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Wallis BD, Gunter PA, Horn GW, Reuter R, Arnall B, Warren J, Lancaster SR, Lancaster PA. Replacing Fertilizer with Dried Distillers' Grains in Stocker Cattle Systems on Southern Great Plains Old World Bluestem, USA. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2904. [PMID: 37760304 PMCID: PMC10525274 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to examine the effects of dried distillers' grains supplementation and fertilization strategies on the cattle performance and resource use efficiency of stocker cattle grazing on Plains Old World bluestem. Over 4 consecutive years, heifers and steers (average n = 239) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) low input, low stocking density, and no fertilizer or distillers grains supplementation (LOW); (2) high stocking density and no fertilizer with distillers grains supplementation (DDGS); (3) high stocking density and 90 kg of nitrogen/ha with no distillers grains supplementation (NFERT); (4) high stocking density, 90 kg of nitrogen/ha, and 39 kg of phosphorus/ha with no distillers grains supplementation (NPFERT). Cattle grazed in the pastures from mid-May to mid-September each year, except for 2011, when the experiment ended in July due to lack of forage. Data were analyzed using a linear model with fixed effects of treatment, year, and treatment × year (R software). Nitrogen use efficiency (retained/inputs) was affected by a treatment × year interaction, where LOW had the greatest efficiency in all years and DDGS was greater than NFERT and NPFERT in all years except 2012, with NFERT and NPFERT being not different in all years. The estimated total carbon equivalent emissions were greater for DDGS, NFERT, and NPFERT than LOW, but the carbon footprint (kg CO2eq/kg weight gain) was lesser for LOW and DDGS, which were not different, than NFERT and NPFERT, which were also not different. Replacing nitrogen fertilizer with dried distiller's grains improved the cattle performance and the efficiency of resource use, and could be a viable economic alternative to traditional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brody D. Wallis
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Phillip A. Gunter
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Gerald W. Horn
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Ryan Reuter
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Brian Arnall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Jason Warren
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Sarah R. Lancaster
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Phillip A. Lancaster
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
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Ikezawa H, Nagumo Y, Hattori M, Nonaka M, Ohyama T, Harada N. Suppressive effect of the deep placement of lime nitrogen on N 2O emissions in a soybean field. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150246. [PMID: 34798753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Deep placement of slow-release nitrogen (N) fertilizers improves the growth and yield of soybean with a high N use efficiency. This study examined the effectiveness of deep placement of lime nitrogen (LN) in reducing N2O emissions in a soybean field and compared it with conventional fertilization. Before sowing soybeans, the starter N fertilizer (16 kg-N ha-1 ammonium sulfate) was mixed in the surface soil and the following four treatments were installed: the control with only the starter N (CT), conventional top-dressing of 60 kg-N ha-1 coated urea (CV), deep placement (20 cm depth) of 100 kg-N ha-1 urea (DU), and deep placement (20 cm depth) of 100 kg-N ha-1 LN (DL). The seasonal patterns of N2O emission rates measured using the closed chamber method differed among the treatments: in CT, N2O emissions were relatively low; in CV, N2O emissions derived from the top-dressed coated urea were observed from 91 days after sowing; in DU and DL, deeply-placed N was converted to N2O in the early growth stages. The cumulative N2O emissions in DL (1.8 kg-N ha-1) during the soybean cultivation period were significantly lower than those in DU (3.1 kg-N ha-1) and CV (2.8 kg-N ha-1), and slightly higher than CT (1.2 kg-N ha-1). The magnitude of N2O emissions was significantly lower in DL than DU, indicating that the choice of N fertilizer is important to reduce N2O emissions. Focusing on N2O emissions per unit coarse grain yield of soybeans, the value in DL was 0.45 g-N kg-1, which was significantly lower than 0.74 g-N kg-1 in CV. In conclusion, the deep placement of LN has the potential to be a sustainable farming method that can promote yields and reduce N2O emissions in soybean cultivation for high yield with N fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Ikezawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nagumo
- Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, 857 Nagakura-cho, Nagaoka 940-0826, Japan
| | - Makoto Hattori
- Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, 857 Nagakura-cho, Nagaoka 940-0826, Japan
| | - Masanori Nonaka
- Institute of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takuji Ohyama
- Institute of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Naoki Harada
- Institute of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
