1
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Clay JM, Badariotti JI, Kozhushko N, Parker MO. HPA activity mediates the link between trait impulsivity and boredom. Physiol Behav 2024; 284:114637. [PMID: 38997097 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Boredom, a complex emotional state with implications for mental health and well-being, has garnered attention across disciplines, yet remains relatively understudied in psychiatric research. Here, we explored the intricate relationship between trait-impulsivity, stress, and boredom across two studies. Participants completed self-report measures of trait-impulsivity and boredom and boredom-inducing tasks. Study 1, involving 80 participants (42 women and 38 men, aged 20-63), replicates previous findings, by demonstrating that impulsive individuals report greater boredom following a boring task. Study 2 then extends this, using 20 participants (9 women and 12 men, aged 18-24), to show that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, specifically heightened salivary cortisol responses, mediate the link between impulsivity and boredom following a boring task. Collectively, these results demonstrate that HPA axis activity may underline the relationship between trait-impulsivity and boredom by extending previous work and offering a novel insight into potential mechanisms. These findings offer promise for personalised interventions, designed for high impulsivity individuals, to alleviate the negative impacts of boredom and potentially break the identified feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Clay
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, UK; Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Nikita Kozhushko
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Matthew O Parker
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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2
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Stone RA, Haycraft E, Blissett J, Farrow C. Utilising online paradigms to explore the effect of boredom and sadness on children's snack choice: The role of parental feeding practices and child temperament. Appetite 2024; 198:107366. [PMID: 38648954 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Emotional eating (EE) is defined as eating in response to negative emotions (e.g., sadness and boredom). Child temperament and parental feeding practices are predictive of child EE and may interact to shape child EE. Previous research has demonstrated that children eat more when they are experiencing sadness, however, boredom-EE (despite how common boredom is in children) has yet to be explored experimentally using remote methodologies. The current study explores whether feeding practices and child temperament interact with mood to predict children's snack selection in an online hypothetical food choice task. Using online experimental methods, children aged 6-9-years (N = 347) were randomised to watch a mood-inducing video clip (control, sadness, or boredom). Children completed a hypothetical food choice task from images of four snacks in varying portion sizes. The kilocalories in children's online snack choices were measured. Parents reported their feeding practices and child's temperament. Results indicated that the online paradigm successfully induced feelings of boredom and sadness, but these induced feelings of boredom and sadness did not significantly shape children's online food selection. Parental reports of use of restriction for health reasons (F = 8.64, p = .004, n2 = 0.25) and children's negative emotionality (F = 6.81, p = .009, n2 = 0.020) were significantly related to greater total kilocalorie selection by children. Three-way ANCOVAs found no evidence of any three-way interactions between temperament, feeding practices, and mood in predicting children's online snack food selection. These findings suggest that children's hypothetical snack food selection may be shaped by non-responsive feeding practices and child temperament. This study's findings also highlight different methods that can be successfully used to stimulate emotional experiences in children by using novel online paradigms, and also discusses the challenges around using online methods to measure children's intended food choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Stone
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B47 ET, UK.
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Jacqueline Blissett
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B47 ET, UK.
| | - Claire Farrow
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B47 ET, UK.
