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Nair HRCR, Budhavant K, Manoj MR, Kirillova EN, Satheesh SK, Gustafsson Ö. Roles of water-soluble aerosol coatings for the enhanced radiative absorption of black carbon over south asia and the northern indian ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171721. [PMID: 38494028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Black Carbon (BC), formed by incomplete combustion, absorbs solar radiation and heats the atmosphere. We investigated the enhancement in optical absorption of BC due to coatings of water-soluble (WS) species in the polluted South Asian atmosphere. The BC Mass Absorption Cross-section (MAC; 678 nm) was estimated before and after removal of the WS components. Wintertime samples were collected from three South Asian receptor observatories intercepting large-footprint outflow: Bangladesh Climate Observatory Bhola (BCOB; integrating outflow of the Indo-Gangetic Plain), Maldives Climate Observatories at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH) and at Gan (MCOG), both reflecting outflow from the South Asian region. The ambient MAC observed at BCOB, MCOH and MCOG were 4.2 ± 1.4, 7.9 ± 1.9 and 7.1 ± 1.5 m2 g-1, respectively. The average enhancement of the BC MAC due to WS coatings (i.e., ws-EMAC) was identical at all three sites (1.6 ± 0.5) indicating that the anthropogenic aerosols had already evolved to a fully coated morphology at BCOB and/or that subsequent aging involved two compensating evolution processes of the coating. Inspecting the key coating component sulfate; the sulfate-to-BC ratio increased threefold when transitioning from BCOB to MCOH and by about 1.5 times from BCOB to MCOG. Conversely, both WS organic carbon (WSOC)/BC and water-insoluble OC (WIOC)/BC ratios declined with distance: WSOC/BC diminished by 84 % from BCOB to MCOH and by 80 % from BCOB to MCOG, while WIOC/BC dropped by about 63 % and 59 %, respectively. Such declines in WSOC and WIOC reflect a combination of photochemical oxidation and more efficient washout of OC compared to BC. The observed changes in the SO42-/BC and WSOC/BC ratios across South Asia highlight the significant impact of aerosol composition on the optical properties of Black Carbon (BC). These findings emphasize the need for detailed studies on aerosol composition to improve climate models and develop effective strategies for reducing the impact of anthropogenic aerosols on the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R C R Nair
- Department of Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krishnakant Budhavant
- Maldives Climate Observatory at Hanimaadhoo, H. Dh. Hanimaadhoo, Maldives; Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - M R Manoj
- Department of Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena N Kirillova
- Department of Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Medicine, Ecology and Physical Education, Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - S K Satheesh
- Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; DST-Centre of Excellence in Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dalai D, Jandrotia R, Sharma S, Kanwar V, Kaushal J. Air pollution trend in Chandigarh during 2019-2022: status and influence of meteorological factors. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:164. [PMID: 38233679 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The degradation of ambient air quality is a pressing global concern, and India, as a developing nation, has witnessed a rapid surge in industrial activities in recent decades. This surge has resulted in numerous Indian cities ranking among the world's most polluted urban areas. Chandigarh, strategically positioned within the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP), has not escaped this distressing trend, experiencing a significant spike in air pollution levels. This study focuses on comprehending and addressing the air quality issues in Chandigarh, shedding light on the evolution of air pollution trends and their dependence on meteorological factors. Notably, the study reveals that, with the exception of O3, pollutant concentrations surge during the rice stubble burning season. These pollutants persist in the atmosphere for prolonged periods, exacerbating the situation during winter due to lower temperatures and heightened use of fossil fuels for heating by low-income households. In contrast, the wheat stubble burning period does not significantly impact pollutant concentrations. The study also identifies a spring peak in surface O3 concentrations, attributed to favorable high temperatures that promote the photochemical reactions responsible for this phenomenon, a distinctive feature in South Asia and the Himalayas. An examination of the connection between pollutant concentrations and meteorological parameters underscores that elevated pollutant levels, except for CO, are linked to lower relative humidity and temperatures. This suggests that current development patterns have contributed to the escalation of air pollution in Chandigarh, necessitating urgent interventions to preserve the city's aesthetics and the health of its residents. Furthermore, to model and monitor pollutant behavior in Chandigarh, more extensive and extended studies are imperative. Both short-term and long-term investigations into the environmental and health impacts of air pollutants, including primary and secondary pollutants, are of paramount importance. These endeavors are essential for the well-being of both the environment and the population of Chandigarh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debendra Dalai
- Centre for Water Sciences, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Rupali Jandrotia
- Climate Change Cell, Department of Environment, Chandigarh Administration, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, NITTTR, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Jyotsna Kaushal
