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Wang X, Li J, Zheng J, Zhao L, Ruan C, Zhang D, Pan X. Polysaccharide preferred minority-dominant community assembly and exoenzyme enrichment in transparent exopolymer particles: Implication for global carbon cycle in water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169976. [PMID: 38199380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitous transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) are an important organic carbon pool and an ideal microhabitat for bacteria in aquatic environments. They play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. Organic matter transformation and carbon turnover in TEPs strongly depend on the assembly of their associated bacterial communities and enzyme activity. However, the mechanisms of bacterial community assembly and their potential effects on the organic carbon cycle in TEPs are still unclear. In this study, we comparatively explored the community assembly of TEP-associated bacteria and bacterioplankton from surface freshwater using metagenomics. It was found that the bacterial community assembly in TEPs followed a minority-dominant rule and was governed by homogeneous selection. Pseudomonadota and Actinomycetota, which are responsible for polysaccharide degradation, serve as taxon-specific biomarkers among the abundant and diverse bacteria in TEPs. The network of TEP-associated bacteria displayed stronger robustness than that of bacterioplankton. Bin 76 (majorly Acinetobacter) was the overwhelmingly dominant taxa in TEPs, whereas there was no clearly dominant taxa in TEP-free water. Exoenzyme analysis showed that 64 out of 71 identified polysaccharide hydrolases were markedly linked with the dominant bin 76 in TEPs, while no such linkage was observed for bacterioplankton. Generally, Acinetobacter, which is capable of utilizing polysaccharides, is preferred to be assembled in TEPs together with high polysaccharide hydrolase activity. This may significantly accelerate the turnover of organic carbon in the giant global TEP pool. These findings are important for a deep understanding of the carbon cycle in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310015, China; School of Environment Science and Spatial Information, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; Shaoxing Research Institute of Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jieyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lanxin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chenghao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Daoyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Adenaya A, Berger M, Brinkhoff T, Ribas-Ribas M, Wurl O. Usage of antibiotics in aquaculture and the impact on coastal waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114645. [PMID: 36724669 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For decades, coastal marine ecosystems have been threatened by a wide range of anthropogenic pollutants. Recently, there has been increasing concern about the accumulation and impacts of antibiotic compounds on marine ecosystems. However, information regarding the accumulation of antibiotics and the impacts they may have on microbial communities in coastal water bodies and on human health is sparse in literature. Antibiotics from aquacultures are constantly discharged into marine environments via rivers. Large rivers transport tons of antibiotics every year into coastal waters, e.g., 12 tons of sulfonamide by the river Mekong. Here, we discuss a potential influence of such imported antibiotics on bacterial communities in coastal waters. Potential accumulation of antibiotics in the uppermost surface layer of aquatic ecosystems, the so-called sea surface microlayer (SML), is of interest. Because of the ability of the SML to accumulate anthropogenic pollutants, it may serve as a pool for antibiotics and correspondingly also for resistant organisms. Also, due to its biofilm-like structure, the SML could serve as a hotspot for horizontal gene transfer, speeding up the spread of antibiotic resistant strains to encompassing marine environments. The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a global threat and scientists projected that it could pave the way for the next pandemic that could ravage the world in the next decades. For this reason, it is time to focus research on understanding and minimizing the impact of antibiotics on the sustainability of coastal waters and on the health of humans who depend on coastal resources for food and recreational purposes. Also, knowledge about antibiotics in the SML is necessary to understand the effects they are likely to have on bacterial abundance, diversity, and metabolic activities in coastal water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adenike Adenaya
- Center for Marine Sensors, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany; Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Martine Berger
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brinkhoff
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mariana Ribas-Ribas
- Center for Marine Sensors, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Oliver Wurl
- Center for Marine Sensors, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
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Geisler E, Rahav E, Bar-Zeev E. Contribution of Heterotrophic Diazotrophs to N2 Fixation in a Eutrophic River: Free-Living vs. Aggregate-Associated. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:779820. [PMID: 35237246 PMCID: PMC8882987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.779820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that heterotrophic diazotrophs are highly diverse and fix N2 in aquatic environments with potentially adverse conditions for diazotrophy, such as oxic and rich in total nitrogen. In this study, we compared the activity and diversity of heterotrophic diazotrophs associated with aggregates (>12 μm) to free-living cells in the eutrophic Qishon River during the winter and summer seasons. Overall, measured heterotrophic N2 fixation rates in the Qishon River ranged between 2.6–3.5 nmol N L–1 d–1. Heterotrophic N2 fixation was mainly associated with aggregates in the summer samples (74 ± 24%), whereas during the winter the bulk diazotrophic activity was mostly ascribed to the free-living fraction (90 ± 6%). In addition, immunolabeled micrographs indicated the presence of aggregate-associated heterotrophic diazotrophs in both seasons, while phototrophic diazotrophs were also captured during the winter. The richness of free-living and aggregate-associated heterotrophic diazotrophs were overall similar, yet the evenness of the later was significantly smaller, suggesting that few of the species gained advantage from particle lifestyle. The differences in the activity, micro-localization and diversity of the diazotrophic community were mostly attributed to spatiotemporal changes in the ambient C:N ratios (total organic carbon, TOC: total nitrogen) and the TOC concentrations. Taken together, our results shed new light on the contribution of heterotrophic diazotroph associated with aggregates to total heterotrophic N2 fixation in oxic, highly eutrophic aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Geisler
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker, Israel
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Rahav
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
- *Correspondence: Eyal Rahav,
| | - Edo Bar-Zeev
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker, Israel
- Edo Bar-Zeev,
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Marine Gel Interactions with Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Pollutants. Gels 2021; 7:gels7030083. [PMID: 34287300 PMCID: PMC8293255 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgels play critical roles in a variety of processes in the ocean, including element cycling, particle interactions, microbial ecology, food web dynamics, air-sea exchange, and pollutant distribution and transport. Exopolymeric substances (EPS) from various marine microbes are one of the major sources for marine microgels. Due to their amphiphilic nature, many types of pollutants, especially hydrophobic ones, have been found to preferentially associate with marine microgels. The interactions between pollutants and microgels can significantly impact the transport, sedimentation, distribution, and the ultimate fate of these pollutants in the ocean. This review on marine gels focuses on the discussion of the interactions between gel-forming EPS and pollutants, such as oil and other hydrophobic pollutants, nanoparticles, and metal ions.
