1
|
Służały P, Paśko P, Galanty A. Natural Products as Hepatoprotective Agents-A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Trials. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1985. [PMID: 39065511 PMCID: PMC11280762 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective effects of natural products have been a significant focus in recent decades due to the growing demand for the help in the treatment of hepatic impairments. This review specifically delves into the findings of clinical trials involving 13 selected natural products, namely plants and their derived compounds (e.g., artichoke, berberine, and turmeric), algae (e.g., spirulina), probiotics, and other products like phospholipids and vitamin D. A literature search was performed in the Scopus database, PubMed, and Google Scholar, covering all articles found up to June 2024. Artichoke, berberine, chlorella, chicory, green tea, probiotics, phospholipids, schisandra, silymarin, spirulina, and vitamin D caused a decrease in liver enzymes, while for cinnamon and turmeric such an effect was either not observed or not convincing. The presented results indicate that some natural products might satisfactorily improve hepatic outcomes in NAFLD, NASH, and other liver disorders; however, further studies and metanalyses are needed to clearly demonstrate their effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Służały
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Paweł Paśko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Q, Jia Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li X, Tian X, Han S. The effects of medicinal and food homologous substances on blood lipid and blood glucose levels and liver function in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:137. [PMID: 37644446 PMCID: PMC10464055 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver disorder worldwide. According to several previous studies, the treatment of patients with NAFLD using medicinal and food-homologous substances has consistent effects on the levels of blood lipids and blood glucose and liver function. OBJECTIVE This systematic review was conducted to investigate the impact of medicinal and food homologous substances on blood lipid and glucose levels as well as liver function in patients with NAFLD. METHODS A thorough search was conducted in eight databases, including China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), China Biomedical Literature Database (SinoMed), Wanfang Database, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Embase, for articles published from database inception until June 24, 2023. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated utilizing Cochrane Randomized Trial Risk Bias Tool, Edition 2 and GRADE methodology for assessment. RESULTS A total of 13 randomized controlled trials, involving 829 patients with NAFLD, were included in the analysis, these studies included a total of 9 medicinal and food homologous substances. In the 13 studies, hawthorn (2), sea buckthorn (1), ginger (2), turmeric (4) (1 with chicory seeds), cinnamon (1), cardamom (1), purslane (1) and saffron (1) were included. The results of the included studies showed that medicinal and food homologous substances could improve high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and liver enzyme levels in patients with NAFLD to a certain extent, but the effect of turmeric on TC, liver enzyme levels is controversial. CONCLUSION In patients with NAFLD, dietary intervention using medicinal and food homologous substances can ameliorate blood lipid and blood glucose levels and liver enzymes to some extent. In clinical work, medicinal and food homologous substances can be used to provide patients with NAFLD with a safe and effective dietary plan to help prevent and treat disease onset and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- General Surgery Department, Shanxi Bethune Hospital/Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- School of Nursing/Research Center of Dietary Therapy Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yatian Jia
- General Surgery Department, Shanxi Bethune Hospital/Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- School of Nursing, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- School of Nursing, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinru Li
- School of Nursing, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiaoying Tian
- Department of Infection and Toxic Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Taiyuan, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shifan Han
- School of Nursing/Research Center of Dietary Therapy Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maleki E, Sadeghpour A, Taherifard E, Izadi B, Pasalar M, Akbari M. The effects of chicory supplementation on liver enzymes and lipid profiles in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical evidence. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 55:447-454. [PMID: 37202083 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The beneficial effects of Cichorium intybus L., chicory, in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are controversial. This review aimed to systematically summarize the evidence on the effects of chicory on liver function and lipid profile in patients with NAFLD. METHODS Online databases of Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and grey literature were searched for relevant randomized clinical trials. Weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as effect sizes and a random-effects model was used to pool the data. Besides, sensitivity analyses and publication bias analysis were performed. RESULTS In total, five articles containing 197 patients with NAFLD were included. The study showed that chicory significantly decreased the levels of both aspartate transaminase (WMD: -7.07 U/L, 95%CI: -13.82 to -0.32) and alanine transaminase (WMD: -17.53 U/L, 95%CI: -32.64 to -2.42). However, no significant effects on alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels and the components of the lipid profile were observed with the use of chicory. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis showed that chicory supplementation may exert potential hepatoprotective effects in patients with NAFLD. However, for widespread recommendations, more studies with a higher number of patients and longer periods of intervention are mandatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Maleki