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3
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Vuyk A, Montania M, Barrios L. Boredom and its perceived impact in adolescents with exceptional mathematical talent: a sequential mixed-methods study in Paraguay. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2024; 9:1214878. [PMID: 38919863 PMCID: PMC11197853 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2024.1214878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Boredom, a state where the task at hand presents difficulties in attentional resources and attributed meaning, can be detrimental to talent development by reducing cognitive engagement. This study employed a mixed sequential design to assess boredom in adolescents with exceptional mathematical talent in Paraguay participating in a talent development program. Methods First, in the quantitative phase 54 students completed the Boredom Short Scale, School Attitudes Assessment Survey-Revised, and Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adolescents. Next, in the qualitative phase 50 students participated in focus groups to explore their personal experiences of boredom, along with their perception of possible factors that impact boredom. Results Boredom in this population was similar to the general population of adolescents, albeit significant differences existed in items and subscales showing a pattern unique to this population; they tended to become bored quicker but had an easier time sparking interest in activities. Higher boredom had small to moderate correlations with worse attitudes at school and with teachers, lower motivation and self-regulation in academic activities, lower self-control, and lower involvement in personal projects. Higher valuation of goals and academic self-perception related with a lower tendency toward boredom only in the context of a talent development program, but not at school. Boredom seemed multifaceted, with dimensions such as the absence of meaning, superficial entertainment, and wasted time. Contributing factors included waiting for other people's slower pace, limited choices, lack of novelty, insufficient intellectual challenge, and the influence of teachers and social dynamics. Coping mechanisms included inner intellectual stimulation, seeking entertainment and escape, pursuing independent learning, extracurricular activities, like-minded peers, and extreme sensation-seeking. Discussion Fostering adequate challenge and support in advanced academic endeavors for the development of mathematical talent can prevent negative consequences associated with boredom in exceptionally talented populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Vuyk
- Aikumby Centro de Altas Capacidades y Creatividad, Asunción, Paraguay
- OMAPA – Organización Multidisciplinaria de Apoyo a Profesores y Alumnos, Asunción, Paraguay
- Faculty of Philosophy and Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Maureen Montania
- Aikumby Centro de Altas Capacidades y Creatividad, Asunción, Paraguay
- OMAPA – Organización Multidisciplinaria de Apoyo a Profesores y Alumnos, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Liz Barrios
- Aikumby Centro de Altas Capacidades y Creatividad, Asunción, Paraguay
- OMAPA – Organización Multidisciplinaria de Apoyo a Profesores y Alumnos, Asunción, Paraguay
- Faculty of Economical Sciences, School of Economics, Asunción, Paraguay
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4
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Yeung RC, Danckert J, van Tilburg WAP, Fernandes MA. Disentangling boredom from depression using the phenomenology and content of involuntary autobiographical memories. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2106. [PMID: 38267475 PMCID: PMC10808106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Recurrent involuntary autobiographical memories (IAMs) are memories retrieved unintentionally and repetitively. We examined whether the phenomenology and content of recurrent IAMs could differentiate boredom and depression, both of which are characterized by affective dysregulation and spontaneous thought. Participants (n = 2484) described their most frequent IAM and rated its phenomenological properties (e.g., valence). Structural topic modeling, a method of unsupervised machine learning, identified coherent content within the described memories. Boredom proneness was positively correlated with depressive symptoms, and both boredom proneness and depressive symptoms were correlated with more negative recurrent IAMs. Boredom proneness predicted less vivid recurrent IAMs, whereas depressive symptoms predicted more vivid, negative, and emotionally intense ones. Memory content also diverged: topics such as relationship conflicts were positively predicted by depressive symptoms, but negatively predicted by boredom proneness. Phenomenology and content in recurrent IAMs can effectively disambiguate boredom proneness from depressive symptoms in a large sample of undergraduate students from a racially diverse university.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Yeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Myra A Fernandes
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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5
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Chao T, Todman M, Foltin RW, Evans SM, Bedi G. Laboratory method to induce state boredom increases impulsive choice in people who use cocaine and controls. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2024; 50:42-53. [PMID: 37921613 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2023.2248544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Impulsive choice is associated with both cocaine use and relapse. Little is known about the influence of transient states on impulsive choice in people who use cocaine (PWUC).Objective: This study investigated the direct effects of induced boredom on impulsive choice (i.e., temporal discounting) in PWUC relative to well-matched community controls.Methods: Forty-one PWUC (≥1× cocaine use in past 3 months; 7 females) and 38 demographically matched controls (5 females) underwent two experimental conditions in counterbalanced order. Temporal discounting was assessed immediately after a standardized boredom induction task (peg-turning) and a self-selected video watched for the same duration (non-boredom). Subjective mood state and perceived task characteristics were assessed at baseline, during experimental manipulations, and after the choice task.Results: PWUC and controls were well matched on sex, age, and socioeconomic status. Groups were also similar in reported use of drugs other than cocaine, except for recent cigarette and alcohol use (PWUC > controls). As expected, peg-turning increased boredom in the sample overall, with higher boredom reported during peg-turning than the video (p < .001, η2p = .20). Participants overall exhibited greater impulsive choice after boredom than non-boredom (p = .028, η2p = .07), with no preferential effects in PWUC (p > .05, BF01 = 2.9).Conclusion: Experimentally induced boredom increased state impulsivity irrespective of cocaine use status - in PWUC and carefully matched controls - suggesting a broad link between boredom and impulsive choice. This is the first study to show that transient boredom directly increases impulsive choice. Data support a viable laboratory method to further parse the effects of boredom on impulsive choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chao
- Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - McWelling Todman
- Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard W Foltin
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzette M Evans
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gillinder Bedi
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne and Substance Use Research Group, Melbourne, Orygen, Australia
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6
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van Tilburg WAP, Igou ER, Panjwani M. Boring People: Stereotype Characteristics, Interpersonal Attributions, and Social Reactions. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:1329-1343. [PMID: 35257607 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221079104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Unfortunately, some people are perceived as boring. Despite the potential relevance that these perceptions might have in everyday life, the underlying psychological processes and consequences of perceiving a person as "boring" have been largely unexplored. We examined the stereotypical features of boring others by having people generate (Study 1) and then rate (Study 2) these. We focused on occupations (e.g., data analytics, taxation, and accounting), hobbies (e.g., sleeping, religion, and watching TV), and personal characteristics (e.g., lacking humor and opinions, being negative) that people ascribed to stereotypically boring others. Experiments then showed that those who were ascribed boring characteristics were seen as lacking interpersonal warmth and competence (Study 3), were socially avoided (Study 4), and enduring their company required compensation (Study 5). These results suggest that being stereotyped as a bore may come with substantially negative interpersonal consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehr Panjwani
- London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
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7
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Zeißig A. Boredom as the originator of a desideratum - reflections on the creative and suppressive consequences of boredom in the school context. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2023; 8:1214069. [PMID: 37693801 PMCID: PMC10484715 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1214069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Bored children begin to draw, do crafts, to fidget - or they do something bad. Others fall silent, withdraw, or become lethargic. Research on school-related boredom has focused primarily on the negative consequences of boredom, such as decreased cognitive performance, motivation or attentativeness, or disruptiveness. These negative aspects of boredom can be contrasted by the notion that boredom can promote creative performance. This paper reflects on boredom's creative and suppressive consequences as an interplay of personality traits and behavioral possibilities in school situations, on the one hand, and as an interplay of situational experiences with constituent developmental processes on the other. It is proposed that boredom is a gauge of the learner's resonance with school content, learning and/or developmental relationships. Boredom indicates a psychological need and its desideratum. Thus, both creative and suppressive potentials are inherent in boredom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Zeißig
- Department of Educational Psychology, Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Social Work, Health and Music, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
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8
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Li H. Life is either a daring adventure, or it is boring: The impact of COVID‐19 on immoral and nonmoral risk taking behaviors. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Center for Linguistics, Literary and Cultural Studies Sichuan International Studies University Chongqing China
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9
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Moynihan AB, Igou ER, van Tilburg WA. Pornography consumption as existential escape from boredom. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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10
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Van Tilburg WAP, Pekrun R, Igou ER. Consumed by Boredom: Food Choice Motivation and Weight Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12100366. [PMID: 36285935 PMCID: PMC9598600 DOI: 10.3390/bs12100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Boredom is an established cause and correlate of eating behavior. Yet, existing work offers a scattered range of plausible motivations for why this is. We examined among 302 people representative of the adult UK population what motivations they had for selecting food during the COVID-19 pandemic and how this related to boredom. As predicted, bored people choose food less for health reasons and more for convenience. Boredom reduced ethical and ‘natural content’ motivations for selecting food and was not associated with choosing food to regulate one’s mood or to experience unfamiliarity. Boredom was also associated with greater absolute changes in weight over the course of the pandemic. Boredom did not predict weight gains or losses overall. These findings offer insights into the role that boredom plays in eating motivations in particular and health-relevant outcomes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reinhard Pekrun
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Eric R. Igou
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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11
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Does boredom affect economic risk preferences? JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500009347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious literature and conventional wisdom have led researchers to believe that boredom increases economic risk taking, but the evidence in support of this conclusion is limited and has important shortcomings. In four experiments (including more than 1,300 subjects), we systematically studied the effects of boredom on economic risk preferences. Across different risk elicitation tasks, boredom inductions, incentive schemes, subject pools, and using both reduced form and structural analyses, we consistently failed to find an effect of boredom on risky decisions. Our results disprove that boredom leads to even small increments in risk taking in one-shot elicitation tasks, and small to medium increases in multiple-choice elicitations. These findings question an important established belief, contribute to better understand the consequences of boredom, and have substantive implications for experiments on economic decision making.
