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Zhong S, Liu R, Yue S, Wang P, Zhang Q, Ma C, Deng J, Qi Y, Zhu J, Liu CQ, Kawamura K, Fu P. Peatland Wildfires Enhance Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds in Marine Aerosols over the Western Pacific. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10991-11002. [PMID: 38829627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Peatland wildfires contribute significantly to the atmospheric release of light-absorbing organic carbon, often referred to as brown carbon. In this study, we examine the presence of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) within marine aerosols across the Western Pacific Ocean, which are influenced by peatland fires from Southeast Asia. Employing ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in electrospray ionization (ESI) positive mode, we discovered that NOCs are predominantly composed of reduced nitrogenous bases, including CHN+ and CHON+ groups. Notably, the count of NOC formulas experiences a marked increase within plumes from peatland wildfires compared to those found in typical marine air masses. These NOCs, often identified as N-heterocyclic alkaloids, serve as potential light-absorbing chromophores. Furthermore, many NOCs demonstrate pyrolytic stability, engage in a variety of substitution reactions, and display enhanced hydrophilic properties, attributed to chemical processes such as methoxylation, hydroxylation, methylation, and hydrogenation that occur during emission and subsequent atmospheric aging. During the daytime atmospheric transport, aging of aromatic N-heterocyclic compounds, particularly in aliphatic amines prone to oxidation and reactions with amine, was observed. The findings underscore the critical role of peatland wildfires in augmenting nitrogen-containing organics in marine aerosols, underscoring the need for in-depth research into their effects on marine ecosystems and regional climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhong
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environment Protection, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530022, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Siyao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jialei Zhu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Prateep Na Talang R, Na Sorn W, Polruang S, Sirivithayapakorn S. Alternative crop residue management practices to mitigate the environmental and economic impacts of open burning of agricultural residues. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14372. [PMID: 38909099 PMCID: PMC11193774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Deliberate open burning of crop residues emits greenhouse gases and toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. This study investigates the environmental impacts (global warming potential, GWP) and economic impacts (net cash flow) of nine agricultural residue management schemes, including open burning, fertilizer production, and biochar production for corn residue, rice straw, and sugarcane leaves. The environmental assessment shows that, except the open burning schemes, fossil fuel consumption is the main contributor of the GWP impact. The fertilizer and biochar schemes reduce the GWP impact including black carbon by 1.88-1.96 and 2.46-3.22 times compared to open burning. The biochar schemes have the lowest GWP (- 1833.19 to - 1473.21 kg CO2-eq/ton). The economic assessment outcomes reveal that the biochar schemes have the highest net cash flow (222.72-889.31 US$2022/ton or 1258.15-13409.16 US$2022/ha). The expenditures of open burning are practically zero, while the biochar schemes are the most costly to operate. The most preferable agricultural residue management type is the biochar production, given the lowest GWP impact and the highest net cash flow. To discourage open burning, the government should tailor the government assistance programs to the needs of the farmers and make the financial assistance more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutjaya Prateep Na Talang
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Modeling Consultant Center, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Warangluck Na Sorn
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sucheela Polruang
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sanya Sirivithayapakorn
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Murdiyarso D, Swails E, Hergoualc’h K, Bhomia R, Sasmito SD. Refining greenhouse gas emission factors for Indonesian peatlands and mangroves to meet ambitious climate targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307219121. [PMID: 38621139 PMCID: PMC11047108 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307219121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
For countries' emission-reduction efforts under the Paris Agreement to be effective, baseline emission/removals levels and reporting must be as transparent and accurate as possible. For Indonesia, which holds among the largest area of tropical peatlands and mangrove forest in the world, it is particularly important for these high-carbon ecosystems to produce high-accuracy greenhouse gas inventory and to improve national forest reference emissions level/forest reference level. Here, we highlight the opportunity for refining greenhouse gas emission factors (EF) of peatlands and mangroves and describe scientific challenges to support climate policy processes in Indonesia, where 55 to 59% of national emission reduction targets by 2030 depend on mitigation in Forestry and Other Land Use. Based on the stock-difference and flux change approaches, we examine higher-tier EF for drained and rewetted peatland, peatland fires, mangrove conversions, and mangrove on peatland to improve future greenhouse gas flux reporting in Indonesia. We suggest that these refinements will be essential to support Indonesia in achieving Forest and Other Land Use net sink by 2030 and net zero emissions targets by 2060 or earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Murdiyarso
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor16680, Indonesia
| | - Erin Swails
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
| | - Kristell Hergoualc’h
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
- Centre de coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Rupesh Bhomia
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
| | - Sigit D. Sasmito
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, Singapore117411, Singapore
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD4811, Australia
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Noblet C, Lestremau F, Collet S, Chatellier C, Beaumont J, Besombes JL, Albinet A. Aerosolomics based approach to discover source molecular markers: A case study for discriminating residential wood heating vs garden green waste burning emission sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141242. [PMID: 38280648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a significant source of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air and its accurate source apportionment is a major concern for air quality. The discrimination between residential wood heating (RWH) and garden green waste burning (GWB) particulate matter (PM) is rarely achieved. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of non-targeted screening (NTS) analyses using HRMS (high resolution mass spectrometry) data to reveal discriminating potential molecular markers of both sources. Two residential wood combustion appliances (wood log stove and fireplace) were tested under different output conditions and wood moisture content. GWB experiments were carried out using two burning materials (fallen leaves and hedge trimming). PM samples were characterized using NTS approaches with both LC- and GC-HRMS (liquid and gas chromatography-HRMS). The analytical procedures were optimized to detect as many species as possible. Chemical fingerprints obtained were compared combining several multivariate statistical analyses (PCA, HCA and PLS-DA). Results showed a strong impact of the fuel nature and the combustion quality on the chemical fingerprints. 31 and 4 possible markers were discovered as characteristic of GWB and RWH, respectively. Complementary work was attempted to identify potential molecular formulas of the different potential marker candidates. The combination of HRMS NTS chemical characterization with multivariate statistical analyses shows promise for uncovering organic aerosol fingerprinting and discovering potential PM source markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Noblet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France; Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, Chambéry, 73000, France
| | - François Lestremau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France; Hydrosciences Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, IRD, CNRS, 30100, Alès, France.
| | - Serge Collet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Claudine Chatellier
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Jérôme Beaumont
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | | | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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Zhang Y, Xiao Q, Zhu Y, Wang N, Wu M, Li Y, Li J, Chen D, Huang X, Wang S, Cao P, Jin Y, Xu F, Wang C. Char and soot records of the Holocene fire history and its implications for climate-vegetation change and human activities within the Guanzhong Basin, southern Loess Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168564. [PMID: 37981130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon in sediments has been widely used as a proxy for biomass burning/fire activity to reconstruct fire history and its evolution. Wildfire studies have revealed that different types of black carbon (char and soot) are formed due to changes in combustion efficiency. In this study, we obtained black carbon and its two subtypes, char and soot, from a typical Holocene aeolian loess-paleosol section in the Chilanqiao Ruins within the Guanzhong Basin, southern Loess Plateau, China. Combined with environmental proxies such as magnetic susceptibility, loss on ignition, and geochemical elements, along with AMS14C and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates, we reconstructed the Holocene fire history and its evolution on the southern Loess Plateau at local and regional scales. The findings indicate that the limited vegetation during the relatively dry and cold early Holocene may have inhibited the spread of fires. In the warmer and wetter middle Holocene, there was higher local smoldering fire activity, likely influenced by both wet climatic conditions and an increase in the proportion of woody plants. Additionally, the fire history in relation to human activities at Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE) including land reclamation, house construction, and bronze casting has also been identified. There has been a significant increase in regional flaming fire activity in the late Holocene as a result of drier climate and increased human activity. Notably, the significant increase in regional flaming fire activity since ~1.00 ka can be primarily linked to human-set fires with the usage of gunpowder in frequent wars. This research holds great importance in enhancing our understanding of the long-term interactions among fire activities, climate change and human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qili Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ninglian Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Menglei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Archaeological Conservation, Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianxi Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Archaeological Conservation, Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology, Xi'an, China
| | - Dou Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoling Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sikai Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengpeng Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fanjun Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Li ZJ, He LY, Ma HN, Peng X, Tang MX, Du K, Huang XF. Sources of atmospheric oxygenated volatile organic compounds in different air masses in Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122871. [PMID: 37926416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
As precursors of photochemical secondary pollutants, oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) play an important role in atmospheric photochemistry. In this study, 23 OVOCs were monitored using a commercial proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer at an urban site in Shenzhen, China. During the campaign, the mean total concentration of OVOCs was 23.3 ± 15.5 ppb (mean ± standard deviation), with a total ozone formation potential (TOFP) of 87.3 ± 58.7 ppb. Aldehydes contributed the most to the concentration and TOFP of OVOCs, followed by ketones, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. Formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde were the three most abundant atmospheric carbonyls. An optimized photochemical age-based parameterization method was locally applied for the source apportionment of OVOCs. OVOCs in Shenzhen primarily originated from biogenic sources during the summer. Secondary anthropogenic sources were also important contributors of most carbonyl compounds. The campaign was divided into four periods. Two periods were dominated by the east wind from the relatively clean coastal areas, with the mean concentration of anthropogenic OVOCs largely decreasing during the Chinese National Day holidays. The other two periods were dominated by northwest wind and northeast wind, respectively, with larger OVOC contributions from anthropogenic sources, suggesting that pollution transport from the inland was a main contributor to OVOCs. This study highlights the important contributions of both local and regional OVOC sources in urban atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jie Li
