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The Exploration of Natural Compounds for Anti-Diabetes from Distinctive Species Garcinia linii with Comprehensive Review of the Garcinia Family. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110641. [PMID: 31652794 PMCID: PMC6920772 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 400 Garcinia species are distributed around the world. Previous studies have reported the extracts from bark, seed, fruits, peels, leaves, and stems of Garcinia mangostana, G. xanthochymus, and G. cambogia that were used to treat adipogenesis, inflammation, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Moreover, the hypoglycemic effects and underlined actions of different species such as G. kola, G. pedunculata, and G. prainiana have been elucidated. However, the anti-hyperglycemia of G. linii remains to be verified in this aspect. In this article, the published literature was collected and reviewed based on the medicinal characteristics of the species Garcinia, particularly in diabetic care to deliberate the known constituents from Garcinia and further focus on and isolate new compounds of G. linii (Taiwan distinctive species) on various hypoglycemic targets including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptor kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) via the molecular docking approach with Gold program to explore the potential candidates for anti-diabetic treatments. Accordingly, benzopyrans and triterpenes are postulated to be the active components in G. linii for mediating blood glucose. To further validate the potency of those active components, in vitro enzymatic and cellular function assays with in vivo animal efficacy experiments need to be performed in the near future.
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Akther J, Nabi AHMN, Ebihara A. Heavy metals as environmental risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: from the perspective of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system and oxidative stress. REVIEWS IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2019; 7:68-83. [DOI: 10.7831/ras.7.0_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jobaida Akther
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A. H. M. Nurun Nabi
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Akio Ebihara
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Kim YJ, Kim HK, Lee HS. Hypoglycemic effect of standardized Chrysanthemum zawadskii ethanol extract in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and rats. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:1771-1779. [PMID: 30483442 PMCID: PMC6233411 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum zawadskii (CZ) is a perennial herb belonging to the Asteraceae family. CZ is used medicinally to treat inflammatory and uterine diseases in Asia. CZ was extracted with 50% ethanol and CZ extract (CZE; at 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally every day for 5 or 6 weeks to investigate the anti-diabetic effects in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rats and STZ + high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. CZE significantly decreased fasting blood glucose levels in STZ- and STZ + HFD-induced diabetic models. In addition, glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance were improved in the STZ + HFD + CZE group by increasing insulin levels and decreasing hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in serum. Furthermore, CZE supplements decreased components of the serum lipid profile such as triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These results suggest that CZE may be a potential candidate for controlling hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ji Kim
- Food Science R&D Center, KolmarBNH Co., Ltd., Sejong, 30003 Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Kim
- Food Science R&D Center, KolmarBNH Co., Ltd., Sejong, 30003 Korea
| | - Hak Sung Lee
- Food Science R&D Center, KolmarBNH Co., Ltd., Sejong, 30003 Korea
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Abhijith BL, Mohan M, Joseph D, Haleema S, Aboul-Enein HY, Ibnusaud I. Capillary zone electrophorsis for the analysis of naturally occurring 2-hydroxycitric acids and their lactones. J Sep Sci 2017. [PMID: 28636136 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A simple capillary zone electrophoresis method with direct ultraviolet detection has been developed for the analysis of naturally occurring diastereomeric 2-hydroxycitric acid lactones. Using 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer of pH 7, a baseline resolution Rs > 3.0 was observed for all organic acids selected for the present study. This method was employed for the quantitative determination of title acids present in the plant sources namely Garcinia cambogia fruit rinds and Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx. Conversion of 2-hydroxycitric acids to their lactones on heating the above plant sources is deliberated. The Hydrolysis of hydroxycitric acid lactones in aqueous solution is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Abhijith
- Institute for Intensive Research in Basic Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Moolya Mohan
- Institute for Intensive Research in Basic Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - David Joseph
- Institute for Intensive Research in Basic Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Simimole Haleema
- Department of Chemistry, TKM College of Arts and Science, Karicode, Kerala, India
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Ibnusaud
- Institute for Intensive Research in Basic Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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A comprehensive scientific overview of Garcinia cambogia. Fitoterapia 2015; 102:134-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Recent research, combined with reanalysis of previous results, has revealed that chromium can no longer be considered an essential trace element. Clinical studies are ambiguous at best as to whether Cr has a pharmacological effect in humans. Observed effects of Cr on rodent models of insulin resistance and diabetes are best interpreted in terms of a pharmacological role for Cr. Studies on the effects of Cr on rat models of diabetes are reviewed herein and suggest Cr increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues of the rodent models. The lack of effects in human studies may stem from humans receiving a comparably smaller dose than the rodent models. However, given the different responses to Cr in the rodent models, humans could potentially have different responses to Cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA.