- Centre for Water Sciences, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
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Kumar R, Kumar R, Singh A, Arif M, Kumar P, Kumari A. Chemometric approach to evaluate the chemical behavior of rainwater at high altitude in Shaune Garang catchment, Western Himalaya. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12774. [PMID: 35896609 PMCID: PMC9329433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research has been performed to analyze the chemical behavior of rainwater of the Shaune Garang catchment (32.19° N, 78.20° E) in the Baspa basin, located at a high elevation (4221 m above mean sea level) in the Himachal Himalaya, India. During the study period, sixteen rainwater samples were collected from the Shaune Garang catchment at five different sites. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH value of rainwater ranged between 4.59 and 6.73, with an average value of 5.47 ± 0.69, indicating the alkaline nature of rainfall. The total ionic strength in the rainwater ranged from 113.4 to 263.3 µeq/l with an average value of 169.1 ± 40.4 µeq/l. The major dominant cations were Ca2+ (43.10%) and Na+ (31.97%) and anions were Cl− (37.68%), SO42− (28.71%) and NO3− (23.85%) in rainwater. The ionic ratios were calculated among all the ions. The fraction of (NO3− +Cl−) with SO42− was measured as 2.3, which specifies sour faces of rainwater due to HNO3, H2SO4, and HCl. A multivariate statistical assessment of rainwater chemistry through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows the significance of four factors controlling 78.37% of the total variance, including four-component (PC1 explained 27.89%, PC2 explained 24.98%, PC3 explained 14.64%, PC4 explained 10.85%). However, the individual contribution of Factor 1(PC1) explains 27.89% of the total variance (78.37%) and displays a strong optimistic loading for Ca2+ and Cl−. Further, high loading of Ca2+ and NO3− and moderate loading of SO42− signify the contribution of burning fossil fuel and soil dust. Anthropogenic and natural pollutants influence the composition of rainwater in the pristine Himalayas due to local and long-distance transportation. The study area receives precipitation from the West and North-West, transporting dust and fossil fuel emissions from the Thar Desert and Northwestern countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Atar Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Arif
- National Institute of Urban Affairs, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Integrated Regional Office, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India, Saifabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anupma Kumari
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India
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Srivastava P, Naja M. Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols derived from long-term high-resolution measurements at a high-altitude site in the central Himalayas: radiative forcing estimates and role of meteorology and biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14654-14670. [PMID: 33219503 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous observations (2014-2017) of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) are made over a high-altitude site (Nainital, 29.4°N, 79.5°E, 1958 m a.m.s.l) in the central Himalayas, and the role of long-range transport, meteorology and biomass burning is studied. There are only a few online and simultaneous observations of OC and EC over South Asia and none in the high-altitude Himalayan region. This work presents the first diurnal variations with a unimodal pattern in both OC and EC at the Himalayan site. Such a diurnal pattern is in contrast with the bimodal pattern observed at any continental polluted site. Clear seasonal variations in OC and EC were seen with a primary maximum during spring and a secondary maximum in autumn/winter. OC and EC concentrations are observed to be as high as 65.8 μg/m3 and 12 μg/m3, in May, respectively. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT)-assisted analysis shows that the biomass burning in northern India is one of the major sources for the springtime maximum even at this high-altitude site. The coinciding rise in OC/EC ratio from 4.6 to 7.9, along with fire events, further convinces that the enhancement in the concentrations is due to the biomass burning at distant regions and long-range transport of air masses influencing this high-altitude site. A poor covariation between OC-EC and the boundary-layer height during autumn and winter suggests that secondary maxima in OC and EC are most likely due to local sources, e.g. household burning for heating during this cold period when the temperature drops sharply after October and remains low until February. The higher temporal resolution of online measurements reveals that swiftly varying meteorological parameters change the OC-EC concentrations at diurnal scales. Back-air trajectory-assisted analysis of residence time and its relationship with OC and EC confirms the increase in their concentration in slow-moving air masses. The observed diurnal variations of EC are utilized to estimate the radiative forcing and shown that the atmospheric radiative forcing during the afternoon is about 70% higher than the forenoon one. It is envisaged that this dataset with diurnal observations of OC and EC would be an important input for studying the radiation budget and source apportionment over this high-altitude region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Srivastava
- Aryabhatta Research Institute for Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital, India
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Manish Naja
- Aryabhatta Research Institute for Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital, India.