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Sadeghpour
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Erfan Taherifard
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz School for Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Izadi
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Pasalar
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Akbari
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kunnumakkara AB, Hegde M, Parama D, Girisa S, Kumar A, Daimary UD, Garodia P, Yenisetti SC, Oommen OV, Aggarwal BB. Role of Turmeric and Curcumin in Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases: Lessons Learned from Clinical Trials. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:447-518. [PMID: 37082752 PMCID: PMC10111629 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been used for thousands of years for the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases. Curcumin is just one of >200 ingredients in turmeric. Almost 7000 scientific papers on turmeric and almost 20,000 on curcumin have been published in PubMed. Scientific reports based on cell culture or animal studies are often not reproducible in humans. Therefore, human clinical trials are the best indicators for the prevention and treatment of a disease using a given agent/drug. Herein, we conducted an extensive literature survey on PubMed and Scopus following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The keywords "turmeric and clinical trials" and "curcumin and clinical trials" were considered for data mining. A total of 148 references were found to be relevant for the key term "turmeric and clinical trials", of which 70 were common in both PubMed and Scopus, 44 were unique to PubMed, and 34 were unique to Scopus. Similarly, for the search term "curcumin and clinical trials", 440 references were found to be relevant, of which 70 were unique to PubMed, 110 were unique to Scopus, and 260 were common to both databases. These studies show that the golden spice has enormous health and medicinal benefits for humans. This Review will extract and summarize the lessons learned about turmeric and curcumin in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases based on clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | - Uzini Devi Daimary
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | - Prachi Garodia
- Integrative
Research Center, Miami, Florida 33125, United States
| | - Sarat Chandra Yenisetti
- Department
of Zoology, Drosophila Neurobiology Laboratory, Nagaland University (Central), Lumami, Nagaland-798627, India
| | - Oommen V. Oommen
- Department
of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695581, India
| | - Bharat B. Aggarwal
- Inflammation
Research Center, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang X, Jin X, Li H, Zhang X, Chen X, Lu K, Chu C. Effects of various interventions on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1180016. [PMID: 37063273 PMCID: PMC10090390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1180016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: With the increasing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome, the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also increasing. In the next decade, NAFLD may become the main cause of liver transplantation. Therefore, the choice of treatment plan is particularly important. The purpose of this study was to compare several interventions in the treatment of NAFLD to provide some reference for clinicians in selecting treatment methods.Methods: We searched Public Medicine (PubMed), Medline, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), and Cochrane Library from January 2013 to January 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English. The network meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Forty-three studies accounting for a total of 2,969 patients were included, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) were selected as outcome measures for analysis and comparison.Results: We evaluated the results of drug, diet, and lifestyle interventions between the intervention and control groups. Curcumin (CUN) and probiotics (PTC) were selected for medication, the Mediterranean diet (MDED) was selected for special diet (SPD), and various kinds of exercise and lifestyle advice were selected for lifestyle interventions (LFT). The SUCRA was used to rank interventions according to the effect on ALT indicators (SUCRA: PTC 80.3%, SPD 65.2%, LFT 61.4%, PLB 32.8%, CUN 10.2%), TC indicators (SUCRA: PTC 89.4%, SPD 64%, CUN 34%, LFT 36.6%, PLB 17%), and LDL indicators (SUCRA: PTC 84.2%, CUN 69.5%, LFT 51.7%, PLB 30.1%, SPD 14.5%). The pairwise meta-analysis results showed that MDED was significantly better than NT in improving ALT [SMD 1.99, 95% CI (0.38, 3.60)]. In terms of improving TC and LDL, ATS was significantly better than NT [SMD 0.19, 95% CI (0.03, 0.36)] [SMD 0.18, 95% CI (0.01, 0.35)].Conclusion: Our study showed that PTC is most likely to be the most effective treatment for improving NAFLD indicators. Professional advice on diet or exercise was more effective in treating NAFLD than no intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqian Jin