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hao-Nan Ma
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Meng-Xue Tang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Lockhart JPA, Bodipati B, Rizvi S. Investigating the Association Reactions of HOCH 2CO and HOCHCHO with O 2: A Quantum Computational and Master Equation Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4302-4316. [PMID: 37146175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycolaldehyde, HOCH2CHO, is an important multifunctional atmospheric trace gas formed in the oxidation of ethylene and isoprene and emitted directly from burning biomass. The initial step in the atmospheric photooxidation of HOCH2CHO yields HOCH2CO and HOCHCHO radicals; both of these radicals react rapidly with O2 in the troposphere. This study presents a comprehensive theoretical investigation of the HOCH2CO + O2 and HOCHCHO + O2 reactions using high-level quantum chemical calculations and energy-grained master equation simulations. The HOCH2CO + O2 reaction results in the formation of a HOCH2C(O)O2 radical, while the HOCHCHO + O2 reaction yields (HCO)2 + HO2. Density functional theory calculations have identified two open unimolecular pathways associated with the HOCH2C(O)O2 radical that yield HCOCOOH + OH or HCHO + CO2 + OH products; the former novel bimolecular product pathway has not been previously reported in the literature. Master equation simulations based on the potential energy surface calculated here for the HOCH2CO + O2 recombination reaction support experimental product yield data from the literature and indicate that, even at total pressures of 1 atm, the HOCH2CO + O2 reaction yields ∼11% OH at 298 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P A Lockhart
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, One South Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - B Bodipati
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, One South Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
| | - S Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, Adelphi University, One South Avenue, Garden City, New York 11530, United States
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Rickly PS, Coggon MM, Aikin KC, Alvarez RJ, Baidar S, Gilman JB, Gkatzelis GI, Harkins C, He J, Lamplugh A, Langford AO, McDonald BC, Peischl J, Robinson MA, Rollins AW, Schwantes RH, Senff CJ, Warneke C, Brown SS. Influence of Wildfire on Urban Ozone: An Observationally Constrained Box Modeling Study at a Site in the Colorado Front Range. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1257-1267. [PMID: 36607321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing trends in biomass burning emissions significantly impact air quality in North America. Enhanced mixing ratios of ozone (O3) in urban areas during smoke-impacted periods occur through transport of O3 produced within the smoke or through mixing of pyrogenic volatile organic compounds (PVOCs) with urban nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) to enhance local O3 production. Here, we analyze a set of detailed chemical measurements, including carbon monoxide (CO), NOx, and speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), to evaluate the effects of smoke transported from relatively local and long-range fires on O3 measured at a site in Boulder, Colorado, during summer 2020. Relative to the smoke-free period, CO, background O3, OH reactivity, and total VOCs increased during both the local and long-range smoke periods, but NOx mixing ratios remained approximately constant. These observations are consistent with transport of PVOCs (comprised primarily of oxygenates) but not NOx with the smoke and with the influence of O3 produced within the smoke upwind of the urban area. Box-model calculations show that local O3 production during all three periods was in the NOx-sensitive regime. Consequently, this locally produced O3 was similar in all three periods and was relatively insensitive to the increase in PVOCs. However, calculated NOx sensitivities show that PVOCs substantially increase O3 production in the transition and NOx-saturated (VOC-sensitive) regimes. These results suggest that (1) O3 produced during smoke transport is the main driver for O3 increases in NOx-sensitive urban areas and (2) smoke may cause an additional increase in local O3 production in NOx-saturated (VOC-sensitive) urban areas. Additional detailed VOC and NOx measurements in smoke impacted urban areas are necessary to broadly quantify the effects of wildfire smoke on urban O3 and develop effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Rickly
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Kenneth C Aikin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Raul J Alvarez
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Sunil Baidar
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | | | - Colin Harkins
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Jian He
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Andrew O Langford
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Michael A Robinson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Andrew W Rollins
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | | | - Christoph J Senff
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
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9
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Shi R, Yuan Z, Yang L, Huang D, Ma H. Integrated assessment of volatile organic compounds from industrial biomass boilers in China: emission characteristics, influencing factors, and ozone formation potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:9852-9864. [PMID: 36063268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Industrial biomass boilers (IBBs) are widely promoted in China as a type of clean energy. However, they emit large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the emission characteristics and the underlying factors are largely unknown due to the sampling difficulties. In this study, three wood pellet-fueled and two wood residue-fueled IBBs were selected to investigate the characteristics of VOC emissions and to discover their underlying impacting factors. The emission factor of VOCs varied from 21.6 ± 2.8 mg/kg to 286.2 ± 10.8 mg/kg for the IBBs. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the largest group, contributing to 30.3 - 73.6% of the VOC emissions. Significant differences were revealed in the VOC source profiles between wood pellet-fueled and wood residue-fueled IBBs. Operating load, excess air, furnace temperature, and fuel type were identified as the primary factors influencing VOC emissions. The excess air coefficient should be limited below 3.5, roughly corresponding to the operating load of 62% and furnace temperature of 630 °C, to effectively reduce VOC emissions. VOC emissions also showed great differences in different combustion phases, with the ignition phase having much greater VOC emissions than the stable combustion and the ember phases. The ozone formation potential (OFP) ranged from 4.3 to 31.2 mg/m3 for the IBBs, and the wood residue-fueled IBBs yielded higher OFP than the wood pellet-fueled ones. This study underscored the importance of OVOCs in IBB emissions, and reducing OVOC emissions should be prioritized in formulating control measures to mitigate their impacts on the atmospheric environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidan Shi
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zibing Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Leifeng Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Daojian Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Hui Ma
- Beijing Goldwind Smart Energy Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
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Urbanski SP, Long RW, Halliday H, Lincoln EN, Habel A, Landis MS. Fuel layer specific pollutant emission factors for fire prone forest ecosystems of the western U.S. and Canada. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT: X 2022; 16:1-17. [PMID: 36960321 PMCID: PMC10031496 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2022.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fires are a major source of gases and aerosols, and the production, dispersion, and transformation of fire emissions have significant ambient air quality impacts and climate interactions. The increase in wildfire area burned and severity across the United States and Canada in recent decades has led to increased interest in expanding the use of prescribed fires as a forest management tool. While the primary goal of prescribed fire use is to limit the loss of life and property and ecosystem damage by constraining the growth and severity of future wildfires, a potential additional benefit of prescribed fire - reduction in the adverse impacts of smoke production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - has recently gained the interest of land management agencies and policy makers in the United States and other nations. The evaluation of prescribed fire/wildfire scenarios and the potential mitigation of adverse impacts on air quality and GHGs requires fuel layer specific pollutant emission factors (EFs) for fire prone forest ecosystems. Our study addresses this need with laboratory experiments measuring EFs for carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), ethyne (C2H2), formaldehyde (H2CO), formic acid (CH2O2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and total reduced sulfur (TRS) for the burning of individual fuel components from three forest ecosystems which account for a large share of wildfire burned area and emissions in the western United States and Canada - Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, and black spruce/jack pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P. Urbanski
- U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Russell W. Long
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Halliday
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Emily N. Lincoln
- U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Andrew Habel
- Jacobs Technology Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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11
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Sun Y, Zhang Q, Li K, Huo Y, Zhang Y. Trace gas emissions from laboratory combustion of leaves typically consumed in forest fires in Southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157282. [PMID: 35835195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forest fires are becoming increasingly severe and frequent due to global climate change. Trace gases emitted from forest fires significantly affect atmospheric chemistry and climate change on a regional and global scale. Forest fires occur frequently in Southwest China, but systematic studies on trace gas emissions from forest fires in Southwest China are rare. Leaves of seven typical vegetation fuels based on their prominence in forest fires consumption in Southwest China were burned in a self-designed combustion device and the emission factors of eighteen trace gases (greenhouse gases, non-methane organic gases, nitrogenous gases, hydrogen chloride, and sulfur dioxide) at specific combustion stages (flaming and smoldering) were determined by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The emission factors data presented were compared with previous studies and can aid in the construction of an emission inventory. Pine needle combustion released a greater amount of methane in the smoldering stage than other broadleaf combustion. Peak values of emission factors for methane and non-methane organic gas are emitted by the smoldering of vegetation (Pinus kesiya and Pinus yunnanensis), which is endemic to forest fires in Southwest China. The emission factor for oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in the smoldering stage is greater than the flaming stage. This work established the relationship between modified combustion efficiency (MCE) with emission factors of hydrocarbons (except acetylene) and OVOCs. The results show that exponential fitting is more suitable than linear fitting for the seven leaf fuels (four broadleaf and three coniferous). However, the emission factors from the combustion of three coniferous fuels relative to all fuels are linear with MCE. Findings demonstrated that different combustion stages and fuel types have significant impacts on the emission factors, which also highlighted the importance of studying regional emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Kaili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yinuo Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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12
