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Jorga SD, Liu T, Wang Y, Hassan S, Huynh H, Abbatt JPD. Kinetics of hypochlorous acid reactions with organic and chloride-containing tropospheric aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1645-1656. [PMID: 37721367 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine plays an important role in tropospheric oxidation processes, in both marine and continental environments. Although modeling studies have explored the importance of halogen chemistry, uncertainty remains in associated chemical mechanisms and fundamental kinetics parameters. Prior kinetics measurements of multiphase halogen recycling reactions have been largely performed with dilute, bulk solutions, leaving unexplored more realistic chemical systems which have high solute concentrations and are internally mixed with both halide and organic components. Here, we address the multiphase kinetics of gaseous HOCl using an aerosol flow tube and aerosol mass spectrometer to study its reactions with particulate chloride, using atmospherically relevant particle acidity, solute concentrations, and ionic strength. We also investigate the chemistry that results when biomass burning (BB) aerosol components and chloride are internally mixed. Using pH-buffered deliquesced particles, we show that the rate constant for reaction of dissolved HOCl with H+ and Cl- at high relative humidity (RH) (80-85%) is within a factor of two of the literature value for bulk phase conditions. However, at lower RH values (60-70%) where the particles are considerably more concentrated, the rate constant for chloride loss from the particles is an order of magnitude higher. For pure organic compounds commonly found in biomass burning (BB) aerosol, such as coniferaldehyde, salicylic acid and furfural, an increase in the aerosol chlorine content occurs with HOCl exposure, indicating the formation of organochlorine species. Together, these independent findings explain results for internally mixed aerosol particles with both chloride and BB components present where we observed behavior consistent with both chloride loss and organochlorine formation occurring simultaneously upon HOCl exposure. Our results indicate that chlorine recycling via HOCl uptake by chloride-containing particles will occur in the atmosphere efficiently over a wide range of RH conditions, even when reactive organic compounds are present in the same particles as chloride. Simultaneously, formation of organochlorine compounds, which are commonly toxic, is likely occurring when reactive organic components are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiro D Jorga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Sumaiya Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Han Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
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Gupta P, Rajakumar B. Reaction kinetics of a series of alkanes with ClO and BrO radicals: A theoretical study. INT J CHEM KINET 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parth Gupta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | - B. Rajakumar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
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3
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Gupta P, Rajakumar B. Reaction kinetics of a series of alkenes with ClO and BrO radicals: A theoretical study. INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parth Gupta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | - B. Rajakumar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
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Moreno F, Moreno J, Fatela F, Guise L, Vieira C, Leira M. Bromine biogeodynamics in the NE Atlantic: A perspective from natural wetlands of western Portugal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137649. [PMID: 32208235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bromine (Br) cycling in natural wetlands is highly complex, including abiotic/biotic processes and multiphase inorganic/organic Br-species. Wetland ecosystems receive Br primarily from the ocean, functioning as either sinks or sources of Br, with the overall imbalance largely decided by the prevailing climate. Aiming to trace the present-day transport of oceanogenic Br (i.e., derived from salt-water spray-droplets) and its uptake and storage in brackish and freshwater wetlands, we surveyed waters, autochthonous plants, and soils/sediments from coastal marshes and mountain peatlands in the westernmost fringe of northern Portugal. The calculated enrichment factors of bromide (Br-) relative to chloride in rainfall (EFsea = 16.8-75.3), rivers (EFsea = 1.3-13.9) and wetland waters, superficial (EFsea = 5.8-13.1) and interstitial (EFsea = 2.1-8.9), increased towards the inland highlands. We hypothesized that these values derived mostly from a known Br autocatalytic (heterogeneous) chemical cycle, starting at the seawater-aqueous interface and progressing in altitude. Br-bearing air masses are carried far from the Atlantic Ocean by moist westerlies, with Br- rainout from the atmosphere supplying the neighbouring mountain peatlands. Average [Br] in sampled wetland soils/sediments (111-253 mg/kg) agreed with values from other coastal regions, and they were directly correlated with the abundance of organic matter, varying irrespective the [Br-] of interstitial waters (129 μg/L-79 mg/L). According to the computed bioconcentration factors, the aqueous component was the major source of Br for all plant species investigated (BFplant/water = 2.1-508.0), as described elsewhere. However, Br contents in plants (14-173 mg/kg) evidenced interspecific differences, also suggesting a divergence from the acknowledged halophytic-glycophytic "model". As plants are recognized producers of Br volatile molecules (e.g., methyl bromide, CH3Br), we interpreted translocation factors less than one in vascular species as explanatory of phytovolatilization rather than restriction of Br- upward movement in plants. Further investigation is needed, since considerable intrinsic plant variations in CH3Br emissions are mentioned in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moreno
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Pólo da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - J Moreno
- Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - F Fatela
- Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Guise
- Departamento de Ciências da Terra (DCT), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - C Vieira