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Ashiq W, Ghimire U, Vasava H, Dunfield K, Wagner-Riddle C, Daggupati P, Biswas A. Identifying hotspots and representative monitoring locations of field scale N 2O emissions from agricultural soils: A time stability analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147955. [PMID: 34134361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas sampling from agricultural fields is laborious and time-consuming. Soil and topographical heterogeneity cause spatiotemporal variations, making nitrous oxide (N2O) estimation and management a challenge. Identification of representative monitoring locations, hotspots, and coldspots could facilitate the mitigation of agricultural N2O emissions. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize representative monitoring locations, hotspots, and coldspots of N2O emissions in agricultural fields (Baggs farm; BF and Research North farm; RN) in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada, under humid continental climate. Soil in both fields was classified as Orthic Melanic Brunisol, with some areas categorized as Gleyed Brunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol and Orthic Humic Gleysol. In total, 28 sampling points were selected following conditional Latin hypercube design using topographical parameters (digital elevation, slope, topographical wetness index, and Pennock landform classification). Gas samples were collected over a two-year crop rotation with corn (2019) and soybean (2020). Additional sampling was conducted at BF at spring thaw (2020). Time stability analysis using mean relative difference (MRD) and standard deviation of mean relative difference (SDRD) was performed to test the hypothesis that "simultaneous analysis of spatiotemporal variations in N2O emissions could help to identify and characterize representative monitoring locations, hotspots, coldspots and areas with few hot and cold moments. Most of the hotspots were located at shoulder positions, coldspots, and cold moments at backslope, and representative monitoring points were located at leveled positions or localized depressions. Time stability analysis coupled with multivariate groping analysis supported our hypothesis and helped successfully identify hotspots, coldspots, and representative locations based on landform classification with few exceptions. However, inclusion of additional topographical (curvature, contributing area, aspect) and morphological parameters (texture, thickness of soil horizon, depth to bedrock, and water table) are suggested for consideration in future research to manage variable-rate fertilizer application and mitigate N2O hotspots at landscape level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ashiq
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Uttam Ghimire
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Hiteshkumar Vasava
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Kari Dunfield
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
| | | | - Prasad Daggupati
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Asim Biswas
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
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Atakora WK, Kwakye PK, Weymann D, Brüggemann N. Stimulus of nitrogen fertilizers and soil characteristics on maize yield and nitrous oxide emission from Ferric Luvisol in the Guinea Savanna agro-ecological zone of Ghana. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Langeroodi ARS, Adewale Osipitan O, Radicetti E. Benefits of sustainable management practices on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in soybean crop (Glycine max). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:1593-1601. [PMID: 30743950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soybean in Iran is managed intensively and represents an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG). Developing an agronomic management that reduces GHG emissions while still ensuring optimum soybean yields is strongly required. Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 growing seasons in the Golestan province (North of Iran) to evaluate different combinations of GHG mitigation strategies for soybean cultivation. Treatments included: two tillage methods [conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (ZT)], two residue management [wheat residue removed (R-) and wheat residue left on the system (R+)] and four levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization [0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1 (N1, N2, N3 and N4, respectively)]. Soil moisture and temperature, GHG fluxes, yield and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (AEN) were measured. The CT and R+ generally caused greater CO2 fluxes than the ZT and R-, respectively. The maximum CO2 flux occurred in August and this was about 362.6 and 284 mg m-2 h-1 under CT-R + -N4 and ZT-R + -N4. Soil CO2 emissions were higher in fertilized than non-fertilized treatments. Wheat residue left on the system under ZT reduced N2O emissions than CT, especially in N1. The cumulative N2O emissions were maximum under CT-R + -N4 and minimum under ZTR + -N1 (2.28 and 0.70 kg N2O-N ha-1, respectively). In this study, there was no significant effect on CH4 emissions. Soybean yield was similar among tillage systems and residue management, while N3 in combination with wheat residue showed the highest response of seed yield. CO2 emissions per unit of grain yield were the lowest under no-tillage associated with wheat residue mulch and nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that GHG emissions could be mitigated in soybean crop in Iran. In particular, wheat residues left on the soil surface under no-tillage with 80 kg N ha-1 showed a reduction of GHG emissions, maintain crop yield providing environmentally-friendly option.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O Adewale Osipitan
- Northeast Research and Extension Center, Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Concord, NE 68728, United States of America
| | - Emanuele Radicetti
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc., Viterbo, Italy.
