their gendered experiences and complex needs. The data were analysed using thematic analysis informed by a feminist orientation and attachment theory. Four main themes emerged: “violence and loss in the context of female oppression”, “a sanctuary for women”, “non-medicalised long-term counselling in a safe setting”, and “benefits of the long view”. Participants attributed various benefits to receiving long-term counselling in a women-only environment. These included gaining employment; reduced suicidal ideation, anxiety and depression; improved physical health, improved confidence and being able to make positive changes in their relationships. The women interviewed post-counselling valued long-term counselling in this context, in contrast to short-term therapy in a medicalised environment. Wider implications with regard to clinical practice and research are discussed.
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Cunningham JL, Zanzi M, Willebrand M, Ekselius L, Ramklint M. No regrets: Young adult patients in psychiatry report positive reactions to biobank participation. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:21. [PMID: 28095825 PMCID: PMC5240261 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research in vulnerable individuals must insure voluntariness and minimize negative reactions caused by participation. This study aimed to describe consent and completion rate in young psychiatric patients in relation to study components, degree of disability and to compare response to research participation in patients and controls. METHODS Between 2012 and 2015, 463 patients with psychiatric disorders between the ages of 18-25 from the Dept. of General Psychiatry at Uppsala University Hospital and 105 controls were recruited to donate data and samples to a biobank. Consent and completion in relation to questionnaires, biological sampling of blood, saliva or feces, were monitored. Both groups were also asked about their perceived disability and how research participation affected them. RESULTS Most patients who participated consented to and completed questionnaires and blood sampling. The majority also consented to saliva sampling, while less than half consented to collect feces. Of those who gave consent to saliva and feces only half completed the sampling. Both patients and controls reported high voluntariness and were positive to research participation. Within the patient group, those with greater perceived disability reported greater distress while participating in research, but there was no difference in consent or completion rates or level of regret. CONCLUSIONS With the described information procedures, psychiatric patients, regardless of perceived disability, reported high voluntariness and did not regret participation in biobanking. Compared to questionnaires and blood sampling, given consent was reduced for feces and completion was lower for both saliva and feces sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L. Cunningham
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 10, Floor 3B, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Manuel Zanzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 10, Floor 3B, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mimmie Willebrand
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 10, Floor 3B, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisa Ekselius
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 10, Floor 3B, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mia Ramklint
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 10, Floor 3B, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Mass shooting episodes have increased over recent decades and received substantial media coverage. Despite the potentially widespread and increasing mental health impact of mass shootings, no efforts to our knowledge have been made to review the empirical literature on this topic. We identified 49 peer-reviewed articles, comprised of 27 independent samples in the aftermath of 15 mass shooting incidents. Based on our review, we concluded that mass shootings are associated with a variety of adverse psychological outcomes in survivors and members of affected communities. Less is known about the psychological effects of mass shootings on indirectly exposed populations; however, there is evidence that such events lead to at least short-term increases in fears and declines in perceived safety. A variety of risk factors for adverse psychological outcomes have been identified, including demographic and pre-incident characteristics (e.g., female gender and pre-incident psychological symptoms), event exposure (e.g., greater proximity to the attack and acquaintance with the deceased), and fewer psychosocial resources (e.g., emotion regulation difficulties and lower social support). Further research that draws on pre-incident and longitudinal data will yield important insights into the processes that exacerbate or sustain post-incident psychological symptoms over time and provide important information for crisis preparedness and post-incident mental health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Lowe