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12
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Examining the Longitudinal Associations between Adjustment Disorder Symptoms and Boredom during COVID-19. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12090311. [PMID: 36135115 PMCID: PMC9495664 DOI: 10.3390/bs12090311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a myriad of stressors, underscoring the relevance of adjustment disorder during these extraordinary times. Boredom—as a feeling and as a dispositional characteristic—is an equally pertinent experience during the pandemic that has been cross-sectionally linked to various mental health difficulties. The current longitudinal study expanded on this work, examining the associations between adjustment disorder symptoms and boredom (both as a feeling and as a trait) over time during the COVID-19 pandemic. Community participants completed questionnaires three times, rating their trait boredom at Time 1 and their feelings of boredom and adjustment disorder symptoms (preoccupation with a pandemic stressor and failure to adapt) over the past week at Times 1–3. Latent growth curve analyses found that an increase in feelings of boredom was significantly associated with increased preoccupation with a pandemic stressor and increased difficulties with adapting over time. Additionally, trait boredom significantly predicted changes in preoccupation and the failure to adapt, such that participants high in trait boredom increasingly struggled with these symptoms over time. Our results suggest that increased feelings of boredom and a trait disposition towards boredom can be detrimental to people’s ability to adjust over time to the stressors associated with the pandemic. Boredom, as an aversive state and as a chronic difficulty, may be important to address in treatment approaches for adjustment disorder symptoms during COVID-19.
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13
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Chaumon M, Rioux PA, Herbst SK, Spiousas I, Kübel SL, Gallego Hiroyasu EM, Runyun ŞL, Micillo L, Thanopoulos V, Mendoza-Duran E, Wagelmans A, Mudumba R, Tachmatzidou O, Cellini N, D'Argembeau A, Giersch A, Grondin S, Gronfier C, Igarzábal FA, Klarsfeld A, Jovanovic L, Laje R, Lannelongue E, Mioni G, Nicolaï C, Srinivasan N, Sugiyama S, Wittmann M, Yotsumoto Y, Vatakis A, Balcı F, van Wassenhove V. The Blursday database as a resource to study subjective temporalities during COVID-19. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:1587-1599. [PMID: 35970902 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns triggered worldwide changes in the daily routines of human experience. The Blursday database provides repeated measures of subjective time and related processes from participants in nine countries tested on 14 questionnaires and 15 behavioural tasks during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 2,840 participants completed at least one task, and 439 participants completed all tasks in the first session. The database and all data collection tools are accessible to researchers for studying the effects of social isolation on temporal information processing, time perspective, decision-making, sleep, metacognition, attention, memory, self-perception and mindfulness. Blursday includes quantitative statistics such as sleep patterns, personality traits, psychological well-being and lockdown indices. The database provides quantitative insights on the effects of lockdown (stringency and mobility) and subjective confinement on time perception (duration, passage of time and temporal distances). Perceived isolation affects time perception, and we report an inter-individual central tendency effect in retrospective duration estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Chaumon
- Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Centre MEG-EEG, Centre de NeuroImagerie Recherche (CENIR), Paris, France.
| | | | - Sophie K Herbst
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Ignacio Spiousas
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastian L Kübel
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Şerife Leman Runyun
- Department of Psychology and Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Luigi Micillo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vassilis Thanopoulos
- Multisensory and Temporal Processing Laboratory (MultiTimeLab), Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece.,Department of History and Philosophy of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anna Wagelmans
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Ramya Mudumba
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Ourania Tachmatzidou
- Multisensory and Temporal Processing Laboratory (MultiTimeLab), Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Arnaud D'Argembeau
- Department of Psychology, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Université de Liège, F.R.S.-FNRS, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne Giersch
- Université de Strasbourg, Unité mixte INSERM U1114, Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpital civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Simon Grondin
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Waking Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | | | - André Klarsfeld
- Laboratoire Plasticité du Cerveau, CNRS UMR 8249, ESPCI Paris PSL, Paris, France
| | - Ljubica Jovanovic
- Université de Strasbourg, Unité mixte INSERM U1114, Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpital civil, Strasbourg, France.,School of Psychology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rodrigo Laje
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisa Lannelongue
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Giovanna Mioni
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cyril Nicolaï
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif/Yvette, France.,Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires, Paris, France
| | - Narayanan Srinivasan
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Shogo Sugiyama
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yuko Yotsumoto
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Argiro Vatakis
- Multisensory and Temporal Processing Laboratory (MultiTimeLab), Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Department of Psychology and Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Virginie van Wassenhove
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif/Yvette, France.