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Garnier J, Le Noë J, Marescaux A, Sanz-Cobena A, Lassaletta L, Silvestre M, Thieu V, Billen G. Long-term changes in greenhouse gas emissions from French agriculture and livestock (1852-2014): From traditional agriculture to conventional intensive systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:1486-1501. [PMID: 30743941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
France was a traditionally agricultural country until the first half of the 20th century. Today, it is the first European cereal producer, with cereal crops accounting for 40% of the agricultural surface area used, and is also a major country for livestock breeding with 25% of the European cattle livestock. This major socioecological transition, with rapid intensification and specialisation in an open global market, has been accompanied by deep environmental changes. To explore the changes in agricultural GHG emissions over the long term (1852-2014), we analysed the emission factors of N2O from field experiments covering major land uses, in a gradient of fertilisation and within a range of temperature and rainfall, and used CH4 emission coefficients for livestock categories, in terms of enteric and manure management, considering the historical changes in animal excretion rates. We also estimated indirect CO2 emissions, rarely accounted for in agricultural emissions, using coefficients found in the literature for the dominant energy consumption items (fertiliser production, field work and machinery, and feed import). From GHG emissions of ~30,000 ktons CO2 Eq yr-1 in 1852, reaching 54,000 ktons CO2 Eq yr-1 in 1955, emissions more than doubled during the 'Glorious thirties' (1950-1980), and peaked around 120,000 ktons CO2 Eq yr-1 in the early 2000s. For the 2010-2014 period, French agriculture GHG emissions stabilised at ~114,000 ktons CO2 Eq yr-1, distributed into 49% methane (CH4), 22% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 29% nitrous oxide (N2O). A regional approach through 33 regions in France shows a diversity of agriculture reflecting the hydro-ecoregion distribution and the agricultural specialisation of local areas. Exploring contrasting scenarios at the 2040 horizon suggests that only deep changes in the structure of the agro-food system would double the reduction of GHG emissions by the agricultural sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josette Garnier
- SU CNRS EPHE UMR 7619 Metis, BP 123, Tour 56-55, Etage 4, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Julia Le Noë
- SU CNRS EPHE UMR 7619 Metis, BP 123, Tour 56-55, Etage 4, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Marescaux
- SU CNRS EPHE UMR 7619 Metis, BP 123, Tour 56-55, Etage 4, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alberto Sanz-Cobena
- CEIGRAM-Agricultural Production, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Lassaletta
- CEIGRAM-Agricultural Production, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marie Silvestre
- SU CNRS FR3020 FIRE, BP 123, Tour 56-55, Etage 4, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Thieu
- SU CNRS EPHE UMR 7619 Metis, BP 123, Tour 56-55, Etage 4, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Billen
- SU CNRS EPHE UMR 7619 Metis, BP 123, Tour 56-55, Etage 4, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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McCalmont JP, Rowe R, Elias D, Whitaker J, McNamara NP, Donnison IS. Soil nitrous oxide flux following land-use reversion from Miscanthus and SRC willow to perennial ryegrass. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY. BIOENERGY 2018; 10:914-929. [PMID: 31007723 PMCID: PMC6472655 DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Decarbonization of the world's energy supply is essential to meet the targets of the 2016 Paris climate change agreement. One promising opportunity is the utilization of second generation, low input bioenergy crops such as Miscanthus and Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) willow. Research has previously been carried out on the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of growing these feedstocks and land-use changes involved in converting conventional cropland to their production; however, there is almost no body of work understanding the costs associated with their end of life transitions back to conventional crops. It is likely that it is during crop interventions and land-use