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Islam MS, Sun J, Zhang G, Chen Z, Zhou H. Environmental influences on sinking rates and distributions of transparent exopolymer particles after a typhoon surge at the Western Pacific. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11377. [PMID: 34059698 PMCID: PMC8166891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A multidisciplinary approach was used to investigate the causes of the distributions and sinking rates of transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) during the period of September–October (2017) in the Western Pacific Ocean (WPO); the study period was closely dated to a northwest typhoon surge. The present study discussed the impact of biogeophysical features on TEPs and their sinking rates (sTEP) at depths of 0–150 m. During the study, the concentration of TEPs was found to be higher in areas adjacent to the Kuroshio current and in the bottom water layer of the Mindanao upwelling zone due to the widespread distribution of cyanobacteria, i.e., Trichodesmium hildebrandti and T. theibauti. The positive significant regressions of TEP concentrations with Chl-a contents in eddy-driven areas (R2 = 0.73, especially at 100 m (R2 = 0.75)) support this hypothesis. However, low TEP concentrations and TEPs were observed at mixed layer depths (MLDs) in the upwelling zone (Mindanao). Conversely, high TEP concentrations and high sTEP were found at the bottom of the downwelling zone (Halmahera). The geophysical directions of eddies may have caused these conditions. In demonstrating these relations, the average interpretation showed the negative linearity of TEP concentrations with TEPs (R2 = 0.41 ~ 0.65) at such eddies. Additionally, regression curves (R2 = 0.78) indicated that atmospheric pressure played a key role in the changes in TEPs throughout the study area. Diatoms and cyanobacteria also curved the TEPs significantly (R2 = 0.5, P < 0.05) at the surface of the WPO. This study also revealed that TEP concentration contributes less to the average particulate organic carbon in this oligotrophic WPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shahanul Islam
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology University, TEDA, No 29, 13thAvenue, Tianjin, China.,Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, and Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
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6
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Cai YM. Non-surface Attached Bacterial Aggregates: A Ubiquitous Third Lifestyle. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:557035. [PMID: 33343514 PMCID: PMC7746683 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.557035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are now generally believed to adopt two main lifestyles: planktonic individuals, or surface-attached biofilms. However, in recent years medical microbiologists started to stress that suspended bacterial aggregates are a major form of bacterial communities in chronic infection sites. Despite sharing many similarities with surface-attached biofilms and are thus generally defined as biofilm-like aggregates, these non-attached clumps of cells in vivo show much smaller sizes and different formation mechanisms. Furthermore, ex vivo clinical isolates were frequently reported to be less attached to abiotic surfaces when compared to standard type strains. While this third lifestyle is starting to draw heavy attention in clinical studies, it has a long history in natural and environmental sciences. For example, marine gel particles formed by bacteria attachment to phytoplankton exopolymers have been well documented in oceans; large river and lake snows loaded with bacterial aggregates are frequently found in freshwater systems; multispecies bacterial "flocs" have long been used in wastewater treatment. This review focuses on non-attached aggregates found in a variety of natural and clinical settings, as well as some recent technical developments facilitating aggregate research. The aim is to summarise the characteristics of different types of bacterial aggregates, bridging the knowledge gap, provoking new perspectives for researchers from different fields, and highlighting the importance of more research input in this third lifestyle of bacteria closely relevant to our daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Cai
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Meng S, Meng X, Fan W, Liang D, Wang L, Zhang W, Liu Y. The role of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in membrane fouling: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115930. [PMID: 32470713 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) as gel-like particulate acidic polysaccharide have been commonly found in marine, surface water and wastewater. Currently, increasing interest has been devoted to TEP-associated membrane fouling in different membrane systems for water and wastewater treatment, thus this review attempts to provide a holistic view and critical analysis with regard to the definition, formation, detection and properties of TEP, which could ultimately determine its fouling potential. It appears that there is not a common consensus on the actual role of TEP in membrane fouling development due to the subjective definition and highly debatable detection method of TEP. It was clearly demonstrated in this review that the formation of TEP was largely related to cations in water and wastewater which indeed determined the cross-linking degree of precursor materials (e.g. polysaccharides) via intermolecular interactions, and subsequently the quantity of TEP formed. The binding between cations ions (e.g. monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations) and polysaccharide not only depends on the functional groups of polysaccharide, but also its spatial configuration. These in turn suggest that the formation, property and ultimate fouling potential of TEP would be closely related to the type and concentration of cations, while well explaining the controversial reports on TEP-associated fouling in the literature. In addition, the fouling mechanisms of TEP are also elucidated with details in this review, including (i) the formation of TEP-associated gel layer on membrane surface; (ii) carrying microorganisms to membrane surface via protobiofilm and (iii) trapping of deformable TEP in membrane pores. Consequently, it is apparent that TEP is an ignored determinant of membrane fouling, which has not yet been seriously addressed in the design and operation of membrane systems for water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Meng
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Xianghao Meng
