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Yang Q, Qian H, Guo Y, Bai X, Li J, Chen C. Rapid Release of Halocarbons from Saline Water by Iron-Based Photochemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20781-20791. [PMID: 38010203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Methyl halides play important roles in stratospheric ozone depletion, but their formation mechanisms are not well defined. This study demonstrated that iron-based photochemistry significantly enhanced alkyl halide production by promoting the reaction of the representative monomer of lignin with halide ions in saline water under solar light irradiation. The methyl chloride (CH3Cl) emission from the light/Fe(III) process was 2 orders of magnitude higher than dark treatment and in the absence of iron. In addition, bromide and iodide showed better reactivity in the formation of the corresponding methyl bromide (CH3Br) and methyl iodide (CH3I). Alkyl halides identified from seawater, brackish water, and salt pan water under sunlight irradiation were positively correlated with the Fe(III) concentrations, indicating that iron-based photochemistry is ubiquitous. This work suggested that the photoinduced formation of methyl radical and redox cycling of iron triggered by the Fenton-like reaction are responsible for the enhanced release of alkyl halides. This study represents an abiotic formation pathway of alkyl halides, which accounts for a portion of the unidentified sources of halocarbons in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Heng Qian
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xueling Bai
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Bai X, Yang Q, Guo Y, Hao B, Zhang R, Duan R, Li J. Alkyl halide formation from degradation of carboxylic acids in the presence of Fe(III) and halides under light irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119842. [PMID: 36921357 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been widely used in water and wastewater treatment and have shown excellent performance in remediating contaminated water. However, their oxidation byproducts, including halogenated organics, have recently attracted increasing attention. Alkyl halides are among the most important environmental pollutants in nature. Here, we report a Fenton-like reaction in which alkyl halides can form during the photodegradation of aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of Fe(III) and halides. Chloromethane, chloroethane, and 1-chloropropane were produced from the degradation of acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid, respectively. CH3Cl, CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 were all identified as the products of acetic acid with the yields of approximately 5.1%, 0.2% and 0.005%, respectively. It was demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals, halogen radicals and alkyl radicals were involved in the formation of alkyl halides. A possible mechanism of chloromethane formation was proposed based on the results. In real samples of saline water, the addition of carboxylic acid and Fe(III) significantly promoted the generation of CH3Cl under xenon lamp irradiation. The results indicated that the coexistence of Fe(III), halides and carboxylic acids enhanced the photochemical release of alkyl halides. The reactions described in this paper may contribute to knowledge on the mechanism of halogenated byproduct formation during AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Bai
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Baoqiang Hao
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Renyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ran Duan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.
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Le Bras Z, Bouchet S, Winkel LHE. Sensitive and High-Throughput Analysis of Volatile Organic Species of S, Se, Br, and I at Trace Levels in Water and Atmospheric Samples by Thermal Desorption Coupled to Gas Chromatography and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2967-2974. [PMID: 36696515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of volatile organic sulfur (S), selenium (Se), bromine (Br), and iodine (I) species from aquatic ecosystems represent an important source of these elements into the atmosphere. Available methods to measure these species are either not sensitive enough or not automated, which hinder a full understanding of species distribution and production mechanisms. Here, we present a sensitive and high-throughput method for the simultaneous and comprehensive quantification of S, Se, Br, and I volatile organic species in atmospheric and aqueous samples using a preconcentration step onto sorbent tubes and subsequent analysis by thermal desorption coupled to gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (TD-GC-ICP-MS). Selected commercially available sorbent tubes, consisting of mixed porous polymer and graphitized black carbon, offered the highest trapping capacity and lowest loss of species when stored at -20 °C for 28 days after sampling. After optimization of the TD-GC-ICP-MS method, absolute detection limits were better than 3.8 pg, 9.1 fg, 313 fg, and 50 fg, respectively, for S, Se, Br, and I species. As a proof of concept, the concentrations of target species were determined in aqueous and continuously collected atmospheric samples during a cruise in the Baltic and North Seas. Moreover, unknown S, Br, and I volatile species were detected in both aqueous and atmospheric samples demonstrating the full potential of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Le Bras
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Bouchet
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lenny H E Winkel
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Zou Y, He Z, Liu C, Yang GP. Spatiotemporal distribution and environmental control factors of halocarbons in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent marine area during autumn and spring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119244. [PMID: 35378200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The oceanic production and release of volatile halocarbons (VHCs) to the atmosphere play a vital role in regulating the global climate. In this study, seasonal and spatial variations in VHCs, including trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), methyl iodide (CH3I), dibromomethane (CH2Br2), and bromoform (CHBr3), and environmental parameters affecting their concentrations were characterized in the atmosphere and seawater of the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent marine area during two cruises from October 17 to October 26, 2019 and from May 12 to May 25, 2020. Significant seasonal variations were observed in the atmosphere and seawater because of seasonal differences in the prevalent monsoon, water mass (Yangtze River Diluted Water), and biogenic production. VHCs concentrations were positively correlated with Chl-a concentrations in the surface water during autumn. The average sea-to-air fluxes of CH3I, CH2Br2, and CHBr3 in autumn were 19.7, 4.0, and 7.6 nmol m-2 d-1, respectively, while those in spring were 6.3, 6.4, and -3.6 nmol m-2 d-1. In the ship-based incubation experiments, ocean acidification and dust deposition had no significant effects on VHCs concentrations. The concentrations of CH2Br2 and CHBr3 were significantly positively correlated with phytoplankton biomass under lower pH condition (M3: pH 7.9). This result indicated that CH2Br2 and CHBr3 concentrations were mainly related to the biological release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Chunying Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Li Y, He Z, Yang GP, Zou Y. Spatial distribution and biogeochemical cycling of methyl iodide in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during summer. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116749. [PMID: 33639487 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methyl iodide (CH3I) released from ocean is an important carrier of iodine, which plays an important role in ozone depletion in the atmosphere. Depletion of ozone has increased the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the earth's surface and recent global warming has caused oceanic acidification as well as dust events, but how these environmental changes will affect CH3I concentration in the ocean is unclear. In this study, the spatial distributions and sources of CH3I in the atmosphere, seawater, and sediment porewater were measured in the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS) between June and July 2018. Higher concentrations in the atmosphere, seawater, and sediment were found in the YS than in the ECS, and surface seawater emissions were discovered to be the major contributors of atmospheric CH3I concentrations. Anthropogenic pollutants could explain significant spatial variation in the distribution of CH3I. High concentrations of CH3I in sediment porewater increased diffusion into bottom waters, with diffusive fluxes of 0.2-6.5 nmol m-2 d-1. Preliminary results during the in situ seawater incubation experiments showed that the photochemical production rate of CH3I ranged from 0.008 to 0.214 pmol L-1 h-1 under ultraviolet light, and an enhancement emission of CH3I from phytoplankton occurred with the addition of dust, while