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Hein L, Spadaro JV, Ostro B, Hammer M, Sumarga E, Salmayenti R, Boer R, Tata H, Atmoko D, Castañeda JP. The health impacts of Indonesian peatland fires. Environ Health 2022; 21:62. [PMID: 35790967 PMCID: PMC9256533 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00872-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indonesian peatlands have been drained for agricultural development for several decades. This development has made a major contribution to economic development. At the same time, peatland drainage is causing significant air pollution resulting from peatland fires. Peatland fires occur every year, even though their extent is much larger in dry (El Niño) years. We examine the health effects of long-term exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) from all types of peatland fires (including the burning of above and below ground biomass) in Sumatra and Kalimantan, where most peatland fires in Indonesia take place. METHODS We derive PM2.5 concentrations from satellite imagery calibrated and validated with Indonesian Government data on air pollution, and link increases in these concentrations to peatland fires, as observed in satellite imagery. Subsequently, we apply available epidemiological studies to relate PM2.5 exposure to a range of health outcomes. The model utilizes the age distribution and disease prevalence of the impacted population. RESULTS We find that PM2.5 air pollution from peatland fires, causes, on average, around 33,100 adults and 2900 infants to die prematurely each year from air pollution. In addition, peatland fires cause on average around 4390 additional hospitalizations related to respiratory diseases, 635,000 severe cases of asthma in children, and 8.9 million lost workdays. The majority of these impacts occur in Sumatra because of its much higher population density compared to Kalimantan. A main source of uncertainty is in the Concentration Response Functions (CRFs) that we use, with different CRFs leading to annual premature adult mortality ranging from 19,900 to 64,800 deaths. Currently, the population of both regions is relatively young. With aging of the population over time, vulnerabilities to air pollution and health effects from peatland fires will increase. CONCLUSIONS Peatland fire health impacts provide a further argument to combat fires in peatlands, and gradually transition to peatland management models that do not require drainage and are therefore not prone to fire risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hein
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Joseph V Spadaro
- Spadaro Environmental Research Consultants, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Melanie Hammer
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., Canada
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elham Sumarga
- School of Life Sciences & Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Rizaldi Boer
- Center for Climate Risk and Opportunity Management, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hesti Tata
- National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Atmoko
- Agency for Meteorological Climatological and Geophysics, Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Juan-Pablo Castañeda
- Tilburg University School of Economics and Management (TiSEM), Tilburg, The Netherlands
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13
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Hilario MRA, Crosbie E, Bañaga PA, Betito G, Braun RA, Cambaliza MO, Corral AF, Cruz MT, Dibb JE, Lorenzo GR, MacDonald AB, Robinson CE, Shook MA, Simpas JB, Stahl C, Winstead E, Ziemba LD, Sorooshian A. Particulate Oxalate-To-Sulfate Ratio as an Aqueous Processing Marker: Similarity Across Field Campaigns and Limitations. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL096520. [PMID: 35136274 PMCID: PMC8819676 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl096520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging aerosol data from multiple airborne and surface-based field campaigns encompassing diverse environmental conditions, we calculate statistics of the oxalate-sulfate mass ratio (median: 0.0217; 95% confidence interval: 0.0154-0.0296; R = 0.76; N = 2,948). Ground-based measurements of the oxalate-sulfate ratio fall within our 95% confidence interval, suggesting the range is robust within the mixed layer for the submicrometer particle size range. We demonstrate that dust and biomass burning emissions can separately bias this ratio toward higher values by at least one order of magnitude. In the absence of these confounding factors, the 95% confidence interval of the ratio may be used to estimate the relative extent of aqueous processing by comparing inferred oxalate concentrations between air masses, with the assumption that sulfate primarily originates from aqueous processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Paola Angela Bañaga
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Grace Betito
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Now at: Healthy Urban Environments Initiative, Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Maria Obiminda Cambaliza
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Andrea F Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Melliza Templonuevo Cruz
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jack E Dibb
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Genevieve Rose Lorenzo
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Claire E Robinson
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - James Bernard Simpas
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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14
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Noblet C, Besombes JL, Lemire M, Pin M, Jaffrezo JL, Favez O, Aujay-Plouzeau R, Dermigny A, Karoski N, Van Elsuve D, Dubois P, Collet S, Lestremau F, Albinet A. Emission factors and chemical characterization of particulate emissions from garden green waste burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149367. [PMID: 34375266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work provides an evaluation of the emission factors (EFs) of typical garden waste burning (fallen leaves and hedge trimming) in terms of particulate matter (PM), elemental and organic carbon (EC-OC) together with a detailed chemical characterization of 88 particle-bound organic species including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), levoglucosan and its isomers, lignin breakdown products (methoxyphenols), cholesterol, alkanes, polyols and sugars. Furthermore, wood-log based burning experiments have been performed to highlight key indicators or chemical patterns of both, green waste and wood burning (residential heating) sources, that may be used for PM source apportionment purposes. Two residential log wood combustion appliances, wood stove (RWS) and fireplace, under different output conditions (nominal and reduced) and wood log moisture content (mix of beech, oak and hornbeam), have been tested. Open wood burning experiments using wood logs were also performed. Green waste burning EFs obtained were comparable to the available literature data for open-air biomass burning. For PM and for most of the organic species studied, they were about 2 to 30 times higher than those observed for wood log combustion experiments. Though, poor performance wood combustions (open-air wood log burning, fireplace and RWS in reduced output) showed comparable EFs for levoglucosan and its isomers, methoxyphenols, polyols, PAHs and sugars. Toxic PAH equivalent benzo[a]pyrene EFs were even 3-10 times higher for the fireplace and open-air wood log burning. These results highlighted the impact of the nature of the fuel burnt and the combustion performances on the emissions. Different chemical fingerprints between both biomass burning sources were highlighted with notably a predominance of odd high-molecular weight n-alkanes (higher carbon preference index, CPI), lower levoglucosan/mannosan ratio and lower sinapylaldehyde abundance for green waste burning. However, the use of such indicators seems limited, especially if applied alone, for a clear discrimination of both sources in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Noblet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Besombes
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Marie Lemire
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Mathieu Pin
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Robin Aujay-Plouzeau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Adrien Dermigny
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Nicolas Karoski
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Denis Van Elsuve
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Pascal Dubois
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Serge Collet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - François Lestremau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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15
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Kumar A, Hakkim H, Sinha B, Sinha V. Gridded 1 km × 1 km emission inventory for paddy stubble burning emissions over north-west India constrained by measured emission factors of 77 VOCs and district-wise crop yield data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:148064. [PMID: 34323834 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Every year in the post-monsoon season, ~1.7 billion tons of paddy stubble is burnt openly in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) producing persistent smog and air quality deterioration that affects the entire IGP. Information concerning the identity, amounts and spatial distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which drive ozone and aerosol formation is still largely unknown as existing global emission inventories have poor VOC speciation and rely on limited satellite overpasses for mapping burnt areas. Here, emission factors (EFs) of 77 VOCs were measured from paddy fire smoke and combined with 1 km × 1 km stubble burning activity constrained by annual crop production yields and detected fires to compile a new gridded emission inventory for 2017. Our results reveal a large source of acetaldehyde (37.5 ± 9.6 Ggy-1), 2-furaldehyde (37.1 ± 12.5 Ggy-1), acetone (34.7 ± 13.6 Ggy-1), benzene (9.9 ± 2.8 Ggy-1) and isocyanic acid (0.4 ± 0.2 Ggy-1) that are not accounted for by existing emission inventories (GFED, GFAS, FINv2.1). During October-November, these emissions (346 ± 65 Ggy-1 NMVOC; 38 ± 8 Ggy-1 NOx; 16 ± 4 Ggy-1 NH3; 129 ± 9 Ggy-1 PM2.5; 22,125 ± 3674 Ggy-1 GHG CO2 equivalents) are more than 20 times larger than corresponding emissions from traffic and municipal waste burning over north-west India. Mitigation of this source alone can therefore yield massive air-quality climate co-benefits for more than 500 million people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Haseeb Hakkim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Baerbel Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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16
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Zaichenko AY, Podlesnyi DN, Salganskaya MV, Tsvetkov MV, Salgansky EA. Ignition and Combustion of Peat of Different Permeabilities with Natural Air Convection. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793121040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Weber JN, Kaufholdt D, Minner-Meinen R, Bloem E, Shahid A, Rennenberg H, Hänsch R. Impact of wildfires on SO 2 detoxification mechanisms in leaves of oak and beech trees. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116389. [PMID: 33433339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Frequency and intensity of wildfire occurrences are dramatically increasing worldwide due to global climate change, having a devastating effect on the entire ecosystem including plants. Moreover, distribution of fire-smoke can influence the natural environment over very long distances, i.e. hundreds of kilometres. Dry plant matter contains 0.1-0.9% (w/w) sulphur, which is mainly released during combustion into the atmosphere as sulphur dioxide (SO2) resulting in local concentrations of up to 3000 nL L-1. SO2 is a highly hazardous gas, which enters plants mostly via the stomata. Toxic sulphite is formed inside the leaves due to conversion of SO2. Plants as sessile organisms cannot escape from threats, why they evolved an impressive diversity of molecular defence mechanisms. In the present study, two recent wildfires in Germany were evaluated to analyse the effect of SO2 released into the atmosphere on deciduous trees: the Meppen peat fire in 2018 and the forest fire close to Luebtheen in 2019. Collected leaf material from beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus robur) was examined with respect to detoxification of sulphur surplus due to the exposure to elevated SO2. An induced stress reaction in both species was indicated by a 1.5-fold increase in oxidized glutathione. In beech leaves, the enzymatic activities of the sulphite detoxification enzymes sulphite oxidase and apoplastic peroxidases were increased 5-fold and a trend of sulphate accumulation was observed. In contrast, oaks did not regulate these enzymes during smoke exposure, however, the constitutive activity is 10-fold and 3-fold higher than in beech. These results show for the first time sulphite detoxification strategies of trees in situ after natural smoke exposure. Beech and oak trees survived short-term SO2 fumigation due to exclusion of toxic gases and different oxidative detoxification strategies. Beeches use efficient upregulation of oxidative sulphite detoxification enzymes, while oaks hold a constitutively high enzyme-pool available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Niklas Weber
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - David Kaufholdt
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Rieke Minner-Meinen
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Elke Bloem
- Institute for Crop and Soil Science Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Bundesallee 69, D-38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Afsheen Shahid
- Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 53/54, D-79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 53/54, D-79110, Freiburg, Germany; Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road No. 2, 400715, Chongqing, Beibei District, PR China.