transitions that significant GHG fluxes might occur. Therefore, in this study, we investigated soil GHG fluxes over 82 weeks during transition from Miscanthus and SRC willow into perennial ryegrass in west Wales, UK. This study captured soil GHG fluxes at a weekly time step, alongside monthly changes in soil nitrogen and labile carbon and reports the results of regression modelling of suspected drivers. Methane fluxes were typically trivial; however, nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were notably affected, reverted plots produced significantly more N2O than retained controls and Miscanthus produced significantly higher fluxes overall than willow plots. N2O costs of reversion appeared to be contained within the first year of reversion when the Miscanthus plots produced an average pregrass flux of 0.13 mg N2O m-2 hr-1 while for willow, this was 0.03 mg N2O m-2 hr-1. Total N2O emission from reversion increased the carbon cost over the lifetime of the Miscanthus from 6.50 to 9.91 Mg CO2 eq. ha-1 while for the willow, this increase was from 9.61 to 10.42 Mg CO2 eq. ha-1. Despite these significant increases, the carbon cost of energy contained in these perennial crops remained far lower than the equivalent carbon cost of energy in coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon P. McCalmont
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)Aberystwyth University GogerddanAberystwythWales, UK
| | - Rebecca Rowe
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyLancaster Environment CentreLancasterUK
| | - Dafydd Elias
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyLancaster Environment CentreLancasterUK
| | - Jeanette Whitaker
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyLancaster Environment CentreLancasterUK
| | - Niall P. McNamara
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyLancaster Environment CentreLancasterUK
| | - Iain S. Donnison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)Aberystwyth University GogerddanAberystwythWales, UK
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Nicholson F, Bhogal A, Cardenas L, Chadwick D, Misselbrook T, Rollett A, Taylor M, Thorman R, Williams J. Nitrogen losses to the environment following food-based digestate and compost applications to agricultural land. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:504-516. [PMID: 28578866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic digestion of food waste for energy recovery produces a nutrient-rich digestate which is a valuable source of crop available nitrogen (N). As with any 'new' material being recycled to agricultural land it is important to develop best management practices that maximise crop available N supply, whilst minimising emissions to the environment. In this study, ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions to air and nitrate (NO3-) leaching losses to water following digestate, compost and livestock manure applications to agricultural land were measured at 3 sites in England and Wales. Ammonia emissions were greater from applications of food-based digestate (c.40% of total N applied) than from livestock slurry (c.30% of total N applied) due to its higher ammonium-N content (mean 5.6 kg/t compared with 1-2 kg/t for slurry) and elevated pH (mean 8.3 compared with 7.7 for slurry). Whilst bandspreading was effective at reducing NH3 emissions from slurry compared with surface broadcasting it was not found to be an effective mitigation option for food-based digestate in this study. The majority of the NH3 losses occurred within 6 h of spreading highlighting the importance of rapid soil incorporation as a method for reducing NH3 emissions. Nitrous oxide losses from food-based digestates were low, with emission factors all less than the IPCC default value of 1% (mean 0.45 ± 0.15%). Overwinter NO3- leaching losses from food-based digestate were similar to those from pig slurry, but much greater than from pig farmyard manure or compost. Both gaseous N losses and NO3- leaching from green and green/food composts were low, indicating that, in these terms, compost can be considered as an 'environmentally benign' material. These findings have been used in the development of best practice guidelines which provide a framework for the responsible use of digestates and composts in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Nicholson
- ADAS Gleadthorpe, Meden Vale, Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, NG20 9PF, UK.