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Auslander W, McGinnis H, Tlapek S, Smith P, Foster A, Edmond T, Dunn J. Adaptation and implementation of a trauma-focused cognitive behavioral intervention for girls in child welfare. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2016; 87:206-215. [PMID: 27977284 PMCID: PMC5426970 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the process of adapting and implementing Girls Aspiring toward Independence (GAIN), a trauma-focused, group-based therapy adapted from Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) for girls in child welfare. Descriptive data were examined on 3 outcomes: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and social problem-solving skills among adolescent girls in the child welfare system. Qualitative and quantitative methods were utilized to inform the adaptation of the CBITS intervention, evaluate feasibility, treatment fidelity, and acceptability, and to test the effects of the intervention. Girls ages 12 to 18 (N = 27) were randomly assigned to the experimental and usual care conditions. Participants' symptoms of PTSD and depression and social problem-solving skills were evaluated at pre, post- (3 months), and follow-up (6 months) assessments. Adaptations for GAIN were primarily related to program structure. Data indicated that the program was receptive to girls in child welfare and that it was feasible to recruit, randomize, assess outcomes, and implement with adequate fidelity. Retention was more successful among younger girls. Descriptive initial data showed greater reductions in the percentage of girls with PTSD and depression, and modest increases in social problem-solving skills in the experimental versus usual care condition. Despite the growth of knowledge in dissemination and implementation research, the application of trauma-focused empirically supported treatment to child welfare populations lags behind. A large-scale RCT is needed to determine if GAIN is effective in reducing mental health problems and social problem-solving in the child welfare population. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Auslander
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Hollee McGinnis
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Sarah Tlapek
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Penny Smith
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - April Foster
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Tonya Edmond
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jerry Dunn
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis
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Goossens I, Nicholls TL, Torchalla I, Brink J, de Ruiter C. The Perceived Impact of Trauma-Focused Research on Forensic Psychiatric Patients With Lifetime Victimization Histories. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2016; 11:334-345. [PMID: 27887006 DOI: 10.1177/1556264616670769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the perceived costs, benefits, and motivations for participating in individual trauma-focused interviews among forensic psychiatric patients ( N = 74). The majority of our participants were male, and 100% endorsed adverse childhood experiences (e.g., abuse, neglect) or exposure to potentially traumatic events (e.g., assault). Levels of posttraumatic avoidance (41.9%), reexperiencing (59.5%), and increased arousal (51.3%) were high. In line with previous studies, our findings suggest an overall positive research experience in this sample. In spite of extensive histories of lifetime victimization we did not find an association between victimization, posttraumatic symptomatology, and a negative research experience. Our findings suggest that participation in trauma-focused research is not only possible with, but also potentially beneficial for forensic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilvy Goossens
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,2 BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Coquitlam, Canada
| | - Tonia L Nicholls
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,2 BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Coquitlam, Canada
| | - Iris Torchalla
- 3 Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Johann Brink
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,2 BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Coquitlam, Canada
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41
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The Experience of Participation in Suicide Research From the Perspective of Individuals With Bipolar Disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2016; 204:840-844. [PMID: 26915014 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reasons underlying the elevated prevalence of suicide in bipolar disorder remain underresearched and poorly understood. Participation in suicide-focused research may pose a risk to vulnerable groups, such as those with bipolar disorder. Participants were asked to provide feedback about their experience of participating in a suicide-focused qualitative research interview. The data set was analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Qualitative themes were (1) talking about suicide was not distressing, (2) negative interview expectations, (3) personal benefits, (4) value of suicide research, (5) interview advice, and (6) talking about suicide was difficult. Suicide-focused research can be conducted with minimal participant distress. Sufficient procedures must be in place, both to identify those at risk of experiencing distress and to efficiently deal with any distress that might occur.