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road No. 2, 400715, Chongqing, Beibei District, PR China.
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18
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Biomass burning aerosols in most climate models are too absorbing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:277. [PMID: 33436592 PMCID: PMC7804930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty in the representation of biomass burning (BB) aerosol composition and optical properties in climate models contributes to a range in modeled aerosol effects on incoming solar radiation. Depending on the model, the top-of-the-atmosphere BB aerosol effect can range from cooling to warming. By relating aerosol absorption relative to extinction and carbonaceous aerosol composition from 12 observational datasets to nine state-of-the-art Earth system models/chemical transport models, we identify varying degrees of overestimation in BB aerosol absorptivity by these models. Modifications to BB aerosol refractive index, size, and mixing state improve the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) agreement with observations, leading to a global change in BB direct radiative effect of -0.07 W m-2, and regional changes of -2 W m-2 (Africa) and -0.5 W m-2 (South America/Temperate). Our findings suggest that current modeled BB contributes less to warming than previously thought, largely due to treatments of aerosol mixing state.
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19
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Observations of Emissions and the Influence of Meteorological Conditions during Wildfires: A Case Study in the USA, Brazil, and Australia during the 2018/19 Period. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wildfires can have rapid and long-term effects on air quality, human health, climate change, and the environment. Smoke from large wildfires can travel long distances and have a harmful effect on human health, the environment, and climate in other areas. More recently, in 2018–2019 there have been many large fires. This study focused on the wildfires that occurred in the United States of America (USA), Brazil, and Australia using Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation (CALIOP) and a TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). Specifically, we analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution of black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) and the vertical distribution of smoke. Based on the results, the highest detection of smoke (~14 km) was observed in Brazil; meanwhile, Australia showed the largest BC column burden of ~1.5 mg/m2. The meteorological conditions were similar for all sites during the fires. Moderate temperatures (between 32 and 42 °C) and relative humidity (30–50%) were observed, which resulted in drier conditions favorable for the burning of fires. However, the number of active fires was different for each site, with Brazil having 13 times more active fires than the USA and five times more than the number of active fires in Australia. However, the high number of active fires did not translate to higher atmospheric constituent emissions. Overall, this work provides a better understanding of wildfire behavior and the role of meteorological conditions in emissions at various sites.
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20
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Abstract
Urbanization is an ongoing global phenomenon as more and more people are moving from rural to urban areas for better employment opportunities and a higher standard of living, leading to the growth of megacities, broadly defined as urban agglomeration with more than 10 million inhabitants. Intense activities in megacities induce high levels of air pollutants in the atmosphere that harm human health, cause regional haze and acid deposition, damage crops, influence air quality in regions far from the megacity sources, and contribute to climate change. Since the Great London Smog and the first recognized episode of Los Angeles photochemical smog seventy years ago, substantial progress has been made in improving the scientific understanding of air pollution and in developing emissions reduction technologies. However, much remains to be understood about the complex processes of atmospheric oxidation mechanisms; the formation and evolution of secondary particles, especially those containing organic species; and the influence of emerging emissions sources and changing climate on air quality and health. While air quality has substantially improved in megacities in developed regions and some in the developing regions, many still suffer from severe air pollution. Strong regional and international collaboration in data collection and assessment will be beneficial in strengthening the capacity. This article provides an overview of the sources of emissions in megacities, atmospheric physicochemical processes, air quality trends and management in a few megacities, and the impacts on health and climate. The challenges and opportunities facing megacities due to lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa T Molina
- Molina Center for Energy and the Environment, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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21
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Seo I, Lee K, Bae MS, Park M, Maskey S, Seo A, Borlaza LJS, Cosep EMR, Park K. Comparison of physical and chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of fine particles emitted from rice straw and pine stem burning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115599. [PMID: 33254697 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural burning and forest fires are common in Northeast Asia and contribute to the elevation of fine particulate pollution, which greatly affects air quality. In this study, chemical and physical attributes, as well as the oxidative potential of fine particles produced from rice straw and pine stem burning in a laboratory-scale chamber were determined. The burning of rice straw generated notably lower emissions of fine particles and elemental carbon (EC) than did the burning of pine stems. The longer retention of ultrafine particles was observed for rice straw burning likely caused by this material's longer period of initial flaming combustion. Organic carbon (OC), OC/EC, K+/OC, K+/EC, Zn, and alkanoic acid were higher in the fine particles of rice straw burning, while EC, K+/Cl-, Fe, Cr, Al, Cu, and levoglucosan were higher for pine stem burning particles. Chemical data were consistent with a higher hygroscopic growth factor and cloud formation potential and lower amount of agglomerated soot for rice straw burning particles. Rice straw burning particles displayed an oxidative potential seven times higher than that of pine stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhwa Seo
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyul Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, 1666 Yeongsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Shila Maskey
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Arom Seo
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucille Joanna S Borlaza
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Enrique Mikhael R Cosep
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Abdulraheem KA, Adeniran JA, Aremu AS, Yusuf MNO, Adebisi JA, Sadiku NA, Olofintoye OO, Ismail A, Sonibare JA. Emission factors of some common grass species in West Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:758. [PMID: 33184692 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Frequent burnings occurring in the grasslands of the West African region during the dry seasons largely contribute to emissions of trace gases and particulates being released into the ambient environment, which has significantly impacted both regional and global climate patterns. Burning potentials of forty different grassland biomes were examined by determining their Net Heating Value (NHV) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). Simulations of the field operations which involve open burning were performed in the laboratory using a fabricated combustion chamber for the determination of emission factors. Particulates were collected using Whatman quartz fibre filters and analyzed gravimetrically. Emissions of gaseous pollutants from open burning of these common grass species were measured with portable devices. The values of the NHV and TOC of the grass species ranged from 15,022.19 to 18,181.84 kJ/kg and 21.14 to 55.62%, respectively. The average Emission Factors (EFs) obtained for carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and PM2.5 are 1465.55 g/kg, 40.99 g/kg, 0.39 g/kg, 0.02 g/kg, 7.78 g/kg, and 6.00 g/kg, respectively. The study has shown that Digitaria nuda, Digitaria eriantha, Panicum subalbidum, Paspalum polystratchyum, and Perotis indica have the highest emission factors for CO2, CO, SO2, NO2, VOC, and PM2.5, respectively. The result obtained would help in the quantification of the global warming forcing on the climate in the West African region from grassland burnings. The results will potentially serve as additional information for emission inventories and basis for the formulation of mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijat Abdulkareem Abdulraheem
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | | | - Muhammad-Najeeb O Yusuf
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Jeleel Adekunle Adebisi
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Abubakar Ismail
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jacob Ademola Sonibare
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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23
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Michelsen HA, Colket MB, Bengtsson PE, D'Anna A, Desgroux P, Haynes BS, Miller JH, Nathan GJ, Pitsch H, Wang H. A Review of Terminology Used to Describe Soot Formation and Evolution under Combustion and Pyrolytic Conditions. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12470-12490. [PMID: 32986401 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a glossary and review of terminology used to describe the chemical and physical processes involved in soot formation and evolution and is intended to aid in communication within the field and across disciplines. There are large gaps in our understanding of soot formation and evolution and inconsistencies in the language used to describe the associated mechanisms. These inconsistencies lead to confusion within the field and hinder progress in addressing the gaps in our understanding. This review provides a list of definitions of terms and presents a description of their historical usage. It also addresses the inconsistencies in the use of terminology in order to dispel confusion and facilitate the advancement of our understanding of soot chemistry and particle characteristics. The intended audience includes senior and junior members of the soot, black carbon, brown carbon, and carbon black scientific communities, researchers new to the field, and scientists and engineers in associated fields with an interest in carbonaceous material production via high-temperature hydrocarbon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Michelsen
- Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering and Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Meredith B Colket
- United Technologies Research Center, Avon, Connecticut 06001, United States
| | | | - Andrea D'Anna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- UMR-8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université Lille, CNRS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Brian S Haynes
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - J Houston Miller
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Graham J Nathan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA 5005 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Heinz Pitsch
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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24
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Criteria-Based Identification of Important Fuels for Wildland Fire Emission Research. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the emissions from wildland fires are important for understanding the role of these events in the production, transport, and fate of emitted gases and particulate matter, and, consequently, their impact on atmospheric and ecological processes, and on human health and wellbeing. Wildland fire emission research provides the quantitative information needed for the understanding and management of wildland fire emissions impacts based on human needs. Recent work to characterize emissions from specific fuel types, or those from specific areas, has implicitly been driven by the recognition of the importance of those fuel types in the context of wildland fire science; however, the importance of specific fuels in driving investigations of biomass-burning emissions has not been made explicit thus far. Here, we make a first attempt to discuss the development and application of criteria to answer the question, “What are the most important fuels for biomass-burning emissions investigations to inform wildland fire science and management?” Four criteria for fuel selection are proposed: “(1) total emissions, (2) impacts, (3) availability and uncertainty, and (4) potential for future importance.” Attempting to develop and apply these criteria, we propose a list of several such fuels, based on prior investigations and the body of wildland-fire emission research.