- Museu de História Natural e Ciência da Universidade do Porto (MHNC-UP)/UPorto/Infra-estrutura de Colecções Científicas Portuguesas - (PRIS-POCI-01-0145FEDER-022168), Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Leira
- Departamento de Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15071A Coruña, Spain
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Qiu X, Ying Q, Wang S, Duan L, Wang Y, Lu K, Wang P, Xing J, Zheng M, Zhao M, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Hao J. Significant impact of heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species on summertime atmospheric ozone and free-radical formation in north China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133580. [PMID: 31376754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions of N2O5, O3, OH, ClONO2, HOCl, ClNO2, and NO2, with chlorine-containing particles are incorporated in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to evaluate the impact of heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species on ozone and free radicals. Changes of summertime ozone and free radical concentrations due to the additional heterogeneous reactions in north China were quantified. These heterogeneous reactions increased the O3, OH, HO2 and RO2 concentrations by up to 20%, 28%, 36% and 48% for some regions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) area. These areas typically have a larger amount of NOx emissions and a lower VOC/NOx ratio. The zero-out method evaluates that the photolysis of ClNO2 and Cl2 are the major contributors (42.4% and 57.6%, respectively) to atmospheric Cl in the early morning hours but the photolysis of Cl2 is the only significant contributor after 10:00 am. The results highlight that heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species are important to atmospheric ozone and free-radical formation. Our study also suggests that the on-going NOx emission controls in the NCP region with a goal to reduce both O3 and secondary nitrate can also have the co-benefit of reducing the formation Cl from ClNO2 and Cl2, which may also lead to lower secondary organic aerosol formation and thus the control of summertime PM2.5 in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghui Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minjiang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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Gabay M, Tas E. Dispersion-box modeling investigation of the influences of gasoline, diesel, M85 and E85 vehicle exhaust emission on photochemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1863-1871. [PMID: 31369942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alternative transportation fuels (ATFs) can reduce air pollution. However, the influence of conventional fuels-diesel and gasoline, and particularly ATFs on photochemical air pollution is not well-characterized, limiting assessments of ATFs and air quality. This is mainly due to frequent use of lumped chemical mechanisms by related atmospheric modeling. Here we hypothesized that applying a chemical mechanism that is specifically developed according to both emission fractions and photochemical ozone creation potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is key to gaining reliable insights into the impact of transportation fuels on photochemistry. We used a heterogeneous chemical mechanism with 927 reactions and relatively detailed emission inventories to specifically meet the requirements for reliable simulation of the effect of exhaust emissions from vehicles fueled by selected model fuels-diesel, gasoline, and mixtures of 15% gasoline with 85% ethanol (E85) or 85% methanol (M85)-on photochemistry. These dispersion-box model simulations revealed a strong influence of atmospheric background balance between VOCs and nitrogen oxides (NOX = [NO] + [NO2]) on the impact of exhaust emissions on photochemistry, with higher tendency toward ozone (O3) formation or destruction for more VOC-limited or NOX-limited conditions, respectively. Accordingly, higher [NOX]/[VOC] exhaust emission, such as from diesel and M85, resulted in lower O3, not only locally but also downwind of the emission. This offers a new perspective and measure for transportation fuel assessment. Rapid conversion of O3 to hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals downwind of the exhaust emission indicates the importance of simulating the impact of road transportation on photochemistry at high spatial and temporal resolution. Peroxyacetyl nitrate formation was more sensitive to VOC emission under VOC-limited conditions than to NOX emission under NOX-limited conditions. Secondary formaldehyde dominated over primary emitted formaldehyde several minutes after emission. These findings should be verified using a 3D modeling study under varying meteorological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Gabay
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Tas
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Sakamoto Y, Goda M, Hirokawa J. Kinetics Study of Heterogeneous Bromine Release from the Reaction between Gaseous Ozone and Aqueous Bromide Solution. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2723-2731. [PMID: 29481755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous release of molecular bromine, Br2, from the reaction between gaseous ozone and aqueous bromide ion in seawater ice and sea salt aerosols is considered to be an initial source of reactive bromine species in the troposphere. Recent studies have demonstrated that the uptake of ozone by aqueous bromide solution is promoted by reactions at the gas-liquid interface. The present work investigated the heterogeneous reaction between gaseous ozone and aqueous bromide solution at atmospheric pressure and room temperature using a wetted wall flow reactor combined with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. The emission rate of Br2 was measured as a function of gaseous ozone concentration, aqueous bromide concentration, and pH. In addition, we conducted a simple kinetics model simulation that included only bulk aqueous-phase reactions and compared the theoretical values with the experimentally determined values. The Br2 emission rates measured experimentally differ from the simulated rates at relatively high bromide concentration, as well as in the pH region of 6-9. These differences might be explained by different Br- concentration and/or deprotonation efficiency near the interface region and those in the bulk solution.