| | - Anne Bhogal
- ADAS Gleadthorpe, Meden Vale, Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, NG20 9PF, UK
| | | | - Dave Chadwick
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG, UK
| | | | - Alison Rollett
- ADAS Gleadthorpe, Meden Vale, Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, NG20 9PF, UK
| | - Matt Taylor
- Aqua Enviro, 8 Appleton Court, Calder Park, Wakefield, WF2 7AR, UK
| | - Rachel Thorman
- ADAS Boxworth, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridge, CB23 4NN, UK
| | - John Williams
- ADAS Boxworth, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridge, CB23 4NN, UK
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Ball BC, Griffiths BS, Topp CF, Wheatley R, Walker RL, Rees RM, Watson CA, Gordon H, Hallett PD, McKenzie BM, Nevison IM. Seasonal nitrous oxide emissions from field soils under reduced tillage, compost application or organic farming. AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 189:171-180. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Sanz-Cobena A, García-Marco S, Quemada M, Gabriel JL, Almendros P, Vallejo A. Do cover crops enhance N₂O, CO₂ or CH₄ emissions from soil in Mediterranean arable systems? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:164-174. [PMID: 23906854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of planting three cover crops (CCs) (barley, Hordeum vulgare L.; vetch, Vicia villosa L.; rape, Brassica napus L.) on the direct emission of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ in the intercrop period and the impact of incorporating these CCs on the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) from the forthcoming irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) crop. Vetch and barley were the CCs with the highest N₂O and CO₂ losses (75 and 47% increase compared with the control, respectively) in the fallow period. In all cases, fluxes of N₂O were increased through N fertilization and the incorporation of barley and rape residues (40 and 17% increase, respectively). The combination of a high C:N ratio with the addition of an external source of mineral N increased the fluxes of N₂O compared with -Ba and -Rp. The direct emissions of N₂O were lower than expected for a fertilized crop (0.10% emission factor, EF) compared with other studies and the IPCC EF. These results are believed to be associated with a decreased NO₃(-) pool due to highly denitrifying conditions and increased drainage. The fluxes of CO₂ were in the range of other fertilized crops (i.e., 1118.71-1736.52 kg CO₂-Cha(-1)). The incorporation of CC residues enhanced soil respiration in the range of 21-28% for barley and rape although no significant differences between treatments were detected. Negative CH₄ fluxes were measured and displayed an overall sink effect for all incorporated CC (mean values of -0.12 and -0.10 kg CH₄-Cha(-1) for plots with and without incorporated CCs, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sanz-Cobena
- Technical University of Madrid, School of Agriculture, Avd. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Tian S, Ning T, Zhao H, Wang B, Li N, Han H, Li Z, Chi S. Response of CH4 and N2O emissions and wheat yields to tillage method changes in the North China plain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51206. [PMID: 23236456 PMCID: PMC3516551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify soil methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions when converting from minimum and no-tillage systems to subsoiling (tilled soil to a depth of 40 cm to 45 cm) in the North China Plain. The relationships between CH4 and N2O flux and soil temperature, moisture, NH4+-N, organic carbon (SOC) and pH were investigated over 18 months using a split-plot design. The soil absorption of CH4 appeared to increase after conversion from no-tillage (NT) to subsoiling (NTS), from harrow tillage (HT) to subsoiling (HTS) and from rotary tillage (RT) to subsoiling (RTS). N2O emissions also increased after conversion. Furthermore, after conversion to subsoiling, the combined global warming potential (GWP) of CH4 and N2O increased by approximately 0.05 kg CO2 ha−1 for HTS, 0.02 kg CO2 ha−1 for RTS and 0.23 kg CO2 ha−1 for NTS. Soil temperature, moisture, SOC, NH4+-N and pH also changed after conversion to subsoiling. These changes were correlated with CH4 uptake and N2O emissions. However, there was no significant correlation between N2O emissions and soil temperature in this study. The grain yields of wheat improved after conversion to subsoiling. Under HTS, RTS and NTS, the average grain yield was elevated by approximately 42.5%, 27.8% and 60.3% respectively. Our findings indicate that RTS and HTS would be ideal rotation tillage systems to balance GWP decreases and grain yield improvements in the North China Plain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenzhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong PR, China
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Li Y, Barton L, Chen D. Simulating response of N2O emissions to fertiliser N application and climatic variability from a rain-fed and wheat-cropped soil in Western Australia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:1130-1143. [PMID: 21953483 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides land management and soil properties, nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emissions from the soil may be responsive to climatic variation. In this study the Water and Nitrogen Management Model (WNMM) was calibrated and validated to simulate N(2)O emissions from a rain-fed and wheat-cropped system on a sandy duplex soil at Cunderdin, Western Australia, from May 2005 to May 2007, then it was deployed to simulate N(2)O emissions for seven scenarios of fertiliser N application under various climatic conditions (1970-2006). RESULTS The WNMM satisfactorily simulated crop growth, soil water content and mineral N contents of the surface soil (0-10 cm), soil temperatures at depths and N(2)O emissions from the soil compared with field observations in two fertiliser treatments during calibration and validation. About 70% of total N(2)O emissions were estimated as nitrification-induced. The scenario analysis indicated that the WNMM-simulated annual N(2)O emissions for this rain-fed and wheat-cropped system were significantly correlated with annual average minimum air temperature (r = 0.21), annual pan evaporation (r = 0.20) and fertiliser N application rate (r = 0.80). Both annual rainfall and wheat yield had weak and negative correlations with annual N(2)O emissions. Multiple linear regression models for estimating annual N(2)O emissions were developed to account for the impacts of climatic variation (including temperature and rainfall), fertiliser N application and crop yield for this rain-fed and wheat-cropped system in Western Australia, which explained 64-74% of yearly variations of the WNMM-estimated annual N(2) O emissions. CONCLUSION The WNMM was tested and capable of simulating N(2) O emissions from the rain-fed and wheat-cropped system. The inclusion of climatic variables as predictors in multiple linear regression models improved their accuracy in predicting inter-annual N(2)O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan, China.