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McGarry J, Ali P. Researching domestic violence and abuse in healthcare settings: Challenges and issues. J Res Nurs 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1744987116650923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic violence and abuse (DVA) is now recognised as a significant global health and societal issue. Conducting DVA research in healthcare contexts requires the consideration and understanding of a number of practical, methodological and ethical issues. Based on their experiences of working as clinicians and researchers, the authors aim to explore some of the pertinent issues and challenges associated with DVA research conducted in healthcare settings involving patients and/or healthcare professionals or both. A number of ethical, methodological and practical challenges, particularly those associated with research design and data collection, and ethical challenges related to participants and researchers, are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie McGarry
- Associate Professor, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Parveen Ali
- Lecturer, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sheffield, UK
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Weitlauf JC, Ruzek JI, Westrup DA, Lee T, Keller J. Empirically Assessing Participant Perceptions of the Research Experience in a Randomized Clinical Trial: The Women's Self-Defense Project as a Case Example. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2016; 2:11-24. [DOI: 10.1525/jer.2007.2.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of empirical literature has systematically documented the reactions to research participation among participants in trauma-focused research. To date, the available data has generally presented an optimistic picture regarding participants' ability to tolerate and even find benefit from their participation. However, this literature has been largely limited to cross-sectional designs. No extant literature has yet examined the perceptions of participants with psychiatric illness who are participating in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) designed to evaluate the efficacy or effectiveness of novel trauma treatments. The authors posit that negative experiences of, or poor reactions to, the research experience in the context of a trauma-focused RCT may elevate the risk of participation. Indeed, negative reactions may threaten to undermine the potential therapeutic gains of participants and promoting early drop out from the trial. Empirically assessing reactions to research participation at the pilot-study phase of a clinical trial can both provide investigators and IRB members alike with empirical evidence of some likely risks of participation. In turn, this information can be used to help shape the design and recruitment methodology of the full-scale trial. Using data from the pilot study of the Women's Self-Defense Project as a case illustration, we provide readers with concrete suggestions for empirically assessing participants' perceptions of risk involved in their participation in behaviorally oriented clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Weitlauf
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Stanford University School of Medicine (USA)
| | - Josef I. Ruzek
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and The National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (USA)
| | - Darrah A. Westrup
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and The National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (USA)
| | - Tina Lee
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and The National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (USA)
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44
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Weitlauf J, Frayne SM, Lee T, Ruzek J, Finney J, Thrailkill A. Challenges of Research on Women Veterans with Traumatic Stress Disorders. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2016; 2:54-7. [DOI: 10.1525/jer.2007.2.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Weitlauf
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Center for Health Care Evaluation
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Women's Health Center
- Stanford University School of Medicine.]
| | - Susan M. Frayne
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Center for Health Care Evaluation
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Women's Health Center
- Stanford University School of Medicine.]
| | - Tina Lee
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Women's Health Center
- National Center for PTSD, Education Division
| | - Josef Ruzek
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Center for Health Care Evaluation
- National Center for PTSD, Education Division
| | - John Finney
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Center for Health Care Evaluation
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45
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McClain N, Laughon K, Steeves R, Parker B. Balancing the Needs of the Scientist and the Subject in Trauma Research. West J Nurs Res 2016; 29:121-8. [PMID: 17228064 DOI: 10.1177/0193945906295662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
All participants in research are vulnerable to some extent. Survivors of trauma are often sought as participants for research studies and may be at an increased risk of emotional or psychological distress as a result of research participation. Scientists need to pay careful attention to issues of informed consent and the potential harm and benefits from research participation. This article explores challenges of selecting a sample, informed consent, and study continuation when conducting research with survivors of trauma.