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dawei Liang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Transparent Exopolymer Particle (TEPs) Dynamics and Contribution to Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) in Jaran Bay, Korea. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12041057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) are defined as acidic polysaccharide particles and they are influenced by various biotic and abiotic processes that play significant roles in marine biogeochemical cycles. However, little information on their monthly variation, relationship and contribution to particulate organic carbon (POC) is currently available particularly in coastal regions. In this study, the water samples were collected monthly to determine TEP concentrations and POC concentrations in a southern coastal region of Korea, Jaran Bay from April 2016 to March 2017. The TEP concentrations varied from 26.5 to 1695.4 μg Xeq L−1 (mean ± standard deviation (S.D.) = 215.9 ± 172.2 μg Xeq L−1) and POC concentrations ranged from 109.9 to 1201.9 μg L−1 (mean ± S.D. = 399.1 ± 186.5 μg L−1) during our observation period. Based on the 13C stable isotope tracer technique, monthly carbon uptake rates of phytoplankton ranged from 3.0 to 274.1 mg C m−2 h−1 (mean ± S.D. = 34.5 ± 45.2 mg C m−2 h−1). The cross-correlation analysis showed a lag-time of 2 months between chlorophyll a and TEP concentrations (r = 0.86, p < 0.01; Pearson’s correlation coefficient). In addition, we observed a 2 month lag-phased correlation between TEP concentrations and primary production (r = 0.73, p < 0.05; Pearson’s correlation coefficient). In Jaran Bay, the TEP contribution was as high as 78.0% of the POC when the TEP-C content was high and declined to 2.4% of the POC when it was low. These results showed that TEP-C could be a significant contributor to the POC pool in Jaran Bay.
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Mustaffa NIH, Ribas-Ribas M, Banko-Kubis HM, Wurl O. Global reduction of in situ CO 2 transfer velocity by natural surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20190763. [PMID: 32201480 PMCID: PMC7069489 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the effect of surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) on gas transfer velocity (k) has been recognized; however, it has not been quantified under natural conditions due to missing coherent data on in situ k of carbon dioxide (CO2) and characterization of the SML. Moreover, a sea-surface phenomenon of wave-dampening, known as slicks, has been observed frequently in the ocean and potentially reduces the transfer of climate-relevant gases between the ocean and atmosphere. Therefore, this study aims to quantify the effect of natural surfactant and slicks on the in situ k of CO2. A catamaran, Sea Surface Scanner (S3), was deployed to sample the SML and corresponding underlying water, and a drifting buoy with a floating chamber was deployed to measure the in situ k of CO2. We found a significant 23% reduction of k above surfactant concentrations of 200 µg Teq l-1, which were common in the SML except for the Western Pacific. We conclude that an error of approximately 20% in CO2 fluxes for the Western Pacific is induced by applying wind-based parametrization not developed in low surfactant regimes. Furthermore, we observed an additional 62% reduction in natural slicks, reducing global CO2 fluxes by 19% considering known frequency of slick coverage. From our observation, we identified surfactant concentrations with two different end-members which lead to an error in global CO2 flux estimation if ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Ili Hamizah Mustaffa
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl Von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Center for Marine Sensors, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Mariana Ribas-Ribas
- Center for Marine Sensors, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Hanne M. Banko-Kubis
- Center for Marine Sensors, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Oliver Wurl
- Center for Marine Sensors, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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Zamanillo M, Ortega-Retuerta E, Nunes S, Estrada M, Sala MM, Royer SJ, López-Sandoval DC, Emelianov M, Vaqué D, Marrasé C, Simó R. Distribution of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in distinct regions of the Southern Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:736-748. [PMID: 31325871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) are an abundant class of suspended organic particles, mainly formed by polysaccharides, which play important roles in biogeochemical and ecological processes in the ocean. In this study we investigated horizontal and vertical TEP distributions (within the euphotic layer, including the upper surface) and their short-term variability along with a suite of environmental and biological variables in four distinct regions of the Southern Ocean. TEP concentrations in the surface (4 m) averaged 102.3 ± 40.4 μg XG eq. L-1 and typically decreased with depth. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration was a better predictor of TEP variability across the horizontal (R2 = 0.66, p < 0.001) and vertical (R2 = 0.74, p < 0.001) scales than prokaryotic heterotrophic abundance and production. Incubation experiments further confirmed the main role of phytoplankton as TEP producers. The highest surface TEP concentrations were found north of the South Orkney Islands (144.4 ± 21.7 μg XG eq. L-1), where the phytoplankton was dominated by cryptophytes and haptophytes; however, the highest TEP:Chl a ratios were found south of these islands (153.4 ± 29.8 μg XG eq (μg Chl a)-1, compared to a mean of 79.3 ± 54.9 μg XG eq (μg Chl a)-1 in the whole cruise, in association with haptophyte dominance, proximity of sea ice and high exposure to solar radiation. TEP were generally enriched in the upper surface (10 cm) respect to 4 m, despite a lack of biomass enrichment, suggesting either upward transport by positive buoyancy or bubble scavenging, or higher production at the upper surface by light stress or aggregation. TEP concentrations did not present any significant cyclic diel pattern. Altogether, our results suggest that photobiological stress, sea ice melt and turbulence add to phytoplankton productivity in driving TEP distribution across the Antarctic Peninsula area and Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zamanillo
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva Ortega-Retuerta
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7621, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sdena Nunes
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Estrada
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Montserrat Sala
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sarah-Jeanne Royer
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daffne C López-Sandoval