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von der Heide C, Böttcher J, Deurer M, Duijnisveld WHM, Weymann D, Well R. Estimation of indirect nitrous oxide emissions from a shallow aquifer in northern Germany. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2009; 38:2161-2171. [PMID: 19875771 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ground water is considered to be an important source for indirect N2O emissions. We investigated indirect N2O emissions from a shallow aquifer in Germany over a 1-yr period. Because N2O accumulated in considerable amounts in the surface ground water (mean, 52.86 microg N2O-N L(-1)) and corresponding fluxes were high (up to 34 microg N2O-N m(-2) h(-1)), it was hypothesized that significant indirect N2O emissions would occur via the vertical and the lateral emission pathway. Vertical N2O emissions were investigated by measuring N2O concentrations and calculating fluxes from the surface ground water to the unsaturated zone and at the soil surface. Lateral N2O fluxes were investigated by measuring ground water N2O and NO3- concentrations at five multilevel wells and at a waterworks well. Negligible amounts of N2O were emitted vertically into the unsaturated zone; most of it was convectively transported into the deeper autotrophic denitrification zone. Only a ground water level fall and rise triggered the emission of N2O (up to 3 microg N2O-N m(-2) h(-1)) into the unsaturated zone. Ground water-derived N2O was probably reduced during the upward diffusion, and soil surface emissions were governed by topsoil processes. Along the lateral pathway, N2O and NO3- concentrations decreased with increasing depth in the aquifer. Discharging ground water was almost free of N2O and NO3-, and indirect N2O emissions were small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin von der Heide
- Institute of Soil Science, University of Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
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Brümmer C, Brüggemann N, Butterbach-Bahl K, Falk U, Szarzynski J, Vielhauer K, Wassmann R, Papen H. Soil-Atmosphere Exchange of N2O and NO in Near-Natural Savanna and Agricultural Land in Burkina Faso (W. Africa). Ecosystems 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-008-9144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Radl V, Gattinger A, Chronáková A, Nemcová A, Cuhel J, Simek M, Munch JC, Schloter M, Elhottová D. Effects of cattle husbandry on abundance and activity of methanogenic archaea in upland soils. ISME JOURNAL 2007; 1:443-52. [PMID: 18043663 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2007.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that animal treading associated with a high input of organic matter would favour methanogenesis in soils used as overwintering pasture. Hence, methane emissions and methanogen populations were examined at sections with different degree of cattle impact in a Farm in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. In spring, methane emission positively corresponded to the gradient of animal impact. Applying phospholipid etherlipid analysis, the highest archaeal biomass was found in section severe impact (SI), followed by moderate impact (MI) and no impact. The same trend was observed for the methanogens as showed by real-time quantitative PCR analyses of methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) genes. The detection of monounsaturated isoprenoid side chain hydrocarbons (i20:1) indicated the presence of acetoclastic methanogens in the cattle-impacted sites. This result was corroborated by the phylogenetic analysis of mcrA gene sequences obtained from section SI, which showed that 33% of the analysed clones belonged to the genus Methanosarcina. The majority of the sequenced clones (41%) showed close affiliations with uncultured rumen archaeons. This leads to the assumption that a substantial part of the methanogenic community in plot SI derived from the grazing cattle itself. Compared to the spring sampling, in autumn, a significant reduction in archaeal biomass and number of copies of mcrA genes was observed mainly for section MI. It can be concluded that after 5 months without cattle impact, the severely impact section maintained its methane production potential, whereas the methane production potential under moderate impact returned to background values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Radl
- Chair of Soil Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Oberschleissheim, Munich, Germany.
