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Stelling JM, Slesak RA, Windmuller-Campione MA, Grinde A. Effects of stand age, tree species, and climate on water table fluctuations and estimated evapotranspiration in managed peatland forests. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 339:117783. [PMID: 37058930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lowland conifer forests dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana) and tamarack (Larix laricina) typically occur in peatlands in the boreal North American forest with near-surface water tables throughout the year. These forests are ecologically and economically important resources that may be impacted by climate change. However, information characterizing effects of forest disturbance, such as even-aged harvest on water table dynamics is needed to evaluate which forest tree species cover types are most hydrologically susceptible to even-aged harvest and changes in precipitation. We used a chronosequence approach to evaluate water table fluctuations and evapotranspiration across four stand age classes (<10, 15-30, 40-80, and >100-years old) and three distinct forest cover types (productive black spruce, stagnant black spruce, and tamarack) for a period of three years in Minnesota, USA. In general, there is limited evidence for elevated water tables in the younger age classes; the <10-year age class had no significant difference in mean weekly water table depth compared to the older age classes across all cover types. Estimated actual daily evapotranspiration (ET) generally agreed with the water table observations, with the exception of the tamarack cover type where ET was significantly lower in the <10-year age class. Productive black spruce sites that are 40-80-years old had higher evapotranspiration, and lower water table, possibly reflecting increased transpiration associated with the stem exclusion stage of stand development. Tamarack in the 40-80-year age class had higher water tables but no difference in ET compared to all other age classes, indicating that other external factors are driving higher water tables in that age class. To evaluate susceptibility to changing climate, we also assessed the sensitivity and response of water table dynamics to pronounced differences in growing season precipitation that occurred across study years. In general, tamarack forests are more sensitive to changes in precipitation compared to the two black spruce forest cover types. These findings can inform expected responses of site hydrology for a range of precipitation scenarios that may occur under future climate and be used by forest managers to evaluate hydrologic impacts of forest management activities across lowland conifer forest cover types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Stelling
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil Water and Climate, Twin Cities, USA.
| | - R A Slesak
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia WA, 98512, USA.
| | | | - Alexis Grinde
- Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55811, USA.
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2
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Dieleman CM, Rogers BM, Potter S, Veraverbeke S, Johnstone JF, Laflamme J, Solvik K, Walker XJ, Mack MC, Turetsky MR. Wildfire combustion and carbon stocks in the southern Canadian boreal forest: Implications for a warming world. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6062-6079. [PMID: 32529727 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Boreal wildfires are increasing in intensity, extent, and frequency, potentially intensifying carbon emissions and transitioning the region from a globally significant carbon sink to a source. The productive southern boreal forests of central Canada already experience relatively high frequencies of fire, and as such may serve as an analog of future carbon dynamics for more northern forests. Fire-carbon dynamics in southern boreal systems are relatively understudied, with limited investigation into the drivers of pre-fire carbon stocks or subsequent combustion. As part of NASA's Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment, we sampled 79 stands (47 burned, 32 unburned) throughout central Saskatchewan to characterize above- and belowground carbon stocks and combustion rates in relation to historical land use, vegetation characteristics, and geophysical attributes. We found southern boreal forests emitted an average of 3.3 ± 1.1 kg C/m2 from field sites. The emissions from southern boreal stands varied as a function of stand age, fire weather conditions, ecozone, and soil moisture class. Sites affected by historical timber harvesting had greater combustion rates due to faster carbon stock recovery rates than sites recovering from wildfire events, indicating that different boreal forest land use practices can generate divergent carbon legacy effects. We estimate the 2015 fire season in Saskatchewan emitted a total of 36.3 ± 15.0 Tg C, emphasizing the importance of southern boreal fires for regional carbon budgets. Using the southern boreal as an analog, the northern boreal may undergo fundamental shifts in forest structure and carbon dynamics, becoming dominated by stands <70 years old that hold 2-7 kg C/m2 less than current mature northern boreal stands. Our latitudinal approach reinforces previous studies showing that northern boreal stands are at a high risk of holding less carbon under changing disturbance conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sander Veraverbeke