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14
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A new viewpoint to schema modes and mode domains through Polyvagal Theory: Could schema modes be just a way of coping? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Zhang N, Li J. Effect and Mechanisms of State Boredom on Consumers' Livestreaming Addiction. Front Psychol 2022; 13:826121. [PMID: 35450335 PMCID: PMC9017683 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.826121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of livestreaming marketing in China, consumers spend an increasing amount of time watching and purchasing on the platform, which shows a trend of livestreaming addiction. In the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, the addiction exacerbated by a surge of boredom caused by home quarantine. Based on the observation of this phenomenon, this research focused on whether state boredom could facilitate consumers' livestreaming addiction and explored the associated mechanisms of this relationship. Based on three studies, this research found that state boredom had a positive effect on consumers' livestreaming addiction, and this relationship worked through the mediating effect of consumers' sensation seeking. We further verified a moderated mediation effect of consumers' life meaning perception, where the indirect effect of state boredom on consumers' livestreaming addiction via consumers' sensation seeking existed for high and low levels of life meaning perception, but in opposite directions. The conclusions provided theoretical and practical implications of livestreaming marketing and healthy leisure consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Management, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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16
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O'Dea MK, Igou ER, van Tilburg WA, Kinsella EL. Self-compassion predicts less boredom: The role of meaning in life. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Erturk S, van Tilburg WAP, Igou ER. Off the mark: Repetitive marking undermines essay evaluations due to boredom. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEssay-style assessment is widespread in education. Nonetheless, research shows that this tool can suffer from low reliability and validity. We attribute this problem partly to the boredom that marking multiple essays causes. Specifically, we propose that boredom in markers is associated with systematically lower marks on essays. To test this, we asked participants (N = 100) with an undergraduate degree to mark essays. The majority of these participants had at least some experience with marking. After marking each essay, participants indicated how bored they were. We found an increase in boredom over time and that higher boredom was associated with lower marks. Furthermore, offering a marking rubric did not prevent this problematic impact of boredom. These findings have implications for the validity of essays as an assessment tool and raise concerns about repetitive marking practices in general.
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Sánchez-Cardona I, Pedrogo CP, Lopez-Torres S, Sánchez-Cesáreo M. Vulnerabilities and academic outcomes among students in Puerto Rico. PREVENTING SCHOOL FAILURE : ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH 2021; 66:77-88. [PMID: 35273446 PMCID: PMC8902615 DOI: 10.1080/1045988x.2021.1972920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Violence and health inequalities impact the academic outcomes of students, especially among minority groups. This study examines the differences in grade retention and dropout intentions with respect to exposure to violence and to mental health (anxiety, depression, and trauma) among youth living in Puerto Rico. Data from 566 students of fifth to twelfth grade in Puerto Rico were collected as part of a school-based service program. A two-way ANOVA showed no significant differences in exposure to violence and mental health among students with and without a history of grade retention. However, students who reported dropout intentions showed higher exposure to violence and mental health issues. These results highlight the value of assessing mental health and contextual indicators in designing interventions to prevent adverse academic outcomes in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Coralee Pérez Pedrogo
- Carlos Albizu University, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Dharani B, Giannaros M, April K. Alleviating state boredom through search for meaning and affirmation of workplace heroes. MANAGEMENT RESEARCH REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/mrr-08-2020-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Employee boredom is of concern to organizations because of its impact on employees’ quality of work life and productivity. This study aims to test the regulation of workplace boredom through meaning in life by workplace heroes to contribute to theory by examining the relationships between the variables and to practice by uncovering the potential of workplace heroes in alleviating state boredom.
Design/methodology/approach
Using online surveys and structured interviews for a mixed-method study, data were collected for state boredom, meaning in life and hero affirmation at work for a quantitative study, and data from the open-ended questions provided further insights regarding hero affirmation at work for a qualitative study.