a reduction of CH3I appeared under lower pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Yawen Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, And Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Han Y, He Z, Yang GP. Distributions of volatile halocarbons and impacts of ocean acidification on their production in coastal waters of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141756. [PMID: 32890825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The volatile halocarbons (VHCs) CH3I, C2HCl3, C2Cl4, and CH2Br2 were measured in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters during autumn 2018. Results revealed that their concentrations in coastal waters were influenced by anthropogenic activities, biological release, and complex hydrographic features. The vertical distributions of VHCs were determined mostly by the mixing of water masses. By investigating the impacts of temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a, nutrients, and pH on the distributions of these trace gases we revealed that C2HCl3 and C2Cl4 were positively correlated with salinity and nutrient availability. The sea-to-air fluxes of CH3I, C2HCl3, C2Cl4, and CH2Br2 were estimated to be 27.62, 280.3, 221.73, and 142.41 nmol m-2 day-1, respectively, suggesting that the study area was a net source of these trace gases. The impact of elevated fCO2 on the production of the four volatile halocarbons was studied using mesocosms in Wu Yuan Bay, Xiamen. The results showed that elevated fCO2 had little impact on the VHCs. Positive relationships were observed between CH2Br2 and phytoplankton biomass when fCO2 was low, and between CH3I and phytoplankton biomass when fCO2 was high, suggesting that algal release was a significant source of both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Dong Y, Peng W, Liu Y, Wang Z. Photochemical origin of reactive radicals and halogenated organic substances in natural waters: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123884. [PMID: 33113752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds, also termed organohalogens, were initially regarded to be of almost exclusively anthropogenic origin. However, recent research has demonstrated that photochemical reactions are important abiotic sources of organohalogen compounds in sunlit surface waters. Halide ions (X-, X represents Cl, Br and I) are common anions in natural waters and might be oxidized by reactive species originated from photochemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM) or inorganic photoactive species. The resulting reactive halogen species may react with organic substances with diverse bimolecular reaction rate constants, depending on the complexity and structure of organic substances. Therefore, the chemical mechanism of halogenation remains challenging to be fully elucidated. To better understand the trends in the existing data and to identify the knowledge gaps that may merit further investigation, this review gives an integrative summary on the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and halogen radicals (X/X2-). Photochemical halogenation of phenolic compounds and formation of methyl halide and brominated organic pollutants are highlighted. By evaluating existing literature and identifying some uncertainties, this review emphasizes the environmental significance of sunlight-driven halogenation and proposes further research directions on mechanistic investigation and rational experimental design close to natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Dong
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenya Peng
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yunjiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Hopkins FE, Suntharalingam P, Gehlen M, Andrews O, Archer SD, Bopp L, Buitenhuis E, Dadou I, Duce R, Goris N, Jickells T, Johnson M, Keng F, Law CS, Lee K, Liss PS, Lizotte M, Malin G, Murrell JC, Naik H, Rees AP, Schwinger J, Williamson P. The impacts of ocean acidification on marine trace gases and the implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20190769. [PMID: 32518503 PMCID: PMC7277135 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface ocean biogeochemistry and photochemistry regulate ocean-atmosphere fluxes of trace gases critical for Earth's atmospheric chemistry and climate. The oceanic processes governing these fluxes are often sensitive to the changes in ocean pH (or pCO2) accompanying ocean acidification (OA), with potential for future climate feedbacks. Here, we review current understanding (from observational, experimental and model studies) on the impact of OA on marine sources of key climate-active trace gases, including dimethyl sulfide (DMS), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia and halocarbons. We focus on DMS, for which available information is considerably greater than for other trace gases. We highlight OA-sensitive regions such as polar oceans and upwelling systems, and discuss the combined effect of multiple climate stressors (ocean warming and deoxygenation) on trace gas fluxes. To unravel the biological mechanisms responsible for trace gas production, and to detect adaptation, we propose combining process rate measurements of trace gases with longer term experiments using both model organisms in the laboratory and natural planktonic communities in the field. Future ocean observations of trace gases should be routinely accompanied by measurements of two components of the carbonate system to improve our understanding of how in situ carbonate chemistry influences trace gas production. Together, this will lead to improvements in current process model capabilities and more reliable predictions of future global marine trace gas fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvadha Suntharalingam
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Marion Gehlen
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Oliver Andrews
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | | | - Laurent Bopp
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS-ENS-UPMC-X, Département de Géosciences, Ecole Normale Supérieure, France
- Université Ecole Polytechnique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Erik Buitenhuis
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Isabelle Dadou
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Oceanographie Spatiales, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Duce
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Nadine Goris
- NORCE Climate, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tim Jickells
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Martin Johnson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Fiona Keng
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Graduate Studies (IGS), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cliff S. Law
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kitack Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Peter S. Liss
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Martine Lizotte
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Gillian Malin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - J. Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Hema Naik
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India
| | - Andrew P. Rees
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jörg Schwinger
- NORCE Climate, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Philip Williamson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Liu H, Tong T, Pu Y, Sun B, Zhu X, Yan Z. Insight Into the Formation Paths of Methyl Bromide From Syringic Acid in Aqueous Bromide Solutions Under Simulated Sunlight Irradiation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2081. [PMID: 32245114 PMCID: PMC7142905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is one of the largest natural sources of bromine in the stratosphere, where it leads to ozone depletion. This paper reported the photochemical production of CH3Br from syringic acid (SA) that has been used as an environmentally relevant model compound for terrestrially-derived dissolved organic matter. The formation of CH3Br increased with the increase of bromide ion concentration ranging from 0.8 to 80 mmol L-1. Ferric ions (Fe(III)) enhanced CH3Br production, while chloride inhibited it, with or without Fe(III). Meanwhile, methyl chloride (CH3Cl) was generated in the presence of chloride and was inhibited by Fe(III). The different effects of Fe(III) on the formation of CH3Cl and CH3Br indicate their diverse formation paths. Based on the intermediates identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the confirmation of the formation of Fe(III)-SA complexes, it was proposed that there were two formation paths of CH3Br from SA in the bromide-enriched water under simulated sunlight irradiation. One path was via nucleophilic attack of Br- on the excited state protonation of SA; the other was via the combination of methyl radical and bromine radical when Fe(III) was present. This work suggests that the photochemical formation of CH3Br may act as a potential natural source of CH3Br in the bromide-enriched environmental matrix, and helps in better understanding the formation mechanism of CH3Br.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (T.T.); (Y.P.); (B.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.)