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Shechner M, Tas E. Ozone Formation Induced by the Impact of Reactive Bromine and Iodine Species on Photochemistry in a Polluted Marine Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14030-14037. [PMID: 29112383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive iodine and bromine species (RIS and RBS, respectively) are known for altering atmospheric chemistry and causing sharp tropospheric ozone (O3) depletion in polar regions and significant O3 reduction in the marine boundary layer (MBL). Here we use measurement-based modeling to show that, unexpectedly, both RIS and RBS can lead to enhanced O3 formation in a polluted marine environment under volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited conditions associated with high nitrogen oxide (NOX = [NO] + [NO2]) concentrations. Under these conditions, the daily average O3 mixing ratio increased to ∼44 and ∼28% for BrO and IO mixing ratios of up to ∼6.8 and 4.7 ppt, respectively. The increase in the level of O3 was partially induced by enhanced ClNO3 formation for higher Br2 and I2 emission flux. The increase in the level of O3 was associated with an increased mixing ratio of hydroperoxyl radical to hydroxyl radical ([HO2]/[OH]) and increased [NO2]/[NO] with higher levels of RBS and/or RIS. NOX-rich conditions are typical of the polluted MBL, near coastlines and ship plumes. Considering that O3 is toxic to humans, plants, and animals and is a greenhouse gas, our findings call for adequate updating of local and regional air-quality models with the effects of activities of RBS and RIS on O3 mixing ratios in the polluted MBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shechner
- The Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot, Israel
| | - E Tas
- The Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot, Israel
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Liu X, Qu H, Huey LG, Wang Y, Sjostedt S, Zeng L, Lu K, Wu Y, Hu M, Shao M, Zhu T, Zhang Y. High Levels of Daytime Molecular Chlorine and Nitryl Chloride at a Rural Site on the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9588-9595. [PMID: 28806070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chlorine (Cl2) and nitryl chloride (ClNO2) concentrations were measured using chemical ionization mass spectrometry at a rural site over the North China Plain during June 2014. High levels of daytime Cl2 up to ∼450 pptv were observed. The average diurnal Cl2 mixing ratios showed a maximum around noon at ∼100 pptv. ClNO2 exhibited a strong diurnal variation with early morning maxima reaching ppbv levels and afternoon minima sustained above 60 pptv. A moderate correlation (R2 = 0.31) between Cl2 and sulfur dioxide was observed, perhaps indicating a role for power plant emissions in the generation of the observed chlorine. We also observed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.83) between daytime (10:00-20:00) Cl2 and ClNO2, which implies that both of them were formed from a similar mechanism. In addition, Cl2 production is likely associated with a photochemical mechanism as Cl2 concentrations varied with ozone (O3) levels. The impact of Cl2 and ClNO2 as Cl atom sources is investigated using a photochemical box model. We estimated that the produced Cl atoms oxidized slightly more alkanes than OH radicals and enhanced the daily concentrations of peroxy radicals by 15% and the O3 production rate by 19%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hang Qu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - L Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Steven Sjostedt
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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Braun RA, Dadashazar H, MacDonald AB, Aldhaif AM, Maudlin LC, Crosbie E, Aghdam MA, Hossein Mardi A, Sorooshian A. Impact of Wildfire Emissions on Chloride and Bromide Depletion in Marine Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9013-9021. [PMID: 28700243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work examines particulate chloride (Cl-) and bromide (Br-) depletion in marine aerosol particles influenced by wildfires at a coastal California site in the summers of 2013 and 2016. Chloride exhibited a dominant coarse mode due to sea salt influence, with substantially diminished concentrations during fire periods as compared to nonfire periods. Bromide exhibited a peak in the submicrometer range during fire and nonfire periods, with an additional supermicrometer peak in the latter periods. Chloride and Br- depletions were enhanced during fire periods as compared to nonfire periods. The highest observed %Cl- depletion occurred in the submicrometer range, with maximum values of 98.9% (0.32-0.56 μm) and 85.6% (0.56-1 μm) during fire and nonfire periods, respectively. The highest %Br- depletion occurred in the supermicrometer range during fire and nonfire periods with peak depletion between 1.8-3.2 μm (78.8% and 58.6%, respectively). When accounting for the neutralization of sulfate by ammonium, organic acid particles showed the greatest influence on Cl- depletion in the submicrometer range. These results have implications for aerosol hygroscopicity and radiative forcing in areas with wildfire influence owing to depletion effects on composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Abdulamonam M Aldhaif
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Lindsay C Maudlin
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center, Chemistry and Dynamics Branch , Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