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Techonolgy (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikhail Emelianov
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolors Vaqué
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cèlia Marrasé
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rafel Simó
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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11
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Rahlff J. The Virioneuston: A Review on Viral⁻Bacterial Associations at Air⁻Water Interfaces. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020191. [PMID: 30813345 PMCID: PMC6410083 DOI: 10.3390/v11020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vast biofilm-like habitats at air–water interfaces of marine and freshwater ecosystems harbor surface-dwelling microorganisms, which are commonly referred to as neuston. Viruses in the microlayer, i.e., the virioneuston, remain the most enigmatic biological entities in boundary surface layers due to their potential ecological impact on the microbial loop and major air–water exchange processes. To provide a broad picture of the viral–bacterial dynamics in surface microlayers, this review compiles insights on the challenges that viruses likely encounter at air–water interfaces. By considering viral abundance and morphology in surface microlayers, as well as dispersal and infection mechanisms as inferred from the relevant literature, this work highlights why studying the virioneuston in addition to the bacterioneuston is a worthwhile task. In this regard, major knowledge gaps and possible future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Rahlff
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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12
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Zäncker B, Cunliffe M, Engel A. Bacterial Community Composition in the Sea Surface Microlayer Off the Peruvian Coast. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2699. [PMID: 30498480 PMCID: PMC6249803 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is located at the air-sea interface, with microorganisms and organic matter in the SML influencing air-sea exchange processes. Yet understanding of the SML bacterial (bacterioneuston) community composition and assembly remains limited. Availability of organic matter, UV radiation and wind speed have previously been suggested to influence the community composition of bacterioneuston. Another mechanism potentially controlling bacterioneuston dynamics is bacterioplankton attached to gel-like particles that ascend through the water column into the SML. We analyzed the bacterial community composition, Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) abundance and nutrient concentrations in the surface waters of the Peruvian upwelling region. The bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton communities were similar, suggesting a close spatial coupling. Four Bacteroidetes families were significantly enriched in the SML, two of them, the Flavobacteriaceae and Cryomorphaceae, were found to comprise the majority of SML-enriched operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The enrichment of these families was controlled by a variety of environmental factors. The SML-enriched bacterial families were negatively correlated with water temperature and wind speed in the SML and positively correlated with nutrient concentrations, salinity and TEP in the underlying water (ULW). The correlations with nutrient concentrations and salinity suggest that the enriched bacterial families were more abundant at the upwelling stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Zäncker
- GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Cunliffe
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, United Kingdom.,Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Engel
- GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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13
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Ricardo GF, Jones RJ, Clode PL, Humanes A, Giofre N, Negri AP. Sediment characteristics influence the fertilisation success of the corals Acropora tenuis and Acropora millepora. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:941-953. [PMID: 30301119 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) often impact coral fertilisation success, but sediment composition can influence effect thresholds, which is problematic for accurately predicting risk. Here, we derived concentration-response thresholds and cause-effect pathways for SSCs comprising a range of realistic mineral and organic compositions on coral fertilisation success. Effect concentration thresholds (EC10: 10% fertilisation inhibition) varied markedly, with fertilisation highly sensitive to inshore organic-clay rich sediments and bentonite clay at <5 mg L-1. Mineral clays and organic matter within these sediments likely promoted flocculation of the coral sperm, which in turn reduced fertilisation. In contrast, sediments lacking these properties bound less sperm, leading to higher SSC thresholds for coral fertilisation (EC10 > 40 mg L-1). The effect thresholds for relevant sediment types were combined with in situ turbidity data from locations near dredging operations to assess the risks posed by dredging to coral fertilisation at these locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard F Ricardo
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, and Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Ross J Jones
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, and Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Adriana Humanes
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, and Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 4811 Townsville, Queensland, Australia; AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Natalie Giofre
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, and Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew P Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, and Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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14