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Liu H, Tong T, Pu Y, Zhu X, Sun B, Wang Z, Yan Z. Methyl bromide production from dissolved organic matter under simulated sunlight irradiation and the important effect of ferric ions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:751-758. [PMID: 32067016 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00473d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The oceans play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of methyl bromide (CH3Br), as not only the sinks but also the sources. However, many uncertainties exist regarding the way of CH3Br generation in the marine environment. To illustrate the possibility of photochemical formation of CH3Br in saline water, its generation in bromide aqueous solution containing humic acid (HA) and ferric ions (Fe(iii)) was investigated. CH3Br was obviously generated after irradiation, and its amounts increased with increasing HA concentration from 0.82 to 12.2 mgC L-1. Fe(iii) significantly promoted CH3Br production, and the described production process in the presence of Fe(iii) was pH-dependent, decreasing with the increase of pH. Finally, the concentrations of CH3Br in natural coastal seawater and seawater with HA were measured, and the results showed that CH3Br was significantly generated under irradiation. Our results suggest that the photochemical process of dissolved organic matter may be one source of CH3Br in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
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11
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Yang Q, Guo Y, E Y, Zhang S, Blatchley ER, Li J. Methyl chloride produced during UV 254 irradiation of saline water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121263. [PMID: 31605974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is widely used for water treatment due to its effectiveness against a wide range of waterborne pathogens with minimal production of regulated disinfection byproducts. However, in this study, the formation of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) from guaiacol and chloride was observed during UV254 irradiation. The results indicated that direct photolysis of guaiacol produced an arenium ion, and the reactive methoxy group was further transformed to CH3Cl in the presence of chloride. O-quinone was detected as the primary product of the degradation of guaiacol resulting from UV254 irradiation. Other organic compounds containing methoxy, ethoxy, or methylamino groups with structures that are similar to guaiacol were also demonstrated to generate halocarbons in aqueous chloride or bromide solution under UV254 irradiation. Scavenging experiments and removal of oxygen demonstrated that neither oxygen nor chlorine radicals were involved in CH3Cl formation. In seawater samples, CH3Cl was also detected in the presence or absence of added organic matter. These results demonstrate that CH3Cl can be formed during UV254 irradiation in saline water and that attention should be paid to this compound and structurally-related compounds in the application of UV254 processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yue E
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Sanbing Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ernest R Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Liu H, Pu Y, Tong T, Zhu X, Sun B, Zhang X. Photochemical Generation of Methyl Chloride from Humic Aicd: Impacts of Precursor Concentration, Solution pH, Solution Salinity and Ferric Ion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020503. [PMID: 31941122 PMCID: PMC7013589 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) is presently understood to arise from biotic and abiotic processes in marine systems. However, the production of CH3Cl via photochemical processes has not been well studied. Here, we reported the production of CH3Cl from humic acid (HA) in sunlit saline water and the effects of the concentration of HA, chloride ions, ferric ions and pH were investigated. HA in aqueous chloride solutions or natural seawater were irradiated under an artificial light, and the amounts of CH3Cl were determined using a purge-and-trap and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CH3Cl was generated upon irradiation and its amount increased with increasing irradiation time and the light intensity. The formation of CH3Cl increased with an increase of HA concentration ranging from 2 mg L−1 to 20 mg L−1 and chloride ion concentration ranging from 0.02 mol L−1 to 0.5 mol L−1. The photochemical production of CH3Cl was pH-dependent, with the highest amount of CH3Cl generating near neutral conditions. Additionally, the generation of CH3Cl was inhibited by ferric ions. Finally, natural coastal seawater was irradiated under artificial light and the concentration of CH3Cl rose significantly. Our results suggest that the photochemical process of HA may be a source of CH3Cl in the marine environment.