- Universities Space Research Association , Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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11
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Sensitivity of the Reaction Mechanism of the Ozone Depletion Events during the Arctic Spring on the Initial Atmospheric Composition of the Troposphere. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Richards-Henderson NK, Callahan KM, Nissenson P, Nishino N, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Production of gas phase NO2 and halogens from the photolysis of thin water films containing nitrate, chloride and bromide ions at room temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:17636-46. [PMID: 24042539 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52956h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate and halide ions coexist in particles generated in marine regions, around alkaline dry lakes, and in the Arctic snowpack. Although the photochemistry of nitrate ions in bulk aqueous solution is well known, there is recent evidence that it may be more efficient at liquid-gas interfaces, and that the presence of other ions in solution may enhance interfacial reactivity. This study examines the 311 nm photolysis of thin aqueous films of ternary halide-nitrate salt mixtures (NaCl-NaBr-NaNO3) deposited on the walls of a Teflon chamber at 298 K. The films were generated by nebulizing aqueous 0.25 M NaNO3 solutions which had NaCl and NaBr added to vary the mole fraction of halide ions. Molar ratios of chloride to bromide ions were chosen to be 0.25, 1.0, or 4.0. The subsequent generation of gas phase NO2 and reactive halogen gases (Br2, BrCl and Cl2) were monitored with time. The rate of gas phase NO2 formation was shown to be enhanced by the addition of the halide ions to thin films containing only aqueous NaNO3. At [Cl(-)]/[Br(-)] ≤ 1.0, the NO2 enhancement was similar to that observed for binary NaBr-NaNO3 mixtures, while with excess chloride NO2 enhancement was similar to that observed for binary NaCl-NaNO3 mixtures. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that the halide ions draw nitrate ions closer to the interface where a less complete solvent shell allows more efficient escape of NO2 to the gas phase, and that bromide ions are more effective in bringing nitrate ions closer to the surface. The combination of theory and experiments suggests that under atmospheric conditions where nitrate ion photochemistry plays a role, the impact of other species such as halide ions should be taken into account in predicting the impacts of nitrate ion photochemistry.
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14
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Park JH, Ivanov AV, Molina MJ. Experimental study on the release of Cl2 from NaCl upon OH radical uptake. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Richards NK, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Production of gas phase NO₂ and halogens from the photochemical oxidation of aqueous mixtures of sea salt and nitrate ions at room temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10447-10454. [PMID: 22506935 DOI: 10.1021/es300607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and halide ions coexist in a number of environmental systems, including sea salt particles, the Arctic snowpack, and alkaline dry lakes. However, little is known about potential synergisms between halide and nitrate ions. The effect of sea salt on NO(3)(-) photochemistry at 311 nm was investigated at 298 K using thin films of deliquesced NaNO(3)-synthetic sea salt mixtures. Gas phase NO(2), NO, and halogen products were measured as a function of photolysis time using NO(y) chemiluminescence and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS). The production of NO(2) increases with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, and is similar to that for mixtures of NaCl with NaNO(3). Gas phase halogen production also increased with the halide-to-nitrate ratio, consistent with NO(3)(-) photolysis yielding OH which oxidizes halide ions in the film. Yields of gas phase halogens and NO were strongly dependent on the acidity of the solution, while that of NO(2) was not. An additional halogen formation mechanism in the dark involving molecular HNO(3) is proposed that may be important in other systems such as reactions on surfaces. These studies show that the yield of Br(2) relative to NO(2) during photolysis of halide-nitrate mixtures could be as high as 35% under some atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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16
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Edwards P, Evans MJ, Commane R, Ingham T, Stone D, Mahajan AS, Oetjen H, Dorsey JR, Hopkins JR, Lee JD, Moller SJ, Leigh R, Plane JMC, Carpenter LJ, Heard DE. Hydrogen oxide photochemistry in the northern Canadian spring time boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Edwards
- School of Chemistry; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - M. J. Evans
- School of Earth and Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - R. Commane
- School of Chemistry; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - T. Ingham
- School of Chemistry; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - D. Stone
- School of Chemistry; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | | | - H. Oetjen
- School of Chemistry; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - J. R. Dorsey
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - J. R. Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science; University of York; Heslington UK