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Hancheng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuan Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenliang Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Chenliang Chu,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Panknin TM, Howe CL, Hauer M, Bucchireddigari B, Rossi AM, Funk JL. Curcumin Supplementation and Human Disease: A Scoping Review of Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4476. [PMID: 36901908 PMCID: PMC10003109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal properties of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), a plant used for centuries as an anti-inflammatory, are attributed to its polyphenolic curcuminoids, where curcumin predominates. Although "curcumin" supplements are a top-selling botanical with promising pre-clinical effects, questions remain regarding biological activity in humans. To address this, a scoping review was conducted to assess human clinical trials reporting oral curcumin effects on disease outcomes. Eight databases were searched using established guidelines, yielding 389 citations (from 9528 initial) that met inclusion criteria. Half focused on obesity-associated metabolic disorders (29%) or musculoskeletal disorders (17%), where inflammation is a key driver, and beneficial effects on clinical outcomes and/or biomarkers were reported for most citations (75%) in studies that were primarily double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trials (77%, D-RCT). Citations for the next most studied disease categories (neurocognitive [11%] or gastrointestinal disorders [10%], or cancer [9%]), were far fewer in number and yielded mixed results depending on study quality and condition studied. Although additional research is needed, including systematic evaluation of diverse curcumin formulations and doses in larger D-RCT studies, the preponderance of current evidence for several highly studied diseases (e.g., metabolic syndrome, osteoarthritis), which are also clinically common, are suggestive of clinical benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol L. Howe
- The University of Arizona Health Science Library, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Meg Hauer
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Anthony M. Rossi
- Department of Physiology, Honors College, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Janet L. Funk
- Department of Medicine and School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang K, Chen J, Zhang T, Yuan X, Ge A, Wang S, Xu H, Zeng L, Ge J. Efficacy and safety of dietary polyphenol supplementation in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949746. [PMID: 36159792 PMCID: PMC9500378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary polyphenol treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a novel direction, and the existing clinical studies have little effective evidence for its therapeutic effect, and some studies have inconsistent results. The effectiveness of dietary polyphenols in the treatment of NAFLD is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of oral dietary polyphenols in patients with NAFLD. Methods The literature (both Chinese and English) published before 30 April 2022 in PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, CNKI, and other databases on the treatment of NAFLD with dietary polyphenols was searched. Manual screening, quality assessment, and data extraction of search results were conducted strictly according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform the meta-analysis. Results The RCTs included in this study involved dietary supplementation with eight polyphenols (curcumin, resveratrol, naringenin, anthocyanin, hesperidin, catechin, silymarin, and genistein) and 2,173 participants. This systematic review and meta-analysis found that 1) curcumin may decrease body mass index (BMI), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Triglycerides (TG) total cholesterol (TC), and Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) compared to placebo; and curcumin does not increase the occurrence of adverse events. 2) Although the meta-analysis results of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) did not reveal significant positive changes, individual RCTs showed meaningful results. 3) Naringenin significantly decreased the percentage of NAFLD grade, TG, TC, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) but had no significant effect on AST and ALT, and it is a safe supplementation. 4) Only one team presents a protocol about anthocyanin (from Cornus mas L. fruit extract) in the treatment of NAFLD. 5) Hesperidin may decrease BMI, AST, ALT, TG, TC, HOMA-IR, and so on. 6) Catechin may decrease BMI, HOMA-IR, and TG level, and it was well tolerated by the patients. 7) Silymarin was effective in improving ALT and AST and reducing hepatic fat accumulation and liver stiffness in NAFLD patients. Conclusion Based on current evidence, curcumin can reduce BMI, TG, TC, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance; catechin can reduce BMI, insulin resistance, and TG effectively; silymarin can reduce liver enzymes. For resveratrol, naringenin, anthocyanin, hesperidin, and catechin, more RCTs are needed to further evaluate their efficacy and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Junpeng Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Tianqing Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Anqi Ge
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jinwen Ge,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Faraji S, Hosseini Azar MRM, Alizadeh M. Brewed chicory leaf consumption has unexpected side effects along beneficial effects on liver enzymes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
9
|
Therapeutic and Preventive Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Arctium lappa L. and Cichorium intybus L. against Fatty Liver in Rats. JORJANI BIOMEDICINE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jorjanibiomedj.10.2.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