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Arif M, Kumar R, Kumar R, Zusman E. Modelling of sectoral emissions of short-lived and long-lived climate pollutants under various control technological strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134358. [PMID: 31522047 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In India, air pollution has been acknowledged as the fifth most imperative cause of mortality due to high emissions from burning of fossil fuels in industries (brick kilns and thermal power plants), biomass burning, agricultural residue burning and transportation. The emissions of black carbon (BC) with the other air pollutants (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, and SF6), is taking considerable attention in the world because of its ability to effect air quality and weather. The Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) region has been considered as one of the greatest source of emissions in India. The short lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) like BC, methane, tropospheric ozone and hydrofluorocarbons have been considered as a climate forcing agent along with CO2. These pollutants have shorter lifetime in atmosphere compared to CO2 and account for the 40-45% of global warming. Among them, BC has a great global warming ability and can increase the Earth's temperature much quicker than carbon dioxide. After CO2, the second highest donors to global warming are CH4 and BC. Recognising the importance of these pollutants, daily concentrations of BC, PM2.5 and PM10 were monitored in three district of IGP during January 2015 to December 2016. The GAINS model was used for assessment of pollution effects, emissions of SLCPs, GHGs and identifying appropriate control actions. The outcomes of modelling advocate that low carbon strategies are more competent to reduce emissions as compared to other control strategies. But, application of low carbon strategies would be restricted by the accessibility of clean fuels. In some cases, finance will be needed to support monitoring of air pollution and other supportive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arif
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India.
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Eric Zusman
- Centre for Sustainability Governance, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Japan
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Lien WH, Owili PO, Muga MA, Lin TH. Ambient Particulate Matter Exposure and Under-Five and Maternal Deaths in Asia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203855. [PMID: 31614721 PMCID: PMC6843620 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Asian region is one of the major emission sources of air pollution. Although ambient PM2.5 has been linked to several health risks in high-, low-, and middle-income countries, the further analysis of type impact is still rare but significant. The PM2.5 distribution retrieved from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) aerosol optical depth products within 16 years thus explored the associations between under-five and maternal mortality for 45 countries in Asia. Both the nonparametric (Generalized Additive Mixed-Effect) and parametric (Generalized Linear Mixed-Effect) models were employed to analyze the collected datasets. The results show that the levels of PM2.5 in Asian sub-regions were higher than the Global Air Quality Standards. Biomass PM2.5 concentrations was associated with increased the rate of under-five (Incidence Rate Ratio, IRR = 1.29, 95% CI, 1.13–1.47) and maternal (IRR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.08–1.10) deaths in Asia. Anthropogenic PM2.5 was associated with increased rate of under-five deaths in Asia by 12%. The nonparametric method revealed that dust PM2.5 was positively associated with the under-five (β = 0.04, p < 0.001) and maternal (β = 0.07, p < 0.001) deaths in Asia. The rate of maternal deaths was increased by biomass/dust (IRR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.63–1.65) and anthropogenic/dust (IRR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.19–1.26) mixture types. In summary, long-term exposure to different types of ambient PM2.5 in high concentration increased the rate of under-five and maternal deaths, suggesting that policies focusing on preventive and control measures is imperative for developing an improved maternal, newborn, and child health in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hung Lien
- Graduate Institute of Space Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Patrick Opiyo Owili
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, Eldoret 30100, Kenya.