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Kim K, Ju J, Kim B, Chung HY, Vetráková L, Heger D, Saiz-Lopez A, Choi W, Kim J. Nitrite-Induced Activation of Iodate into Molecular Iodine in Frozen Solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4892-4900. [PMID: 30916540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new mechanism for the abiotic production of molecular iodine (I2) from iodate (IO3-), which is the most abundant iodine species, in dark conditions was identified and investigated. The production of I2 in aqueous solution containing IO3- and nitrite (NO2-) at 25 °C was negligible. However, the redox chemical reaction between IO3- and NO2- rapidly proceeded in frozen solution at -20 °C, which resulted in the production of I2, I-, and NO3-. The rapid redox chemical reaction between IO3- and NO2- in frozen solution is ascribed to the accumulation of IO3-, NO2-, and protons in the liquid regions between ice crystals during freezing (freeze concentration effect). This freeze concentration effect was verified by confocal Raman microscopy for the solute concentration and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy with cresol red (acid-base indicator) for the proton concentration. The freezing-induced production of I2 in the presence of IO3- and NO2- was observed under various conditions, which suggests this abiotic process for I2 production is not restricted to a specific region and occurs in many cold regions. NO2--induced activation of IO3- to I2 in frozen solution may help explain why the measured values of iodine are larger than the modeled values in some polar areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) , Incheon 21990 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Polar Sciences , University of Science and Technology (UST) , Incheon 21990 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjung Ju
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology , Hallym University , Chuncheon , Gangwon-do 24252 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) , Incheon 21990 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Polar Sciences , University of Science and Technology (UST) , Incheon 21990 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Chung
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) , Incheon 21990 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Polar Sciences , University of Science and Technology (UST) , Incheon 21990 , Republic of Korea
| | - L'ubica Vetráková
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate , Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC , Madrid 28006 , Spain
| | - Wonyong Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology , Hallym University , Chuncheon , Gangwon-do 24252 , Republic of Korea
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14
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Hao Z, Wang J, Yin Y, Cao D, Liu J. Abiotic formation of organoiodine compounds by manganese dioxide induced iodination of dissolved organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:672-679. [PMID: 29438953 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Iodination of dissolved organic matter (DOM) initiated by manganese oxide may represent an important source of organoiodine compounds (OICs) for iodide-containing waters. Here, Suwannee River natural organic matter was selected as model DOM, the OICs formation in simulated freshwater samples from iodinated DOM induced by manganese oxide (δ-MnO2) was investigated at different pHs and concentrations of iodide and δ-MnO2 by using negative ion electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR MS). While no OIC was observed in DOM control samples without δ-MnO2, hundreds of OICs were detected in the presence of δ-MnO2, suggesting the enhanced role of δ-MnO2 played in DOM iodination. The relative abundance was defined as the value of dividing the peak intensity of OICs by the highest m/z peak intensity constantly occurred in each mass spectrum, and selected as a parameter for partly reflecting the real level of OICs. The relative abundance of most OICs were around or greater than 1%, and several OICs with higher relative abundance were identified as diiodo-5-hydroxy-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione, diiodomethane and diiodoacetic acid. The numbers of the formed OICs increased with the increase concentrations of iodide/δ-MnO2 and the decrease of pH, and nearly all OICs formed at lower levels of iodide/δ-MnO2 and/or higher pH were overlapped by that at higher levels of iodide/δ-MnO2 and/or lower pH, indicating the reliability of FT-ICR MS analysis techniques and data processing method. The OICs were formed mainly from the iodination of typical lignin-like and tannin-like compounds, as well as the precursor compounds with higher relative abundance through substitution reactions. Our findings demonstrate that the OICs formation by δ-MnO2-initiated DOM iodination should receive more attention and the concentration, exact structure and toxicity of the OICs need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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15
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Humphrey OS, Young SD, Bailey EH, Crout NMJ, Ander EL, Watts MJ. Iodine soil dynamics and methods of measurement: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:288-310. [PMID: 29302664 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00491e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human health: insufficient intake can have multiple effects on development and growth, affecting approximately 1.9 billion people worldwide. Previous reviews have focussed on iodine analysis in environmental and biological samples, however, no such review exists for the determination of iodine fractionation and speciation in soils. This article reviews the geodynamics of both stable 127I and the long-lived isotope 129I (t1/2 = 15.7 million years), alongside the analytical methods for determining iodine concentrations in soils, including consideration of sample preparation. The ability to measure total iodine concentration in soils has developed significantly from rudimentary spectrophotometric analysis methods to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analysis with ICP-MS has been reported as the best method for determining iodine concentrations in a range of environmental samples and soils due to developments in extraction procedures and sensitivity, with extremely good detection limits typically <μg L-1. The ability of ICP-MS to measure iodine and its capabilities to couple on-line separation tools has the significance to develop the understanding of iodine geodynamics. In addition, nuclear-related analysis and recent synchrotron light source analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Humphrey
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
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16
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Yang Y, Pignatello JJ. Participation of the Halogens in Photochemical Reactions in Natural and Treated Waters. Molecules 2017; 22:E1684. [PMID: 29027977 PMCID: PMC6151492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Halide ions are ubiquitous in natural waters and wastewaters. Halogens play an important and complex role in environmental photochemical processes and in reactions taking place during photochemical water treatment. While inert to solar wavelengths, halides can be converted into radical and non-radical reactive halogen species (RHS) by sensitized photolysis and by reactions with secondary reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced through sunlight-initiated reactions in water and atmospheric aerosols, such as hydroxyl radical, ozone, and nitrate radical. In photochemical advanced oxidation processes for water treatment, RHS can be generated by UV photolysis and by reactions of halides with hydroxyl radicals, sulfate radicals, ozone, and other ROS. RHS are reactive toward organic compounds, and some reactions lead to incorporation of halogen into byproducts. Recent studies indicate that halides, or the RHS derived from them, affect the concentrations of photogenerated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other reactive species; influence the photobleaching of dissolved natural organic matter (DOM); alter the rates and products of pollutant transformations; lead to covalent incorporation of halogen into small natural molecules, DOM, and pollutants; and give rise to certain halogen oxides of concern as water contaminants. The complex and colorful chemistry of halogen in waters will be summarized in detail and the implications of this chemistry for global biogeochemical cycling of halogen, contaminant fate in natural waters, and water purification technologies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St., P.O. Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504-1106, USA.
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St., P.O. Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504-1106, USA.