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Abstract
Over fifty years ago, the element chromium (as the trivalent ion) was proposed to be an essential element for mammals with a role in maintaining proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Evidence for an essential role came from dietary studies with rodents, studies on the effects of chromium on subjects on total parenteral nutrition, and studies of the absorption and transport of chromium. Over the next several decades, chromium-containing nutritional supplements became so popular for weight loss and muscle development that sales were second only to calcium among mineral supplements. However, the failure to identify the responsible biomolecules(s) that bind chromium(III) and their mode of action, particularly a postulated species named glucose tolerance factor or GTF, resulted in the status of chromium being questioned in recent years, such that the question of its being essential needs to be formally readdressed. At the same time as chromium(III)'s popularity as a nutritional supplement was growing, concerns over its safety appeared. While chromium has been conclusively shown not to have beneficial effects on body mass or composition and should be removed from the list of essential trace elements, chromium(III) compounds are generally nontoxic and have beneficial pharmacological effects in rodents models of insulin insensitivity, although human studies have not conclusively shown any beneficial effects. Mechanisms have been proposed for these pharmacological effects, but all suffer from a lack of consistent supporting evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA,
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Preuss HG, Echard B, Fu J, Perricone NV, Bagchi D, Kaylor M, Zhuang C. Fraction SX of Maitake Mushroom Favorably Influences Blood Glucose Levels and Blood Pressure in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Med Food 2012; 15:901-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harry G. Preuss
- Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bobby Echard
- Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jia Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mark Kaylor
- Mushroom Wisdom, East Rutherford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cun Zhuang
- Mushroom Wisdom, East Rutherford, New Jersey, USA
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Márquez F, Babio N, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of hydroxycitric acid or Garcinia cambogia extracts in humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:585-94. [PMID: 22530711 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.500551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that Garcinia cambogia plays an important role in the regulation of endogenous lipid biosynthesis. This effect is specially attributed to (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) inhibiting the enzyme ATP-dependent citrate lyase, which catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA. Although several studies have found that the administration of G. cambogia extracts is associated with body weight and fat loss in both experimental animals and humans, we should be cautious when interpreting the results as other randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials have not reported the same outcomes. Furthermore, most studies in humans have been conducted on small samples and mainly in the short term. None of them have shown whether these effects persist beyond 12 weeks of intervention. Therefore, there is still little evidence to support the potential effectiveness and long-term benefits of G. cambogia extracts. With regard to toxicity and safety, it is important to note that except in rare cases, studies conducted in experimental animals have not reported increased mortality or significant toxicity. Furthermore, at the doses usually administered, no differences have been reported in terms of side effects or adverse events (those studied) in humans between individuals treated with G. cambogia and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Márquez
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain
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Niacin-bound chromium increases life span in Zucker Fatty Rats. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1344-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yoshitomi H, Iwaoka E, Kubo M, Shibata M, Gao M. Beneficial effect of Sparassis crispa on stroke through activation of Akt/eNOS pathway in brain of SHRSP. J Nat Med 2010; 65:135-41. [PMID: 21076883 PMCID: PMC2999729 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sparassis crispa (S. crispa) is a mushroom used as a natural medicine that recently became cultivatable in Japan. In this study, we investigated not only the preventive effects of S. crispa against stroke and hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) but also the mechanism involved by using studies of the cerebral cortex at a young age. Six-week-old male SHRSP were divided into 2 groups, a control group and an S. crispa group administered 1.5% S. crispa in feed, and we then observed their survival. In addition, rats of the same age were treated with 1.5% S. crispa for 4 weeks and we measured body weight, blood pressure, blood flow from the tail, NOx production, and the levels of expression of several proteins in the cerebral cortex by western blot analysis. Our results showed that the S. crispa group had a delayed incidence of stroke and death and significantly decreased blood pressure and increased blood flow after the administration. Moreover, the quantity of urinary excretion and the nitrate/nitrite concentration in cerebral tissue were higher than those of control SHRSP rats. In the cerebral cortex, phosphor-eNOS (Ser1177) and phosphor-Akt (Ser473) in S. crispa-treated SHRSP were increased compared with those of control SHRSP rats. In conclusion, S. crispa could ameliorate cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction by promoting recovery of Akt-dependent eNOS phosphorylation and increasing NO production in the cerebral cortex. S. crispa may be useful for preventing stroke and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Yoshitomi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179 Japan