Findings
Spearman rank-order correlations concluded correlations between state boredom and meaning in life. However, unlike personal heroes that influence meaning in life, workplace heroes were found not to. The qualitative analysis revealed three prime differences between workplace and personal heroes: proximity, symbolic representation of ideologies and qualities admired in the heroes. These reasons entailed that state boredom was not regulated by workplace heroes.
Originality/value
The model of Coughlan et al. (2019) explored trait boredom regulation through meaning in life by personal heroes. This study tested for the regulation of state boredom through meaning in life by workplace heroes; thus, contributing to theory through a nuanced model with enhanced usefulness in practice. The study also further dissects the concept of heroes by uncovering differences between workplace and personal heroes that perpetrated the differences in the findings.
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de Oliveira L, Carvalho J, Nobre P. A Systematic Review on Sexual Boredom. J Sex Med 2021; 18:565-581. [PMID: 33637451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empirical data on sexual boredom are scarce and unsystematized, contrasting with the literature on general boredom. AIM The aim of this review of literature is to verify how sexual boredom is defined in previous research and which relationships were found with sexual functioning, relationship dynamics, or gender. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in EBSCO, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases for papers published until August 2020. Search terms used were "sexual boredom" or "sexual tedium" or "sexual indifference" or "sexual monotony" or a combination of "boredom" and "sexual activity" or "intercourse". This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. OUTCOMES Articles were grouped in general boredom and sexuality research and in sexual boredom research. RESULTS This review consists of 43 articles, of which 31 are quantitative studies, 8 are qualitative studies, and 4 are mixed-method studies. Studies concerning general boredom and sexuality include research on diverse aspects of sexual behavior, namely solitary sexual behavior, extra-dyadic sex, compulsive sexual behavior, and risky sexual behavior. Sexual boredom research included papers regarding personality, sexual response, and varied aspects of sexual behavior. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Findings suggest sexual boredom is related with sexual response, sexual satisfaction, and hypersexuality, which renders clinical relevance. Sexual boredom impacts well-being, and further research should focus on exploring potential mechanisms underpinning this sexual problem. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the only existing systematic review of sexual boredom and allowed identifying key features of sexual boredom and related aspects. However, because most studies are correlational, and several do not use comprehensive measures of sexual boredom, no causal relationships were identified. CONCLUSION This review indicates the construct of sexual boredom includes individual, relationship, and societal aspects. However, no definition of sexual boredom includes these, and current knowledge does not allow formulating a model or a theory of sexual boredom. de Oliveira L, Carvalho J, Nobre P. A Systematic Review on Sexual Boredom. J Sex Med 2021;18:565-581.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor de Oliveira
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Nobre
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Bored stiff: The relationship between meaninglessness, sexual sensation seeking, and promiscuous attitudes via boredom susceptibility. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Milea I, Cardoş RAI, David D. The map of cognitive processes in boredom: multiple mediation models. Behav Cogn Psychother 2020; 49:1-13. [PMID: 33323160 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465820000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trait boredom is associated with several internalizing and externalizing problems. Addressing existing research gaps in the field, the present study investigated the map of cognitive processes for boredom, based on the rational emotive behaviour therapy model (REBT). AIMS The general aim of the study was to investigate the organization of irrational and rational evaluative cognitions related to boredom, and the association between boredom and depression symptoms and state/trait anxiety. METHODS The 233 participants (84% women) completed online scales of evaluative cognitions, trait boredom, trait/state anxiety and depression. Multiple mediation models via the SPSS extension PROCESS were employed. RESULTS The REBT psychopathology and psychological health models were partially confirmed, as the evaluative primary cognitions predicted positively and significantly the secondary ones in both cases. Low frustration tolerance (LFT) and global evaluations (GE), and frustration tolerance (FT), respectively, had significant effects. We found a positive significant association between boredom proneness and the negative dysfunctional emotions investigated. CONCLUSIONS Both results offer further support for the hierarchy of cognitions and the distinction between the level of irrationality and rationality in REBT. This is the first attempt to assess a cognitive map of boredom, underlining the importance of (L)FT in relation to boredom. The significance of GE in boredom suggests that people might see themselves responsible, or even blame themselves, others or life itself while bored. The associations of boredom with anxiety and depression are relevant, as its role in those contexts is not yet fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Milea
- Doctoral School 'Evidence Based Psychological Assessment and Interventions', Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana A I Cardoş
- The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Republicii Street 37, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel David
- The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Republicii Street 37, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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23
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Moynihan AB, Igou ER, van Tilburg WAP. Existential escape of the bored: A review of meaning-regulation processes under boredom. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1829347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Moynihan
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland V94 T9PX
| | - Eric R. Igou
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland V94 T9PX
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24
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Abstract