- Faculty of Science, Earth and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill F Johnstone
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Jocelyne Laflamme
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
| | | | - Xanthe J Walker
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Michelle C Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Merritt R Turetsky
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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3
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Lee T, Jung S, Hong J, Wang CH, Alessi DS, Lee SS, Park YK, Kwon EE. Using CO 2 as an Oxidant in the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Peat Moss from the North Polar Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6329-6343. [PMID: 32343132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As global warming and climate change become perceived as significant, the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) stored in the earth's polar regions is considered a matter of concern. Here, we focused on exploiting GHGs to address potential global warming challenges in the north polar regions. In particular, we used CO2 as a soft oxidant to recover energy as syngas (CO and H2) and to produce biochars from pyrolysis of peat moss. CO2 expedited homogeneous reaction with volatile matters from peat moss pyrolysis, and the mechanistic CO2 role resulted in the conversion of CO2 and peat moss to CO at ≥530 °C. Steel slag waste was then used as an ex situ catalyst to increase reaction kinetics, addressing the issue of the role of CO2 being limited to ≥530 °C, with the result where substantial H2 and CO formation was achieved at a milder temperature. The porosity of biochars, a solid peat moss pyrolysis product, was modified in the presence of CO2, with a significant improvement in CO2 adsorption capacity compared to those achieved by N2 pyrolysis. Therefore, CO2 has the potential to serve as an initial feedstock in sustainable biomass-to-energy applications and biochar production, mitigating atmospheric carbon concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyu Hong
- Ecosystem-Atmosphere Process Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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4
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Kettridge N, Lukenbach MC, Hokanson KJ, Devito KJ, Petrone RM, Mendoza CA, Waddington JM. Severe wildfire exposes remnant peat carbon stocks to increased post-fire drying. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3727. [PMID: 30842569 PMCID: PMC6403377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of high severity wildfires to increase global terrestrial carbon emissions and exacerbate future climatic warming is of international concern. Nowhere is this more prevalent than within high latitude regions where peatlands have, over millennia, accumulated legacy carbon stocks comparable to all human CO2 emissions since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Drying increases rates of peat decomposition and associated atmospheric and aquatic carbon emissions. The degree to which severe wildfires enhance drying under future climates and induce instability in peatland ecological communities and carbon stocks is unknown. Here we show that high burn severities increased post-fire evapotranspiration by 410% within a feather moss peatland by burning through the protective capping layer that restricts evaporative drying in response to low severity burns. High burn severities projected under future climates will therefore leave peatlands that dominate dry sub-humid regions across the boreal, on the edge of their climatic envelopes, more vulnerable to intense post-fire drying, inducing high rates of carbon loss to the atmosphere that amplify the direct combustion emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kettridge
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - M C Lukenbach
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - K J Hokanson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.,School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - K J Devito
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - R M Petrone
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - C A Mendoza
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - J M Waddington
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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Shen JC, Zhang ZH, Liu R, Wang ZH. Ecological restoration of eroded karst utilizing pioneer moss and vascular plant species with selection based on vegetation diversity and underlying soil chemistry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 20:1369-1379. [PMID: 30652488 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2018.1474435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion in karst areas not only destroys the natural environment but also accelerates the decline in land productivity together with the associated increase in poverty for local communities. There are no simple or straightforward answers to controlling soil erosion on karst. Such erosion has become a serious problem in China. This study addresses both the diversity of vegetation (mosses, herbs, shrubs and trees) on karst and