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Hussein MA, Valinezhad K, Adel E, Munirathinam G. MALAT-1 Is a Key Regulator of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:234. [PMID: 38201661 PMCID: PMC10778055 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1 (MALAT-1) is a long intergenic non-coding RNA (lncRNA) located on chr11q13. It is overexpressed in several cancers and controls gene expression through chromatin modification, transcriptional regulation, and post-transcriptional regulation. Importantly, MALAT-1 stimulates cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis and serves a vital role in driving the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), subsequently acquiring cancer stem cell-like properties and developing drug resistance. MALAT-1 modulates EMT by interacting with various intracellular signaling pathways, notably the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. It also behaves like a sponge for microRNAs, preventing their interaction with target genes and promoting EMT. In addition, we have used bioinformatics online tools to highlight the disparities in the expression of MALAT-1 between normal and cancer samples using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Furthermore, the intricate interplay of MALAT-1 with several essential targets of cancer progression and metastasis renders it a good candidate for therapeutic interventions. Several innovative approaches have been exploited to target MALAT-1, such as short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and natural products. This review emphasizes the interplay between MALAT-1 and EMT in modulating cancer metastasis, stemness, and chemoresistance in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo 57357, Egypt;
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Kamyab Valinezhad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL 61107, USA;
| | - Eman Adel
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Gnanasekar Munirathinam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL 61107, USA;
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Matsunaka T, Goi T, Kurebayashi H, Morikawa M, Okazawa H, Tsujikawa T. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Defined Extramural Venous Invasion Predicts Distant Metastasis and Reflects Strong Tumor Invasiveness in Rectal Cancer. Oncology 2023; 102:99-106. [PMID: 37562361 DOI: 10.1159/000533422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extramural vascular invasion in patients with rectal cancer is a poor prognostic factor associated with distant metastasis; thus, accurate preoperative diagnosis is important. However, the accurate detection of extramural vascular invasion using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is difficult, and an improved diagnostic modality is required. In addition, the factors involved in the formation of extramural venous invasion (EMVI) remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to examine the ability of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/MRI ([18F] FDG PET/MRI) to detect EMVI and elucidate the factors involved in EMVI. METHODS Thirty-one patients with rectal cancer were enrolled in this study between 2017 and 2021. We preoperatively evaluated the pelvic [18F] FDG PET/MRI to detect extramural vascular invasion ([18F] FDG PET/MRI-defined EMVI: pmrEMVI). To investigate the factors related to pmrEMVI, we confirmed the desmoplastic reaction (DR) and TWIST expression in the primary lesions of rectal cancer and examined its relationship with pmrEMVI. RESULTS Six of the 31 patients were pmrEMVI positive. Four pmrEMVI-positive patients had distant metastases. The levels of immature DR and TWIST1 expression were significantly higher in cases with pmrEMVI positivity. CONCLUSION pmrEMVI is a useful biomarker for predicting distant metastasis. In addition, pmrEMVI was significantly correlated with factors related to tumor invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Matsunaka
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Shimoaitzuki, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Japan
| | - Takanori Goi
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Shimoaitzuki, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kurebayashi
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Shimoaitzuki, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Morikawa
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Shimoaitzuki, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Okazawa
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsujikawa
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Japan
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Jamal Eddin TM, Nasr SM, Gupta I, Zayed H, Al Moustafa AE. Helicobacter pylori and epithelial mesenchymal transition in human gastric cancers: An update of the literature. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18945. [PMID: 37609398 PMCID: PMC10440535 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer, a multifactorial disease, is considered one of the most common malignancies worldwide. In addition to genetic and environmental risk factors, infectious agents, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) contribute to the onset and development of gastric cancer. H. pylori is a type I carcinogen that colonizes the gastric epithelium of approximately 50% of the world's population, thus increasing the risk of gastric cancer development. On the other hand, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process crucial to embryogenic growth, wound healing, organ fibrosis and cancer progression. Several studies associate gastric pathogen infection of the epithelium with EMT initiation, provoking cancer metastasis in the gastric mucosa through various molecular signaling pathways. Additionally, EMT is implicated in the progression and development of H. pylori-associated gastric cancer. In this review, we recapitulate recent findings elucidating the association between H. pylori infection in EMT promotion leading to gastric cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tala M. Jamal Eddin
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahd M.O. Nasr
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hatem Zayed
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 2M1, Canada
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4
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Del Valle LG, Montero MG, Jechlinger M. Modification of Single Cells Within Mouse Mammary Gland Derived Acini via Viral Transduction. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2471:185-194. [PMID: 35175597 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2193-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The growth of organoid cultures from primary donor tissue is able to recapitulate the original tissue morphology, heterogeneity, and characteristics. Close study of these cultures grants a deeper understanding of the chain of events occurring during disease progression and healthy tissue development. While patient derived organoids are particularly suited to assay for novel treatment options, organoids obtained from model organisms are perfectly suited to establish in-depth analysis technology, including longitudinal imaging approaches, as well as proof of principle studies that rely on a steady source of primary tissue. All these approaches profit from advancements in technology to manipulate cells within an organoid.Here we present an optimized protocol to generate, culture, and transduce 3D acini obtained from mouse primary mammary epithelial cells via viral vectors. Applying this method, a few cells within the preserved organoid can be marked, changed, and tracked within an unaltered neighboring environment of non-transduced cells to better understand processes like, for instance, tumor initiation.
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5
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Nordin A, Kamal H, Yazid MD, Saim A, Idrus R. Effect of Nigella sativa and its bioactive compound on type 2 epithelial to mesenchymal transition: a systematic review. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:290. [PMID: 31666058 PMCID: PMC6821016 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nigella sativa or commonly known as black seed or black cumin is one of the most ubiquitous complementary medicine. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of type 2 is defined by the balance between wound healing and tissue fibrosis, which is dependent to the state of inflammation. This systematic review is conducted to provide an overview regarding the reported effect of Nigella sativa and its bioactive compound on the type 2 EMT. METHODS A search was done in EBSCOHOST, OVID and SCOPUS database to obtain potentially relevant articles that were published between 1823 and August 2019. This review includes studies that focus on the effect of Nigella sativa and its bioactive compound on the events related to type 2 EMT. RESULTS A total of 1393 research articles were found to be potentially related to the effect of Nigella sativa and its bioactive compound, thymoquinone on Type 2 EMT. After screening was done, 22 research articles met inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Majority of the studies, reported better wound healing rate or significant prevention of tissue inflammation and organ fibrosis following Nigella sativa or thymoquinone treatments. In terms of wound healing, studies included reported progression of EMT related pathological changes after treatment with Nigella sativa or thymoquinone. Alternatively, in terms of fibrosis and inflammation, studies included reported reversal of pathological changes related to EMT after treatment with Nigella sativa or thymoquinone. CONCLUSION Through this review, Nigella sativa and thymoquinone have been associated with events in Type 2 EMT. They have been shown to promote wound healing, attenuate tissue inflammation, and prevent organ fibrosis via regulation of the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Nordin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Nordin Kamil Consulting, 30-2, Jalan Dwitasik, Dataran Dwitasik, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Haziq Kamal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Dain Yazid
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin Saim
- Ear, Nose & Throat Consultant Clinic, Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital, 68000 Ampang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ruszymah Idrus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Arner EN, Du W, Brekken RA. Behind the Wheel of Epithelial Plasticity in KRAS-Driven Cancers. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1049. [PMID: 31681587 PMCID: PMC6798880 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular plasticity, a feature associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), contributes to tumor cell survival, migration, invasion, and therapy resistance. Phenotypic plasticity of the epithelium is a critical feature in multiple phases of human cancer in an oncogene- and tissue-specific context. Many factors can drive epithelial plasticity, including activating mutations in KRAS, which are found in an estimated 30% of all cancers. In this review, we will introduce cellular plasticity and its effect on cancer progression and therapy resistance and then summarize the drivers of EMT with an emphasis on KRAS effector signaling. Lastly, we will discuss the contribution of cellular plasticity to metastasis and its potential clinical implications. Understanding oncogenic KRAS cellular reprogramming has the potential to reveal novel strategies to control metastasis in KRAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Arner