| | - Emiko Iwaoka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hyogo University of Health Science, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | | - Ming Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179 Japan
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Chen JT, Tominaga K, Sato Y, Anzai H, Matsuoka R. Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) extract induces ovulation in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a possible monotherapy and a combination therapy after failure with first-line clomiphene citrate. J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16:1295-9. [PMID: 21034160 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2009.0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance is a prominent feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and insulin-sensitizing drugs are used to induce ovulation. Recently, it was reported that an extract from Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) improves insulin resistance. OBJECTIVES The objective was to explore the effects of Maitake extract (SX-fraction: MSX) to induce ovulation in patients with PCOS in comparison with and in combination with clomiphene citrate (CC). DESIGN We conducted an open trial with 80 patients with PCOS at three clinics in Japan. Seventy-two (72) new patients were randomly assigned to receive MSX or CC monotherapy for up to 12 weeks. Eighteen (18) patients who did not respond to MSX or CC were subjected to combination therapy of MSX and CC for up to 16 weeks. Eight (8) patients with documented history of failure to CC received combination therapy from the beginning. Ovulation was assessed by ultrasonography. RESULTS Twenty-six (26) patients in the MSX group and 31 in the CC group were evaluated for ovulation. The ovulation rates for MSX and CC were as follows: 76.9% (20/26) and 93.5% (29/31), respectively by the patients (NS), and 41.7% (30/72) and 69.9% (58/83), respectively, by the cycles (p = 0.0006). In the combination therapy, 7 of 7 patients who failed in MSX monotherapy and 6 of 8 patients who failed in CC monotherapy showed ovulation. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that MSX alone may induce ovulation in PCOS patients and may be useful as an adjunct therapy for patients who failed first-line CC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Tung Chen
- Department of Gynecology, J.T. Chen Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.
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Martin KR. Both common and specialty mushrooms inhibit adhesion molecule expression and in vitro binding of monocytes to human aortic endothelial cells in a pro-inflammatory environment. Nutr J 2010; 9:29. [PMID: 20637088 PMCID: PMC2916885 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality in the United States as well as globally. Epidemiological studies show that regular fruit and vegetable consumption reduces CVD risk, in part, due to antioxidant activity and immunomodulation since oxidative stress and inflammation are features of atherogenesis. Accumulating evidence also shows that dietary fungi, viz., mushrooms, can protect against chronic disease by altering inflammatory environments such as those associated with CVD although most research has focused on specialty mushrooms. In this study, we tested the ability of both common and specialty mushrooms to inhibit cellular processes associated with CVD. Methods Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were incubated overnight with control media with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) vehicle (1% v/v) or containing DMSO extracts of whole dehydrated mushrooms (0.1 mg/mL), which included Agaricus bisporus (white button and crimini), Lentinula edodes (shiitake), Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster), and Grifola frondosa (maitake). Monolayers were subsequently washed and incubated with medium alone or containing the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (5 ng/mL) for 6 h to upregulate pro-atherosclerotic adhesion molecules (AM). AM expression was assayed by ELISA and binding of U937 human monocytes pre-loaded with fluorescent dye was determined. Results White button mushrooms consistently reduced (p < 0.05) VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin-1 expression, whereas other test mushrooms significantly modulated AM expression singly, collectively, or combinatorially. All mushrooms, however, significantly reduced binding of monocytes to both quiescent and cytokine-stimulated monolayers. Conclusion These data provide evidence that dietary mushrooms can inhibit cellular processes such as adhesion molecule expression and ultimate binding of monocytes to the endothelium under pro-inflammatory conditions, which are associated with CVD. As a result, these findings support the notion that dietary mushrooms can be protective against CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Martin
- Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA.