the underlying soil chemical characteristics, in order to provide a scientific basis by which suitable plant species can be selected for recovery and restoration of karst degraded by soil erosion. Vegetation diversity and soil chemistry were assessed in areas with five different grades of soil erosion in Guiyang Karst Park, Guizhou, China. Mosses are more tolerant than vascular plants of soil erosion and associated environmental degradation of karst and the order of species diversity was: mosses > herbs > shrubs > trees. Mosses were found to play a major role in ecological restoration of microhabitats on karst. Soil microbial biomass carbon was found to be significantly higher in soil under mosses than in bare soil associated with other plant categories. Mosses were more effective in converting unavailable potassium to available potassium. Vascular plants were found to have a positive effect on total nitrogen fixation and the availability of phosphorus in the soil. Increasing soil degradation was associated with lower levels of total Nitrogen in soil underlying mosses than in soil underlying vascular plants. Thus, based on their different but complementary contributions to soil chemistry, mosses and vascular plants in combination can provide the most practical outcome for the repair and restoration of areas of karst affected by soil erosion. The combination of the moss species, Homomallium plagiangium, Cyrto-hypnum pygmaeuman and Brachythecium perminusculum, the herbs Veronica arvensis and Youngia japonica, and the tree Prunus salicina, are recommended as suitable pioneer plant species to cultivate for use in restoration of regions of karstic soil erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Shen
- a Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang , China
| | - Z H Zhang
- a Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang , China
| | - R Liu
- a Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang , China
| | - Z H Wang
- b School of Life Sciences , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang , China
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6
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Nave L, Marín-Spiotta E, Ontl T, Peters M, Swanston C. Soil carbon management. GLOBAL CHANGE AND FOREST SOILS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63998-1.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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8
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A Tree Species Effect on Soil That Is Consistent Across the Species’ Range: The Case of Aspen and Soil Carbon in North America. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fisher JP, Estop‐Aragonés C, Thierry A, Charman DJ, Wolfe SA, Hartley IP, Murton JB, Williams M, Phoenix GK. The influence of vegetation and soil characteristics on active-layer thickness of permafrost soils in boreal forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3127-40. [PMID: 26855070 PMCID: PMC4999035 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon release from thawing permafrost soils could significantly exacerbate global warming as the active-layer deepens, exposing more carbon to decay. Plant community and soil properties provide a major control on this by influencing the maximum depth of thaw each summer (active-layer thickness; ALT), but a quantitative understanding of the relative importance of plant and soil characteristics, and their interactions in determine ALTs, is currently lacking. To address this, we undertook an extensive survey of multiple vegetation and edaphic characteristics and ALTs across multiple plots in four field sites within boreal forest in the discontinuous permafrost zone (NWT, Canada). Our sites included mature black spruce, burned black spruce and paper birch, allowing us to determine vegetation and edaphic drivers that emerge as the most important and broadly applicable across these key vegetation and disturbance gradients, as well as providing insight into site-specific differences. Across sites, the most important vegetation characteristics limiting thaw (shallower ALTs) were tree leaf area index (LAI), moss layer thickness and understory LAI in that order. Thicker soil organic layers also reduced ALTs, though were less influential than moss thickness. Surface moisture (0-6 cm) promoted increased ALTs, whereas deeper soil moisture (11-16 cm) acted to modify the impact of the vegetation, in particular increasing the importance of understory or tree canopy shading in reducing thaw. These direct and indirect effects of moisture indicate that future changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration may have large influences on ALTs. Our work also suggests that forest fires cause greater ALTs by simultaneously decreasing multiple ecosystem characteristics which otherwise protect permafrost. Given that vegetation and edaphic characteristics have such clear and large influences on ALTs, our data provide a key benchmark against which to evaluate process models used to predict future impacts of climate warming on permafrost degradation and subsequent feedback to climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Fisher
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | | | - Aaron Thierry
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghKings BuildingsEdinburghEH9 3JNUK
| | - Dan J. Charman