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Kampfl G, Kristóf K, Algaidi A, Bayoumi Hamuda H, Heltai G. Study of NOx and CO2 production of cultivated soil in closed microcosm experimental system. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bremer DJ. Nitrous oxide fluxes in turfgrass: effects of nitrogen fertilization rates and types. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2006; 35:1678-85. [PMID: 16899739 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban ecosystems are rapidly expanding and their effects on atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) inventories are unknown. Our objectives were to: (i) measure the magnitude, seasonal patterns, and annual emissions of N2O in turfgrass; (ii) evaluate effects of fertilization with a high and low rate of urea N; and (iii) evaluate effects of urea and ammonium sulfate on N2O emissions in turfgrass. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied to turfgrass: (i) urea, high rate (UH; 250 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)); (ii) urea, low rate (UL; 50 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)); and (iii) ammonium sulfate, high rate (AS; 250 kg N ha(-1) y(-1)); high N rates were applied in five split applications. Soil fluxes of N2O were measured weekly for 1 yr using static surface chambers and analyzing N2O by gas chromatography. Fluxes of N2O ranged from -22 microg N2O-N m(-2) h(-1) during winter to 407 microg N2O-N m(-2) h(-1) after fall fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization increased N2O emissions by up to 15 times within 3 d, although the amount of increase differed after each fertilization. Increases were greater when significant precipitation occurred within 3 d after fertilization. Cumulative annual emissions of N2O-N were 1.65 kg ha(-1) in UH, 1.60 kg ha(-1) in AS, and 1.01 kg ha(-1) in UL. Thus, annual N2O emissions increased 63% in turfgrass fertilized at the high compared with the low rate of urea, but no significant effects were observed between the two fertilizer types. Results suggest that N fertilization rates may be managed to mitigate N2O emissions in turfgrass ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale J Bremer
- Dep. of Horticulture, Forestry & Recreation Resources, 2021 Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Hayden MJ, Ross DS. Denitrification as a nitrogen removal mechanism in a Vermont peatland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2005; 34:2052-61. [PMID: 16221825 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2004.0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of nitrogenous compounds to ombrotrophic peatlands (i.e., those that have peat layers higher than their surroundings and receive nutrients and minerals exclusively by precipitation) has the potential to significantly alter ecosystem functioning. This study utilized the acetylene inhibition technique to estimate the relative importance of denitrification in nitrogen removal from a primarily ombrotrophic peatland, in an attempt to estimate the threat of increased nitrogen loadings to these areas. Estimates of mean rates of denitrification ranged from -2.76 to 84.0 ng N(2)O-N cm(-3) h(-1) (equivalent to -150 to 4800 microg N(2)O-N m(-2) h(-1)) using an ex situ core technique and from -8.30 to 5.98 microg N(2)O-N m(-2) h(-1) using an in situ chamber technique. Core rates may have been elevated over natural field levels due to effects of disturbance on substrate availability, and chamber rates may have been low due to diffusional constraints on acetylene and N(2)O. Net nitrification was also measured in an attempt to evaluate this process as a source of nitrate for denitrifiers. The low rates of net nitrification measured, in combination with the low rates of in situ denitrification and the very low amounts of free nitrate measured in this peatland, suggests that inorganic N turnover in this wetland is low. Results showed that nitrate was a limiting factor for denitrification in this peatland, with mean rates from nitrate-amended cores ranging from 13.1 to 260 ng N(2)O-N cm(-3) h(-1), and it is expected that increases in nitrogen loadings will increase denitrification rates in this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Hayden
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, USA
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Smart DR, Bloom AJ. Wheat leaves emit nitrous oxide during nitrate assimilation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7875-8. [PMID: 11427711 PMCID: PMC35435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.131572798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a key atmospheric greenhouse gas that contributes to global climatic change through radiative warming and depletion of stratospheric ozone. In this report, N(2)O flux was monitored simultaneously with photosynthetic CO(2) and O(2) exchanges from intact canopies of 12 wheat seedlings. The rates of N(2)O-N emitted ranged from <2 pmol x m(-2) x s(-1) when NH(4)(+) was the N source, to 25.6 +/- 1.7 pmol x m(-2) x s(-1) (mean +/- SE, n = 13) when the N source was shifted to NO(3)(-). Such fluxes are among the smallest reported for any trace gas emitted by a higher plant. Leaf N(2)O emissions were correlated with leaf nitrate assimilation activity, as measured by using the assimilation quotient, the ratio of CO(2) assimilated to O(2) evolved. (15)N isotopic signatures on N(2)O emitted from leaves supported direct N(2)O production by plant NO(3)(-) assimilation and not N(2)O produced by microorganisms on root surfaces and emitted in the transpiration stream. In vitro production of N(2)O by both intact chloroplasts and nitrite reductase, but not by nitrate reductase, indicated that N(2)O produced by leaves occurred during photoassimilation of NO(2)(-) in the chloroplast. Given the large quantities of NO(3)(-) assimilated by plants in the terrestrial biosphere, these observations suggest that formation of N(2)O during NO(2)(-) photoassimilation could be an important global biogenic N(2)O source.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Smart
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8746, USA.