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Preuss HG, Echard B, Bagchi D, Perricone NV. Maitake mushroom extracts ameliorate progressive hypertension and other chronic metabolic perturbations in aging female rats. Int J Med Sci 2010; 7:169-80. [PMID: 20567593 PMCID: PMC2887057 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the ability of two commercially-available fractions labeled SX and D derived from the edible maitake mushroom to overcome many age-associated metabolic perturbations such as progressive, age-related elevation of blood pressure, over activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), decreased insulin sensitivity, and inflammation in an in vivo laboratory model. DESIGN AND METHOD We divided forty mature, female Sprague-Dawley rats (SD) into five groups of eight. SD ingested regular rat chow containing added sucrose (20% w/w). The groups received baseline diet alone (control) or baseline diet containing captopril, niacin-bound chromium, maitake fraction SX, or maitake fraction D. In addition to blood pressure readings, the following procedures were implemented: losartan and insulin challenges, evaluation of serum ACE activity, glucose tolerance testing, blood chemistries, LNAME challenge, and measurement of various circulating cytokines. RESULTS We found that implementation of all test conditions stopped the gradual elevation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the SD over the four months of study, even reversing some of the previous elevation that occurred over time. In general, the treatment groups showed decreased activity of the RAS estimated by less lowering of SBP after losartan challenge and decreased serum ACE activity and were more sensitive to exogenous insulin challenge. TNFa levels decreased in all four test groups suggesting a lessening of the inflammatory state. CONCLUSIONS We believe our data suggest that maitake mushroom fractions lessen age-related hypertension, at least in part, via effects on the RAS; enhance insulin sensitivity; and reduce some aspects of inflammation--actions that should lead to a longer, healthier life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Preuss
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Physiology, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Perricone NV, Bagchi D, Echard B, Preuss HG. Long-term metabolic effects of different doses of niacin-bound chromium on Sprague-Dawley rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 338:91-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chen J, Raymond K. Beta-glucans in the treatment of diabetes and associated cardiovascular risks. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 4:1265-72. [PMID: 19337540 PMCID: PMC2663451 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s3803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood glucose level with typical manifestations of thirst, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. It is caused by defects in insulin-mediated signal pathways, resulting in decreased glucose transportation from blood into muscle and fat cells. The major risk is vascular injury leading to heart disease, which is accelerated by increased lipid levels and hypertension. Management of diabetes includes: control of blood glucose level and lipids; and reduction of hypertension. Dietary intake of beta-glucans has been shown to reduce all these risk factors to benefit the treatment of diabetes and associated complications. In addition, beta-glucans also promote wound healing and alleviate ischemic heart injury. However, the mechanisms behind the effect of beta-glucans on diabetes and associated complications need to be further studied using pure beta-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.
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Mixture of chromium di- and tri-nicotinate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes in food supplements and in foods for particular nutritional uses - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Preuss HG, Echard B, Perricone NV, Bagchi D, Yasmin T, Stohs SJ. Comparing metabolic effects of six different commercial trivalent chromium compounds. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1986-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lo HC, Hsu TH, Chen CY. Submerged culture mycelium and broth of Grifola frondosa improve glycemic responses in diabetic rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2008; 36:265-85. [PMID: 18457360 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x0800576x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Grifola frondosa, an edible fungus with a large fruiting body and overlapping caps, has been demonstrated to be a natural source of health-promoting substances, mainly due to its polysaccharides beta-glucan. By using male Wistar rats injected with saline (normal rats) or nicotinamide plus streptozotocin (diabetic rats), we investigated the effects of an orally ingested placebo (CON and STZ groups), culture mycelium (CGM and SGM groups), broth (CGB and SGB groups), and mycelium plus broth (CGX and SGX groups) of Grifola frondosa on glycemic responses. During the experimental period (from day 0 to day 15), the STZ group had significantly lower body weight compared to the CON group (one-way ANOVA, p<0.05). Moreover, the STZ group had significantly higher blood glucose concentrations at 2 hour-postprandial periods on days 0, 7, and 14 and in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on day 10, as well as significantly higher serum fructosamine and triglyceride on day 15 compared to the CON group. These diabetes-induced increases were significantly attenuated by administrations of mycelium and/or broth, i.e., the SGM, SGB, and SGX groups. The results of repeated-measures analysis and three-way ANOVA indicated that diabetes mellitus significantly increases, and mycelium administration significantly decreases postprandial blood glucose; diabetes mellitus significantly increases, and mycelium and broth administrations significantly decrease serum triglyceride, fructosamine, and blood glucose concentrations; moreover, in the area under the curve in OGTT, p<0.05. Our results revealed that submerged-culture mycelia and broth of Grifola frondosa have bioactivities for improving glycemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Lo