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental ScienceUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4RJUK
| | - Stephen A. Wolfe
- Geological Survey of CanadaNatural Resources CanadaOttawaONK1A 0E8Canada
| | - Iain P. Hartley
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental ScienceUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4RJUK
| | | | - Mathew Williams
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghKings BuildingsEdinburghEH9 3JNUK
| | - Gareth K. Phoenix
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
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10
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Differences in Ecosystem Carbon Distribution and Nutrient Cycling Linked to Forest Tree Species Composition in a Mid-Successional Boreal Forest. Ecosystems 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-015-9912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Dimitrov DD, Bhatti JS, Grant RF. The transition zones (ecotone) between boreal forests and peatlands: Ecological controls on ecosystem productivity along a transition zone between upland black spruce forest and a poor forested fen in central Saskatchewan. Ecol Modell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Du E, Liu X, Fang J. Effects of nitrogen additions on biomass, stoichiometry and nutrient pools of moss Rhytidium rugosum in a boreal forest in Northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 188:166-171. [PMID: 24602847 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Global nitrogen (N) deposition has been enhanced with anthropogenic N emissions, and its impacts on mosses are receiving more and more attention. This study investigates how N deposition influence the biomass and stoichiometry of moss Rhytidium rugosum, using a 3-year N enrichment experiment with 0, 2, 5 and 10 g N m(-2) yr(-1) in a boreal forest in Northeast China. Low N additions caused an N redundancy and moderate to high N additions resulted in a biomass loss. N additions reduced biomass ratios of green to brown tissues and increased N and phosphorus (P) contents, suggesting changes in photosynthetic capacity and litter decomposition. Biomass N pools showed a unimodal response to the N additions, and P pools decreased under moderate and high N additions. Our findings indicate significant stoichiometric and biomass changes caused by N deposition may lead to a substantial carbon and nutrient loss in boreal moss carpets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzai Du
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiuyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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13
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Recovery of Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Young Boreal Forests: A Comparison of Harvesting and Wildfire Disturbance. Ecosystems 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Taylor AR, Seedre M, Brassard BW, Chen HYH. Decline in Net Ecosystem Productivity Following Canopy Transition to Late-Succession Forests. Ecosystems 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Bond-Lamberty B, Rocha AV, Calvin K, Holmes B, Wang C, Goulden ML. Disturbance legacies and climate jointly drive tree growth and mortality in an intensively studied boreal forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:216-227. [PMID: 24115380 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Most North American forests are at some stage of post-disturbance regrowth, subject to a changing climate, and exhibit growth and mortality patterns that may not be closely coupled to annual environmental conditions. Distinguishing the possibly interacting effects of these processes is necessary to put short-term studies in a longer term context, and particularly important for the carbon-dense, fire-prone boreal forest. The goals of this study were to combine dendrochronological sampling, inventory records, and machine-learning algorithms to understand how tree growth and death have changed at one highly studied site (Northern Old Black Spruce, NOBS) in the central Canadian boreal forest. Over the 1999-2012 inventory period, mean tree diameter increased even as stand density and basal area declined significantly. Tree mortality averaged 1.4 ± 0.6% yr-(1), with most mortality occurring in medium-sized trees; new recruitment was minimal. There have been at least two, and probably three, significant influxes of new trees since stand initiation, but none in recent decades. A combined tree ring chronology constructed from sampling in 2001, 2004, and 2012 showed several periods of extreme growth depression, with increased mortality lagging depressed growth by ~5 years. Higher minimum and maximum air temperatures exerted a negative influence on tree growth, while precipitation and climate moisture index had a positive effect; both current- and previous-year data exerted significant effects. Models based on these variables explained 23-44% of the ring-width variability. We suggest that past climate extremes led to significant mortality still visible in the current forest structure, with decadal dynamics superimposed on slower patterns of fire and succession. These results have significant implications for our understanding of previous work at NOBS, the carbon sequestration capability of old-growth stands in a disturbance-prone landscape, and the sustainable management of regional forests in a changing climate.