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25
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Adame JA, Lope L, Sorribas M, Notario A, Yela M. SO 2 measurements in a clean coastal environment of the southwestern Europe: Sources, transport and influence in the formation of secondary aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:137075. [PMID: 32044490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two years of SO2 measurements at El Arenosillo observatory located in the Gulf of Cadiz (Atlantic Ocean) were investigated. Annual hourly averages of 1.9 ± 1.5 μg m-3 and p95 between 3 and 4.4 μg m-3 were recorded, showing clean and background environments. Monthly means vary between 1.5 and 2.4 μg m-3, a monthly evolution was not found. SO2 fields from the MERRA2 model were used to identify SO2 sources and its transport, which could be affecting the studied region. Although SO2 records were low, major conductive for SO2 increases were observed in specific periods. A selection methodology was applied to extract these events, which showed a mean of ~11 μg m-3. Surface meteorological observations and ERA5 meteorological fields from the ECMWF model were used to assess the weather conditions. SO2 increases, in cold months occurred under conditions governed by synoptic-scale. Two types of transport scenarios were identified: SO2 transport defined as direct impact, which is the sum of the plumes from Portugal and the Huelva area; and indirect impact, where SO2 and sulphate particle emissions from Portugal were transported and accumulated in the Gulf of Cadiz and then carried inland, where new particle formation were observed. Episodes with high SO2 concentrations were also reported in warm periods associated with pure sea-land breezes. The SO2 peaks under sea-land breezes were associated with the transport of SO2 from the south of Portugal to the Gulf of Cadiz, whereas SO2 from the east of the Iberian Peninsula and north of Africa reached the Mediterranean Sea and were then transported to the Atlantic Ocean following the Strait of Gibraltar. Blocking of the airflows from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean turns the Gulf of Cadiz into a chemical reservoir, where chemical species such as SO2 can accumulate, triggering new particle formation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Adame
- Atmospheric Sounding Station - El Arenosillo, Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation Branch, National Institute for Aerospace Technology, INTA, Mazagón, Huelva, Spain.
| | - L Lope
- Atmospheric Sounding Station - El Arenosillo, Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation Branch, National Institute for Aerospace Technology, INTA, Mazagón, Huelva, Spain
| | - M Sorribas
- Atmospheric Sounding Station - El Arenosillo, Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation Branch, National Institute for Aerospace Technology, INTA, Mazagón, Huelva, Spain
| | - A Notario
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Ciudad Real, Spain; Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores s/n, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Yela
- Atmospheric Sounding Station - El Arenosillo, Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation Branch, National Institute for Aerospace Technology, INTA, Mazagón, Huelva, Spain
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26
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Bedjanian Y. Temperature-Dependent Kinetic Study of the Reaction of Hydroxyl Radicals with Hydroxyacetone. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2863-2870. [PMID: 32172569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the reaction of OH radicals with hydroxyacetone has been investigated as a function of temperature at a total pressure of helium of 2.0-2.1 Torr and over an extended temperature range of T = 250-830 K and as a function of pressure at T = 301 K in the pressure range 1.0-10.4 Torr. The rate constant of the reaction OH + CH3C(O)CH2OH → products (1) was measured using both absolute (from the kinetics of OH consumption in excess of hydroxyacetone) and relative rate methods (k1 = 4.7 × 10-22 × T3.25 exp (1410/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at T = 250-830 K). The present data combined with selected previous temperature-dependent studies of reaction (1) yield k1 = 4.4 × 10-20 × T2.63 exp (1110/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1, which is recommended from the present work at T = 230-830 K (with conservative uncertainty of 20% at all temperatures). k1 was found to be independent of the pressure in the range from 1.0 to 10.4 Torr of He at T = 301 K. The present results are compared with previous experimental and theoretical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Bedjanian
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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27
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Optimization of a Method for the Detection of Biomass-Burning Relevant VOCs in Urban Areas Using Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forest fire smoke influence in urban areas is relatively easy to detect at high concentrations but more challenging to detect at low concentrations. In this study, we present a simplified method that can reliably quantify smoke tracers in an urban environment at relatively low cost and complexity. For this purpose, we used dual-bed thermal desorption tubes with an auto-sampler to collect continuous samples of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We present the validation and evaluation of this approach using thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) to detect VOCs at ppt to ppb concentrations. To evaluate the method, we tested stability during storage, interferences (e.g., water and O3), and reproducibility for reactive and short-lived VOCs such as acetonitrile (a specific chemical tracer for biomass burning), acetone, n-pentane, isopentane, benzene, toluene, furan, acrolein, 2-butanone, 2,3-butanedione, methacrolein, 2,5- dimethylfuran, and furfural. The results demonstrate that these VOCs can be quantified reproducibly with a total uncertainty of ≤30% between the collection and analysis, and with storage times of up to 15 days. Calibration experiments performed over a dynamic range of 10–150 ng loaded on to each thermal desorption tube at different relative humidity showed excellent linearity (r2 ≥ 0.90). We utilized this method during the summer 2019 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments Experiment–Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) intensive experiment at the Boise ground site. The results of this field study demonstrate the method’s applicability for ambient VOC speciation to identify forest fire smoke in urban areas.
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28
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Sheu R, Stönner C, Ditto JC, Klüpfel T, Williams J, Gentner DR. Human transport of thirdhand tobacco smoke: A prominent source of hazardous air pollutants into indoor nonsmoking environments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay4109. [PMID: 32181345 PMCID: PMC7056301 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of indoor nonsmoking environments with thirdhand smoke (THS) is an important, poorly understood public health concern. Real-time THS off-gassing from smokers into a nonsmoking movie theater was observed with online and offline high-resolution mass spectrometry. Prominent emission events of THS tracers (e.g., 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2-methylfuran, and acetonitrile) and other tobacco-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) coincided with the arrival of certain moviegoers and left residual contamination. These VOC emission events exposed occupants to the equivalent of 1 to 10 cigarettes of secondhand smoke, including multiple hazardous air pollutants (e.g., benzene and formaldehyde) at parts-per-billion concentrations. Nicotine and related intermediate-volatility nitrogen-containing compounds, which vaporized from clothes/bodies and recondensed onto aerosol, comprised 34% of observed functionalized organic aerosol abundance. Exposure to THS VOC emission events will be considerably enhanced in poorly ventilated or smaller spaces in contrast with a large, well-ventilated theater-amplifying concentrations and potential impacts on health and indoor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sheu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Jenna C. Ditto
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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29
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Orlando JJ, Tyndall GS. The atmospheric oxidation of hydroxyacetone: Chemistry of activated and stabilized CH
3
C(O)CH(OH)OO• radicals between 252 and 298 K. INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Orlando
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado
| | - Geoffrey S. Tyndall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado
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30
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Li C, He Q, Hettiyadura APS, Käfer U, Shmul G, Meidan D, Zimmermann R, Brown SS, George C, Laskin A, Rudich Y. Formation of Secondary Brown Carbon in Biomass Burning Aerosol Proxies through NO 3 Radical Reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1395-1405. [PMID: 31730747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is an important contributor to the radiative forcing of climate by organic aerosols. Because of the molecular diversity of BrC compounds and their dynamic transformations, it is challenging to predictively understand BrC optical properties. OH radical and O3 reactions, together with photolysis, lead to diminished light absorption and lower warming effects of biomass burning BrC. The effects of night-time aging on the optical properties of BrC aerosols are less known. To address this knowledge gap, night-time NO3 radical chemistry with tar aerosols from wood pyrolysis was investigated in a flow reactor. This study shows that the optical properties of BrC change because of transformations driven by reactions with the NO3 radical that form new absorbing species and lead to significant absorption enhancement over the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) range. The overnight aging increases the mass absorption coefficients of the BrC by a factor of 1.3-3.2 between 380 nm and 650 nm. Nitrated organic compounds, particularly nitroaromatics, were identified as the main products that contribute to the enhanced light absorption in the secondary BrC. Night-time aging of BrC aerosols represents an important source of secondary BrC and can have a pronounced effect on atmospheric chemistry and air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Quanfu He
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | | | - Uwe Käfer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre , University of Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA) , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Guy Shmul
- Department of Chemical Research Support , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Daphne Meidan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre , University of Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA) , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Steven S Brown
- Chemical Science Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0215 , United States
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , CNRS, IRCELYON , F-69626 , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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31
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Tham J, Sarkar S, Jia S, Reid JS, Mishra S, Sudiana IM, Swarup S, Ong CN, Yu LE. Impacts of peat-forest smoke on urban PM 2.5 in the Maritime Continent during 2012-2015: Carbonaceous profiles and indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:496-505. [PMID: 30831346 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes impacts of peat-forest (PF) smoke on an urban environment through carbonaceous profiles of >260 daily PM2.5 samples collected during 2012, 2013 and 2015. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) comprising eight carbonaceous fractions are examined for four sample groups - non-smoke-dominant (NSD), smoke-dominant (SD), episodic PM2.5 samples at the urban receptor, and near-source samples collected close to PF burning sites. PF smoke introduced much larger amounts of OC than EC, with OC accounting for up to 94% of total carbon (TC), or increasing by up to 20 times in receptor PM2.5. SD PM2.5 at the receptor site and near-source samples have OC3 and EC1 as the dominant fractions. Both sample classes also exhibit char-EC >1.4 times of soot-EC, characterizing smoldering-dominant PF smoke, unlike episodic PM2.5 at the receptor site featuring large amounts of pyrolyzed organic carbon (POC) and soot-EC. Relative to the mean NSD PM2.5 at the receptor, increasing strength of transboundary PF smoke enriches OC3 and OC4 fractions, on average, by factors of >3 for SD samples, and >14 for episodic samples. A peat-forest smoke (PFS) indicator, representing the concentration ratio of (OC2+OC3+POC) to soot-EC, shows a temporal trend satisfactorily correlating with an organic marker (levoglucosan) of biomass burning. The PFS indicator systematically differentiates influences of PF smoke from source to urban receptor sites, with a progressive mean of 3.6, 13.4 and 20.1 for NSD, SD and episodic samples respectively at the receptor site, and 54.7 for the near-source PM2.5. A PFS indicator of ≥5.0 is proposed to determine dominant influence of transboundary PF smoke on receptor urban PM2.5 in the equatorial Asia with ∼90% confidence. Assessing >2900 hourly OCEC data in 2017-2018 supports the applicability of the PFS indicator to evaluate hourly impacts of PF smoke on receptor urban PM2.5 in the Maritime Continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Tham
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Shiguo Jia
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey S Reid
- Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, CA, 93943-5502, USA
| | - Shailendra Mishra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - I M Sudiana
- Cibinong Science Center, LIPI, Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Sanjay Swarup
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Liya E Yu
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore.