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17
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Hao Z, Yin Y, Cao D, Liu J. Probing and Comparing the Photobromination and Photoiodination of Dissolved Organic Matter by Using Ultra-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5464-5472. [PMID: 28440636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical halogenation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) may represent an important abiotic process for the formation of natural organobromine compounds (OBCs) and natural organoiodine compounds (OICs) within surface waters. Here we report the enhanced formation of OBCs and OICs by photohalogenating DOM in freshwater and seawater, as well as the noticeable difference in the distribution and composition pattern of newly formed OBCs and OICs. By using negative ion electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, various OBCs and OICs were identified during the photohalogenation processes in sunlit waters. The respective number of OBCs and OICs formed in artificial seawater (ASW) under light radiation was higher than that in artificial freshwater (AFW), suggesting a possible role of the mixed reactive halogen species. OBCs were formed mainly via substitution reactions and addition reactions accompanied by other reactions and distributed into three classes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with relatively low oxygen content, unsaturated aliphatic compounds, and saturated fatty acids and carbohydrates with relatively high hydrogen content. Unlike the OBCs, OICs were located primarily in the region of carboxylic-rich alicyclic molecules composed of esterified phenolic, carboxylated, and fused alicyclic structures and were generated mainly through electrophilic substitution of the aromatic proton. Our findings call for further investigation on the exact structure and toxicity of the OBCs and OICs generated in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Yeager CM, Amachi S, Grandbois R, Kaplan DI, Xu C, Schwehr KA, Santschi PH. Microbial Transformation of Iodine: From Radioisotopes to Iodine Deficiency. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 101:83-136. [PMID: 29050668 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Iodine is a biophilic element that is important for human health, both as an essential component of several thyroid hormones and, on the other hand, as a potential carcinogen in the form of radioiodine generated by anthropogenic nuclear activity. Iodine exists in multiple oxidation states (-1, 0, +1, +3, +5, and +7), primarily as molecular iodine (I2), iodide (I-), iodate [Formula: see text] , or organic iodine (org-I). The mobility of iodine in the environment is dependent on its speciation and a series of redox, complexation, sorption, precipitation, and microbial reactions. Over the last 15years, there have been significant advances in iodine biogeochemistry, largely spurred by renewed interest in the fate of radioiodine in the environment. We review the biogeochemistry of iodine, with particular emphasis on the microbial processes responsible for volatilization, accumulation, oxidation, and reduction of iodine, as well as the exciting technological potential of these fascinating microorganisms and enzymes.
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19
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Hu Q, Xie Z, Wang X, Yu J, Zhang Y. Methyl iodine over oceans from the Arctic Ocean to the maritime Antarctic. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26007. [PMID: 27184471 PMCID: PMC4868973 DOI: 10.1038/srep26007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies about methyl iodide (CH3I), an important atmospheric iodine species over oceans, had been conducted in some maritime regions, but the understanding of the spatial distribution of CH3I on a global scale is still limited. In this study, we reports atmospheric CH3I over oceans during the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Research Expeditions. CH3I varied considerably with the range of 0.17 to 2.9 pptv with absent of ship emission. The concentration of CH3I generally decreased with increasing latitudes, except for higher levels in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere than in the low latitudes. For sea areas, the Norwegian Sea had the highest CH3I concentrations with a median of 0.91 pptv, while the Central Arctic Ocean had the lowest concentrations with all values below 0.5 pptv. CH3I concentration over oceans was affected by many parameters, including sea surface temperature, salinity, dissolved organic carbon, biogenic emissions and input from continents, with distinctive dominant factor in different regions, indicating complex biogeochemical processes of CH3I on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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20
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Yuan D, Yang GP, He Z. Spatio-temporal distributions of chlorofluorocarbons and methyl iodide in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary and its adjacent marine area. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 103:247-259. [PMID: 26707981 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOCs), such as dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113), and methyl iodide (CH3I), in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary and its adjacent marine area were measured during two cruises from 21 February to 10 March 2014 and from 10 to 21 July 2014. VHOC concentrations showed seasonal variation with higher values during winter. VHOC distributions evidently decreased along the freshwater plume from the river mouth to the open sea and from inshore to offshore regions. VHOC distributions were obviously influenced by the Changjiang runoff, anthropogenic inputs, and biological release of phytoplankton. The study area was a net sink for CFC-12 and CFC-11, but a net source for atmospheric CH3I during the study periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Zhen He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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21
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Carpenter LJ, Nightingale PD. Chemistry and Release of Gases from the Surface Ocean. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4015-34. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5007123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J. Carpenter
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D. Nightingale
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect
Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
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22