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Department of Surgery and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Wenting Du
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Department of Surgery and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Department of Surgery and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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7
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Bai J, Kwok WC, Thiery JP. Traditional Chinese Medicine and regulatory roles on epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Chin Med 2019; 14:34. [PMID: 31558913 PMCID: PMC6755703 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical biological process allowing epithelial cells to de-differentiate into mesenchymal cells. Orchestrated signaling pathways cooperatively induce EMT and effect physiological, sometimes pathological outcomes. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been clinically prescribed for thousands of years and recent studies have found that TCM therapies can participate in EMT regulation. In this review, the historical discovery of EMT will be introduced, followed by a brief overview of its major roles in development and diseases. The second section will focus on EMT in organ fibrosis and tissue regeneration. The third section discusses EMT-induced cancer metastasis, and details how EMT contribute to distant dissemination. Finally, new EMT players are described, namely microRNA, epigenetic modifications, and alternative splicing. TCM drugs that affect EMT proven through an evidence-based research approach will be presented in each section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Wee Chiew Kwok
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Paul Thiery
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health, Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Das V, Bhattacharya S, Chikkaputtaiah C, Hazra S, Pal M. The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT): A study from a structure, dynamics, and functional perspective. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14535-14555. [PMID: 30723913 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step in transdifferentiation process in solid cancer development. Forthcoming evidence suggest that the stratified program transforms polarized, immotile epithelial cells to migratory mesenchymal cells associated with enhancement of breast cancer stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance. It involves primarily several signaling pathways, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), cadherin, notch, plasminogen activator protein inhibitor, urokinase plasminogen activator, and WNT/beta catenin pathways. However, current understanding on the crosstalk of multisignaling pathways and assemblies of key transcription factors remain to be explored. In this review, we focus on the crosstalk of signal transduction pathways linked to the current therapeutic and drug development strategies. We have also performed the computational modeling on indepth the structure and conformational dynamic studies of regulatory proteins and analyze molecular interactions with their associate factors to understand the complicated process of EMT in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Electrostatic potential surfaces have been analyzed that help in optimization of electrostatic interactions between the protein and its ligand. Therefore, understanding the biological implications underlying the EMT process through molecular biology with biocomputation and structural biology approaches will enable the development of new therapeutic strategies to sensitize tumors to conventional therapy and suppress their metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Das
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division (Biotechnology Group), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Sourya Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division (Biotechnology Group), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Saugata Hazra
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mintu Pal
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division (Biotechnology Group), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Jorhat, Assam, India
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9
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Colella B, Faienza F, Di Bartolomeo S. EMT Regulation by Autophagy: A New Perspective in Glioblastoma Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030312. [PMID: 30845654 PMCID: PMC6468412 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse process MET naturally occur during development and in tissue repair in vertebrates. EMT is also recognized as the crucial event by which cancer cells acquire an invasive phenotype through the activation of specific transcription factors and signalling pathways. Even though glial cells have a mesenchymal phenotype, an EMT-like process tends to exacerbate it during gliomagenesis and progression to more aggressive stages of the disease. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved degradative process that cells use in order to maintain a proper homeostasis, and defects in autophagy have been associated to several pathologies including cancer. Besides modulating cell resistance or sensitivity to therapy, autophagy also affects the migration and invasion capabilities of tumor cells. Despite this evidence, few papers are present in literature about the involvement of autophagy in EMT-like processes in glioblastoma (GBM) so far. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interplay between autophagy and EMT in cancer, with special regard to GBM model. As the invasive behaviour is a hallmark of GBM aggressiveness, defining a new link between autophagy and EMT can open a novel scenario for targeting these processes in future therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colella
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy.
| | - Fiorella Faienza
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy.
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10
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MicroRNA in Lung Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020265. [PMID: 30813457 PMCID: PMC6406837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a hallmark of cancer, with distant metastasis frequently developing in lung cancer, even at initial diagnosis, resulting in poor prognosis and high mortality. However, available biomarkers cannot reliably predict cancer spreading sites. The metastatic cascade involves highly complicated processes including invasion, migration, angiogenesis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition that are tightly controlled by various genetic expression modalities along with interaction between cancer cells and the extracellular matrix. In particular, microRNAs (miRNAs), a group of small non-coding RNAs, can influence the transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes, with dysregulation of miRNA expression contributing to the regulation of cancer metastasis. Nevertheless, although miRNA-targeted therapy is widely studied in vitro and in vivo, this strategy currently affords limited feasibility and a few miRNA-targeted therapies for lung cancer have entered into clinical trials to date. Advances in understanding the molecular mechanism of metastasis will thus provide additional potential targets for lung cancer treatment. This review discusses the current research related to the role of miRNAs in lung cancer invasion and metastasis, with a particular focus on the different metastatic lesions and potential miRNA-targeted treatments for lung cancer with the expectation that further exploration of miRNA-targeted therapy may establish a new spectrum of lung cancer treatments.
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11
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Theodoraki MN, Yerneni SS, Brunner C, Theodorakis J, Hoffmann TK, Whiteside TL. Plasma-derived Exosomes Reverse Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition after Photodynamic Therapy of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Oncoscience 2018; 5:75-87. [PMID: 29854876 PMCID: PMC5978437 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a palliative treatment option for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients which induces local inflammation and alters tumor cell morphology. We show that exosomes in plasma of HNSCC patients undergoing PDT reprogram tumor cells towards an epithelial phenotype. Nine HNSCC patients were treated with PDT and plasma was collected prior to and at three timepoints after therapy. Exosome levels of E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin and TGF-β1 were tested by flow cytometry. Exosomes were co-incubated with cancer cells, and changes in expression of EMT markers were evaluated as were proliferation, migration, chemotaxis and invasiveness of tumor cells. Exosomes harvested pre- and 24h after PDT were enriched in N-Cadherin and TGF-β1. They induced the mesenchymal phenotype and up-regulated Vimentin and transcripts for Snail, Twist, α-SMA, Slug and ZEB1 in epithelial tumor cells. These exosomes also enhanced tumor proliferation, migration and invasion. In contrast, exosomes obtained on day 7 or 4-6 weeks after PDT carried E-cadherin, restored epithelial morphology and EpCAM expression in tumor cells, down-regulated expression of mesenchymal genes and inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion. The PDT-mediated conversion from the mesenchymal to epithelial tumor phenotype was mediated by exosomes, which also served as non-invasive biomarkers of this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Nicole Theodoraki
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Saigopalakrishna S Yerneni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Departments of Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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12
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Abstract
During development of a novel treatment for cancer patients, the tumor microenvironment and its interaction with the tumor cells must be considered. Aspects such as the extracellular matrix (ECM), the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), secreted factors, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the host immune response, and tumor-associated microphages (TAM) are critical for cancer progression and metastasis. Additionally, signaling pathways such as the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) can promote further cytokine release in the tumor environment, and impact tumor progression greatly. Importantly, cytokine overexpression has been linked to drug resistance in cancers and is therefore an attractive target for combinational therapies. Specific inhibitors of cytokines involved in signaling between tumor cells and the microenvironment have not been studied in depth and have great potential for use in personalized medicines. Together, the interactions between the microenvironment and tumors are critical for tumor growth and promotion and should be taken into serious consideration for future novel therapeutic approaches.
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13
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Jechlinger M, Kendrick H, Smalley M, Vivanco MDM. See One, Do One, Teach One: A Practical Course on Methods in Mammary Gland Biology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:215-219. [PMID: 29446000 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard Kendrick
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Matthew Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Maria dM Vivanco
- CIC bioGUNE, Technological Park of Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain.