| | - J. D. Lee
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science; University of York; Heslington UK
| | - S. J. Moller
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington UK
| | - R. Leigh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | | | | | - D. E. Heard
- School of Chemistry; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
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17
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Newberg JT, McIntire TM, Hemminger JC. Reaction of Bromide with Bromate in Thin-Film Water. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:9480-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102006t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Newberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Theresa M. McIntire
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - John C. Hemminger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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18
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Lee JD, Moller SJ, Read KA, Lewis AC, Mendes L, Carpenter LJ. Year-round measurements of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the tropical North Atlantic marine boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Ali K, Beig G, Chate DM, Momin GA, Sahu SK, Safai PD. Sink mechanism for significantly low level of ozone over the Arabian Sea during monsoon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Zhou D, Zhou H, Jenks CC, Lewis JS, Katzenellenbogen JA, Welch MJ. Bromination from the macroscopic level to the tracer radiochemical level: (76)Br radiolabeling of aromatic compounds via electrophilic substitution. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:808-16. [PMID: 19260733 PMCID: PMC2743097 DOI: 10.1021/bc800313c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
No-carrier-added (NCA) (76)Br labeling of 4-(5-acetoxy-7-bromobenzoxazol-2-yl)phenyl acetate, a diacetate-protected estrogen-receptor beta (ERbeta) selective ligand, was carried out successfully using [(76)Br]bromide ion. The labeling was achieved via oxidative electrophilic destannylation of an organotin precursor molecule by modification of the leaving group (from Bu(3)Sn to Me(3)Sn) and the addition of methanol to the reaction mixture. The differences between the oxidative bromination reaction under small-scale macroscopic vs tracer level radiochemical conditions were explored in terms of effective brominating agents, which depend greatly on the nature of the solvent during the radiochemical bromination, and the potential interference by trace levels of highly reactive impurities in the reaction that compete for the desired bromination at the NCA level. Our observations, and our development of experimental protocols for successful radiobromination at the tracer NCA-scale, should be applicable to the synthesis of other radiobromine-labeled organic compounds of potential interest as PET radiopharmaceuticals and radiotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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21
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Zhao TL, Gong SL, Bottenheim JW, McConnell JC, Sander R, Kaleschke L, Richter A, Kerkweg A, Toyota K, Barrie LA. A three-dimensional model study on the production of BrO and Arctic boundary layer ozone depletion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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23
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24
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Zhou Y, Mao H, Russo RS, Blake DR, Wingenter OW, Haase KB, Ambrose J, Varner RK, Talbot R, Sive BC. Bromoform and dibromomethane measurements in the seacoast region of New Hampshire, 2002–2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Rosado-Reyes CM, Martínez-Avilés M, Francisco JS. Computational Study of the Reaction of n-Bromopropane with OH Radicals and Cl Atoms. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(07)00211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Sillman S, Marsik FJ, Al-Wali KI, Keeler GJ, Landis MS. Reactive mercury in the troposphere: Model formation and results for Florida, the northeastern United States, and the Atlantic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Song CH, Kim CM, Lee YJ, Carmichael GR, Lee BK, Lee DS. An evaluation of reaction probabilities of sulfate and nitrate precursors onto East Asian dust particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Pszenny AAP, Fischer EV, Russo RS, Sive BC, Varner RK. Estimates of Cl atom concentrations and hydrocarbon kinetic reactivity in surface air at Appledore Island, Maine (USA), during International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation/Chemistry of Halogens at the Isles of Shoals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. P. Pszenny
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
- Mount Washington Observatory; North Conway New Hampshire USA
| | | | - Rachel S. Russo
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Barkley C. Sive
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Ruth K. Varner
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
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29