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32
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Pervez S, Verma M, Tiwari S, Chakrabarty RK, Watson JG, Chow JC, Panicker AS, Deb MK, Siddiqui MN, Pervez YF. Household solid fuel burning emission characterization and activity levels in India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:493-504. [PMID: 30447588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emission factors (EFs) of PM2.5, carbon fractions, major ionic (K+, Ca2+, NH4+, SO42-, NO3- and Cl-) and elemental (Al, Cr, Cu and Fe) species from combustion of commonly used household solid fuel were determined in 10 different states in India during cooking practices. The study involved sampling during actual household cooking involving use of a variety of fuels including coal balls (CB), fuel wood (FW), dung cakes (DC), crop residues (CR), mixed fuels (MF: dung cakes + fuel woods). Species-wise highest EFs (g·kg-1) were: 34.16 ± 10.1 for PM2.5 (CB), 14.18 ± 5.8 for OC (CB), 2.33 ± 1.4 for EC (DC), 1.03 ± 0.2 for K+ (CR), 2.21 ± 0.6 NH4+ (DC), 0.61 ± 0.2 for NO3- (CB), 0.59 ± 0.1 for SO42- (CB), 0.69 ± 0.1 for Cl- (CR) among the fuels. Higher OC EFs for CB could be attributed to higher moisture content (>13%) in coal-powder that is used to handmade coal balls. It is observed that, in general, OC3 and EC1 were the dominant thermally evolved carbon mass fractions. The study averaged MCE values were in the range 0.93-0.98, which could be attributed to higher variability in flaming and smoldering episodes during the combustion of selected fuels. Sum of ionic EFs for emissions from DC, CR and MF were found to be higher than those observed for FW and CB. The K+/EC and Cl-/EC (~1) ratios could be better indicators of CR fuels to differentiate it from FW, whereas NH4+/EC (~1) is suitable to indicate DC. Average annual emission estimates of PM2.5 (2.00 ± 0.53 Tg·yr-1), OC (0.86 ± 0.23 Tg·yr-1) and EC (0.11 ± 0.02 Tg·yr-1) for tested fuels are evaluated to be contributing 27, 15 and 4% of total PM2.5, OC and EC, respectively, toward annual emission budget from different anthropogenic activities in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India.
| | - Madhuri Verma
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Rajan K Chakrabarty
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - John G Watson
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA; Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xian, China
| | - Judith C Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA; Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xian, China
| | | | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Mohammad Nahid Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Bhattu D, Zotter P, Zhou J, Stefenelli G, Klein F, Bertrand A, Temime-Roussel B, Marchand N, Slowik JG, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH, Nussbaumer T, El Haddad I, Dommen J. Effect of Stove Technology and Combustion Conditions on Gas and Particulate Emissions from Residential Biomass Combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2209-2219. [PMID: 30648378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have systematically examined the gas and particle phase emissions from seven wood combustion devices. Among total carbon mass emitted (excluding CO2), CO emissions were dominant, together with nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) (10-40%). Automated devices emitted 1-3 orders of magnitude lower CH4 (0.002-0.60 g kg-1 of wood) and NMVOCs (0.01-1 g kg-1 of wood) compared to batch-operated devices (CH4: 0.25-2.80 g kg-1 of wood; NMVOCs: 2.5-19 g kg-1 of wood). 60-90% of the total NMVOCs were emitted in the starting phase of batch-operated devices, except for the first load cycles. Partial-load conditions or deviations from the normal recommended operating conditions, such as use of wet wood/wheat pellets, oxygen rich or deficit conditions, significantly enhanced the emissions. NMVOCs were largely dominated by small carboxylic acids and alcohols, and furans. Despite the large variability in NMVOCs emission strengths, the relative contribution of different classes showed large similarities among different devices and combustion phases. We show that specific improper operating conditions may even for advanced technology not result in the emission reduction of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) forming compounds and thus not reduce the impact of wood combustion on climate and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Peter Zotter
- Bioenergy Research, Engineering and Architecture , Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts , 6048 Horw , Switzerland
| | - Jun Zhou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Giulia Stefenelli
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Felix Klein
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Amelie Bertrand
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE , Marseille , France
| | | | | | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Nussbaumer
- Bioenergy Research, Engineering and Architecture , Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts , 6048 Horw , Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
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Whitehill AR, George I, Long R, Baker KR, Landis M. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Prescribed Burning in Tallgrass Prairie Ecosystems. ATMOSPHERE 2019; 10:1-464. [PMID: 31595190 PMCID: PMC6781241 DOI: 10.3390/atmos10080464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prescribed pasture burning plays a critical role in ecosystem maintenance in tallgrass prairie ecosystems and may contribute to agricultural productivity but can also have negative impacts on air quality. Volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations were measured immediately downwind of prescribed tallgrass prairie fires in the Flint Hills region of Kansas, United States. The VOC mixture is dominated by alkenes and oxygenated VOCs, which are highly reactive and can drive photochemical production of ozone downwind of the fires. The computed emission factors are comparable to those previous measured from pasture maintenance fires in Brazil. In addition to the emission of large amounts of particulate matter, hazardous air pollutants such as benzene and acrolein are emitted in significant amounts and could contribute to adverse health effects in exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Whitehill
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ingrid George
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Russell Long
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kirk R. Baker
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Matthew Landis
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Abstract
Crop residue burning negatively impacts both the environment and human health, whether in the aspect of air pollution, regional and global climate change, or transboundary air pollution. Accordingly, this study aims to assess the level of air pollutant emissions caused by the rice residue open burning activities in 2018, by analyzing the remote sensing information and country specific data. This research also aims to analyze the trend of particulate matter 10 microns or less in diameter (PM10) concentration air quality sites in provinces with large paddy rice planting areas from 2010–2017. According to the results, 61.87 megaton (Mt) of rice residue were generated, comprising 21.35 Mt generated from the irrigated fields and 40.53 Mt generated from the rain-fed field. Only 23.0% of the total rice residue generated were subject to open burning—of which nearly 32% were actually burned in the fields. The emissions from such rice residue burning consisted of: 5.34 ± 2.33 megaton (Mt) of CO2, 44 ± 14 kiloton (kt) of CH4, 422 ± 179 kt of CO, 2 ± 2 kt of NOX, 2 ± 2 kt of SO2, 38 ± 22 kt of PM2.5, 43 ± 29 kt of PM10, 2 ± 1 kt of black carbon (BC), and 14 ± 5 kt of organic carbon (OC). According to the air quality trends, the results shows the higher level of PM10 concentration was due to the agricultural burning activities, as reflected in the higher monthly averages of the months with the agricultural burning, by around 1.9–2.1 times. The result also shows the effect of government’s policy for farmers on the crop burning activities and air quality trends.