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Ammonia oxidizers in the sea-surface microlayer of a coastal marine inlet. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202636. [PMID: 30125317 PMCID: PMC6101417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Planktonic archaea are thought to play an important role in ammonia oxidation in marine environments. Data on the distribution, abundance, and diversity of ammonia oxidizers in the coastal sea-surface microlayer (SML) are lacking, despite previous reports of high abundance of Thaumarchaeota in the SML of estuaries and freshwater lakes. Here, we failed to detect the presence of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in any of our samples taken from a semi-enclosed marine inlet in Japan. Therefore, we shifted our focus to examine the archaeal community composition as well as the Thaumarchaeota marine group I (MG-I) and ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) gene copy numbers and composition in the SML and corresponding underlying water (UW, 20 cm). amoA gene copy numbers obtained by quantitative PCR were consistent with the typical values observed in the surface waters of oceanic and coastal environments where nitrification activity has been detected, but the copy numbers were two- to three-fold less than those reported from the surface layers and UW of high mountain lakes. Both amoA and MG-I 16S rRNA gene copy numbers were significantly negatively correlated with chlorophyll-a and transparent exopolymer particle concentrations in the SML. Communities of archaea and ammonia-oxidizing archaea in SML samples collected during low wind conditions (≤5 m s–1) differed the most from those in UW samples, whereas the communities in SML samples collected during high wind conditions were similar to the UW communities. In the SML, low ratios of amoA to MG-I 16S rRNA genes were observed, implying that most of the SML Thaumarchaeota lacked amoA. To our knowledge, our results provide the first comparison of ammonia-oxidizing communities in the coastal SML with those in the UW.
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15
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Yue WZ, Sun CC, Shi P, Engel A, Wang YS, He WH. Effect of temperature on the accumulation of marine biogenic gels in the surface microlayer near the outlet of nuclear power plants and adjacent areas in the Daya Bay, China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198735. [PMID: 29889860 PMCID: PMC5995428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface microlayer (SML) in marine systems is often characterized by an enrichment of biogenic, gel-like particles, such as the polysaccharide-containing transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and the protein-containing Coomassie stainable particles (CSP). This study investigated the distribution of TEP and CSP, in the SML and underlying water, as well as their bio-physical controlling factors in Daya Bay, an area impacted by warm discharge from two Nuclear power plants (Npp’s) and aquaculture during a research cruise in July 2014. The SML had higher proportions of cyanobacteria and of pico-size Chl a contrast to the underlayer water, particularly at the nearest outlet station characterized by higher temperature. Diatoms, dinoflagellates and chlorophyll a were depleted in the SML. Both CSP and TEP abundance and total area were enriched in the SML relative to the underlying water, with enrichment factors (EFs) of 1.5–3.4 for CSP numbers and 1.32–3.2 for TEP numbers. Although TEP and CSP showed highest concentration in the region where high productivity and high nutrient concertation were observed, EFs of gels and of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved acidic polysaccharide (> 1 kDa), exhibited higher values near the outlet of the Npp’s than in the adjacent waters. The positive relation between EF’s of gels and temperature and the enrichment of cyanobacteria in the SML may be indicative of future conditions in a warmer ocean, suggesting potential effects on adjusting phytoplankton community, biogenic element cycling and air-sea exchange processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-zhong Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui-ci Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anja Engel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - You-shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Hong He
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Does Marine Surface Tension Have Global Biogeography? Addition for the OCEANFILMS Package. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9060216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Wurl O, Bird K, Cunliffe M, Landing WM, Miller U, Mustaffa NIH, Ribas‐Ribas M, Witte C, Zappa CJ. Warming and Inhibition of Salinization at the Ocean's Surface by Cyanobacteria. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 45:4230-4237. [PMID: 29937608 PMCID: PMC6001423 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl077946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes high-resolution in situ observations of temperature and, for the first time, of salinity in the uppermost skin layer of the ocean, including the influence of large surface blooms of cyanobacteria on those skin properties. In the presence of the blooms, large anomalies of skin temperature and salinity of 0.95°C and -0.49 practical salinity unit were found, but a substantially cooler (-0.22°C) and saltier skin layer (0.19 practical salinity unit) was found in the absence of surface blooms. The results suggest that biologically controlled warming and inhibition of salinization of the ocean's surface occur. Less saline skin layers form during precipitation, but our observations also show that surface blooms of Trichodesmium sp. inhibit evaporation decreasing the salinity at the ocean's surface. This study has important implications in the assessment of precipitation over the ocean using remotely sensed salinity, but also for a better understanding of heat exchange and the hydrologic cycle on a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Wurl
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine EnvironmentCarl von Ossietzky University OldenburgWilhelmshavenGermany
| | - K. Bird
- Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomPlymouthUK
| | - M. Cunliffe
- Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomPlymouthUK
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine SciencesPlymouth University, Drake CircusPlymouthUK
| | - W. M. Landing
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFLUSA
| | - U. Miller
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | - N. I. H. Mustaffa
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine EnvironmentCarl von Ossietzky University OldenburgWilhelmshavenGermany
| | - M. Ribas‐Ribas
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine EnvironmentCarl von Ossietzky University OldenburgWilhelmshavenGermany
| | - C. Witte
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | - C. J. Zappa
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
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18