Abstract. Establishing a causal relationship between state boredom and risk taking is contributory to understand the nature of boredom and its influences. This research examines how and why state boredom influences financial risk taking. Across multiple inductions of state boredom, we found that state boredom increased participants’ preference for engaging in financial risk-taking behavior (Studies 1, 2, and 3) and actual financial risk-taking behavior (Studies 2 and 4). An internal meta-analysis verified the robustness of this effect. We also assessed four potential mediators and found motivation to seek stimulation as the best explicable mediator (Studies 3 and 4). Overall, the current research signified the role of state boredom in predicting financial risk taking as a function of motivation to seek stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Miao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xilin Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
- Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaofei Xie
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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25
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de Oliveira L, Carvalho J. The Link Between Boredom and Hypersexuality: A Systematic Review. J Sex Med 2020; 17:994-1004. [PMID: 32165100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some conceptualizations of hypersexuality posit boredom as a possible trigger of hypersexual behavior. AIM This work aims to review published articles addressing the link between boredom and hypersexuality to investigate if this relationship can yet be established based on current empirical data. METHODS This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies, published until September 2019, were retrieved from EBSCO, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. A systematic search was conducted using an exhaustive list of key terms combining "boredom" with "hypersexuality," "sexual impulsivity," "sexual compulsivity," and "sexual addiction." Only articles presenting empirical results concerning the relationship between boredom and hypersexuality were considered. RESULTS From the initial poll of 76 articles, only 19 articles were included in our final selection. Of the total studies, 16 were quantitative studies and 3 were qualitative studies. 4 studies were validation studies of hypersexuality-related measures, 11 studies concerned online sexual activity, and 3 reported sexual boredom. 7 studies with men used non-heterosexual samples. 5 studies used samples with both women and men, and 1 study used a sample of women only. Most studies indicate a positive association between boredom and hypersexuality, although 4 did not. IMPLICATIONS Further studies with diversified samples are still indispensable, as female samples are not portrayed and research is much focused on online sexual activity. Future research should explore the relationship between boredom and hypersexuality within specific behavioral specifiers including masturbation, pornography use, sexual behavior with consenting adults, cybersex, telephone sex, and strip clubs. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first review looking at the possible link between boredom and hypersexuality. Investigation on the topic is scarce, and several of the studies included in this review correspond to anecdotal evidences of the phenomenon, as only few studies used appropriate measures of boredom. CONCLUSION Although current literature identifies a link between boredom and hypersexuality, further substantive research is still much needed to clarify the associations between the 2 constructs. de Oliveira L, Carvalho J. The Link Between Boredom and Hypersexuality: A Systematic Review. J Sex Med 2020;17:994-1004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor de Oliveira
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Carvalho
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal; HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment and Interactions Labs, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
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26
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Cao Q, An J. Boredom Proneness and Aggression Among People With Substance Use Disorder: The Mediating Role of Trait Anger and Impulsivity. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042619886822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Boredom proneness has been linked to aggressive behaviors; however, the relationship between them is not well understood. To better understand the mechanism underlying the relationship between boredom proneness and aggression, a serial multiple mediator model was built, where boredom proneness impacted aggression simultaneously through (a) impulsivity, (b) trait anger, and (c) impulsivity to trait anger. Using data collected among Chinese substance users, a battery of interview questionnaires was completed. Results from this study indicate a positive relationship between boredom proneness, impulsivity, trait anger, and aggression. Moreover, the mediating role of impulsivity, trait anger, and both impulsivity and trait anger in serial were found. This study reflects that the link from boredom proneness to aggression among substances users could be partially explained via impulsivity and anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Cao
- Changzhou University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing An
- Changzhou Institute of Technology, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Kılıç A, Tilburg WA, Igou ER. Risk‐taking increases under boredom. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayşenur Kılıç
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN)King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Wijnand A.P. Tilburg
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN)King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Eric R. Igou
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Limerick Limerick Republic of Ireland
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28
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Abstract
Is boredom bad? It is certainly common: Most everybody gets bored. There is a sense that boredom sometimes causes bad things to happen (e.g., substance use, self-harm) and sometimes causes good things to happen (e.g., daydreaming, creativity), but it is hard to understand what boredom does without first understanding what it is. According to the meaning-and-attentional-components (MAC) model of boredom and cognitive engagement, the emotion of boredom signals deficits in attention and meaning. Much like pain, it may not be pleasant, but boredom critically alerts us that we are unable or unwilling to successfully engage attention in meaningful activities. Whether that is good or bad rests ultimately on how we respond.