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Tackett PJ, Cavender AE, Keil AD, Shepson PB, Bottenheim JW, Morin S, Deary J, Steffen A, Doerge C. A study of the vertical scale of halogen chemistry in the Arctic troposphere during Polar Sunrise at Barrow, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Laurier F, Mason R. Mercury concentration and speciation in the coastal and open ocean boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Shaka' H, Robertson WH, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. A new approach to studying aqueous reactions using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry: application to the uptake and oxidation of SO2 on OH-processed model sea salt aerosol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:1980-90. [PMID: 17431526 DOI: 10.1039/b612624c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (DRIFTS) is a powerful technique for analyzing solid powders and for following their reactions in real time. We demonstrate that it can also be applied to studying the uptake and reactions of gases in liquid films. Within the DRIFTS cell, a 10%(w/w) mixture of MgCl(2) x 6H(2)O in NaCl was equilibrated with air at 50% RH, which is above the deliquescence point of the magnesium salt but below that of NaCl. This mixture of NaCl coated with an aqueous magnesium chloride solution was then reacted with gas phase OH to generate hydroxide ions via a previously identified interface reaction. This treatment, hereafter referred to as OH-processing, was sufficient to convert some of the magnesium chloride to Mg(OH)(2) and Mg(2)(OH)(3)Cl x 4H(2)O, making the aqueous film basic and providing a reservoir of alkalinity. Subsequent addition of SO(2) to the basic processed mixture resulted in its uptake and conversion to sulfite which was measured by FTIR. The sulfite was simultaneously oxidized to sulfate by HOCl/OCl(-) that was formed in the initial OH-processing of the salt. Further uptake and oxidation of SO(2) in the aqueous film took place when the salt was subsequently exposed to O(3). These studies demonstrate that DRIFTS can be used to study the chemistry in liquid films in real time, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the reaction of gaseous OH with chloride ions generates alkalinity that enhances the uptake and oxidation of SO(2) under these laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Shaka'
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92697-2025, USA
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32
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Aoto YA, Ornellas FR. Predicting New Molecular Species of Potential Interest to Atmospheric Chemistry: The Isomers HSBr and HBrS. J Phys Chem A 2006; 111:521-5. [PMID: 17228901 DOI: 10.1021/jp0665123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbative contributions of connected triples CCSD(T) theory with a series of correlation consistent basis sets was used to predict the existence and characterize for the first time the structures, harmonic frequencies, and energetic quantities of the isomeric species HSBr and HBrS, as well as the transition state connecting them. These calculations consider extrapolation to the complete basis set (CBS) limit, corrections for scalar relativistic effects using the second-order Douglas-Kroll-Hess Hamiltonian, and also correlation of the bromine d electrons in addition to the 14 valence electrons. The species HSBr was found to be more stable than HBrS by 50.93 kcal/mol, with a high barrier height of 60.00 kcal/mol for the interconversion into HBrS. The smaller barrier of 7.90 kcal/mol (ZPE included) for the reverse process, however, should favor a rapid interconversion of HBrS into HSBr if HBrS can also be initially present in a potential synthetic route. If trapped in a matrix, their harmonic frequencies will allow for an unambiguous distinction between the two species. Scalar relativistic corrections and correlation of 24 electrons, although minor for the present purpose of a first time, but accurate, characterization of these species, are needed if chemical accuracy is also pursued. A test of the DFT/B3LYP approach in describing this type of system resulted in good energetic quantities, but geometric parameters and frequencies still lack spectroscopic accuracy. Whether HSBr can act as a temporary bromine reservoir and/or a source of reactive bromine and HS radicals requires further studies that are underway in our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Alexandre Aoto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, São Paulo, SP, 05513-970, Brazil
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33
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Frinak EK, Abbatt JPD. Br2 Production from the Heterogeneous Reaction of Gas-Phase OH with Aqueous Salt Solutions: Impacts of Acidity, Halide Concentration, and Organic Surfactants. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:10456-64. [PMID: 16942051 DOI: 10.1021/jp063165o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the first laboratory measurement of gas-phase Br2 production from the reaction between gas-phase hydroxyl radicals and aqueous salt solutions. Experiments were conducted at 269 K in a rotating wetted-wall flow tube coupled to a chemical-ionization mass spectrometer for analysis of gas-phase components. From both pure NaBr solutions and mixed NaCl/NaBr solutions, the amount of Br2 released was found to increase with increasing acidity, whereas it was found to vary little with increasing concentration of bromide ions in the sample. For mixed NaCl/NaBr solutions, Br2 was formed preferentially over Cl2 unless the Br- levels in the solution were significantly depleted by OH oxidation, at which point Cl2 formation was observed. Presence of a surfactant in solution, sodium dodecyl sulfate, significantly suppressed the formation of Br2; this is the first indication that an organic surfactant can affect the rate of interfacial mass transfer of OH to an aqueous surface. The OH-mediated oxidation of bromide may serve as a source of active bromine in the troposphere and contribute to the subsequent destruction of ozone that proceeds in marine-influenced regions of the troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Frinak