|
10
|
Vafaeipour Z, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its constituent (curcumin) on the metabolic syndrome: An updated review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 20:193-203. [PMID: 35292209 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) involves people with the following risk factors: obesity, hypertension, high glucose level and hyperlipidemia. It can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of MS in the world's adult population is about 20%-25%. Today, there is much care to use medicinal plants. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) as well as curcumin which is derived from the rhizome of the plant, has been shown beneficial effects on different components of MS. Thus, the purpose of this manuscript was to introduce different in vitro, in vivo and human studies regarding the effect of turmeric and its constituent on MS. Moreover, different mechanisms of action by which this plant overcomes MS have been introduced. Based on studies, turmeric and its bioactive component, curcumin, due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, have antidiabetic effects through increasing insulin release, antihyperlipidemic effects by increasing fatty acid uptake, anti-obesity effects by decreasing lipogenesis, and antihypertensive effects by increasing nitric oxide. According to several in vivo, in vitro and human studies, it can be concluded that turmeric or curcumin has important values as a complementary therapy in MS. However, more clinical trials should be done to confirm these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Vafaeipour
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran; Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Elmeged LSMA, Alzahrani MSH. Effect of Biologically Active Substances in Cichorium on Biochemical Changes in Obese Rats. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:38-45. [DOI: 10.51847/bn6mhuzxbb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
12
|
Krepkova LV, Babenko AN, Saybel' OL, Lupanova IA, Kuzina OS, Job KM, Sherwin CM, Enioutina EY. Valuable Hepatoprotective Plants - How Can We Optimize Waste Free Uses of Such Highly Versatile Resources? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:738504. [PMID: 34867345 PMCID: PMC8637540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.738504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans used plants for thousand of years as food, drugs, or fuel to keep homes warm. People commonly used fruits and roots, and other parts of the plant were often wasted. This review aims to discuss the potential of rational stem-to-stern use of three highly versatile and valuable plants with hepatoprotective properties. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), artichoke (Cynara cardunculus), and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) have well-characterized hepatoprotective properties. These plants have been chosen since liver diseases are significant diseases of concern worldwide, and all parts of plants can be potentially utilized. Artichoke and chicory are commonly used as food or dietary supplements and less often as phytodrugs. Various dietary supplements and phytodrugs prepared from milk thistle (MT) fruits/seeds are well-known to consumers as remedies supporting liver functions. However, using these plants as functional food, farm animal feed, is not well-described in the literature. We also discuss bioactive constituents present in various parts of these plants, their pharmacological properties. Distinct parts of MT, artichoke, and chicory can be used to prepare remedies and food for humans and animals. Unused plant parts are potentially wasted. To achieve waste-free use of these and many other plants, the scientific community needs to analyze the complex use of plants and propose strategies for waste-free technologies. The government must stimulate companies to utilize by-products. Another problem associated with plant use as a food or source of phytodrug is the overharvesting of wild plants. Consequently, there is a need to use more active cultivation techniques for plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lubov V Krepkova
- Center of Medicine, All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra N Babenko
- Center of Medicine, All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga L Saybel'
- Center of Medicine, All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A Lupanova
- Center of Medicine, All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Kuzina
- Center of Medicine, All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Moscow, Russia
| | - Kathleen M Job
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Catherine M Sherwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton Children's Hospital, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Elena Y Enioutina
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tang R, Li R, Li H, Ma XL, Du P, Yu XY, Ren L, Wang LL, Zheng WS. Design of Hepatic Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Natural Products: Insights into Nomenclature Revision of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17016-17046. [PMID: 34705426 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), affects a quarter of the worldwide population. Natural products have been extensively utilized in treating NAFLD because of their distinctive advantages over chemotherapeutic drugs, despite the fact that there are no approved drugs for therapy. Notably, the limitations of many natural products, such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability in vivo, low hepatic distribution, and lack of targeted effects, have severely restricted their clinical application. These issues could be resolved via hepatic