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14
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Thirunavukkarasan M, Wang C, Rao A, Hind T, Teo YR, Siddiquee AAM, Goghari MAI, Kumar AP, Herr DR. Short-chain fatty acid receptors inhibit invasive phenotypes in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186334. [PMID: 29049318 PMCID: PMC5648159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (2 to 6 carbons in length) are ubiquitous lipids that are present in human plasma at micromolar concentrations. In addition to serving as metabolic precursors for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, they also act as cognate ligands for two known G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), FFAR2 and FFAR3. While there is evidence that these receptors may inhibit the progression of colorectal cancer, their roles in breast cancer cells are largely unknown. We evaluated the effects of enforced overexpression of these receptors in two phenotypically distinct breast cancer cell lines: MCF7 and MDA-MD-231. Our results demonstrate that both receptors inhibit cell invasiveness, but through different signaling processes. In invasive, mesenchymal-like MDA-MB-231 cells, FFAR2 inhibits the Hippo-Yap pathway and increases expression of adhesion protein E-cadherin, while FFAR3 inhibits MAPK signaling. Both receptors have the net effect of reducing actin polymerization and invasion of cells through a Matrigel matrix. These effects were absent in the less invasive, epithelial-like MCF7 cells. Correspondingly, there is reduced expression of both receptors in invasive breast carcinoma and in aggressive triple-negative breast tumors, relative to normal breast tissue. Cumulatively, our data suggest that the activation of cognate receptors by short chain fatty acids drives breast cancer cells toward a non-invasive phenotype and therefore may inhibit metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angad Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tatsuma Hind
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuan Ru Teo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abrar Al-Mahmood Siddiquee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
| | - Deron R. Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abdulkareem AA, Shelton RM, Landini G, Cooper PR, Milward MR. Periodontal pathogens promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous carcinoma cells in vitro. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 12:127-137. [PMID: 28873015 PMCID: PMC5927641 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2017.1322253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is potentially involved in increasing metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Periodontal pathogens are well-known for their ability to induce intense immune responses and here we investigated whether they are involved in inducing EMT. Cultures of OSCC cell line (H400) were treated separately with heat-killed periodontal pathogens F. nucleatum, or P. gingivalis or E. coli LPS for 8 d. EMT-associated features were assayed using sq-PCR and PCR-arrays, for EMT-related markers, and ELISAs for TGF-β1, TNF-α, and EGF. The migratory ability of cells was investigated using scratch and transwell migration assays. E-cadherin and vimentin expression was assessed using immunofluorescence while Snail activation was detected with immunocytochemistry. In addition, the integrity of the cultured epithelial layer was investigated using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). PCR data showed significant upregulation after 1, 5, and 8 d in transcription of mesenchymal markers and downregulation of epithelial ones compared with unstimulated controls, which were confirmed by immunofluorescence. Periodontal pathogens also caused a significant increase in level of all cytokines investigated which could be involved in EMT-induction and Snail activation. Exposure of cells to the bacteria increased migration and the rate of wound closure. Downregulation of epithelial markers also resulted in a significant decrease in impedance resistance of cell monolayers to passage of electrical current. These results suggested that EMT was likely induced in OSCC cells in response to stimulation by periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdulkareem
- a Periodontology Unit, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , UK.,d Oral Biology Unit, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , UK
| | - R M Shelton
- b Biomaterials Unit, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , UK
| | - G Landini
- c Oral Pathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , UK
| | - P R Cooper
- d Oral Biology Unit, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , UK
| | - M R Milward
- a Periodontology Unit, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , UK
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16
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Shao JB, Gao ZM, Huang WY, Lu ZB. The mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β1 in neuroblastoma cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1623-1633. [PMID: 28393230 PMCID: PMC5403264 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the second most common extracranial malignant solid tumor that occurs in childhood, and metastasis is one of the major causes of death in neuroblastoma patients. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism for both the initiation of tumor invasion and subsequent metastasis. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanism by which transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 induces EMT in human neuroblastoma cells. Using quantitative RT-qPCR and western blot analyses, we found that the mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin were significantly decreased, whereas that of α-SMA was significantly increased after neuroblastoma cells were treated with different concentrations of TGF-β1. A scratch test and Transwell migration assay revealed that cell migration significantly and directly correlated with the concentration of TGF-β1 indicating that TGF-β1 induced EMT in neuroblastoma cells and led to their migration. Inhibiting Smad2/3 expression did not affect the expression of the key molecules involved in EMT. Further investigation found that the expression of the glioblastoma transcription factor (Gli) significantly increased in TGF-β1-stimulated neuroblastoma cells undergoing EMT, accordingly, interfering with Gli1/2 expression inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT in neuroblastoma cells. GANT61, which is a targeted inhibitor of Gli1 and Gli2, decreased cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis. Thus, TGF-β1 induced EMT in neuroblastoma cells to increase their migration. Specifically, EMT induced by TGF-β1 in neuroblastoma cells did not depend on the Smad signaling pathway, and the transcription factor Gli participated in TGF-β1-induced EMT independent of Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Shao
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Mei Gao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yan Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Bao Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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17
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Gemenetzidis E, Gammon L, Biddle A, Emich H, Mackenzie IC. Invasive oral cancer stem cells display resistance to ionising radiation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43964-77. [PMID: 26540568 PMCID: PMC4791279 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant amount of evidence to suggest that human tumors are driven and maintained by a sub-population of cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSC). In the case of head and neck cancer, such cells have been characterised by high expression levels of CD44 cell surface glycoprotein, while we have previously shown the presence of two diverse oral CSC populations in vitro, with different capacities for cell migration and proliferation. Here, we examined the response of oral CSC populations to ionising radiation (IR), a front-line measure for the treatment of head and neck tumors. We show that oral CSC initially display resistance to IR-induced growth arrest as well as relative apoptotic resistance. We propose that this is a result of preferential activation of the DNA damagerepair pathway in oral CSC with increased activation of ATM and BRCA1, elevated levels of DNA repair proteins RAD52, XLF, and a significantly faster rate of DNA double-strand-breaks clearance 24 hours following IR. By visually identifying CSC sub-populations undergoing EMT, we show that EMT-CSC represent the majority of invasive cells, and are more radio-resistant than any other population in re-constructed 3D tissues. We provide evidence that IR is not sufficient to eliminate CSC in vitro, and that sensitization of CD44hi/ESAlow cells to IR, followed by secondary EMT blockade, could be critical in order to reduce primary tumor recurrence, but more importantly to be able to eradicate cells capable of invasion and distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilios Gemenetzidis
- Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Luke Gammon
- Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Biddle
- Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Helena Emich
- Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ian C Mackenzie
- Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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18
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Li X, Wang X, Tan Z, Chen S, Guan F. Role of Glycans in Cancer Cells Undergoing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Oncol 2016; 6:33. [PMID: 26925388 PMCID: PMC4756103 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term “cancer” refers to a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process whereby epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion ability, and acquire migratory and invasive properties to gain mesenchymal phenotype, is an important step leading to tumor metastasis. Glycans, such as N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycosphingolipids, are involved in numerous biological processes, including inflammation, virus/bacteria–host interactions, cell–cell interactions, morphogenesis, and cancer development and progression. Aberrant expression of glycans has been observed in several EMT models, and the functional roles of such glycans in cancer development and progression has been investigated. We summarize here recent research progress regarding the functions of glycans in cancer cells undergoing EMT. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying aberrant glycan patterns in EMT and cancer will facilitate the development of such glycans as cancer biomarkers or as targets in design and synthesis of anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Xin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Zengqi Tan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Si Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Feng Guan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
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19