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Petersen SO, Kristensen K, Eriksen J. Denitrification losses from outdoor piglet production: spatial and temporal variability. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2001; 30:1051-1058. [PMID: 11401252 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2001.3031051x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Animal welfare considerations have stimulated the development of outdoor piglet (Sus scrofa) production systems, but the high levels of nutrients excreted suggest that nutrient losses from this system may be high. This study first described the spatial distribution of denitrification activity in a 5- x 5-m grid within and outside a paddock immediately after the sows (32 sows ha(-1) for 6 mo) were removed in October 1997, and again the following March. Denitrification rates averaged 0.01 kg N ha(-1) d(-1) outside, and 0.5 kg N ha(-1) d(-1) inside the paddock in October, while the corresponding figures in March were 0.01 and 0.1 kg N ha(-1) d(-1). The highest denitrification rates were observed around the feeder, and this was also the case for concentrations of dissolved organic C and inorganic N in the soil. A statistical model that included both soil parameters and distance to feeder and huts gave the best description of the variability, but there was no significant autocorrelation between sampling points. In a second phase, seasonal variation of denitrification activity within a paddock (12 sows ha(-1) yr(-1)) was quantified; 10 soil cores were sampled along a transect 11 times between March 1998 and February 1999. There was a significant positive effect of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on denitrification at <25% gravimetric soil moisture (i.e., to November in this study). Both climate and management (position of huts and feeder) appeared to influence denitrification, which was estimated to be 69 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), or 11% of the N surplus of this production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Petersen
- Dep of Crop Physiology and Soil Science, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Tjele.
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Weitz AM, Keller M, Linder E, Crill PM. Spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen oxide and methane fluxes from a fertilized tree plantation in Costa Rica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dobbie KE, McTaggart IP, Smith KA. Nitrous oxide emissions from intensive agricultural systems: Variations between crops and seasons, key driving variables, and mean emission factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith KA, Clayton H, Arab JRM, Christensen S, Ambus P, Fowler D, Hargreaves KJ, Skiba U, Harris GW, Wienhold FG, Klemedtsson L, Galle B. Micrometeorological and chamber methods for measurement of nitrous oxide fluxes between soils and the atmosphere: Overview and conclusions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Galle B, Klemedtsson L, Griffith DWT. Application of a Fourier transform IR system for measurements of N2O fluxes using micrometeorological methods, an ultralarge chamber system, and conventional field chambers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ambus P, Christensen S. Measurement of N2O emission from a fertilized grassland: An analysis of spatial variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith KA, Scott A, Galle B, Klemedtsson L. Use of a long-path infrared gas monitor for measurement of nitrous oxide flux from soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wienhold FG, Frahm H, Harris GW. Measurements of N2O fluxes from fertilized grassland using a fast response tunable diode laser spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hargreaves KJ, Skiba U, Fowler D, Arah J, Wienhold FG, Klemedtsson L, Galle B. Measurement of nitrous oxide emission from fertilized grassland using micrometeorological techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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