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46
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Edwards KM, Sylaska KM. Reactions to Participating in Intimate Partner Violence and Minority Stress Research: A Mixed Methodological Study of Self-Identified Lesbian and Gay Emerging Adults. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2016; 53:655-665. [PMID: 26421906 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2015.1035428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine lesbian and gay (LG) young adults' reactions to participating in intimate partner violence (IPV) and minority stress research using a mixed methodological design. Participants were 277 U.S. college students currently involved in same-sex relationships and self-identified cisgender LG who completed an online questionnaire that included closed- and open-ended questions. Results suggested that IPV research was well tolerated by the vast majority of participants; close to one in 10 participants reported being upset by the study questions, yet 75% of upset individuals reported some level of personal benefit. Reasons for upset as identified in the open-ended responses included thinking about personal experiences with IPV, as the perpetrator or friend of a victim, as well as thinking about the uncertainty of their future with their current partner. The correlates of emotional reactions and personal benefits to research participation were also examined, and these varied among gay men and lesbian women. Implications of these findings underscore the importance of accurate reflection of risk and benefits in informed consent documents as well as systematic evaluation of sexual minority participants' reactions to research participation in an effort to conduct ethically sound sexual science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Edwards
- a Department of Psychology and Women's Studies , Prevention Innovations Research Center, and the Carsey School of Public Policy, University of New Hampshire
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47
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Marques L, Dixon L, Valentine SE, Borba CPC, Simon NM, Wiltsey Stirman S. Providers' perspectives of factors influencing implementation of evidence-based treatments in a community mental health setting: A qualitative investigation of the training-practice gap. Psychol Serv 2016; 13:322-31. [PMID: 27281696 DOI: 10.1037/ser0000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate relations between provider perceptions of aspects of the consolidated framework for implementation research (Damschroder et al., 2009) and provider attitudes toward the implementation of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) in an ethnically diverse community health setting. Guided by directed content analysis, we analyzed 28 semistructured interviews that were conducted with providers during the pre-implementation phase of a larger implementation study for cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (Resick et al., 2008). Our findings extend the existing literature by also presenting provider-identified client-level factors that contribute to providers' positive and negative attitudes toward EBTs. Provider-identified client-level factors include the following: client motivation to engage in treatment, client openness to EBTs, support networks of family and friends, client use of community and government resources, the connection and relationship with their therapist, client treatment adherence, client immediate needs or crises, low literacy or illiteracy, low levels of education, client cognitive limitations, and misconceptions about therapy. These results highlight the relations between provider perceptions of their clients, provider engagement in EBT training, and subsequent adoption of EBTs. We present suggestions for future implementation research in this area. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Marques
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Louise Dixon
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | | | - Naomi M Simon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital
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48
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Sexual Assault Victims Participating in Research: Causing Harm When Trying to Help? Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2016; 30:412-7. [PMID: 27256950 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For fear of causing unnecessary distress, ethical concerns have been raised in regard to asking vulnerable persons e.g. sexually traumatized victims to participate in scientific research studies. The current study investigates how victims of sexual assault perceived participating in scientific research in regard to victims' psychological and/or physiological distress and potential beneficial outcomes from participation (N=51). Results from interviews with victims indicated that the majority of victims of sexual assault who had taken part in the study considered their participation in research a positive experience causing little short- or long-term psychological or physiological distress. In addition, over half of the respondents reported some benefits from participation.
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49
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Hetzel-Riggin MD. A Study of the Impact of Informed Consent Procedures on Participant Responses in Trauma-Related Research. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2016.1161430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Hambrick EP, O'Connor BM, Vernberg EM. Interview and recollection-based research with child disaster survivors: Participation-related changes in emotion and perceptions of participation. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA-THEORY RESEARCH PRACTICE AND POLICY 2015; 8:165-71. [PMID: 26390107 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that some types of trauma research can be conducted safely with children ages 10 and older. The aim of this project was to learn more about potential risks or benefits of conducting research with younger children and with child disaster survivors, specifically about research that includes children providing trauma recollections. Fifty 8- to 12-year-old children who experienced a devastating tornado participated in an in-person interview that included both individual and joint (mother-child) recollections of their tornado experiences 1 year after exposure. These 50 children also rated 3 emotions at 3 time points and rated their perceptions (e.g., benefit and regret) of research post-participation. Children (N = 28) also participated in phone surveys 3 months later to assess persistent participation-related emotions and perceptions. Child reported that emotions worsened from pre- to during participation; however, reports of emotions returned to preparticipation levels post-participation and remained so at the 3-month follow-up. Sixty-four percent of children reported at least some participation benefit and no participation regret immediately postparticipation, as did 89.3% at the 3-month follow-up. Four percent of children reported some participation regret (no benefit) postparticipation, and 0% 3 months later. No children requested to stop participating, and none required postresearch connection with crisis services. Posttraumatic stress symptom severity, tornado exposure, and age were largely unrelated to child-reported emotions and perceptions of research. Results indicate that carefully planned and executed disaster-related research that includes children providing recollections can be conducted with preadolescents with little risk and some benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Hambrick
- Department of Psychiatry, Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine
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