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Santiago-De La Rosa N, González-Cardoso G, Figueroa-Lara JDJ, Gutiérrez-Arzaluz M, Octaviano-Villasana C, Ramírez-Hernández IF, Mugica-Álvarez V. Emission factors of atmospheric and climatic pollutants from crop residues burning. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:849-865. [PMID: 29652225 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1459326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biomass burning is a common agricultural practice, because it allows elimination of postharvesting residues; nevertheless, it involves an inefficient combustion process that generates atmospheric pollutants emission, which has implications on health and climate change. This work focuses on the estimation of emission factors (EFs) of PM2.5, PM10, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) of residues from burning alfalfa, barley, beans, cotton, maize, rice, sorghum, and wheat in Mexico. Chemical characteristics of the residues were determined to establish their relationship with EFs, as well as with the modified combustion efficiency (MCE). Essays were carried out in an open combustion chamber with isokinetic sampling, following modified EPA 201-A method. EFs did not present statistical differences among different varieties of the same crop, but were statistically different among different crops, showing that generic values of EFs for all the agricultural residues can introduce significant uncertainties when used for climatic and atmospheric pollutant inventories. EFs of PM2.5 ranged from 1.19 to 11.30 g kg-1, and of PM10 from 1.77 to 21.56 g kg-1. EFs of EC correlated with lignin content, whereas EFs of OC correlated inversely with carbon content. EFs of EC and OC in PM2.5 ranged from 0.15 to 0.41 g kg-1 and from 0.33 to 5.29 g kg-1, respectively, and in PM10, from 0.17 to 0.43 g kg-1 and from 0.54 to 11.06 g kg-1. CO2 represented the largest gaseous emissions volume with 1053.35-1850.82 g kg-1, whereas the lowest was CH4 with 1.61-5.59 g kg-1. CO ranged from 28.85 to 155.71 g kg-1, correlating inversely with carbon content and MCE. EFs were used to calculate emissions from eight agricultural residues burning in the country during 2016, to know the potential mitigation of climatic and atmospheric pollutants, provided this practice was banned. IMPLICATIONS The emission factors of particles, short-lived climatic pollutants, and atmospheric pollutants from the crop residues burning of eight agricultural wastes crops, determined in this study using a standardized method, provides better knowledge of the emissions of those species in Latin America and other developing countries, and can be used as inputs in air quality models and climatic studies. The EFs will allow the development of more accurate inventories of aerosols and gaseous pollutants, which will lead to the design of effective mitigation strategies and planning processes for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naxieli Santiago-De La Rosa
- a Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco , Ciudad de México , México
| | | | | | - Mirella Gutiérrez-Arzaluz
- c Basic Sciences Department , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco , Ciudad de México , México
| | | | | | - Violeta Mugica-Álvarez
- a Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco , Ciudad de México , México
- c Basic Sciences Department , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco , Ciudad de México , México
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Thermochemical Properties of PM2.5 as Indicator of Combustion Phase of Fires. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9060230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lasko K, Vadrevu K. Improved rice residue burning emissions estimates: Accounting for practice-specific emission factors in air pollution assessments of Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:795-806. [PMID: 29459334 PMCID: PMC6108186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In Southeast Asia and Vietnam, rice residues are routinely burned after the harvest to prepare fields for the next season. Specific to Vietnam, the two prevalent burning practices include: a). piling the residues after hand harvesting; b). burning the residues without piling, after machine harvesting. In this study, we synthesized field and laboratory studies from the literature on rice residue burning emission factors for PM2.5. We found significant differences in the resulting burning-practice specific emission factors, with 16.9 g kg-2(±6.9) for pile burning and 8.8 g kg-2(±3.5) for non-pile burning. We calculated burning-practice specific emissions based on rice area data, region-specific fuel-loading factors, combined emission factors, and estimates of burning from the literature. Our results for year 2015 estimate 180 Gg of PM2.5 result from the pile burning method and 130 Gg result from non-pile burning method, with the most-likely current emission scenario of 150 Gg PM2.5 emissions for Vietnam. For comparison purposes, we calculated emissions using generalized agricultural emission factors employed in global biomass burning studies. These results estimate 80 Gg PM2.5, which is only 44% of the pile burning-based estimates, suggesting underestimation in previous studies. We compare our emissions to an existing all-combustion sources inventory, results show emissions account for 14-18% of Vietnam's total PM2.5 depending on burning practice. Within the highly-urbanized and cloud-covered Hanoi Capital region (HCR), we use rice area from Sentinel-1A to derive spatially-explicit emissions and indirectly estimate residue burning dates. Results from HYSPLIT back-trajectory analysis stratified by season show autumn has most emission trajectories originating in the North, while spring has most originating in the South, suggesting the latter may have bigger impact on air quality. From these results, we highlight locations where emission mitigation efforts could be focused and suggest measures for pollutant mitigation. Our study demonstrates the need to account for emissions variation due to different burning practices.
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New Tropical Peatland Gas and Particulate Emissions Factors Indicate 2015 Indonesian Fires Released Far More Particulate Matter (but Less Methane) than Current Inventories Imply. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Morgott DA. The Human Exposure Potential from Propylene Releases to the Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010066. [PMID: 29300328 PMCID: PMC5800165 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A detailed literature search was performed to assess the sources, magnitudes and extent of human inhalation exposure to propylene. Exposure evaluations were performed at both the community and occupational levels for those living or working in different environments. The results revealed a multitude of pyrogenic, biogenic and anthropogenic emission sources. Pyrogenic sources, including biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion, appear to be the primary contributors to atmospheric propylene. Despite a very short atmospheric lifetime, measurable levels could be detected in highly remote locations as a result of biogenic release. The indoor/outdoor ratio for propylene has been shown to range from about 2 to 3 in non-smoking homes, which indicates that residential sources may be the largest contributor to the overall exposure for those not occupationally exposed. In homes where smoking takes place, the levels may be up to thirty times higher than non-smoking residences. Atmospheric levels in most rural regions are typically below 2 ppbv, whereas the values in urban levels are much more variable ranging as high as 10 ppbv. Somewhat elevated propylene exposures may also occur in the workplace; especially for firefighters or refinery plant operators who may encounter levels up to about 10 ppmv.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Morgott
- Pennsport Consulting, LLC, 1 Christian Street, Unit#21, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA.
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41
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Duncan S, Sexton KG, Turpin B. Oxygenated VOCs, aqueous chemistry, and potential impacts on residential indoor air composition. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:198-212. [PMID: 28833580 PMCID: PMC5745158 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dampness affects a substantial percentage of homes and is associated with increased risk of respiratory ailments; yet, the effects of dampness on indoor chemistry are largely unknown. We hypothesize that the presence of water-soluble gases and their aqueous processing alters the chemical composition of indoor air and thereby affects inhalation and dermal exposures in damp homes. Herein, we use the existing literature and new measurements to examine the plausibility of this hypothesis, summarize existing evidence, and identify key knowledge gaps. While measurements of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are abundant, measurements of water-soluble organic gases (WSOGs) are not. We found that concentrations of total WSOGs were, on average, 15 times higher inside homes than immediately outside (N = 13). We provide insights into WSOG compounds likely to be present indoors using peer-reviewed literature and insights from atmospheric chemistry. Finally, we discuss types of aqueous chemistry that may occur on indoor surfaces and speculate how this chemistry could affect indoor exposures. Liquid water quantities, identities of water-soluble compounds, the dominant chemistry, and fate of aqueous products are poorly understood. These limitations hamper our ability to determine the effects of aqueous indoor chemistry on dermal and inhalation exposures in damp homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Duncan
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Barbara Turpin
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Corresponding author:
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Itoh M, Okimoto Y, Hirano T, Kusin K. Factors affecting oxidative peat decomposition due to land use in tropical peat swamp forests in Indonesia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:906-915. [PMID: 28783903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing frequency of fire due to drainage of tropical peatland has become a major environmental problem in Southeast Asia. To clarify the effects of changes in land use on carbon dioxide emissions, we measured oxidative peat decomposition (PD) at different stages of disturbance at three sites in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: an undrained peat swamp forest (UF), a heavily drained peat swamp forest (DF), and a drained and burned ex-forest (DB). PD exhibited seasonality, being less in the wet season and greater in the dry season. From February 2014 to December 2015, mean PD (±SE) were 1.90±0.19, 2.30±0.33, and 1.97±0.25μmolm-2s-1 at UF, DF, and DB, respectively. The groundwater level (GWL) was a major controlling factor of PD at all sites. At UF and DF, PD and GWL showed significant quadratic relationships. At DB, PD and GWL showed significant positive and negative relationships during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Using these relationships, we estimated annual PD from GWL data for 2014 and 2015 as 698 and 745gCm-2yr-1 at UF (mean GWL: -0.23 and -0.39m), 775 and 825gCm-2yr-1 at DF (-0.55 and -0.59m), and 646 and 748gCm-2yr-1 at DB (-0.22 and -0.62m), respectively. The annual PD was significantly higher in DF than in UF or DB, in both years. Despite the very dry conditions, the annual PD values at these sites were much lower than those reported for tropical peat at plantations (e.g., oil palm, rubber, and acacia). The differences in the relationship between PD and GWL indicate that separate estimations are required for each type of land. Moreover, our results suggest that PD can be enhanced by drainage both in forests and at burned sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Okimoto
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kitso Kusin
- CIMTROP, University of Palangkaraya, Palangkaraya, 73112, Indonesia
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Dong TTT, Hinwood AL, Callan AC, Zosky G, Stock WD. In vitro assessment of the toxicity of bushfire emissions: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:268-278. [PMID: 28628818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bushfires produce many toxic pollutants and the smoke has been shown to have negative effects on human health, especially to the respiratory system. Bushfires are predicted to increase in size and frequency, leading to a greater incidence of smoke and impacts. While there are many epidemiological studies of the potential impact on populations, there are few studies using in vitro methods to investigate the biological effects of bushfire emissions to better understand its toxicity and significance. This review focused on the literature pertaining to in vitro toxicity testing to determine the state of knowledge on current methods and findings on the impacts of bushfire smoke. There was a considerable variation in the experimental conditions, outcomes and test concentrations used by researchers using in vitro methods. Of the studies reviewed, most reported adverse impacts of particulate matter (PM) on cytotoxic and genotoxic responses. Studies on whole smoke were rare. Finer primary particulates from bushfire smoke were generally found to be more toxic than the coarse particulates and the toxicological endpoints of bushfire PM different to ambient PM. However the variation in study designs and experimental conditions made comparisons difficult. This review highlights the need for standard protocols to enable appropriate comparisons between studies to be undertaken including the assessment of physiologically relevant outcomes. Further work is essential to establish the effect of burning different vegetation types and combustion conditions on the toxicity of bushfire emissions to better inform both health and response agencies on the significance of smoke from bushfires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang T T Dong
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia.