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Lee DG, Lee SH, Kim JS, Park J, Cho YL, Kim KS, Jo DY, Song IC, Kim N, Yun HJ, Park YJ, Lee SJ, Lee HG, Bae KH, Lee SC, Shim S, Kim YM, Kwon YG, Kim JM, Lee HJ, Min JK. Loss of NDRG2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gallbladder carcinoma cells through MMP-19-mediated Slug expression. J Hepatol 2015; 63:1429-39. [PMID: 26292259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract and one of the most lethal forms of human cancer. However, there is limited information about the molecular pathogenesis of GBC. Here, we examined the functional role of the tumor suppressor N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) and the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease progression in GBC. METHODS Clinical correlations between NDRG2 expression and clinicopathological factors were determined by immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissues from 86 GBC patients. Biological functions of NDRG2 and NDRG2-mediated signaling pathways were determined in GBC cell lines with NDRG2 knockdown or overexpression. RESULTS Loss of NDRG2 expression was an independent predictor of decreased survival and was significantly associated with a more advanced T stage, higher cellular grade, and lymphatic invasion in patients with GBC. GBC cells with loss of NDRG2 expression showed significantly enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasiveness in vitro, and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Loss of NDRG2 induced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-19 (MMP-19), which regulated the expression of Slug at the transcriptional level. In addition, MMP-19-induced Slug, increased the expression of a receptor tyrosine kinase, Axl, which maintained Slug expression through a positive feedback loop, and stabilized epithelial-mesenchymal transition of GBC cells. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study help to explain why the loss of NDRG2 expression is closely correlated with malignancy of GBC. These results strongly suggest that NDRG2 could be a favorable prognostic indicator and promising target for therapeutic agents against GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gwang Lee
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Seong Kim
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongjin Park
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Lai Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Koon Soon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog Yeon Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Chan Song
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Jung Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Jin Lee
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbo Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, Neuromarker Resource Bank, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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20
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May M, Brookman-May S, Burger M, Koch S, Otto W, Bründl J, Albrecht K, Denzinger S. A switch from epithelial to mesenchymal properties correlates with lymphovascular invasion in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:641-5. [PMID: 26092595 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the incidence and prognostic role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP). Sixty tumor specimens of surgically treated SCCP patients characterized by a central histopathologic review were stained with antibodies against E-cadherin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, and vimentin. Staining profiles were scored by two independent raters, and correlated with pertinent clinical and pathological parameters and cancer-specific mortality (CSM; median follow-up: 34 months, interquartile range: 6-60 months). Correlation statistics proved good interobserver agreement in staining evaluation (K-values between 0.62 and 1.00, all p<0.001). Based on consensus decision between both raters, 36 study cases (60%) showed a switch from E-cadherin to N-cadherin (as a hallmark of EMT), which correlated with the presence of lymphovascular invasion (ρ=0.287, p=0.026) while failing to interfere with CSM. Although cadherin switch was correlated with a loss of membranous β-catenin expression (ρ=0.629, p<0.001), none of the study cases showed nuclear β-catenin expression, and only three EMT cases (8.3%) had tumor buds revealing vimentin expression. Our data suggest that roughly half of surgically treated SCCP cases exhibit EMT, a parameter correlating with lymphovascular invasion. However, further studies are clearly needed to validate the so far unresolved possible role of cadherin switch in terms of predicting nodal spread in patients with SCCP. Moreover, the apparently complex mechanisms driving EMT in SCCP should be explored by future studies, as knowledge about these might provide a so far unexploited basis for the development of novel targeted therapies against SCCP with metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias May
- Department of Urology, St. Elisabeth Clinic Straubing, Straubing, Germany.
| | | | - Maximilian Burger
- Departments of Urology, Regensburg University, St. Josef Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Koch
- Institute of Pathology at the HELIOS Clinic Bad Saarow, Charité-University Medicine Academic Teaching Hospital, Bad Saarow, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Otto
- Departments of Urology, Regensburg University, St. Josef Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Bründl
- Departments of Urology, Regensburg University, St. Josef Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Knut Albrecht
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Denzinger
- Departments of Urology, Regensburg University, St. Josef Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Chen ZS, Ling DJ, Zhang YD, Feng JX, Zhang XY, Shi TS. Octamer-binding protein 4 affects the cell biology and phenotypic transition of lung cancer cells involving β-catenin/E-cadherin complex degradation. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1851-8. [PMID: 25420671 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have reported evidence for the involvement of octamer‑binding protein 4 (Oct4) in the tumorigenicity and progression of lung cancer; however, the role of Oct4 in lung cancer cell biology in vitro and its mechanism of action remain to be elucidated. Mortality among lung cancer patients is more frequently due to metastasis rather than their primary tumors. Epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a prominent biological event for the induction of epithelial cancer metastasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Oct4 had the capacity to induce lung cancer cell metastasis via the promoting the EMT in vitro. Moreover, the effect of Oct4 on the β‑catenin/E‑cadherin complex, associated with EMT, was examined using immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assays as well as western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that Oct4 enhanced cell invasion and adhesion accompanied by the downregulation of epithelial marker cytokeratin, and upregulation of the mesenchymal markers vimentin and N‑cadherin. Furthermore, Oct4 induced EMT of lung cancer cells by promoting β‑catenin/E‑cadherin complex degradation and regulating nuclear localization of β‑catenin. In conclusion, the present study indicated that Oct4 affected the cell biology of lung cancer cells in vitro through promoting lung cancer cell metastasis via EMT; in addition, the results suggested that the association and degradation of the β‑catenin/E‑cadherin complex was regulated by Oct4 during the process of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Shu Chen
- Ministry of Health Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Center, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Jin Ling
- Ministry of Health Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Center, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yang-De Zhang
- Ministry of Health Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Center, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Xiong Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Chest Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Yu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Chest Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Sheng Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Chest Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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22
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Eritja N, Santacana M, Maiques O, Gonzalez-Tallada X, Dolcet X, Matias-Guiu X. Modeling glands with PTEN deficient cells and microscopic methods for assessing PTEN loss: endometrial cancer as a model. Methods 2014; 77-78:31-40. [PMID: 25461816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN is an important tumor suppressor gene. Interpreting PTEN deficiency in the appropriate microscopic context of cancer may be important to understand its role in tumor development and progression. This may be particularly relevant in heterogeneous tumors. Here, we discuss the usefulness of 3D cultures in understanding the consequences of PTEN inactivation in tissue architecture. Afterwards, we discuss the role of immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization in assessing PTEN loss in tumors. In this review, endometrial carcinoma is used as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Eritja
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncologic Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria Santacana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncologic Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncologic Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavier Gonzalez-Tallada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncologic Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavier Dolcet
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncologic Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncologic Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.
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23
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αB-crystallin expression is correlated with phospho-ERK1/2 expression in human breast cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2013; 28:e365-70. [PMID: 23722303 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
αB-crystallin is regarded as a biomarker for triple-negative and/or basal-like breast cancer. In normal breast cells, overexpression of αB-crystallin leads to neoplastic-like changes, which likely relate to enhanced expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2). In this study, we investigated whether αB-crystallin expression is correlated to pERK1/2 expression in breast cancer. In a balanced tissue microarray the expression of αB-crystallin and pERK1/2 kinase were determined immunohistochemically, together with the triple-negativity and basal-like markers CK5/6 and SMA and the signaling molecules pAKT, pmTOR, EGFR, and IGF-1R. αB-crystallin expression significantly correlated with triple negativity and basal-like markers CK5/6 and SMA (Pearson Chi-square test p=0.004, p=0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). A significant correlation was also observed with pERK1/2 expression (p=0.002). siRNA-mediated knockdown of αB-crystallin in the triple-negative breast cell line MDA-MB468 did not show an effect on pERK1/2 expression levels, indicating that lowering the level of αB-crystallin does not reduce pERK1/2 expression. Our results confirm that αB-crystallin can be used as a biomarker for triple-negative and/or basal-like breast cancer. The expression of αB-crystallin correlates with pERK1/2 expression in breast cancer tissue suggesting that therapies targeting αB-crystallin might be considered for treatment of triple-negative or basal-like breast cancer.