| | - Miriam Adoyo Muga
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kabarak University, P.O. Box Private Bag 20157 Kabarak, Kenya.
| | - Tang-Huang Lin
- Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
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Wu G, Ram K, Fu P, Wang W, Zhang Y, Liu X, Stone EA, Pradhan BB, Dangol PM, Panday AK, Wan X, Bai Z, Kang S, Zhang Q, Cong Z. Water-Soluble Brown Carbon in Atmospheric Aerosols from Godavari (Nepal), a Regional Representative of South Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3471-3479. [PMID: 30848122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) has recently emerged as an important light-absorbing aerosol. This study provides interannual and seasonal variations in light absorption properties, chemical composition, and sources of water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC) based on PM10 samples collected in Godavari, Nepal, from April 2012 to May 2014. The mass absorption efficiency of WS-BrC at 365 nm (MAE365) shows a clear seasonal variability, with the highest MAE365 of 1.05 ± 0.21 m2 g-1 in premonsoon season and the lowest in monsoon season (0.59 ± 0.16 m2 g-1). The higher MAE365 values in nonmonsoon seasons are associated with fresh biomass burning emissions. This is further substantiated by a strong correlation ( r = 0.79, P < 0.01) between Abs365 (light absorption coefficient at 365 nm) and levoglucosan. We found, using fluorescence techniques, that humic-like and protein-like substances are the main chromophores in WS-BrC and responsible for 80.2 ± 4.1% and 19.8 ± 4.1% of the total fluorescence intensity, respectively. BrC contributes to 8.78 ± 3.74% of total light absorption over the 300-700 nm wavelength range. Considering the dominant contribution of biomass burning to BrC over Godavari, this study suggests that reduction in biomass burning emission may be a practical method for climate change mitigation in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Wan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 , China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 , China
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52246 , United States
| | - Bidya Banmali Pradhan
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development , Khumaltar , Lalitpur 009771 , Nepal
| | - Pradeep Man Dangol
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development , Khumaltar , Lalitpur 009771 , Nepal
| | - Arnico K Panday
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development , Khumaltar , Lalitpur 009771 , Nepal
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
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Wu G, Wan X, Gao S, Fu P, Yin Y, Li G, Zhang G, Kang S, Ram K, Cong Z. Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) in Aerosols of Central Tibetan Plateau (Nam Co, 4730 m asl): Abundance, Light Absorption Properties, and Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7203-7211. [PMID: 29874057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) are major components of light-absorbing brown carbon that play an important role in Earth's radiative balance. However, their concentration, optical properties, and sources are least understood over Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study, the analysis of total suspended particulate (TSP) samples from central of TP (i.e., Nam Co) reveal that atmospheric HULIS are more abundant in summer than that in winter without obvious diurnal variations. The light absorption ability of HULIS in winter is 2-3 times higher than that in summer. In winter, HULIS are mainly derived from biomass burning emissions in South Asia by long-range transport. In contrast, the oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic precursors from northeast part of India and southeast of TP are major sources of HULIS in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Arid Meteorology , China Meteorological Administration , Lanzhou 730020 , China
| | - Guoshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
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Yadav R, Sahu LK, Beig G, Tripathi N, Jaaffrey SNA. Ambient particulate matter and carbon monoxide at an urban site of India: Influence of anthropogenic emissions and dust storms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:291-303. [PMID: 28347611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Continuous measurements of PM2.5, PM10 and CO were conducted at an urban site of Udaipur in India from April 2011 to March 2012. The annual mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and CO were 42 ± 17 μg m-3, 114 ± 31 μg m-3 and 343 ± 136 ppbv, respectively. Concentrations of both particulate and CO showed high values during winter/pre-monsoon (dry) period and lowest in the monsoon season (wet). Local anthropogenic emission and long-range transport from open biomass burning sources along with favourable synoptic meteorology led to elevated levels of pollutants in the dry season. However, higher values of PM10/PM2.5 ratio during pre-monsoon season were caused by the episodes of dust storm. In the monsoon season, flow of cleaner air, rainfall and negligible emissions from biomass burning resulted in the lowest levels of pollutants. The concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and CO showed highest values during morning and evening rush hours, while lowest in the afternoon hours. In winter season, reductions of PM2.5, CO and PM10 during weekends were highest of 15%, 13% and 9%, respectively. In each season, the highest PM2.5/PM10 ratio coincided with the highest concentrations of pollutants (CO and NOX) indicating predominant emissions from anthropogenic sources. Exceptionally high concentrations of PM10 during the episode of dust storm were due to transport from the Arabian Peninsula and Thar Desert. Up to ∼32% enhancements of PM10 were observed during strong dust storms. Relatively low levels of O3 and NOx during the storm periods indicate the role of heterogeneous removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