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Méndez-Díaz JD, Shimabuku KK, Ma J, Enumah ZO, Pignatello JJ, Mitch WA, Dodd MC. Sunlight-driven photochemical halogenation of dissolved organic matter in seawater: a natural abiotic source of organobromine and organoiodine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7418-7427. [PMID: 24933183 DOI: 10.1021/es5016668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with photochemically generated reactive halogen species (RHS) may represent an important natural source of organohalogens within surface seawaters. However, investigation of such processes has been limited by difficulties in quantifying low dissolved organohalogen concentrations in the presence of background inorganic halides. In this work, sequential solid phase extraction (SPE) and silver-form cation exchange filtration were utilized to desalt and preconcentrate seawater DOM prior to nonspecific organohalogen analysis by ICP-MS. Using this approach, native organobromine and organoiodine contents were found to range from 3.2-6.4 × 10(-4) mol Br/mol C and 1.1-3.8 × 10(-4) mol I/mol C (or 19-160 nmol Br L(-1) and 6-36 nmol I L(-1)) within a wide variety of natural seawater samples, compared with 0.6-1.2 × 10(-4) mol Br/mol C and 0.6-1.1 × 10(-5) mol I/mol C in terrestrial natural organic matter (NOM) isolates. Together with a chemical probe method specific for RHS, the SPE+ICP-MS approach was also employed to demonstrate formation of nanomolar levels of organobromine and organoiodine during simulated and natural solar irradiation of DOM in artificial and natural seawaters. In a typical experiment, the organobromine content of 2.1 × 10(-4) mol C L(-1) (2.5 mg C L(-1)) of Suwannee River NOM in artificial seawater increased by 69% (from 5.9 × 10(-5) to 1.0 × 10(-4) mol Br/mol C) during exposure to 24 h of simulated sunlight. Increasing I(-) concentrations (up to 2.0 × 10(-7) mol L(-1)) promoted increases of up to 460% in organoiodine content (from 8.5 × 10(-6) to 4.8 × 10(-5) mol I/mol C) at the expense of organobromine formation under the same conditions. The results reported herein suggest that sunlight-driven reactions of RHS with DOM may play a significant role in marine bromine and iodine cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Diego Méndez-Díaz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-2700, United States
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23
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Allard S, Gallard H. Abiotic formation of methyl iodide on synthetic birnessite: a mechanistic study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:169-175. [PMID: 23803501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Methyl iodide is a well-known volatile halogenated organic compound that contributes to the iodine content in the troposphere, potentially resulting in damage to the ozone layer. Most methyl iodide sources derive from biological activity in oceans and soils with very few abiotic mechanisms proposed in the literature. In this study we report that synthetic manganese oxide (birnessite δ-MnO2) can catalyze the formation of methyl iodide in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and iodide. Methyl iodide formation was only observed at acidic pH (4-5) where iodide is oxidized to iodine and NOM is adsorbed on δ-MnO2. The effect of δ-MnO2, iodide and NOM concentrations, nature of NOM and ionic strength was investigated. High concentrations of methyl iodide were formed in experiments conducted with the model compound pyruvate. The Lewis acid property of δ-MnO2 leads to a polarization of the iodine molecule, and catalyzes the reaction with natural organic matter. As manganese oxides are strong oxidants and are ubiquitous in the environment, this mechanism could significantly contribute to the global atmospheric input of iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Allard
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Poitiers - Université de Poitiers, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux UMR 7285, 1, rue Marcel Doré, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France.
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24
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Šulka M, Šulková K, Louis F, Neogrády P, Černušák I. A Theoretical Study of the X-Abstraction Reactions (X = H, Br, or I) from CH2IBr by OH Radicals: Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry. Z PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2013.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Šulková K, Šulka M, Louis F, Neogrády P. Atmospheric Reactivity of CH2ICl with OH Radicals: High-Level OVOS CCSD(T) Calculations for the X-Abstraction Pathways (X = H, Cl, or I). J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:771-82. [PMID: 23294186 DOI: 10.1021/jp312447x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Šulková
- Department of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Šulka
- Department of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Florent Louis
- PhysicoChimie des Processus
de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère (PC2A), UMR 8522 CNRS/Lille1, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies,
Cité Scientifique, Bât. C11/C5, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq
Cedex, France
| | - Pavel Neogrády
- Department of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
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26
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Development of a simplified, cost effective GC-ECD methodology for the sensitive detection of bromoform in the troposphere. SENSORS 2012. [PMID: 23202011 PMCID: PMC3545582 DOI: 10.3390/s121013583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wherever measurements have been made bromoform was found to be ubiquitous in the surface ocean in pmolar-nmolar concentrations. These measurements show concentrations in coastal regions orders of magnitude higher than in the pelagic oceans. Its atmospheric presence is primarily due to its release from algae and rapid transport to the marine boundary troposphere where it is known to participate in ozone chemistry via photochemical and catalytic pathways. Until quite recently, a limited number of studies existed (compared to other marine volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), mainly due to the analytical challenge(s) presented by the low environmental mixing ratios. In this work we detail the development of a simplified, cost effective method to detect and quantify bromoform in environmental air samples. Air samples (1.5 L) were preconcentrated onto a precooled adsorbent (Carbopack X/Carboxen 1016) trap. These samples were injected by means of rapid thermal desorption for separation and detection by GC-ECD. The system was calibrated by means of a custom-built permeation oven. A linear system response was achieved, having a detection limit of 0.73 ± 0.09 ppt. A range of environmental samples was analysed to demonstrate the ability of the technique to separate and identify bromoform from air samples. The results showed that bromoform concentrations typically averaged 24.7 ± 17.3 ppt in marine air samples, 68.5 ± 26.3 ppt in Cape Town urban air samples and 33.9 ± 40.5 ppt in simulated biomass burning plumes (SBBP).