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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Fook Yee Chye, Jin Yi Wong, Lee JS. Nutritional Quality and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Edible Wild Mushrooms. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013208097445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Five species of edible wild mushrooms were selected to determine the proximate composition, vitamins (retinol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, thiamin, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid) and mineral contents (Fe, Zn, Co, Ca, Mg, K, and Na), antioxidant activity, and total phenolics. Hygrophorus sp. showed significant higher ( p<0.05) fat content as compared to other wild mushrooms with the mean value of 6.57%. However, Polyporus tenuiculus was found to be a good source of fiber while Hygrocybe sp. was good in α-tocopherol among the mushrooms tested. The iron and calcium contents were the highest in Hyrocybe (175.64 μg/g) and Hygrophorus sp. (81.70mg/100g) respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activities of petroleum ether (PE) and methanolic extracts of the edible wild mushrooms were comparable to the cultivated oyster mushroom. The radical scavenging activity was highest for PE extract of Pleurotus sp. (85%) while methanolic extract of Hygrocybe sp. exhibited the highest (94%) chelating effect, in correlation with its significantly higher ( p<0.05) phenolics content (42.21 mg GAE/g extract). In conclusion, edible wild mushrooms can be an excellent source of micronutrients and antioxidant components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fook Yee Chye
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia,
| | - Jin Yi Wong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jau-Shya Lee
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Badole SL, Patel NM, Thakurdesai PA, Bodhankar SL. Interaction of Aqueous Extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel-Champ. with Glyburide in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2008; 5:159-64. [PMID: 18604261 PMCID: PMC2396481 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are low calorie food with very little fat and are highly suitable for obese persons. With no starch and very low sugars, they are the 'delight of the diabetics'. Combination of herbal drugs (or isolated phytochemicals) is found to be beneficial in certain diseases when given along with conventional drugs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Lentinaceae) (called as PP-aqu) and its interaction with glyburide in alloxan induced diabetic mice. The diabetic mice treated were with PP-aqu (500 mg/kg, p.o.) alone or combination with glyburide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days. Blood samples were collected by orbital sinus puncture using heparinized capillary glass tubes and were analyzed for serum glucose on 0, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days. Body weights and mortality were noted during the study period. In oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glucose (2.5 g/kg, p.o.) was administered with either vehicle, PP-aqu alone or in combination with glyburide and serum glucose level analyzed at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after drug administration. Administration of PP-aqu (500 mg/kg) and its combination with glyburide (10 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.001) decreased serum glucose level in diabetic mice. In OGTT, glyburide or PP-aqu treatment alone or their combination produced significant (P < 0.001) increase in glucose threshold. Thus we suggest that P. pulmonarius showed potent and synergistic antihyperglycemic effect in combination with glyburide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin L Badole
- Pharmacology Division, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandwane, Paud Road, Pune 411-038, India
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Preuss HG, Echard B, Bagchi D, Perricone NV, Zhuang C. Enhanced insulin-hypoglycemic activity in rats consuming a specific glycoprotein extracted from maitake mushroom. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 306:105-13. [PMID: 17671829 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (ipGTT) and insulin challenge (ICT) tests were implemented to evaluate whether a specific glycoprotein extract of maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) known as SX-fraction enhances insulin sensitivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS SHR were divided randomly into a control group, a group receiving the antidiabetic drug, pioglitazone, in their diet, and three groups consuming three different concentrations of SX-Fraction derived from maitake mushroom in their food. The response of circulating glucose and insulin concentrations was examined at different time periods during an ipGTT. The major action of exogenous insulin during the ipGTT occurred within a 15-min period following injection