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Evaluating Uncertainties in Marine Biogeochemical Models: Benchmarking Aerosol Precursors. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9050184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Zäncker B, Bracher A, Röttgers R, Engel A. Variations of the Organic Matter Composition in the Sea Surface Microlayer: A Comparison between Open Ocean, Coastal, and Upwelling Sites Off the Peruvian Coast. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2369. [PMID: 29375483 PMCID: PMC5770621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the thin boundary layer between the ocean and the atmosphere, making it important for air-sea exchange processes. However, little is known about what controls organic matter composition in the SML. In particular, there are only few studies available on the differences of the SML of various oceanic systems. Here, we compared the organic matter and neuston species composition in the SML and the underlying water (ULW) at 11 stations with varying distance from the coast in the Peruvian upwelling regime, a system with high emissions of climate relevant trace gases, such as N2O and CO2. In the open ocean, organic carbon, and amino acids were highly enriched in the SML compared to the ULW. The enrichment decreased at the coastal stations and vanished in the upwelling regime. At the same time, the degradation of organic matter increased from the open ocean to the upwelling stations. This suggests that in the open ocean, upward transport processes or new production of organic matter within the SML are faster than degradation processes. Phytoplankton was generally not enriched in the SML, one group though, the Trichodesmium-like TrL (possibly containing Trichodesmium), were enriched in the open ocean but not in the upwelling region indicating that they find a favorable habitat in the open ocean SML. Our data show that the SML is a distinct habitat; its composition is more similar among different systems than between SML and ULW of a single station. Generally the enrichment of organic matter is assumed to be reduced when encountering low primary production and high wind speeds. However, our study shows the highest enrichments of organic matter in the open ocean which had the lowest primary production and the highest wind speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Zäncker
- RD Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR-Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Astrid Bracher
- Phytooptics Group, Climate Sciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.,Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Environmental Physics, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Röttgers
- Remote Sensing, Institute for Coastal Research-Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Center for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Anja Engel
- RD Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR-Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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20
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Dreshchinskii A, Engel A. Seasonal variations of the sea surface microlayer at the Boknis Eck Times Series Station (Baltic Sea). JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2017; 39:943-961. [PMID: 29731528 PMCID: PMC5914383 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the uppermost layer of the water column that links the ocean and atmosphere. It accumulates a variety of biogenic surface-active and buoyant substances, including gelatinous material, such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP), potentially affecting air-sea exchange processes. Here, we studied the influence of the annual cycle of phytoplankton production on organic matter (OM) accumulation in the SML relative to the subsurface water (SSW). Sampling was performed monthly from April 2012 to November 2013 at the Boknis Eck Time Series Station (Baltic Sea). For SML sampling, we used the Garrett screen, while SSW samples were collected by Niskin bottles at 1 m depth. Samples were analyzed for carbohydrates, amino acids, TEP, CSP, chlorophyll a (SSW only) and bacterial abundance. Our data showed that the SML reflected the SSW during most parts of the year, with changes mainly responding to bloom formation and decay. OM composition during phytoplankton blooms clearly differed from periods of higher bacterial abundance. Of all components investigated, only the enrichment of total carbohydrates in the SML was inversely related to the wind speed indicating that wind-driven mixing also affected the accumulation of OM in the SML during our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dreshchinskii
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Engel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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21
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Rahlff J, Stolle C, Giebel HA, Brinkhoff T, Ribas-Ribas M, Hodapp D, Wurl O. High wind speeds prevent formation of a distinct bacterioneuston community in the sea-surface microlayer. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3078549. [PMID: 28369320 PMCID: PMC5812515 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea-surface microlayer (SML) at the boundary between atmosphere and hydrosphere represents a demanding habitat for bacteria. Wind speed is a crucial but poorly studied factor for its physical integrity. Increasing atmospheric burden of CO2, as suggested for future climate scenarios, may particularly act on this habitat at the air-sea interface. We investigated the effect of increasing wind speeds and different pCO2 levels on SML microbial communities in a wind-wave tunnel, which offered the advantage of low spatial and temporal variability. We found that enrichment of bacteria in the SML occurred solely at a U10 wind speed of ≤5.6 m s-1 in the tunnel and ≤4.1 m s-1 in the Baltic Sea. High pCO2 levels further intensified the bacterial enrichment in the SML during low wind speed. In addition, low wind speed and pCO2 induced the formation of a distinctive bacterial community as revealed by 16S rRNA gene fingerprints and influenced the presence or absence of individual taxonomic units within the SML. We conclude that physical stability of the SML below a system-specific wind speed threshold induces specific bacterial communities in the SML entailing strong implications for ecosystem functioning by wind-driven impacts on habitat properties, gas exchange and matter cycling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Rahlff
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky-University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Christian Stolle
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky-University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Helge-Ansgar Giebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky-University Oldenburg, PO Box 2503, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brinkhoff
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky-University Oldenburg, PO Box 2503, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mariana Ribas-Ribas