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Larin IK, Spasskii AI, Trofimova EM. Measurement of the rate constants of the reactions of the chlorine atom with C3F7I and CF3I using the resonance fluorescence of chlorine atoms. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158412010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yin Y, Liu J, Jiang G. Photo-induced chemical-vapor generation for sample introduction in atomic spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Saiz-Lopez A, Plane JMC, Baker AR, Carpenter LJ, von Glasow R, Gómez Martín JC, McFiggans G, Saunders RW. Atmospheric Chemistry of Iodine. Chem Rev 2011; 112:1773-804. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200029u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Climate Science (CIAC), CSIC, Toledo, Spain
| | - John M. C. Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex R. Baker
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy J. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Roland von Glasow
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gordon McFiggans
- School of Earth, Atmospheric & Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Toda H, Itoh N. Isolation and characterization of a gene encoding a S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent halide/thiol methyltransferase (HTMT) from the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum: Biogenic mechanism of CH(3)I emissions in oceans. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:337-343. [PMID: 21227473 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Several marine algae including diatoms exhibit S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) halide/thiol methyltransferase (HTMT) activity, which is involved in the emission of methyl halides. In this study, the in vivo biogenic emission of methyl iodide from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was found to be clearly correlated with iodide concentration in the incubation media. The gene encoding HTMT (Pthtmt) was isolated from P. tricornutum CCAP 1055/1, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 29.7kDa including a histidine tag, and the optimal pH was around pH 7.0. The kinetic properties of recombinant PtHTMT towards Cl(-), Br(-), I(-), [SH](-), [SCN](-), and SAM were 637.88mM, 72.83mM, 8.60mM, 9.92mM, 7.9mM, and 0.016mM, respectively, and were similar to those of higher-plant HTMTs, except that the activity towards thiocyanate was lower. The biogenic emission of methyl halides from the cultured cells and the enzymatic properties of HTMT suggest that the HMT/HTMT reaction is key to understanding the biogenesis of methyl halides in oceanic environments as well as terrestrial ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Toda
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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Yokouchi Y, Saito T, Ooki A, Mukai H. Diurnal and seasonal variations of iodocarbons (CH2ClI, CH2I2, CH3I, and C2H5I) in the marine atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mahajan AS, Shaw M, Oetjen H, Hornsby KE, Carpenter LJ, Kaleschke L, Tian-Kunze X, Lee JD, Moller SJ, Edwards P, Commane R, Ingham T, Heard DE, Plane JMC. Evidence of reactive iodine chemistry in the Arctic boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ooki A, Tsuda A, Kameyama S, Takeda S, Itoh S, Suga T, Tazoe H, Okubo A, Yokouchi Y. Methyl halides in surface seawater and marine boundary layer of the northwest Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jc005703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ooki
- National Institute for Environmental Studies Ibaraki Japan
| | - Atsushi Tsuda
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Sohiko Kameyama
- National Institute for Environmental Studies Ibaraki Japan
- Now at Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Takeda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Now at Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sachihiko Itoh
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Toshio Suga
- Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Miyagi Japan
- Now at Institute of Observational Research for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tazoe
- College of Humanities and Sciences Nihon University Tokyo Japan
| | - Ayako Okubo
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Now at Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Yokouchi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies Ibaraki Japan
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Abstract
The oceanic uptake of man-made CO(2) emissions is resulting in a measureable decrease in the pH of the surface oceans, a process which is predicted to have severe consequences for marine biological and biogeochemical processes [Caldeira K, Wickett ME (2003) Nature 425:365; The Royal Society (2005) Policy Document 12/05 (Royal Society, London)]. Here, we describe results showing how a doubling of current atmospheric CO(2) affects the production of a suite of atmospherically important marine trace gases. Two CO(2) treatments were used during a mesocosm CO(2) perturbation experiment in a Norwegian fjord (present day: approximately 380 ppmv and year 2100: approximately 750 ppmv), and phytoplankton blooms were stimulated by the addition of nutrients. Seawater trace gas concentrations were monitored over the growth and decline of the blooms, revealing that concentrations of methyl iodide and dimethylsulfide were significantly reduced under high CO(2.) Additionally, large reductions in concentrations of other iodocarbons were observed. The response of bromocarbons to high CO(2) was less clear cut. Further research is now required to understand how ocean acidification might impact on global marine trace gas fluxes and how these impacts might feed through to changes in the earth's future climate and atmospheric chemistry.
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Gallard H, Allard S, Nicolau R, von Gunten U, Croué JP. Formation of iodinated organic compounds by oxidation of iodide-containing waters with manganese dioxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:7003-7009. [PMID: 19806734 DOI: 10.1021/es9010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study shows that iodinated organic compounds can be produced when iodide-containing waters are in contact with manganese oxide birnessite (delta-MnO2) in the pH range of 5-7. In the absence of natural organic matter (NOM), iodide is oxidized to iodate that is also adsorbed onto delta-MnO2. In the presence of iodide and NOM, adsordable organic iodine compounds (AOI) are formed at pH < 7 because of the oxidation of iodide to iodine by delta-MnO2 and the reactions of iodine with NOM. In addition, iodoacetic acid and iodoform have been identified as specific iodinated byproducts. Formation of iodoform is not observed for high NOM/delta-MnO2 ratios due to inhibition of the catalytic effect of delta-MnO2 by NOM poisoning. Experiments with model compounds such as resorcinol and 3,5-heptanedione confirmed that the delta-MnO2/l(-) system is very effective for the formation of iodinated organic compounds. These results suggest that birnessite acts as a catalyst through the oxidation of iodide to iodine and the polarization of the iodine molecule, which then reacts with NOM moieties. Furthermore, our results indicate that during water treatment in the presence of manganese oxide, iodinated organic compounds may be formed, which may lead to taste and odor or toxicological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Gallard
- Laboratoire de Chimie er Microbiologie de l'Eau UMR CNRS 6008, ESIP-Université de Poitiers, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau 86 022 POITIERS Cedex, France.