targeted drug delivery systems (HTDDS) that boost clinical efficacy in treating NAFLD and decrease the adverse effects on other organs. Herein an overview of natural products comprising formulas, single medicinal plants, and their crude extracts has been presented to treat NAFLD. Also, the clinical efficacy and molecular mechanism of active monomer compounds against NAFLD are systematically discussed. The targeted delivery of natural products via HTDDS has been explored to provide a different nanotechnology-based NAFLD treatment strategy and to make suggestions for natural-product-based targeted nanocarrier design. Finally, the challenges and opportunities put forth by the nomenclature update of NAFLD are outlined along with insights into how to improve the NAFLD therapy and how to design more rigorous nanocarriers for the HTDDS. In brief, we summarize the up-to-date developments of the NAFLD-HTDDS based on natural products and provide viewpoints for the establishment of more stringent anti-NAFLD natural-product-targeted nanoformulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rou Tang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - He Li
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Peng Du
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao-You Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ling Ren
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lu-Lu Wang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Zheng
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fu K, Wang C, Ma C, Zhou H, Li Y. The Potential Application of Chinese Medicine in Liver Diseases: A New Opportunity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:771459. [PMID: 34803712 PMCID: PMC8600187 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.771459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases have been a common challenge for people all over the world, which threatens the quality of life and safety of hundreds of millions of patients. China is a major country with liver diseases. Metabolic associated fatty liver disease, hepatitis B virus and alcoholic liver disease are the three most common liver diseases in our country, and the number of patients with liver cancer is increasing. Therefore, finding effective drugs to treat liver disease has become an urgent task. Chinese medicine (CM) has the advantages of low cost, high safety, and various biological activities, which is an important factor for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. This review systematically summarizes the potential of CM in the treatment of liver diseases, showing that CM can alleviate liver diseases by regulating lipid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota, as well as exerting anti-liver injury, anti-oxidation, and anti-hepatitis virus effects. Among them, Keap1/Nrf2, TGF-β/SMADS, p38 MAPK, NF-κB/IκBα, NF-κB-NLRP3, PI3K/Akt, TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB and IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathways are mainly involved. In conclusion, CM is very likely to be a potential candidate for liver disease treatment based on modern phytochemistry, pharmacology, and genomeproteomics, which needs more clinical trials to further clarify its importance in the treatment of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Różański G, Kujawski S, Newton JL, Zalewski P, Słomko J. Curcumin and Biochemical Parameters in Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD)-A Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082654. [PMID: 34444811 PMCID: PMC8401796 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by excessive fat accumulation in hepatocytes. It is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is a significant public health problem. In the absence of pharmacological therapy, other treatments such as diet, physical activity, or supplementation are sought. Non-pharmacological therapies may include curcumin supplementation, which has been shown to have many health-promoting properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. For this reason, we reviewed available databases to analyze publications describing the effect of curcumin supplementation on biochemical parameters in MAFLD. Nine studies (eight RCTs and one CT) based solely on supplementation of patients with curcumin were included in this review. The results from the individual trials were varied and did not allow clear conclusions. Although they suggest that curcumin shows some potential in the treatment of MAFLD, further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gracjan Różański
- Scientific Research Club of Exercise Physiology at Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-793-294-575
| | - Sławomir Kujawski
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.K.); (P.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Julia L. Newton
- Population Health Sciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4AX, UK;
| | - Paweł Zalewski
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.K.); (P.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Joanna Słomko