of regular insulin. Accordingly, hypoglycemic activity was evaluated in SHR with and without glucose challenge over a short time frame in the ICT. RESULTS Evidence gathered from the ipGTT and ICT tests suggests that the SX-fraction of Maitake in a proper dosage as well as pioglitazone enhance insulin sensitivity. Ingestion of SX-fraction produced a lower-circulating level of glucose after challenge despite no rise in circulating insulin. Compared to control, significantly lower-circulating glucose levels were seen in the groups consuming pioglitazone and higher doses of SX-fraction at 7.5 min after insulin challenge whether or not glucose was given concomitantly. CONCLUSION SHR in the pioglitazone and SX-fraction groups showed improved glucose tolerance despite no elevation of circulating insulin concentrations and showed enhanced sensitivity to exogenous insulin. Thus, a glycoprotein extract from Maitake mushroom (SX-fraction) should be considered as an alternative method for improving insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Preuss
- Department of Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 231 B Basic Science Building, 4000 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Badole SL, Bodhankar SL. Interaction of aqueous extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel.-Champ with acarbose in alloxan induced diabetic mice. J Appl Biomed 2007. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2007.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Asghar M, Monjok E, Kouamou G, Ohia SE, Bagchi D, Lokhandwala MF. Super CitriMax (HCA-SX) attenuates increases in oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, and body weight in developing obese Zucker rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 304:93-9. [PMID: 17503004 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Super CitriMax (HCA-SX) is a novel calcium/potassium salt of (-)-hydroxycitric acid extracted from the dried fruit rind of the plant Garcinia cambogia, and commonly consumed as weight loss dietary supplement. In the present study, we investigated the effect of HCA-SX on inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in developing obese Zucker rats, an animal model of type II diabetes associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Male Zucker rats (5-week old) were supplemented with vehicle (control) and HCA-SX in drinking water for 7 weeks. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (DNPH), and protein tyrosine nitration (tyr-NO(2)) were measured in the liver and kidney tissues using biochemical and immunoblotting techniques. Compared to controls, the levels of MDA, DNPH and tyr-NO(2) were lower in the liver and kidney of HCA-SX-treated animals. Furthermore, the levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, markers of inflammation measured by ELISA, were lower in the plasma of HCA-SX-supplemented animals compared to controls, as were levels of fasting plasma insulin, glucose, and triglycerides. Interestingly, insulin resistance did not develop in HCA-SX-supplemented rats. Food-intake and body weight gain was also lower in rats supplemented with HCA-SX compared to their control counterparts. These results suggest that HCA-SX supplementation in obese Zucker rats reduces food-intake, body weight gain, and also attenuates the increases in inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance observed in untreated animals. Therefore, HCA-SX may be used as an intervention to overcome obesity-related complications, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asghar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Thirunavukkarasu M, Penumathsa S, Juhasz B, Zhan L, Bagchi M, Yasmin T, Shara MA, Thatte HS, Bagchi D, Maulik N. Enhanced cardiovascular function and energy level by a novel chromium (III)-supplement. Biofactors 2006; 27:53-67. [PMID: 17012764 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520270106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impetus for the novel Energy Formula (EF) which combines the niacin-bound chromium (III) (0.45%) (NBC), standardized extract of Withania somnifera extracts (10.71%), caffeine (22.76%), D-ribose (10.71%) and selected amino acids such as phenylalanine, taurine and glutamine (55.37%) was based on the knowledge of the cardioprotective potentials of the Withania somnifera extract, caffeine and D-ribose as well as their abilities to increase energy levels and the abilities of amino acids to increase the muscle mass and energy levels. The effect of oral supplementation of EF on the safety, myocardial energy levels and cardioprotective ability were investigated in an ischemic-reperfused myocardium model in both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats over 90 days trial period. At the completion of 90 days, the EF-treated male and female rats gained 9.4% and 3.1% less body weights, respectively, as compared to their corresponding control groups. No significant difference was found in the levels of lipid peroxidation and activities of hepatic Aspartate transaminase, Alanine transaminase and Alkaline phosphatase in EF treatment when compared with control animals. The male and female rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion at 30 and 90 days of EF treatment. Cardiovascular functions including heart rate, coronary flow, aortic flow, dp/dt(max), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and infarct size were monitored. The levels of myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP), phospho-adenosine monophosphate kinase (p-AMPK) levels, were analyzed at the end of 30 and 90 days of treatment. Significant improvement was observed in all parameters in the EF treatment groups as compared to their corresponding controls. Thus the niacin-bound chromium (III) based energy formula is safe and effective supplement to boost energy levels and cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Thirunavukkarasu