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24
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The Roles of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition (MET) in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis: Potential Targets for Prevention and Treatment. J Clin Med 2013; 2:264-82. [PMID: 26237148 PMCID: PMC4470149 DOI: 10.3390/jcm2040264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have revealed molecular connections between breast and bone. Genes, important in the control of bone remodeling, such as receptor activator of nuclear kappa (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear kappa ligand (RANKL), vitamin D, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), and calcitonin, are expressed in breast cancer and lactating breast. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) effectors play critical roles during embryonic development, postnatal growth, and epithelial homeostasis, but also are involved in a number of pathological conditions, including wound repair, fibrosis, inflammation, as well as cancer progression and bone metastasis. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), insulin-like growth factor I & II (IGF I & II), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH(rP)), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epithelial growth factors II/I (ErbB/EGF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-11, IL-1, integrin αvβ3, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), catepsin K, hypoxia, notch, Wnt, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), and hedgehog signaling pathways are important EMT and MET effectors identified in the bone microenviroment facilitating bone metastasis formation. Recently, Runx2, an essential transcription factor in the regulation of mesenchymal cell differentiation into the osteoblast lineage and proper bone development, is also well-recognized for its expression in breast cancer cells promoting osteolytic bone metastasis. Understanding the precise mechanisms of EMT and MET in the pathogenesis of breast cancer bone metastasis can inform the direction of therapeutic intervention and possibly prevention.
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25
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Gunasinghe NPAD, Wells A, Thompson EW, Hugo HJ. Mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) as a mechanism for metastatic colonisation in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:469-78. [PMID: 22729277 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As yet, there is no cure for metastatic breast cancer. Historically, considerable research effort has been concentrated on understanding the processes of metastasis, how a primary tumour locally invades and systemically disseminates using the phenotypic switching mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT); however, much less is understood about how metastases are then formed. Breast cancer metastases often look (and may even function) as 'normal' breast tissue, a bizarre observation against the backdrop of the organ structure of the lung, liver, bone or brain. Mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), the opposite of EMT, has been proposed as a mechanism for establishment of the metastatic neoplasm, leading to questions such as: Can MET be clearly demonstrated in vivo? What factors cause this phenotypic switch within the cancer cell? Are these signals/factors derived from the metastatic site (soil) or expressed by the cancer cells themselves (seed)? How do the cancer cells then grow into a detectable secondary tumour and further disseminate? And finally--Can we design and develop therapies that may combat this dissemination switch? This review aims to address these important questions by evaluating long-standing paradigms and novel emerging concepts in the field of epithelial mesencyhmal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P A Devika Gunasinghe
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 29 Regent St., Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia 3065
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26
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Marzinke MA, Choi CH, Chen L, Shih IM, Chan DW, Zhang H. Proteomic analysis of temporally stimulated ovarian cancer cells for biomarker discovery. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:356-68. [PMID: 23172893 PMCID: PMC3567859 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
While ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy in the United States, there are no biomarkers available that are able to predict therapeutic responses to ovarian malignancies. One major hurdle in the identification of useful biomarkers has been the ability to obtain enough ovarian cancer cells from primary tissues diagnosed in the early stages of serous carcinomas, the most deadly subtype of ovarian tumor. In order to detect ovarian cancer in a state of hyperproliferation, we analyzed the implications of molecular signaling cascades in the ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR3 in a temporal manner, using a mass-spectrometry-based proteomics approach. OVCAR3 cells were treated with EGF(1), and the time course of cell progression was monitored based on Akt phosphorylation and growth dynamics. EGF-stimulated Akt phosphorylation was detected at 12 h post-treatment, but an effect on proliferation was not observed until 48 h post-exposure. Growth-stimulated cellular lysates were analyzed for protein profiles between treatment groups and across time points using iTRAQ labeling and mass spectrometry. The protein response to EGF treatment was identified via iTRAQ analysis in EGF-stimulated lysates relative to vehicle-treated specimens across the treatment time course. Validation studies were performed on one of the differentially regulated proteins, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1), in human tissue lysates and ovarian tumor tissue sections. Further, tissue microarray analysis was performed to demarcate LAMP-1 expression across different stages of epithelial ovarian cancers. These data support the use of this approach for the efficient identification of tissue-based markers in tumor development related to specific signaling pathways. LAMP-1 is a promising biomarker for studies of the progression of EGF-stimulated ovarian cancers and might be useful in predicting treatment responses involving tyrosine kinase inhibitors or EGF receptor monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Marzinke
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Caitlin H. Choi
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Li Chen
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Daniel W. Chan
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Hui Zhang
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
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Wierstra I. FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) in tumorigenesis: overexpression in human cancer, implication in tumorigenesis, oncogenic functions, tumor-suppressive properties, and target of anticancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 119:191-419. [PMID: 23870513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor and is also intimately involved in tumorigenesis. FOXM1 stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Additionally, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. In accordance with its role in stimulation of cell proliferation, FOXM1 exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern and its expression is regulated by proliferation and anti-proliferation signals as well as by proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Since these factors are often mutated, overexpressed, or lost in human cancer, the normal control of the foxm1 expression by them provides the basis for deregulated FOXM1 expression in tumors. Accordingly, FOXM1 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FOXM1 is intimately involved in tumorigenesis, because it contributes to oncogenic transformation and participates in tumor initiation, growth, and progression, including positive effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated lung inflammation, self-renewal capacity of cancer cells, prevention of premature cellular senescence, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, in the context of urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, FOXM1 has an unexpected tumor suppressor role in endothelial cells because it limits pulmonary inflammation and canonical Wnt signaling in epithelial lung cells, thereby restricting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, FOXM1 plays a role in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and maintenance of genomic stability, that is, prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy. The implication of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and several antitumor drugs have been reported to decrease FOXM1 expression.
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Differences in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition related molecules between primary tumors and pulmonary metastatic tumors in colorectal cancer. Surg Today 2012; 43:73-80. [PMID: 23052737 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key event in cancer metastasis. This study immunohistochemically examined the expression of EMT-related molecules in both primary colorectal cancer and pulmonary metastases, and analyzed the expression pattern. METHODS Ten patients with colorectal cancer that underwent surgical resections for both the primary tumor and metastatic pulmonary tumors were included. The expression status of EMT-related molecules was examined using immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Nine of the 10 cases maintained the expression of both E-cadherin and β-catenin in the primary site. The expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in the pulmonary metastatic site was preserved in 10 and 12 out of 15 metastatic lesions, respectively. The EMT-related transcription factor, Twist, was positively expressed in all 10 cases, Smad interacting protein 1 (Sip1) in 9, Snail in 4 and Slug in 3 of the primary sites. On the other hand, staining for Twist, Sip1 and Snail at the metastatic pulmonary site, was negative in all 10 cases. CONCLUSION The expression of EMT-related transcription factors in metastatic pulmonary tumors from colorectal cancer decreased in comparison to the primary tumors. These findings suggested that the expression status of EMT-related transcription factors might play an important role in the implantation of metastatic foci.