- Department of Chemistry, 80 Saint George Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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34
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Wu D, Tie X, Deng X. Chemical characterizations of soluble aerosols in southern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 64:749-57. [PMID: 16406482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soluble aerosols are measured at Guangdong and Hainan Provinces of southern China. The measured chemical composition of aerosols includes F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO4=, Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. The locations of measurements include a mega city (Guangzhou), a medium city along the coastline (Haiko), a small city along the coastline (Shanya), and a remote island site in the South China Sea (Yongxing island). The results reveal that aerosols in this region are complex and heterogeneous. Sulfate aerosol (SO4=) has the highest concentrations in Guangzhou (approximately 41% of total soluble aerosol mass), suggesting that anthropogenic activities (e.g., coal burning) play important roles in controlling aerosol concentrations in Guangzhou. By contrast, the concentrations of chlorine (Cl-) and sodium (Na+) are higher in Yongxing than in Guangzhou, indicating that the sea salt is the dominant aerosol in this marine environment site. In the medium (Haiko) and small (Shanya) city sites, the effects of anthropogenic and marine activities on aerosols fall in between the values in the mega city and the remote island site. The measured ratio of Cl-/Na+ shows that the ratio is less than 1.16 in all observation sites. The ratio in the Guangzhou city, the Haiko city, the Shanya city, and the Yongxing island is 0.52, 0.91, 0.24, and 0.53, respectively, indicating that significantly heterogeneous chemical reactions occur on sea salt particles. Unlike those in Europe and North America, there are high concentrations of calcium (Ca+) in all observation sites. The percentage of calcium mass to the measured total soluble aerosols mass is 21, 32, 34, and 30 at Guangzhou, Haiko, Sanya, and Yongxing, respectively. The calculations show that calcium plays an important role in neutralizing aerosols. The calculated "cation/anion" (summation operator[ion+]/summation operator[ion-]) ratio is 2.5, 2.5, 3.2, and 2.1, at Guangzhou, Haiko, Shanya, and Yongxing, respectively. The high "cation/anion" ratios suggest that SO4=, NO3-, and Cl- are neutralized, and the aerosols as a whole (internally mixed), appear to be in an alkaline mode in this region. However, without taking into account for calcium, the calculated "cation/anion" ratio reduces to 1.2, 0.98, 1.3, and 0.8 at Guangzhou, Haiko, Sanya, and Yongxing, respectively. The property of aerosols switches from an alkaline mode to an acidity mode at the Haiko and Yongxing sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dui Wu
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, CMA, Guangzhou, China
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35
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Agreda B JA, Field RJ. Activation Energy for the Disproportionation of HBrO2 and Estimated Heats of Formation of HBrO2 and BrO2. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:7867-73. [PMID: 16789774 DOI: 10.1021/jp0606412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the reaction HBrO(2) + HBrO(2) --> HOBr + BrO(3)(-) + H(+) is investigated in aqueous HClO(4) (0.04-0.9 M) and H(2)SO(4) (0.3-0.9 M) media and at temperatures in the range 15-38 degrees C. The reaction is found to be cleanly second order in [HBrO(2)], with the experimental rate constant having the form k(exp) = k + k'[H(+)]. The half-life of the reaction is on the order of a few tenths of a second in the range 0.01 M < [HBrO(2)](0) < 0.02 M. The detailed mechanism of this reaction is discussed. The activation parameters for kare found to be E(double dagger) = 19.0 +/- 0.9 kJ/mol and DeltaS(double dagger) = -132 +/- 3 J/(K mol) in HClO(4), and E(double dagger) = 23.0 +/- 0.5 kJ/mol and DeltaS(double dagger) = -119 +/- 1 J/(K mol) in H(2)SO(4). The activation parameters for k' are found to be E(double dagger) = 25.8 +/- 0.5 kJ/mol and DeltaS(double dagger) = -106 +/- 1 J/(K mol) in HClO(4), and E(double dagger) = 18 +/- 3 kJ/mol and DeltaS(double dagger) = -130 +/- 11 J/(K mol) in H(2)SO(4). The values Delta(f)H(29)(8)(0)[BrO(2)(aq)] = 157 kJ/mol and Delta(f)H(29)(8)(0)[HBrO(2)(aq)] = -33 kJ/mol are estimated using a trend analysis (bond strengths) based on the assumption Delta(f)H(29)(8)(0)[HBrO(2)(aq)] lies between Delta(f)H(29)(8)(0)[HOBr(aq)] and Delta(f)H(29)(8)(0)[HBrO(3)(aq)] as Delta(f)H(29)(8)(0)[HClO(2)(aq)] lies between Delta(f)H(29)(8)(0)[HOCl(aq)] and Delta(f)H(29)(8)(0)[HClO(3)(aq)]. The estimated value of Delta(f)H(29)(8)(0)[BrO(2)(aq)] agrees well with calculated gas-phase values, but the estimated value of Delta(f)H(29)(8)(0)[HBrO(2)(aq)], as well as the tabulated value of Delta(f)H(29)(8)(0)[HClO(2)(aq)], is in substantial disagreement with calculated gas-phase values. Values of Delta(r)H(0) are estimated for various reactions involving BrO(2) or HBrO(2).