| | - Andrea L Hinwood
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Anna C Callan
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Graeme Zosky
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - William D Stock
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
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Budisulistiorini SH, Riva M, Williams M, Chen J, Itoh M, Surratt JD, Kuwata M. Light-Absorbing Brown Carbon Aerosol Constituents from Combustion of Indonesian Peat and Biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4415-4423. [PMID: 28318234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing brown carbon (BrC) constituents of organic aerosol (OA) have been shown to significantly absorb ultraviolet (UV) and visible light and thus impact radiative forcing. However, molecular identification of the BrC constituents is still limited. In this study, we characterize BrC constituents at the molecular level in (i) aerosols emitted by combustion of peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal from Indonesia and (ii) ambient aerosols collected in Singapore during the 2015 haze episode. Aerosols were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography instrument interfaced to a diode array detector and electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer operated in the negative ion mode. In the laboratory-generated aerosols, we identified 41 compounds that can potentially absorb near-UV and visible wavelengths, such as oxygenated-conjugated compounds, nitroaromatics, and S-containing compounds. The sum of BrC constituents in peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal burning aerosols are 16%, 35%, and 28% of the OA mass, respectively, giving an average contribution of 24%. On average, the BrC constituents account for 0.4% of the ambient OA mass; however, large uncertainties in mass closure remain because of the lack of authentic standards. This study highlights the potential of light-absorbing BrC OA constituents from peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal burning and their importance in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University , Kyoto 6068501, Japan
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University , Kyoto 6068501, Japan
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Zhou X, Aurell J, Mitchell W, Tabor D, Gullett B. A small, lightweight multipollutant sensor system for ground-mobile and aerial emission sampling from open area sources. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2017; 154:31-41. [PMID: 30416364 PMCID: PMC6223182 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing highly dynamic, transient, and vertically lofted emissions from open area sources poses unique measurement challenges. This study developed and applied a multipollutant sensor and time-integrated sampler system for use on mobile applications such as vehicles, tethered balloons (aerostats) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to determine emission factors. The system is particularly applicable to open area sources, such as forest fires, due to its light weight (3.5 kg), compact size (6.75 L), and internal power supply. The sensor system, termed "Kolibri", consists of sensors measuring CO2 and CO, and samplers for particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The Kolibri is controlled by a microcontroller which can record and transfer data in real time through a radio module. Selection of the sensors was based on laboratory testing for accuracy, response delay and recovery, cross-sensitivity, and precision. The Kolibri was compared against rack-mounted continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMs) and another mobile sampling instrument (the "Flyer") that has been used in over ten open area pollutant sampling events. Our results showed that the time series of CO, CO2, and PM2.5 concentrations measured by the Kolibri agreed well with those from the CEMs and the Flyer, with a laboratory- tested percentage error of 4.9%, 3%, and 5.8%, respectively. The VOC emission factors obtained using the Kolibri were consistent with existing literature values that relate concentration to combustion efficiency. The potential effect of rotor downwash on particle sampling was investigated in an indoor laboratory and the preliminary results suggested that its influence is minimal. Field application of the Kolibri sampling open detonation plumes indicated that the CO and CO2 sensors responded dynamically and their concentrations co-varied with emission transients. The Kolibri system can be applied to various challenging open area scenarios such as fires, lagoons, flares, and landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochi Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Johanna Aurell
- University of Dayton Research Institute, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
- Visiting scientist to the U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - William Mitchell
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Dennis Tabor
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Brian Gullett
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
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Setyawati W, Damanhuri E, Lestari P, Dewi K. Emission Factor from Small Scale Tropical Peat Combustion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/180/1/012113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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47
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Wang B, Liu Y, Shao M, Lu S, Wang M, Yuan B, Gong Z, He L, Zeng L, Hu M, Zhang Y. The contributions of biomass burning to primary and secondary organics: A case study in Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:548-556. [PMID: 27371770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synchronized online measurements of gas- and particle- phase organics including non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and submicron organic matters (OM) were conducted in November 2010 at Heshan, Guangdong provincial supersite, China. Several biomass burning events were identified by using acetonitrile as a tracer, and enhancement ratios (EnRs) of organics to carbon monoxide (CO) obtained from this work generally agree with those from rice straw burning in previous studies. The influences of biomass burning on NMHCs, OVOCs and OM were explored by comparing biomass burning impacted plumes (BB plumes) and non-biomass burning plumes (non-BB plumes). A photochemical age-based parameterization method was used to characterize primary emission and chemical behavior of those three organic groups. The emission ratios (EmRs) of NMHCs, OVOCs and OM to CO increased by 27-71%, 34-55% and 67% in BB plumes, respectively, in comparison with non-BB plumes. The estimated formation rate of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in BB plumes was found to be 24% faster than non-BB plumes. By applying the above emission ratios to the whole PRD, the annual emissions of VOCs and OM from open burning of crop residues would be 56.4 and 3.8Gg in 2010 in PRD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- BaoLin Wang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Min Shao
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - SiHua Lu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - ZhaoHeng Gong
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - LingYan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - LiMin Zeng
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - YuanHang Zhang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Collier S, Zhou S, Onasch TB, Jaffe DA, Kleinman L, Sedlacek AJ, Briggs NL, Hee J, Fortner E, Shilling JE, Worsnop D, Yokelson RJ, Parworth C, Ge X, Xu J, Butterfield Z, Chand D, Dubey MK, Pekour MS, Springston S, Zhang Q. Regional Influence of Aerosol Emissions from Wildfires Driven by Combustion Efficiency: Insights from the BBOP Campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8613-22. [PMID: 27398804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are important contributors to atmospheric aerosols and a large source of emissions that impact regional air quality and global climate. In this study, the regional and nearfield influences of wildfire emissions on ambient aerosol concentration and chemical properties in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States were studied using real-time measurements from a fixed ground site located in Central Oregon at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory (∼2700 m a.s.l.) as well as near their sources using an aircraft. The regional characteristics of biomass burning aerosols were found to depend strongly on the modified combustion efficiency (MCE), an index of the combustion processes of a fire. Organic aerosol emissions had negative correlations with MCE, whereas the oxidation state of organic aerosol increased with MCE and plume aging. The relationships between the aerosol properties and MCE were consistent between fresh emissions (∼1 h old) and emissions sampled after atmospheric transport (6-45 h), suggesting that biomass burning organic aerosol concentration and chemical properties were strongly influenced by combustion processes at the source and conserved to a significant extent during regional transport. These results suggest that MCE can be a useful metric for describing aerosol properties of wildfire emissions and their impacts on regional air quality and global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Collier
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy B Onasch
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Daniel A Jaffe
- School of Science and Technology, University of Washington , Bothell, Washington 98011, United States
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lawrence Kleinman
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Arthur J Sedlacek
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Nicole L Briggs
- School of Science and Technology, University of Washington , Bothell, Washington 98011, United States
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Gradient, Seattle Washington 98101, United States
| | - Jonathan Hee
- School of Science and Technology, University of Washington , Bothell, Washington 98011, United States
| | - Edward Fortner
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Douglas Worsnop
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Robert J Yokelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montana , Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Caroline Parworth
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Zachary Butterfield
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Duli Chand
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Manvendra K Dubey
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mikhail S Pekour
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Stephen Springston
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Lindenmaier R, Tipton N, Sams RL, Brauer CS, Blake TA, Williams SD, Johnson TJ. Assignment of the Fundamental Modes of Hydroxyacetone Using Gas-Phase Infrared, Far-Infrared, Raman, and ab Initio Methods: Band Strengths for Atmospheric Measurements. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5993-6003. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Lindenmaier
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nicole Tipton
- A.
R. Smith Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28618, United States
| | - Robert L. Sams
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Carolyn S. Brauer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Thomas A. Blake
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Stephen D. Williams
- A.
R. Smith Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28618, United States
| | - Timothy J. Johnson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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50
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Fire carbon emissions over maritime southeast Asia in 2015 largest since 1997. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26886. [PMID: 27241616 PMCID: PMC4886261 DOI: 10.1038/srep26886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In September and October 2015 widespread forest and peatland fires burned over large parts of maritime southeast Asia, most notably Indonesia, releasing large amounts of terrestrially-stored carbon into the atmosphere, primarily in the form of CO2, CO and CH4. With a mean emission rate of 11.3 Tg CO2 per day during Sept-Oct 2015, emissions from these fires exceeded the fossil fuel CO2 release rate of the European Union (EU28) (8.9 Tg CO2 per day). Although seasonal fires are a frequent occurrence in the human modified landscapes found in Indonesia, the extent of the 2015 fires was greatly inflated by an extended drought period associated with a strong El Niño. We estimate carbon emissions from the 2015 fires to be the largest seen in maritime southeast Asia since those associated with the record breaking El Niño of 1997. Compared to that event, a much better constrained regional total carbon emission estimate can be made for the 2015 fires through the use of present-day satellite observations of the fire's radiative power output and atmospheric CO concentrations, processed using the modelling and assimilation framework of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) and combined with unique in situ smoke measurements made on Kalimantan.
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