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29
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EMT as the ultimate survival mechanism of cancer cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:194-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Salem AF, Bonuccelli G, Bevilacqua G, Arafat H, Pestell RG, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Caveolin-1 promotes pancreatic cancer cell differentiation and restores membranous E-cadherin via suppression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3692-700. [PMID: 22041584 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.21.17895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers due to early rapid metastasis and chemoresistance. Recently, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. To understand the role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in EMT, we over-expressed Cav-1 in a pancreatic cancer cell line, Panc 10.05, that does not normally express Cav-1. Here, we show that Cav-1 expression in pancreatic cancer cells induces an epithelial phenotype and promotes cell-cell contact, with increased expression of plasma membrane bound E-cadherin and beta-catenin. Mechanistically, Cav-1 induces Snail downregulation and decreased activation of AKT, MAPK and TGF-beta-Smad signaling pathways. In vitro, Cav-1 expression reduces cell migration and invasion, and attenuates doxorubicin-chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer cells. Importantly, in vivo studies revealed that Cav-1 expression greatly suppresses tumor formation in a xenograft model. Most interestingly, Panc/Cav-1 tumors displayed organized nests of differentiated cells that were totally absent in control tumors. Confirming our in vitro results, these nests of differentiated cells showed reexpression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin at the cell membrane. Thus, we provide evidence that Cav-1 functions as a crucial modulator of EMT and cell differentiation in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Salem
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Knauf JA, Sartor MA, Medvedovic M, Lundsmith E, Ryder M, Salzano M, Nikiforov YE, Giordano TJ, Ghossein RA, Fagin JA. Progression of BRAF-induced thyroid cancer is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition requiring concomitant MAP kinase and TGFβ signaling. Oncogene 2011; 30:3153-62. [PMID: 21383698 PMCID: PMC3136543 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mice with thyroid-specific expression of oncogenic BRAF (Tg-Braf) develop papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) that are locally invasive and have well-defined foci of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC). To investigate the PTC-PDTC progression, we performed a microarray analysis using RNA from paired samples of PDTC and PTC collected from the same animals by laser capture microdissection. Analysis of eight paired samples revealed a profound deregulation of genes involved in cell adhesion and intracellular junctions, with changes consistent with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, as vimentin expression was increased and E-cadherin lost in PDTC compared with adjacent PTC. Moreover, PDTC stained positively for phospho-Smad2, suggesting a role for transforming growth factor (TGF)β in mediating this process. Accordingly, TGFβ-induced EMT in primary cultures of thyroid cells from Tg-Braf mice, whereas wild-type thyroid cells retained their epithelial features. TGFβ-induced Smad2 phosphorylation, transcriptional activity and induction of EMT required mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation in Tg-Braf thyrocytes. Hence, tumor initiation by oncogenic BRAF renders thyroid cells susceptible to TGFβ-induced EMT, through a MAPK-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Knauf
- Department of Medicine and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.
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Dubiel EA, Martin Y, Vermette P. Bridging the Gap Between Physicochemistry and Interpretation Prevalent in Cell−Surface Interactions. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2900-36. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9002598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Dubiel
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
- Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, 1036 rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 4C4
| | - Yves Martin
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
- Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, 1036 rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 4C4
| | - Patrick Vermette
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
- Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, 1036 rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 4C4
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Maschler S, Gebeshuber CA, Wiedemann EM, Alacakaptan M, Schreiber M, Custic I, Beug H. Annexin A1 attenuates EMT and metastatic potential in breast cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 2:401-14. [PMID: 20821804 PMCID: PMC3377343 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of carcinoma-induced death, but mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Metastasis crucially involves epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), causing loss of epithelial polarity. Here we identify Annexin A1 (AnxA1), a protein with important functions in intracellular vesicle trafficking, as an efficient suppressor of EMT and metastasis in breast cancer. AnxA1 levels were strongly reduced in EMT of mammary epithelial cells, in metastatic murine and human cell lines and in metastatic mouse and human carcinomas. RNAi-mediated AnxA1 knockdown cooperated with oncogenic Ras to induce TGFβ-independent EMT and metastasis in non-metastatic cells. Strikingly, forced AnxA1 expression in metastatic mouse and human mammary carcinoma cells reversed EMT and abolished metastasis. AnxA1 knockdown stimulated multiple signalling pathways but only Tyk2/Stat3 and Erk1/2 signalling were essential for EMT.
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Zhang H, Zhang L, Wang H, Chen X. [Research of TGF-beta1 inducing lung adencarcinoma PC9 cells to mesenchymal cells transition]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2010; 13:34-7. [PMID: 20672701 PMCID: PMC6000676 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.01.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 研究表明上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)不仅参与胚胎形成与发育,而且参与肿瘤侵袭转移。此外,人转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-beta1, TGF-β1)已被证实为肿瘤EMT的主要诱导剂。本研究旨在探讨TGF-β1诱导人肺腺癌PC9细胞发生EMT及其对PI3K/AKT信号通道的影响。 方法 将体外培养的PC9细胞用不同浓度TGF-β1处理48 h,相差倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态学变化;Western blot和细胞免疫荧光验证EMT相关标记蛋白表达变化。同时,采用Western blot方法检测AKT和P-AKT的表达水平。 结果 TGF-β1可诱导PC9细胞向间质型细胞形态转化,并上调间质标记蛋白Fibronectin的表达及下调P-AKT的表达。 结论 TGF-β1可诱导PC9细胞发生EMT,并影响PI3K/AKT信号通道。
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- Department of Pneumosurgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
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35
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Matrix compositions and the development of breast acini and ducts in 3D cultures. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 46:673-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Stuelten CH, Busch JI, Tang B, Flanders KC, Oshima A, Sutton E, Karpova TS, Roberts AB, Wakefield LM, Niederhuber JE. Transient tumor-fibroblast interactions increase tumor cell malignancy by a TGF-Beta mediated mechanism in a mouse xenograft model of breast cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9832. [PMID: 20352126 PMCID: PMC2843748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma are complex societies of mutually interacting cells in which there is a progressive failure of normal homeostatic mechanisms, causing the parenchymal component to expand inappropriately and ultimately to disseminate to distant sites. When a cancer cell metastasizes, it first will be exposed to cancer associated fibroblasts in the immediate tumor microenvironment and then to normal fibroblasts as it traverses the underlying connective tissue towards the bloodstream. The interaction of tumor cells with stromal fibroblasts influences tumor biology by mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Here, we report a role for normal stroma fibroblasts in the progression of invasive tumors to metastatic tumors. Using a coculture system of human metastatic breast cancer cells (MCF10CA1a) and normal murine dermal fibroblasts, we found that medium conditioned by cocultures of the two cell types (CoCM) increased migration and scattering of MCF10CA1a cells in vitro, whereas medium conditioned by homotypic cultures had little effect. Transient treatment of MCF10CA1a cells with CoCM in vitro accelerated tumor growth at orthotopic sites in vivo, and resulted in an expanded pattern of metastatic engraftment. The effects of CoCM on MCF10CA1a cells were dependent on small amounts of active TGF-β1 secreted by fibroblasts under the influence of the tumor cells, and required intact ALK5-, p38-, and JNK signaling in the tumor cells. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that transient interactions between tumor cells and normal fibroblasts can modify the acellular component of the local microenvironment such that it induces long-lasting increases in tumorigenicity and alters the metastatic pattern of the cancer cells in vivo. TGF-β appears to be a key player in this process, providing further rationale for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics that target the TGF-β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H Stuelten
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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37
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Wendt MK, Allington TM, Schiemann WP. Mechanisms of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by TGF-beta. Future Oncol 2010; 5:1145-68. [PMID: 19852727 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of epithelial cell barriers results from the defined spatiotemporal differentiation of stem cells into a specialized and polarized epithelium, a process termed mesenchymal-epithelial transition. The reverse process, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is a metastable process that enables polarized epithelial cells to acquire a motile fibroblastoid phenotype. Physiological EMT also plays an essential role in promoting tissue healing, remodeling or repair in response to a variety of pathological insults. On the other hand, pathophysiological EMT is a critical step in mediating the acquisition of metastatic phenotypes by localized carcinomas. Although metastasis clearly is the most lethal aspect of cancer, our knowledge of the molecular events that govern its development, including those underlying EMT, remain relatively undefined. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional cytokine that oversees and directs all aspects of cell development, differentiation and homeostasis, as well as suppresses their uncontrolled proliferation and transformation. Quite dichotomously, tumorigenesis subverts the tumor suppressing function of TGF-beta, and in doing so, converts TGF-beta to a tumor promoter that stimulates pathophysiological EMT and metastasis. It therefore stands to reason that determining how TGF-beta induces EMT in developing neoplasms will enable science and medicine to produce novel pharmacological agents capable of preventing its ability to do so, thereby improving the clinical course of cancer patients. Here we review the cellular, molecular and microenvironmental mechanisms used by TGF-beta to mediate its stimulation of EMT in normal and malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Wendt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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38