| | - L K Sahu
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - G Beig
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, 411008, India
| | | | - S N A Jaaffrey
- Department of Physics, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
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Walsh JJ, Lenes JM, Weisberg RH, Zheng L, Hu C, Fanning KA, Snyder R, Smith J. More surprises in the global greenhouse: Human health impacts from recent toxic marine aerosol formations, due to centennial alterations of world-wide coastal food webs. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 116:9-40. [PMID: 28111002 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reductions of zooplankton biomasses and grazing pressures were observed during overfishing-induced trophic cascades and concurrent oil spills at global scales. Recent phytoplankton increments followed, once Fe-, P-, and N-nutrient limitations of commensal diazotrophs and dinoflagellates were also eliminated by respective human desertification, deforestation, and eutrophication during climate changes. Si-limitation of diatoms instead ensued during these last anthropogenic perturbations of agricultural effluents and sewage loadings. Consequently, ~15% of total world-wide annual asthma trigger responses, i.e. amounting to ~45 million adjacent humans during 2004, resulted from brevetoxin and palytoxin poisons in aerosol forms of western boundary current origins. They were denoted by greater global harmful algal bloom [HAB] abundances and breathing attacks among sea-side children during prior decadal surveys of asthma prevalence, compiled here in ten paired shelf ecosystems of western and eutrophied boundary currents. Since 1965, such inferred onshore fluxes of aerosolized DOC poisons of HABs may have served as additional wind-borne organic carriers of toxic marine MeHg, phthalate, and DDT/DDE vectors, traced by radio-iodine isotopes to potentially elicit carcinomas. During these exchanges, as much as 40% of mercury poisonings may instead have been effected by inhalation of collateral HAB-carried marine neurotoxic aerosols of MeHg, not just from eating marine fish. Health impacts in some areas were additional asthma and pneumonia episodes, as well as endocrine disruptions among the same adjacent humans, with known large local rates of thyroid cancers, physician-diagnosed pulmonary problems, and ubiquitous high indices of mercury in hair, pesticides in breast milk, and phthalates in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Walsh
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States.
| | - J M Lenes
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States
| | - R H Weisberg
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States
| | - L Zheng
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States
| | - C Hu
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States
| | - K A Fanning
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States
| | - R Snyder
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science Eastern Shore Laboratory, Wachapreague, VA 23480, United States
| | - J Smith
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
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11
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Tripathee L, Kang S, Sharma CM, Rupakheti D, Paudyal R, Huang J, Sillanpää M. Preliminary Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Surface Water of the Himalayan Rivers, Nepal. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:855-862. [PMID: 27734088 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the contamination levels and risk assessments of 14 elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Sr, V and Zn) in three sub-basins of Himalayan rivers. Water samples were collected and the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and water quality index (WQI) were calculated. Total average concentrations of the metals were 135.03, 80.10 and 98.34 µg/L in Gandaki, Indrawati and Dudh Koshi rivers, respectively. The results of HQ and HI were less than unity, suggesting a low risk of metals in the region. However, HQ for antimony (Sb) was found to be 4.4 × 10-1, 2.1 × 10-1 and 5.4 × 10-1 in three river basins and HI near unity, suggesting its potential risk. Additionally, HI for Cd in Indrawati was 5.4 × 10-1 also close to unity, suggesting that Cd could have a potential risk to the local residents and aquatic ecosystems. Further, WQI suggested that the rivers Gandaki and Indrawati fell into the excellent water quality and river Dudh Koshi fell into good water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
- Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Chhatra Mani Sharma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
- Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dipesh Rupakheti
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Rukumesh Paudyal