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16
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Are Mosses Required to Accurately Predict Upland Black Spruce Forest Soil Carbon in National-Scale Forest C Accounting Models? Ecosystems 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-013-9668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Frosch T, Keiner R, Michalzik B, Fischer B, Popp J. Investigation of Gas Exchange Processes in Peat Bog Ecosystems by Means of Innovative Raman Gas Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1295-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3034163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Frosch
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller University, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Jena,
Germany
| | - Robert Keiner
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller University, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Jena,
Germany
| | - Beate Michalzik
- Friedrich-Schiller University, Institute of Geography, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller University, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Jena,
Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller University, Abbe School of Photonics, Jena, Germany
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18
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Jiang Y, Zhuang Q, O'Donnell JA. Modeling thermal dynamics of active layer soils and near-surface permafrost using a fully coupled water and heat transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Harden JW, Manies KL, O'Donnell J, Johnson K, Frolking S, Fan Z. Spatiotemporal analysis of black spruce forest soils and implications for the fate of C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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The Effects of Permafrost Thaw on Soil Hydrologic, Thermal, and Carbon Dynamics in an Alaskan Peatland. Ecosystems 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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21
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Lindo Z, Gonzalez A. The Bryosphere: An Integral and Influential Component of the Earth’s Biosphere. Ecosystems 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-010-9336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Bauer IE, Bhatti JS, Swanston C, Wieder RK, Preston CM. Organic Matter Accumulation and Community Change at the Peatland–Upland Interface: Inferences from 14C and 210Pb Dated Profiles. Ecosystems 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Dunn AL, Wofsy SC, v H Bright A. Landscape heterogeneity, soil climate, and carbon exchange in a boreal black spruce forest. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2009; 19:495-504. [PMID: 19323205 DOI: 10.1890/07-0771.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We measured soil climate and the turbulent fluxes of CO2, H2O, heat, and momentum on short towers (2 m) in a 160-yr-old boreal black spruce forest in Manitoba, Canada. Two distinct land cover types were studied: a Sphagnum-dominated wetland, and a feathermoss (Pleurozium and Hylocomium)-dominated upland, both lying within the footprint of a 30-m tower, which has measured whole-forest carbon exchange since 1994. Peak summertime uptake of CO2, was higher in the wetland than for the forest as a whole due to the influence of deciduous shrubs. Soil respiration rates in the wetland were approximately three times larger than in upland soils, and 30% greater than the mean of the whole forest, reflecting decomposition of soil organic matter. Soil respiration rates in the wetland were regulated by soil temperature, which was in turn influenced by water table depth through effects on soil heat capacity and conductivity. Warmer soil temperatures and deeper water tables favored increased heterotrophic respiration. Wetland drainage was limited by frost during the first half of the growing season, leading to high, perched water tables, cool soil temperatures, and much lower respiration rates than observed later in the growing season. Whole-forest evapotranspiration increased as water tables dropped, suggesting that photosynthesis in this forest was rarely subject to water stress. Our data indicate positive feedback between soil temperature, seasonal thawing, heterotrophic respiration, and evapotranspiration. As a result, climate warming could cause covariant changes in soil temperature and water table depths that may stimulate photosynthesis and strongly promote efflux of CO2 from peat soils in boreal wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Dunn
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, 362 Ellis Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Horwath JL, Sletten RS, Hagedorn B, Hallet B. Spatial and temporal distribution of soil organic carbon in nonsorted striped patterned ground of the High Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Plant Community Composition as a Predictor of Regional Soil Carbon Storage in Alaskan Boreal Black Spruce Ecosystems. Ecosystems 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-008-9147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Bond-Lamberty B, Gower ST. Estimation of stand-level leaf area for boreal bryophytes. Oecologia 2006; 151:584-92. [PMID: 17160690 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bryophytes dominate the carbon and nitrogen cycling of many poorly drained terrestrial ecosystems and are important in the vegetation-atmosphere exchange of carbon and water, yet few studies have estimated their leaf area at the stand scale. This study quantified the bryophyte-specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area index (LAI) in a group of different-aged boreal forest stands in well and poorly drained soils. Species-specific SLA (for three feather mosses, four Sphagnum spp. and Aulacomnium palustre mixed with Tomentypnum nitens) was assessed by determining the projected area using a flatbed scanner and cross-sectional geometry using a dissecting microscope. The hemisurface