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Zelenov VV, Aparina EV, Kashtanov SA, Shestakov DV, Gershenzon YM. Kinetic mechanism of ClONO2 uptake on polycrystalline film of NaCl. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:6771-80. [PMID: 16722693 DOI: 10.1021/jp056272b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic studies and the mechanism determination of ClONO2 uptake on polycrystalline NaCl were carried out using a coated-insert flow tube reactor combined with high-resolution, low-energy electron-impact mass spectrometer under the following conditions: p = 1-2 Torr, linear flow velocity v = 3.5-75 m s(-1), T = 293 and 387 K, [ClONO2] = (0.5-25) x 10(12) molecules cm(-3). The salt was deposited as a film from nonsaturated aqueous solution on the sliding rod. The temporal dependences of the uptake coefficient and the partial uptake coefficients leading to a formation of the prime Cl2 and HOCl products were measured for different ClONO2 concentrations. These dependences are established to be described by gamma = gamma0 exp(-t/tau) + gamma(s), gamma(0,s)(-1) = a(0,s) + b(0,s)[ClONO2]. In the framework of the proposed kinetic model, the data are explained and the main elementary kinetic parameters of the uptake are evaluated. The model is based on a combination of Langmuir adsorption, formation of surface complexes on initial active sites, Z(ch), followed by their unimolecular decomposition. Decomposition is proposed to proceed concurrently in two channels, one of which is a released surface site that conserves the properties of the initial site. In the other channel, the initial Z(ch) transforms into Z(ph) followed by steady-state uptake and reproduction of final Z(ph). The model gives an analytical expression for experimental parameters gamma0, gamma(s), and tau in terms of elementary rate constants and the reactant volume concentration. The final objective of the proposed model is the extrapolation of gamma0, gamma(s), and tau parameters to real tropospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Zelenov
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
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37
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Xie Z, Sun L, Blum JD, Huang Y, He W. Summertime aerosol chemical components in the marine boundary layer of the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Liguang Sun
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Joel D. Blum
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Yuying Huang
- Institute of High Energy Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wei He
- Institute of High Energy Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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38
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Anguelova MD, Webster F. Whitecap coverage from satellite measurements: A first step toward modeling the variability of oceanic whitecaps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jc003158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Zhu L, Nenes A, Wine PH, Nicovich JM. Effects of aqueous organosulfur chemistry on particulate methanesulfonate to non–sea salt sulfate ratios in the marine atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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40
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Zeng T, Wang Y, Chance K, Blake N, Blake D, Ridley B. Halogen-driven low-altitude O3and hydrocarbon losses in spring at northern high latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Jiménez P, Lelieveld J, Baldasano JM. Multiscale modeling of air pollutants dynamics in the northwestern Mediterranean basin during a typical summertime episode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Newberg JT, Matthew BM, Anastasio C. Chloride and bromide depletions in sea-salt particles over the northeastern Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Newberg
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - Brendan M. Matthew
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources; University of California; Davis California USA
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43
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Zhao C, Lin X, Kwok WM, Guan X, Du Y, Wang D, Hung KF, Phillips DL. Water-Catalyzed Dehalogenation Reactions of the Isomer of CBr4 and Its Reaction Products and a Comparison to Analogous Reactions of the Isomers of Di- and Trihalomethanes. Chemistry 2005; 11:1093-108. [PMID: 15742469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental and theoretical study of the UV photolysis of a typical tetrahalomethane, CBr4, in water and acetonitrile/water was performed. Ultraviolet photolysis of low concentrations of CBr4 in water mostly leads to the production of four HBr leaving groups and CO2. Picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman (Ps-TR3) experiments and ab initio calculations indicate that water-catalyzed O-H insertion/HBr elimination of the isomer of CBr4 and subsequent reactions of its products lead to the formation of these products. The UV photolyses of di-, tri-, and tetrahalomethanes at low concentrations in water-solvated environments are compared to one another. This comparison enables a general reaction scheme to be deduced that can account for the different products produced by UV photolysis of low concentrations of di-, tri-, and tetrahalomethanes in water. The fate of the (halo)formaldehyde intermediate in the chemical reaction mechanism is the key to determining how many strong acid leaving groups are produced and which carbon atom final product is likely formed by UV photolysis of a polyhalomethane at low concentrations in a water-solvated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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44
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Wingenter OW, Sive BC, Blake NJ, Blake DR, Rowland FS. Atomic chlorine concentrations derived from ethane and hydroxyl measurements over the equatorial Pacific Ocean: Implication for dimethyl sulfide and bromine monoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Frey MM, Stewart RW, McConnell JR, Bales RC. Atmospheric hydroperoxides in West Antarctica: Links to stratospheric ozone and atmospheric oxidation capacity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Yang X, Cox RA, Warwick NJ, Pyle JA, Carver GD, O'Connor FM, Savage NH. Tropospheric bromine chemistry and its impacts on ozone: A model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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47
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Watanabe K. Measurements of ozone concentrations on a commercial vessel in the marine boundary layer over the northern North Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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49
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Keene WC, Pszenny AAP, Maben JR, Stevenson E, Wall A. Closure evaluation of size-resolved aerosol pH in the New England coastal atmosphere during summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William C. Keene
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Alexander A. P. Pszenny
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
- Mount Washington Observatory; North Conway New Hampshire USA
| | - John R. Maben
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Eric Stevenson
- Mount Washington Observatory; North Conway New Hampshire USA
| | - Andrew Wall
- Mount Washington Observatory; North Conway New Hampshire USA
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50
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Hunt SW, Roeselová M, Wang W, Wingen LM, Knipping EM, Tobias DJ, Dabdub D, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Formation of Molecular Bromine from the Reaction of Ozone with Deliquesced NaBr Aerosol: Evidence for Interface Chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0467346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - M. Roeselová
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - W. Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - L. M. Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - E. M. Knipping
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - D. J. Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - D. Dabdub
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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