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (S.K.); (P.Z.); (J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Z, Lv Y, Xu H, Deng L. Herbal Medicine, Gut Microbiota, and COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:646560. [PMID: 34305582 PMCID: PMC8293616 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.646560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has grown to a worldwide pandemic with substantial mortality. The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild flu-like symptoms, including cough and fever, to life threatening complications. There are still quite a number of patients with COVID-19 showed enteric symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The gastrointestinal tract may be one of the target organs of SARS-CoV-2. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is significantly expressed in intestinal cells. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation. Intestinal flora imbalance and endotoxemia may accelerate the progression of COVID-19. Many herbs have demonstrated properties relevant to the treatment of COVID-19, by supporting organs and systems of the body affected by the virus. Herbs can restore the structure of the intestinal flora, which may further modulate the immune function after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Regulation of intestinal flora by herbal medicine may be helpful for the treatment and recovery of the disease. Understanding the role of herbs that regulate intestinal flora in fighting respiratory virus infections and maintaining intestinal flora balance can provide new ideas for preventing and treating COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Lv
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huachong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Deekshith C, Jois M, Radcliffe J, Thomas J. Effects of culinary herbs and spices on obesity: A systematic literature review of clinical trials. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
18
|
Zhou J, Chen Y, Yu J, Li T, Lu Z, Chen Y, Zhang X, Ye F. The efficacy of novel metabolic targeted agents and natural plant drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treatment: A PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24884. [PMID: 33761646 PMCID: PMC9282112 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease characterized by excess accumulation of fat in hepatocytes. Because no drug has been approved for NAFLD treatment, this work analyzed the effects of agents resulting from 2 research hotspots, metabolic target agents, and natural plant drugs, on NAFLD with network meta-analysis. METHODS Public databases were searched through August 14, 2020. Randomized controlled trials that compared obeticholic acid, elafibranor, cenicriviroc, selonsertib, curcumin, silymarin, and resveratrol to placebo were included. Liver pathology improvement, hepatic biochemical indicators, and lipid metabolism indicators were analyzed. RESULTS Thirty-five studies were included in the meta-analysis. Obeticholic acid was found to significantly increase the frequency of liver biopsy improvement compared to placebo (OR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.60, 2.77). The ranking results among the hepatic biochemical indicators showed that obeticholic acid (94.9%) and elafibranor (86.3%) have a relative advantage in reducing alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and obeticholic acid also had an advantage (95.4%) in reducing aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Considering lipid metabolic indicators, elafibranor (expSMD: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.05; SUCRA: 100%), and obeticholic acid (expSMD: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.28,0.84; SUCRA: 75.6%) significantly reduced triglyceride (TG) levels compared with placebo; moreover, obeticholic acid, but not elafibranor, caused a serious increase in total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. CONCLUSIONS Novel metabolic targeted agents generally have better effects than natural plant drugs, especially obeticholic acid, and elafibranor. However, obeticholic acid showed serious adverse effects such as increasing LDL-C levels and decreasing HDL-C levels. Curcumin showed potential advantages for NAFLD but lacked statistical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Yidi Chen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jun Yu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing
| | - Tianci Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing
| | - Ziyu Lu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Yan Chen
- Taizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Fang Ye
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Janda K, Gutowska I, Geszke-Moritz M, Jakubczyk K. The Common Cichory ( Cichorium intybus L.) as a Source of Extracts with Health-Promoting Properties-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:1814. [PMID: 33807029 PMCID: PMC8005178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are gaining more interest recently, much of which focuses on those derived from medicinal plants. The common chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), of the Astraceae family, is a prime example of this trend. It has been proven to be a feasible source of biologically relevant elements (K, Fe, Ca), vitamins (A, B1, B2, C) as well as bioactive compounds (inulin, sesquiterpene lactones, coumarin derivatives, cichoric acid, phenolic acids), which exert potent pro-health effects on the human organism. It displays choleretic and digestion-promoting, as well as appetite-increasing, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action, all owing to its varied phytochemical composition. Hence, chicory is used most often to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Chicory was among the plants with potential against SARS-CoV-2, too. To this and other ends, roots, herb, flowers and leaves are used. Apart from its phytochemical applications, chicory is also used in gastronomy as a coffee substitute, food or drink additive. The aim of this paper is to present, in the light of the recent literature, the chemical composition and properties of chicory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Janda
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.J.); (K.J.)
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Geszke-Moritz
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Remedies, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Karolina Jakubczyk
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.J.); (K.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|