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Medical Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Shara MA, Yasmin T, Chatterjee A, Bagchi M, Maulik N, Bagchi D. Safety Assessment of a Novel Niacin-Bound Chromium-Based Energy Formulation. Toxicol Mech Methods 2006; 16:439-53. [DOI: 10.1080/15376520600709746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Min B, McBride BF, Kardas MJ, Ismali A, Sinha V, Kluger J, White CM. Hemodynamic impact of an ephedra-free multicomponent weight-loss supplement. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005; 62:1582-5. [PMID: 16030367 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of Metabolife Ephedra-Free on blood pressure (BP) and hemodynamics was studied. METHODS Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to take a single dose of Metabolife Ephedra-Free or matching placebo and then crossed over to the opposite treatment after a seven-day washout period. BP was measured at baseline and one, three, and five hours after administration. Cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), and total thoracic fluid content were determined in a subgroup of subjects. RESULTS Twenty patients (mean +/- S.D. age, 24.8 +/- 1.9 years) completed the study. No significant differences in systolic or diastolic BP were found between the Metabolife Ephedra-Free and placebo groups. In the subgroup (n = 8), SVRI was higher (but not significantly so) in the Metabolife Ephedra-Free group than in the placebo group at one hour (2162.5 +/- 421.1 versus 1934.6 +/- 344.2 dyn x sec x cm(-5) x m(2)); the difference was significant at five hours (1981.6 +/- 293.3 versus 1765.1 +/- 340.3 dyn x sec x cm(-5) x m(2)). CONCLUSION Single doses of Metabolife Ephedra-Free did not affect BP in healthy young volunteers. SVRI did not exceed the normal range but was elevated at five hours compared with SVRI in placebo recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Min
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut and Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
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Dikeman CL, Bauer LL, Flickinger EA, Fahey GC. Effects of stage of maturity and cooking on the chemical composition of select mushroom varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:1130-1138. [PMID: 15713030 DOI: 10.1021/jf048541l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Select mushrooms were analyzed for proximate constituents and carbohydrate profiles either raw or cooked and at different stages of maturity. White button mushrooms (Agaricus biporus) contained high concentrations of ash (12.5 and 11.9% for immature and mature mushrooms, respectively). Starch and total dietary fiber (TDF) concentrations were higher in maitake (Grifola frondosa) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes) mushrooms. Crude protein (CP) and acid-hydrolyzed fat (AHF) were highest in crimini (Agaricus bisporus) and white button and maitake mushrooms, respectively. Chitin concentrations were highest in portabella (Agaricus bisporus) and enoki (Flammulina velutipes) mushrooms (8.0 and 7.7%, respectively). Oligosaccharides were found in low concentrations in some mushrooms. CP and TDF accounted for 86.4 and 49.3% of mushroom organic matter. Cooking increased starch, TDF, and AHF but decreased CP and chitin concentrations. The chitin concentration increased with mushroom maturity. These results detail the complete carbohydrate profile of several important mushroom varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Dikeman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Leonhardt M, Balkan B, Langhans W. Effect of hydroxycitrate on respiratory quotient, energy expenditure, and glucose tolerance in male rats after a period of restrictive feeding. Nutrition 2004; 20:911-5. [PMID: 15474881 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently we demonstrated that hydroxycitrate (HCA) suppresses food intake and body weight regain in male rats after substantial body weight loss. However, it is not known whether HCA also affects the respiration quotient (RQ), energy expenditure (EE), and glucose tolerance in this animal model. METHODS Twenty-four male rats (initial body weight, 378 +/- 3 g) were fed restrictively (10 g/d) for 10 d and then given ad libitum access to a high-glucose diet supplemented with 3% HCA for 6 d. Controls received the same diet without the supplement. RQ and EE were measured during ad libitum days 1, 2, and 6. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed on ad libitum day 4 or 5. RESULTS HCA decreased RQ and EE during ad libitum days 1 and 2. In all probability, these findings reflect a decrease in de novo lipogenesis. On ad libitum day 6, RQ and EE did not differ between treatment groups. HCA suppressed food intake during the first 3 d ad libitum, but overall body weight regain was not decreased in the HCA group. The oral glucose tolerance test showed that HCA significantly decreased the increase in plasma glucose from baseline (Deltaglucose) and tended to decrease the area under the curve for glucose. Deltainsulin and area under the curve for insulin did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that, in this animal model, HCA suppresses de novo lipogenesis. Moreover, HCA may improve glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Leonhardt
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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