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
- Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
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12
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Soneja SI, Tielsch JM, Khatry SK, Curriero FC, Breysse PN. Highlighting Uncertainty and Recommendations for Improvement of Black Carbon Biomass Fuel-Based Emission Inventories in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Region. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 3:73-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Mallik C, Lal S. Seasonal characteristics of SO2, NO2, and CO emissions in and around the Indo-Gangetic Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:1295-310. [PMID: 24097012 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) exert significant influence on local and regional atmospheric chemistry. Temporal and spatial variability of these gases are investigated using surface measurements by the Central Pollution Control Board (India) during 2005-2009 over six urban locations in and around the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and supported using the satellite measurements of these gases. The stations chosen are Jodhpur (west of IGP), Delhi (central IGP), Kolkata and Durgapur (eastern IGP), Guwahati (east of IGP), and Nagpur (south of IGP). Among the stations studied, SO2 concentrations are found to be the highest over Kolkata megacity. Elevated levels of NO2 occur over the IGP stations of Durgapur, Kolkata, and Delhi. Columnar NO2 values are also found to be elevated over these regions during winter due to high surface concentrations while columnar SO2 values show a monsoon maximum. Elevated columnar CO over Guwahati during pre-monsoon are attributed to biomass burning. Statistically significant correlations between columnar NO2 and surface NO2 obtained for Delhi, Kolkata, and Durgapur along with very low SO2 to NO2 ratios (≤0.2) indicate fossil fuel combustion from mobile sources as major contributors to the ambient air over these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mallik
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
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14
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Mallik C, Ghosh D, Ghosh D, Sarkar U, Lal S, Venkataramani S. Variability of SO₂, CO, and light hydrocarbons over a megacity in Eastern India: effects of emissions and transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8692-706. [PMID: 24737018 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) has received extensive attention of the global scientific community due to higher levels of trace gases and aerosols over this region. Satellite retrievals and model simulations show that, in particular, the eastern part IGP is highly polluted. Despite this attention, in situ measurements of trace gases are very limited over this region. This paper presents measurements of SO₂, CO, CH₄, and C₂-C₅ NMHCs during March 2012-February 2013 over Kolkata, a megacity in the eastern IGP, with a focus on processes impacting their levels. The mean SO₂ and C2H6 concentrations during winter and post-monsoon periods were eight and three times higher compared to pre-monsoon and monsoon. Early morning enhancements in SO₂ and several NMHCs during winter connote boundary layer effects. Daytime elevations in SO₂ during pre-monsoon and monsoon suggest impacts of photo-oxidation. Inter-species correlations and trajectory analysis evince transport of SO₂ from regional combustion sources (e.g., coal burning in power plants, industries) along the east of the Indo-Gangetic plain impacting SO₂ levels at the site. However, C₂H₂ to CO ratio over Kolkata, which are comparable to other urban regions in India, show impacts of local biofuel combustions. Further, high levels of C₃H₈ and C₄H₁₀ evince the dominance of LPG/petrochemicals over the study location. The suite of trace gases measured during this study helps to decipher between impacts of local emissions and influence of transport on their levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Mallik
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
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15
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Sheesley RJ, Kirillova E, Andersson A, Kruså M, Praveen PS, Budhavant K, Safai PD, Rao PSP, Gustafsson Ö. Year-round radiocarbon-based source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols at two background sites in South Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Granat L, Engström JE, Praveen S, Rodhe H. Light absorbing material (soot) in rainwater and in aerosol particles in the Maldives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Dey S, Di Girolamo L. A climatology of aerosol optical and microphysical properties over the Indian subcontinent from 9 years (2000–2008) of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Stone EA, Schauer JJ, Pradhan BB, Dangol PM, Habib G, Venkataraman C, Ramanathan V. Characterization of emissions from South Asian biofuels and application to source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in the Himalayas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Nair VS, Babu SS, Moorthy KK. Aerosol characteristics in the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB: Spatial distribution and latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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