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29
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Donati MA, Borace E, Franchi E, Primi C. Using the Short Form of the MSBS to Assess State Boredom Among Adolescents: Psychometric Evidence by Applying Item Response Theory. Assessment 2019; 28:928-941. [PMID: 31342785 DOI: 10.1177/1073191119864655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (MSBS) is widely used, but evidence regarding its psychometric properties among adolescents is lacking. In particular, the functioning of the scale across genders is unknown. As a result, we used item response theory (IRT) to investigate gender invariance of the Short Form of the MSBS (MSBS-SF) among adolescents. Four hundred and sixty-six Italian high school students (51% male; M = 16.7, SD = 1.44) were recruited. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the unidimensionality of the scale, and IRT analyses indicated that the scale was sufficiently informative. Differential item functioning (DIF) across genders showed that only one item had DIF that was both nonuniform and small in size. Additionally, relationships with negative/positive urgency and present/future-oriented time perspectives were found. Overall, this study offers evidence that the MSBS-SF is a valuable and useful scale for measuring state boredom among male and female adolescents.
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30
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van Tilburg WA, Igou ER, Maher PJ, Lennon J. Various forms of existential distress are associated with aggressive tendencies. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Zhou X, van Tilburg WAP, Mei D, Wildschut T, Sedikides C. Hungering for the past: Nostalgic food labels increase purchase intentions and actual consumption. Appetite 2019; 140:151-158. [PMID: 31077773 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We proposed that nostalgic labels strengthen the appeal of food items when the items are intrinsically nostalgic (e.g., related to one's childhood). Nostalgic labels do so by fostering a sense of food comfort (i.e., safety and security) among potential consumers. Experiment 1, testing a Chinese sample, confirmed that nostalgic (vs. descriptive) labels strengthen purchase intentions of food items when such items are intrinsically nostalgic. Experiment 2 showed that nostalgic (vs. descriptive) food labels strengthen purchase intentions of intrinsically nostalgic items, and do so by virtue of their capacity to elevate food comfort. This experiment tested a U.S. sample, thus broadening the cross-cultural generalizability of the findings. Experiment 3, testing a Chinese sample, replicated the Experiment 2 findings using nostalgic versus descriptive labels of a food item, and ruled out the influence of an alternative mediator, perceived food healthiness. Finally, Experiment 4, testing also a Chinese sample, revealed that restaurant dishes are more likely to be consumed when advertised with a nostalgic (than descriptive) label. The current work makes theoretical contributions to literature on food consumption and emotions, and has practical implications for harnessing nostalgia for dietary purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhou
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, People's Republic of China.
| | | | - Dongmei Mei
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, and School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, People's Republic of China
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
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32
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Moynihan AB, Igou ER, van Tilburg WAP. Lost in the crowd: Conformity as escape following disbelief in free will. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R. Igou
- Department of Psychology University of Limerick Limerick Ireland
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33
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Inzlicht M, Shenhav A, Olivola CY. The Effort Paradox: Effort Is Both Costly and Valued. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:337-349. [PMID: 29477776 PMCID: PMC6172040 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
According to prominent models in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and economics, effort (be it physical or mental) is costly: when given a choice, humans and non-human animals alike tend to avoid effort. Here, we suggest that the opposite is also true and review extensive evidence that effort can also add value. Not only can the same outcomes be more rewarding if we apply more (not less) effort, sometimes we select options precisely because they require effort. Given the increasing recognition of effort's role in motivation, cognitive control, and value-based decision-making, considering this neglected side of effort will not only improve formal computational models, but also provide clues about how to promote sustained mental effort across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, 105 St. George Street, Ontario M56 3E6, Canada.
| | - Amitai Shenhav
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Christopher Y Olivola
- Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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