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky-University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Dorothee Hodapp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky-University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Oliver Wurl
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky-University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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22
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Iuculano F, Mazuecos IP, Reche I, Agustí S. Prochlorococcus as a Possible Source for Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP). Front Microbiol 2017; 8:709. [PMID: 28491056 PMCID: PMC5405065 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), usually associated with phytoplankton blooms, promote the formation of marine aggregates. Their exportation to deep waters is considered a key component of the biological carbon pump. Here, we explored the role of solar radiation and picocyanobacteria in the formation of TEP in oligotrophic surface waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in ten on-deck incubation experiments during the Malaspina 2010 Expedition. TEP concentrations were low on the ocean’s surface although these concentrations were significantly higher on the surface of the Pacific (24.45 ± 2.3 μg XG Eq. L-1) than on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean (8.18 ± 4.56 μg XG Eq. L-1). Solar radiation induced a significant production of TEP in the on-deck experiments from the surface water of the Pacific Ocean, reaching values up to 187.3 μg XG Eq. L-1 compared with the low production observed in the dark controls. By contrast, TEP production in the Atlantic Ocean experiments was lower, and its formation was not related to the light treatments. Prochlorococcus sp. from the surface ocean was very sensitive to solar radiation and experienced a high cell decay in the Pacific Ocean experiments. TEP production in the on-deck incubation experiments was closely related to the observed cell decay rates of Prochlorococcus sp., suggesting that this picocyanobacteria genus is a potential source of TEP. The evidence to propose such potential role was derived experimentally, using natural communities including the presence of several species and a variety of processes. Laboratory experiments with cultures of a non-axenic strain of Prochlorococcus marinus were then used to test TEP production by this genus. TEP concentrations in the culture increased with increasing cell abundance during the exponential phase, reaching the highest TEP concentration at the beginning of the stationary phase. The average TEP concentration of 1474 ± 226 μg XG Eq. L-1 (mean ± SE) observed at the stationary phase of P. marinus cultures is comparable with the values reported in the literature for diatom cultures, also growing in non-axenic as well as axenic cultures. Our results identify Prochlorococcus sp. as a possible relevant source of TEP in the oligotrophic ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Iuculano
- Department of Global Change, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Universitat de les Illes BalearsEsporles, Spain
| | - Ignacio P Mazuecos
- Departamento de Ecología, Instituto del Agua, Universidad de GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Isabel Reche
- Departamento de Ecología, Instituto del Agua, Universidad de GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Susana Agustí
- Department of Global Change, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Universitat de les Illes BalearsEsporles, Spain.,Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Ortega-Retuerta E, Sala MM, Borrull E, Mestre M, Aparicio FL, Gallisai R, Antequera C, Marrasé C, Peters F, Simó R, Gasol JM. Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) in the NW Mediterranean Sea Are Linked to Chlorophyll a and O 2 Variability. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2159. [PMID: 28197126 PMCID: PMC5281620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) are relevant in particle and carbon fluxes in the ocean, and have economic impact in the desalination industry affecting reverse osmosis membrane fouling. However, general models of their occurrence and dynamics are not yet possible because of the poorly known co-variations with other physical and biological variables. Here, we describe TEP distributions in the NW Mediterranean Sea during late spring 2012, along perpendicular and parallel transects to the Catalan coast. The stations in the parallel transect were sampled at the surface, while the stations in the perpendicular transect were sampled from the surface to the bathypelagic, including the bottom nepheloid layers. We also followed the short-term TEP dynamics along a 2-day cycle in offshore waters. TEP concentrations in the area ranged from 4.9 to 122.8 and averaged 31.4 ± 12.0 μg XG eq L−1. The distribution of TEP measured in transects parallel to the Catalan Coast correlated those of chlorophyll a (Chla) in May but not in June, when higher TEP-values with respect to Chla were observed. TEP horizontal variability in epipelagic waters from the coast to the open sea also correlated to that of Chla, O2 (that we interpret as a proxy of primary production) and bacterial production (BP). In contrast, the TEP vertical distributions in epipelagic waters were uncoupled from those of Chla, as TEP maxima were located above the deep chlorophyll maxima. The vertical distribution of TEP in the epipelagic zone was correlated with O2 and BP, suggesting combined phytoplankton (through primary production) and bacterial (through carbon reprocessing) TEP sources. However, no clear temporal patterns arose during the 2-day cycle. In meso- and bathypelagic waters, where phytoplanktonic sources are minor, TEP concentrations (10.1 ± 4.3 μg XG eq l−1) were half those in the epipelagic, but we observed relative TEP increments coinciding with the presence of nepheloid layers. These TEP increases were not paralleled by increases in particulate organic carbon, indicating that TEP are likely to act as aggregating agents of the mostly inorganic particles present in these bottom nepheloid layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ortega-Retuerta
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut de Ciències del Mar Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria M Sala
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut de Ciències del Mar Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarna Borrull
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut de Ciències del Mar Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Mestre
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut de Ciències del Mar Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fran L Aparicio