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Dallin E, Wan P, Krogh E, Gill C, Moore RM. New pH-dependent photosubstitution pathways of syringic acid in aqueous solution: Relevance in environmental photochemistry. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang L, Moore RM, Cullen JJ. Methyl iodide in the NW Atlantic: Spatial and seasonal variation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jc004626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Yokouchi Y, Osada K, Wada M, Hasebe F, Agama M, Murakami R, Mukai H, Nojiri Y, Inuzuka Y, Toom-Sauntry D, Fraser P. Global distribution and seasonal concentration change of methyl iodide in the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Moore RM. A photochemical source of methyl chloride in saline waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:1933-1937. [PMID: 18409616 DOI: 10.1021/es071920l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It is shown experimentallythatthe methoxy group in simple lignin-like molecules can be the source of the methyl group in CH3Cl produced by a photochemical reaction in an aqueous solution of chloride. Terrestrially derived colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in river water also yields CH3Cl through a photochemical process in a chloride solution. CDOM extracted from subsurface ocean waters showed some ability to enhance photochemical production of CH3Cl while CDOM from surface water showed no effect. Reactions of the kind described in this paper may be contributors to the marine source of methyl chloride and possibly other alkyl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Moore
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Archer SD, Goldson LE, Liddicoat MI, Cummings DG, Nightingale PD. Marked seasonality in the concentrations and sea-to-air flux of volatile iodocarbon compounds in the western English Channel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jc003963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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MacDonald S, Moore RM. Seasonal and spatial variations in methyl chloride in NW Atlantic waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jc003812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Williams J, Gros V, Atlas E, Maciejczyk K, Batsaikhan A, Schöler HF, Forster C, Quack B, Yassaa N, Sander R, Van Dingenen R. Possible evidence for a connection between methyl iodide emissions and Saharan dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schäfer H, Miller LG, Oremland RS, Murrell JC. Bacterial Cycling of Methyl Halides. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2007; 61:307-46. [PMID: 17448794 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)61009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schäfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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45
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Leblanc C, Colin C, Cosse A, Delage L, La Barre S, Morin P, Fiévet B, Voiseux C, Ambroise Y, Verhaeghe E, Amouroux D, Donard O, Tessier E, Potin P. Iodine transfers in the coastal marine environment: the key role of brown algae and of their vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases. Biochimie 2006; 88:1773-85. [PMID: 17007992 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brown algal kelp species are the most efficient iodine accumulators among all living systems, with an average content of 1.0% of dry weight in Laminaria digitata, representing a ca. 30,000-fold accumulation of this element from seawater. Like other marine macroalgae, kelps are known to emit volatile short-lived organo-iodines, and molecular iodine which are believed to be a main vector of the iodine biogeochemical cycle as well as having a significant impact on atmospheric chemistry. Therefore, radioactive iodine can potentially accumulate in seaweeds and can participate in the biogeochemical cycling of iodine, thereby impacting human health. From a radioecological viewpoint, iodine-129 (129I, half-life of 1.6 x 10(7) years) is one of the most persistent radionuclide released from nuclear facilities into the environment. In this context, the speciation of iodine by seaweeds is of special importance and there is a need to further understand the mechanisms of iodine uptake and emission by kelps. Recent results on the physiological role and biochemistry of the vanadium haloperoxidases of brown algae emphasize the importance of these enzymes in the control of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Leblanc
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-VI, laboratoire international Associé-Dispersal and Adaptation in Marine Species, unité mixte de recherche 7139, 29682 Roscoff cedex, France.
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Smythe-Wright D, Boswell SM, Lucas CH, New AL, Varney MS. Halocarbon and dimethyl sulphide studies around the Mascarene Plateau. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2005; 363:169-185. [PMID: 15598630 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Air-sea exchange is thought to be one of the major routes by which halocarbons and dimethyl sulphide reach the troposphere and stratosphere. Once there, in different ways, they participate in chemical reactions that have implications for ozone depletion and climate change. The gases are released by phytoplankton and other algae, but our present understanding of the sources and sinks is insufficient to establish a balanced global budget. Published data suggest that there are regions of coastal and ocean waters that constitute a major source, but, for halocarbons, in other regions the ocean is a net sink. For example, in many open oceanic areas, the rate of degradation of methyl bromide outweighs production. Here we present data from the Central Indian Ocean, a region considered to be low in terms of biological productivity. Little is known about trace-gas release from the Central Indian Ocean and without such data it is impossible to even hazard a guess at the global ocean source to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Smythe-Wright
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton S014 3ZH, UK.
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47
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Zhou Y, Varner RK, Russo RS, Wingenter OW, Haase KB, Talbot R, Sive BC. Coastal water source of short-lived halocarbons in New England. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Chuck AL. Oceanic distributions and air-sea fluxes of biogenic halocarbons in the open ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jc002741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
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50
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Zepp RG, Callaghan TV, Erickson DJ. Interactive effects of ozone depletion and climate change on biogeochemical cycles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2003; 2:51-61. [PMID: 12659539 DOI: 10.1039/b211154n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ozone depiction on global biogeochemical cycles, via increased UV-B radiation at the Earth's surface, have continued to be documented over the past 4 years. In this report we also document various effects of UV-B that interact with global climate change because the detailed interactions between ozone depletion and climate change are central to the prediction and evaluation of future Earth environmental conditions. There is increasing evidence that elevated UV-B has significant effects on the terrestrial biosphere with important implications for the cycling of carbon, nitrogen and other elements. Increased UV has been shown to induce carbon monoxide production from dead plant matter in terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen oxide production from Arctic and Antarctic snowpacks, and halogenated substances from several terrestrial ecosystems. New studies on UV effects on the decomposition of dead leaf material confirm that these effects are complex and species-specific. Decomposition can be retarded, accelerated or remain unchanged. It has been difficult to relate effects of UV on decomposition rates to leaf litter chemistry, as this is very variable. However, new evidence shows UV effects on some fungi, bacterial communities and soil fauna that could play roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling. An important new result is that not only is nitrogen cycling in soils perturbed significantly by increased UV-B, but that these effects persist for over a decade. As nitrogen cycling is temperature dependent, this finding clearly links the impacts of ozone depletion to the ability of plants to use nitrogen in a warming global environment. There are many other potential interactions between UV and climate change impacts on terrestrial biogeochemical cycles that remain to be quantified. There is also new evidence that UV-B strongly influences aquatic carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and metals cycling that affect a wide range of life processes. UV-B accelerates the decomposition of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) entering the sea via terrestrial runoff, thus having important effects on oceanic carbon cycle dynamics. Since UV-B influences the distribution of CDOM, there is an impact of UV-B on estimates of oceanic productivity based on remote sensing of ocean color. Thus, oceanic productivity estimates based on remote sensing require estimates of CDOM distributions. Recent research shows that UV-B transforms dissolved organic matter to dissolved inorganic carbon and nitrogen, including carbon dioxide and ammonium and to organic substances that are either more or less readily available to micro-organisms. The extent of these transformations is correlated with loss of UV absorbance by the organic matter. Changes in aquatic primary productivity and decomposition due to climate-related changes in circulation and nutrient supply, which occur concurrently with increased UV-B exposure, have synergistic influences on the penetration of light into aquatic ecosystems. New research has confirmed that UV affects the biological availability of iron, copper and other trace metals in aquatic environments thus potentially affecting the growth of phytoplankton and other microorganisms that are involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling. There are several instances where UV-B modifies the air sea exchange of trace gases that in turn alter atmospheric chemistry, including the carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Zepp
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605-2700, USA
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