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Kalluri R, Weinberg RA. The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest 2009. [PMID: 19487818 DOI: 10.1172/jci39104.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The origins of the mesenchymal cells participating in tissue repair and pathological processes, notably tissue fibrosis, tumor invasiveness, and metastasis, are poorly understood. However, emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) represent one important source of these cells. As we discuss here, processes similar to the EMTs associated with embryo implantation, embryogenesis, and organ development are appropriated and subverted by chronically inflamed tissues and neoplasias. The identification of the signaling pathways that lead to activation of EMT programs during these disease processes is providing new insights into the plasticity of cellular phenotypes and possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Kalluri
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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39
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Abstract
The origins of the mesenchymal cells participating in tissue repair and pathological processes, notably tissue fibrosis, tumor invasiveness, and metastasis, are poorly understood. However, emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) represent one important source of these cells. As we discuss here, processes similar to the EMTs associated with embryo implantation, embryogenesis, and organ development are appropriated and subverted by chronically inflamed tissues and neoplasias. The identification of the signaling pathways that lead to activation of EMT programs during these disease processes is providing new insights into the plasticity of cellular phenotypes and possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Kalluri
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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40
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Disanza A, Frittoli E, Palamidessi A, Scita G. Endocytosis and spatial restriction of cell signaling. Mol Oncol 2009; 3:280-96. [PMID: 19570732 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and recycling are essential components of the wiring enabling cells to perceive extracellular signals and transduce them in a temporally and spatially controlled fashion, directly influencing not only the duration and intensity of the signaling output, but also their correct location. Here, we will discuss key experimental evidence that support how different internalization routes, the generation of diverse endomembrane platforms, and cycles of internalization and recycling ensure polarized compartmentalization of signals, regulating a number of physiological and pathologically-relevant processes in which the resolution of spatial information is vital for their execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy
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41
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Abstract
The origins of the mesenchymal cells participating in tissue repair and pathological processes, notably tissue fibrosis, tumor invasiveness, and metastasis, are poorly understood. However, emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) represent one important source of these cells. As we discuss here, processes similar to the EMTs associated with embryo implantation, embryogenesis, and organ development are appropriated and subverted by chronically inflamed tissues and neoplasias. The identification of the signaling pathways that lead to activation of EMT programs during these disease processes is providing new insights into the plasticity of cellular phenotypes and possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Kalluri
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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42
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Yang L, Avila H, Wang H, Trevino J, Gallick GE, Kitadai Y, Sasaki T, Boyd DD. Plasticity in urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) display in colon cancer yields metastable subpopulations oscillating in cell surface uPAR density--implications in tumor progression. Cancer Res 2007; 66:7957-67. [PMID: 16912170 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that tumor growth and progression is not entirely due to genetic aberrations but also reflective of tumor cell plasticity. It follows therefore that proteins contributing to tumor progression oscillate in their expression a contention yet to be shown. Because the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) promotes tumor growth and invasion, we determined whether its expression is itself plastic. In fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), three independent colon cancer clonal populations revealed the expected Gaussian distribution for cell surface uPAR display. However, subcloning of cells collected from the trailing edge of the FACS yielded subpopulations, displaying low cell surface uPAR number. Importantly, these subclones spontaneously reverted to cells enriched in uPAR display, indicating a metastable phenotype. uPAR display plasticity was associated with divergent in vivo behavior with weak tumor growth and progression segregating with receptor deficiency. Mechanistically, reduced uPAR display reflected not repressed gene expression but a switch in uPAR protein trafficking from membrane insertion to shedding. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that uPAR cell surface density is oscillatory and we propose that such an event might well contribute to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Tse JC, Kalluri R. Mechanisms of metastasis: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and contribution of tumor microenvironment. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:816-29. [PMID: 17243120 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Every year about 500,000 people in the United States die as a result of cancer. Among them, 90% exhibit systemic disease with metastasis. Considering this high rate of incidence and mortality, it is critical to understand the mechanisms behind metastasis and identify new targets for therapy. In recent years, two broad mechanisms for metastasis have received significant attention: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor microenvironment interactions. EMT is believed to be a major mechanism by which cancer cells become migratory and invasive. Various cancer cells--both in vivo and in vitro--demonstrate features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition. In addition, many steps of metastasis are influenced by host contributions from the tumor microenvironment, which help determine the course and severity of metastasis. Here we evaluate the diverse mechanisms of EMT and tumor microenvironment interactions in the progression of cancer, and construct a rational argument for targeting these pathways to control metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C Tse
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Jechlinger M, Sommer A, Moriggl R, Seither P, Kraut N, Capodiecci P, Donovan M, Cordon-Cardo C, Beug H, Grünert S. Autocrine PDGFR signaling promotes mammary cancer metastasis. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1561-70. [PMID: 16741576 PMCID: PMC1469776 DOI: 10.1172/jci24652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of cancer morbidity, but strategies for direct interference with invasion processes are lacking. Dedifferentiated, late-stage tumor cells secrete multiple factors that represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we show that metastatic potential of oncogenic mammary epithelial cells requires an autocrine PDGF/PDGFR loop, which is established as a consequence of TGF-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a faithful in vitro correlate of metastasis. The cooperation of autocrine PDGFR signaling with oncogenic Ras hyperactivates PI3K and is required for survival during EMT. Autocrine PDGFR signaling also contributes to maintenance of EMT, possibly through activation of STAT1 and other distinct pathways. Inhibition of PDGFR signaling interfered with EMT and caused apoptosis in murine and human mammary carcinoma cell lines. Consequently, overexpression of a dominant-negative PDGFR or application of the established cancer drug STI571 interfered with experimental metastasis in mice. Similarly, in mouse mammary tumor virus-Neu (MMTV-Neu) transgenic mice, TGF-beta enhanced metastasis of mammary tumors, induced EMT, and elevated PDGFR signaling. Finally, expression of PDGFRalpha and -beta correlated with invasive behavior in human mammary carcinomas. Thus, autocrine PDGFR signaling plays an essential role during cancer progression, suggesting a novel application of STI571 to therapeutically interfere with metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jechlinger
- Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Genomics Group, Biberach, Germany.
Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH, Department of Lead Discovery, Vienna, Austria.
Aureon Laboratories, Yonkers, New York, USA.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andreas Sommer
- Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Genomics Group, Biberach, Germany.
Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH, Department of Lead Discovery, Vienna, Austria.
Aureon Laboratories, Yonkers, New York, USA.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Genomics Group, Biberach, Germany.
Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH, Department of Lead Discovery, Vienna, Austria.
Aureon Laboratories, Yonkers, New York, USA.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Seither
- Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Genomics Group, Biberach, Germany.
Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH, Department of Lead Discovery, Vienna, Austria.
Aureon Laboratories, Yonkers, New York, USA.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Norbert Kraut
- Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Genomics Group, Biberach, Germany.
Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH, Department of Lead Discovery, Vienna, Austria.
Aureon Laboratories, Yonkers, New York, USA.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paola Capodiecci
- Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Genomics Group, Biberach, Germany.
Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH, Department of Lead Discovery, Vienna, Austria.
Aureon Laboratories, Yonkers, New York, USA.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Donovan
- Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Genomics Group, Biberach, Germany.
Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH, Department of Lead Discovery, Vienna, Austria.
Aureon Laboratories, Yonkers, New York, USA.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Genomics Group, Biberach, Germany.
Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH, Department of Lead Discovery, Vienna, Austria.
Aureon Laboratories, Yonkers, New York, USA.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hartmut Beug
- Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Genomics Group, Biberach, Germany.
Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH, Department of Lead Discovery, Vienna, Austria.
Aureon Laboratories, Yonkers, New York, USA.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stefan Grünert
- Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Genomics Group, Biberach, Germany.
Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH, Department of Lead Discovery, Vienna, Austria.
Aureon Laboratories, Yonkers, New York, USA.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Sotgia F, Williams TM, Schubert W, Medina F, Minetti C, Pestell RG, Lisanti MP. Caveolin-1 deficiency (-/-) conveys premalignant alterations in mammary epithelia, with abnormal lumen formation, growth factor independence, and cell invasiveness. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:292-309. [PMID: 16400031 PMCID: PMC1592656 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During breast cancer development, the luminal space of the mammary acinar unit fills with proliferating epithelial cells that exhibit growth factor-independence, cell attachment defects, and a more invasive fibroblastic phenotype. Here, we used primary cultures of mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mice to identify caveolin-1 (Cav-1) as a critical factor for maintaining the normal architecture of the mammary acinar unit. Isolated cultures of normal mammary epithelial cells retained the capacity to generate mammary acini within extracellular matrix. However, those from Cav-1 (-/-) mice exhibited defects in three-dimensional acinar architecture, including disrupted lumen formation and epidermal growth factor-independent growth due to hyperactivation of the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. In addition, Cav-1-null mammary epithelial cells deprived of exogenous extracellular matrix underwent a spontaneous epithelial-mesenchymal transition, with reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and E-cadherin redistribution. Mechanistically, these phenotypic changes appear to be caused by increases in matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 secretion and transforming growth factor-beta/Smad-2 hyperactivation. Finally, loss of Cav-1 potentiated the ability of growth factors (hepatocyte growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor) to induce mammary acini branching, indicative of a more invasive fibroblastic phenotype. Thus, a Cav-1 deficiency profoundly affects mammary epithelia by modulating the activation state of important signaling cascades. Primary cultures of Cav-1-deficient mammary epithelia will provide a valuable new model to study the spatial/temporal progression of mammary cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sotgia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Sokol JP, Neil JR, Schiemann BJ, Schiemann WP. The use of cystatin C to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition and morphological transformation stimulated by transforming growth factor-beta. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R844-53. [PMID: 16168131 PMCID: PMC1242164 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Revised: 06/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent suppressor of mammary epithelial cell (MEC) proliferation and is thus an inhibitor of mammary tumor formation. Malignant MECs typically evolve resistance to TGF-β-mediated growth arrest, enhancing their proliferation, invasion, and metastasis when stimulated by TGF-β. Recent findings suggest that therapeutics designed to antagonize TGF-β signaling may alleviate breast cancer progression, thereby improving the prognosis and treatment of breast cancer patients. We identified the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin C (CystC) as a novel TGF-β type II receptor antagonist that inhibits TGF-β binding and signaling in normal and cancer cells. We hypothesized that the oncogenic activities of TGF-β, particularly its stimulation of mammary epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), can be prevented by CystC. Method Retroviral infection was used to constitutively express CystC or a CystC mutant impaired in its ability to inhibit cathepsin protease activity (namely Δ14CystC) in murine NMuMG MECs and in normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts. The effect of recombinant CystC administration or CystC expression on TGF-β stimulation of NMuMG cell EMT in vitro was determined with immunofluorescence to monitor rearrangements of actin cytoskeletal architecture and E-cadherin expression. Soft-agar growth assays were performed to determine the effectiveness of CystC in preventing TGF-β stimulation of morphological transformation and anchorage-independent growth in NRK fibroblasts. Matrigel invasion assays were performed to determine the ability of CystC to inhibit NMuMG and NRK motility stimulated by TGF-β. Results CystC and Δ14CystC both inhibited NMuMG cell EMT and invasion stimulated by TGF-β by preventing actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and E-cadherin downregulation. Moreover, both CystC molecules completely antagonized TGF-β-mediated morphological transformation and anchorage-independent growth of NRK cells, and inhibited their invasion through synthetic basement membranes. Both CystC and Δ14CystC also inhibited TGF-β signaling in two tumorigenic human breast cancer cell lines. Conclusion Our findings show that TGF-β stimulation of initiating metastatic events, including decreased cell polarization, reduced cell–cell contact, and elevated cell invasion and migration, are prevented by CystC treatment. Our findings also suggest that the future development of CystC or its peptide mimetics hold the potential to improve the therapeutic response of human breast cancers regulated by TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Sokol
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jason R Neil
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Barbara J Schiemann
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - William P Schiemann
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO, USA
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Prindull G. Hypothesis: Cell plasticity, linking embryonal stem cells to adult stem cell reservoirs and metastatic cancer cells? Exp Hematol 2005; 33:738-46. [PMID: 15963849 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal stem (ES) cells are the earliest ontogenetically identifiable stem cells of the embryo proper for all subsequent mesenchymal stem cells and for highly specialized differentiated cells. This review characterizes, in a working hypothesis, the role of reversible EMT/MET (epithelialmesenchymal transition) as a manifestation of cell plasticity 1) in the development of ES cells to adult stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells) and 2) in metastasizing cancer cells. Animal studies support the concept that EMT/MET is a key manifestation of cell plasticity in the development of ES cells to adult stem cells, and in conversion of localized to metastasizing cancer cells. In fact, ES cells may persist to postnatal life, in cytologically verifiable form and/or within the frame of EMT/MET, as ultimate reservoir for adult stem cells. Furthermore, EMT could possibly serve as a conceptional link between physiologic and pathologic signaling pathways. Clonal confirmation in humans is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Prindull
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Göttingen Medical School, Germany.
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Mills Shaw KR, Wrobel CN, Brugge JS. Use of three-dimensional basement membrane cultures to model oncogene-induced changes in mammary epithelial morphogenesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2004; 9:297-310. [PMID: 15838601 PMCID: PMC1509102 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-004-1402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of breast carcinomas involves a complex set of phenotypic alterations in breast epithelial cells and the surrounding microenvironment. While traditional transformation assays provide models for investigating certain aspects of the cellular processes associated with tumor initiation and progression, they do not model alterations in tissue architecture that are critically involved in tumor development. In this review, we provide examples of how three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models can be utilized to dissect the pathways involved in the development of mammary epithelial structures and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for oncogene-induced phenotypic alterations in epithelial behavior and architecture. Many normal mammary epithelial cell lines undergo a stereotypic morphogenetic process when grown in the presence of exogenous matrix proteins. This 3D morphogenesis culminates in the formation of well-organized, polarized spheroids, and/or tubules that are highly reminiscent of normal glandular architecture. In contrast, transformed cell lines isolated from mammary tumors exhibit significant deviations from normal epithelial behavior in 3D culture. We describe the use of 3D models as a method for both reconstructing and deconstructing the cell biological and biochemical events involved in mammary neoplasia.
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Key Words
- mammary epithelial cells
- breast cancer
- morphogenesis
- 3d cell culture
- oncogenesis
- 3d
- three-dimensional
- bard-1, brca-1 associated ring domain
- cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- cgh, comparative genomic hybridization
- csf-1, colony-stimulating factor
- csf-1r, colony-stimulating factor receptor
- dcis, ductal carcinoma in situ
- e7, human papilloma virus 16 e7 protein
- ecm, extracellular matrix
- egf, epidermal growth factor
- egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ehs, engelbreth-holm-swarm
- emt, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- er, estrogen receptor
- gap, gtpase activating protein
- gef, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- hgf, hepatocyte growth factor
- igf, insulin-like growth factor
- il-1, interleukin-1
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mec, mammary epithelial cell
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase
- mmtv, mouse mammary tumor virus
- pi3k, phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase
- pr, progesterone receptor
- rb, retinoblastoma protein
- tgfβ, transforming growth factor beta
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn N. Wrobel
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joan S. Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; e-mail: joan
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2003; 4. [PMCID: PMC2447311 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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