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut de Ciències del Mar Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachele Gallisai
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut de Ciències del Mar Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Antequera
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut de Ciències del Mar Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cèlia Marrasé
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut de Ciències del Mar Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Peters
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut de Ciències del Mar Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafel Simó
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut de Ciències del Mar Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut de Ciències del Mar Barcelona, Spain
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Biopolymers form a gelatinous microlayer at the air-sea interface when Arctic sea ice melts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29465. [PMID: 27435531 PMCID: PMC4951643 DOI: 10.1038/srep29465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The interface layer between ocean and atmosphere is only a couple of micrometers thick but plays a critical role in climate relevant processes, including the air-sea exchange of gas and heat and the emission of primary organic aerosols (POA). Recent findings suggest that low-level cloud formation above the Arctic Ocean may be linked to organic polymers produced by marine microorganisms. Sea ice harbors high amounts of polymeric substances that are produced by cells growing within the sea-ice brine. Here, we report from a research cruise to the central Arctic Ocean in 2012. Our study shows that microbial polymers accumulate at the air-sea interface when the sea ice melts. Proteinaceous compounds represented the major fraction of polymers supporting the formation of a gelatinous interface microlayer and providing a hitherto unrecognized potential source of marine POA. Our study indicates a novel link between sea ice-ocean and atmosphere that may be sensitive to climate change.
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Thuy NT, Lin JCT, Juang Y, Huang C. Temporal variation and interaction of full size spectrum Alcian blue stainable materials and water quality parameters in a reservoir. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 131:139-148. [PMID: 25835149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the fate of different fractions of Alcian blue (AB) stainable material in Pao-Shan reservoir, Taiwan, in a one-year study (2013-2014) and an intensive study during phytoplankton bloom (2014). The interactions between the fractions, including AB stained particles, particle and colloidal transparent exopolymer particles (pTEP and cTEP), dissolved acid polysaccharide (dAPS), and their relationship to other water quality parameters were analyzed. The Flow Cytometer and Microscope (FlowCAM) was for first time used to characterize AB stained particles. The results of the one-year study likely showed relationships of pTEP concentration to phytoplankton count and chlorophyll a, while in the intensive study, AB stained particles abundance and pTEP concentration were correlated neither phytoplankton count nor chlorophyll a, but strongly positively correlated with some phytoplankton species' abundance. The difference indicates that sampling frequency and phytoplankton composition should be addressed for studying the links between AB stained fractions and phytoplankton. The interaction between different AB stained fractions further suggests that the majority of AB stained particles and pTEP would be directly generated by some phytoplankton species, whereas their abiotic generation by cTEP or dAPS may only have contributed partly to their formation. This differs from previous studies which generally posited that pTEP are mainly formed abiotically from dissolved precursors. Successful application of FlowCAM for visualization of AB stained particles recommends this technique by which particle morphologies can be conserved and morphological features of particle can be simultaneously elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thuy
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Justin Chun-Te Lin
- Disaster Prevention and Water Environmental Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yaju Juang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chihpin Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Taylor JD, Cottingham SD, Billinge J, Cunliffe M. Seasonal microbial community dynamics correlate with phytoplankton-derived polysaccharides in surface coastal waters. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 8:245-8. [PMID: 24132076 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplankton produce large amounts of polysaccharide gel material known as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP). We investigated the potential links between phytoplankton-derived TEP and microbial community structure in the sea surface microlayer and underlying water at the English Channel time-series station L4 during a spring diatom bloom, and in two adjacent estuaries. Major changes in bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton community structure occurred after the peak of the spring bloom at L4, and coincided with the significant decline of microlayer and water column TEP. Increased abundance of Flavobacteriales and Rhodobacterales in bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton communities at L4 was significantly related to the TEP decline, indicating that both taxa could be responsible. The results suggest that TEP is an important factor in determining microbial diversity in coastal waters, and that TEP utilisation could be a niche occupied by Flavobacteriales and Rhodobacterales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe D Taylor
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
| | - Samuel D Cottingham
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jack Billinge
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
| | - Michael Cunliffe
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
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Galgani L, Engel A. Accumulation of Gel Particles in the Sea-Surface Microlayer during an Experimental Study with the Diatom <i>Thalassiosira</i> <i>weissflogii</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2013.41013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vagle S, Gemmrich J, Czerski H. Reduced upper ocean turbulence and changes to bubble size distributions during large downward heat flux events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jc007308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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