leaf area was computed as the product of SLA and live biomass and was scaled by coverage data collected at all stands. Pleurozium schreberi dominated the spatial coverage, biomass and leaf area in the well-drained stands, particularly the oldest, while S. fuscum and A. palustre were important in the poorly drained stands. Live moss biomass ranged from 47 to 230 g m(-2) in the well-drained stands dominated by feather mosses and from 102 to 228 g m(-2) in the poorly drained stands. Bryophyte SLA varied between 135 and 473 cm(2) g(-1), for A. palustre and S. capillifolium, respectively. SLA was strongly and significantly affected by bryophyte species, but did not vary between stands; in general, there was no significant difference between the SLA of non-Sphagnum mosses. Bryophyte LAI increased with stand age, peaking at 3.1 and 3.7 in the well and poorly drained stands, respectively; this represented approximately 40% of the overstory LAI in the well-drained stands and 100-1,000% in the poorly drained stands, underscoring the important role bryophytes play in the water and carbon budgets of these boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Prokushkin AS, Knorre AA, Kirdyanov AV, Schulze ED. Productivity of mosses and organic matter accumulation in the litter of sphagnum larch forest in the permafrost zone. RUSS J ECOL+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413606040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Bond-Lamberty B, Gower ST, Goulden ML, McMillan A. Simulation of boreal black spruce chronosequences: Comparison to field measurements and model evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jg000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Stith T. Gower
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Michael L. Goulden
- Earth System Science and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California, Irvine; Irvine California USA
| | - Andrew McMillan
- Earth System Science and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California, Irvine; Irvine California USA
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29
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Schlesinger WH. The Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Change. ADVANCES IN THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-3740(05)05002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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30
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Predicting climate change effects on vegetation, soil thermal dynamics, and carbon cycling in ecosystems of interior Alaska. Ecol Modell 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Litvak M, Miller S, Wofsy SC, Goulden M. Effect of stand age on whole ecosystem CO2exchange in the Canadian boreal forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcy Litvak
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - Scott Miller
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - Steve C. Wofsy
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Michael Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
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O'Neill KP. Seasonal and decadal patterns of soil carbon uptake and emission along an age sequence of burned black spruce stands in interior Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Zhuang Q, McGuire AD, O'Neill KP, Harden JW, Romanovsky VE, Yarie J. Modeling soil thermal and carbon dynamics of a fire chronosequence in interior Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Wang C, Bond-Lamberty B, Gower ST. Soil surface CO2flux in a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Harden JW, Mack M, Veldhuis H, Gower ST. Fire dynamics and implications for nitrogen cycling in boreal forests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Kasischke ES, Bruhwiler LP. Emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane from boreal forest fires in 1998. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dioumaeva I, Trumbore S, Schuur EAG, Goulden ML, Litvak M, Hirsch AI. Decomposition of peat from upland boreal forest: Temperature dependence and sources of respired carbon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hirsch AI, Trumbore SE, Goulden ML. Direct measurement of the deep soil respiration accompanying seasonal thawing of a boreal forest soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam I. Hirsch
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - Susan E. Trumbore
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - Michael L. Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
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39
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Grant RF, Goulden ML, Wofsy SC, Berry JA. Carbon and energy exchange by a black spruce-moss ecosystem under changing climate: Testing the mathematical modelecosyswith data from the BOREAS experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Rapalee G, Steyaert LT, Hall FG. Moss and lichen cover mapping at local and regional scales in the boreal forest ecosystem of central Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Potter CS, Wang S, Nikolov NT, McGuire AD, Liu J, King AW, Kimball JS, Grant RF, Frolking SE, Clein JS, Chen JM, Amthor JS. Comparison of boreal ecosystem model sensitivity to variability in climate and forest site parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Amthor JS, Chen JM, Clein JS, Frolking SE, Goulden ML, Grant RF, Kimball JS, King AW, McGuire AD, Nikolov NT, Potter CS, Wang S, Wofsy SC. Boreal forest CO2exchange and evapotranspiration predicted by nine ecosystem process models: Intermodel comparisons and relationships to field measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hobbie SE, Schimel JP, Trumbore SE, Randerson JR. Controls over carbon storage and turnover in high-latitude soils. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2000; 6:196-210. [PMID: 35026936 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of Arctic and boreal regions in the present carbon cycle, estimates of annual high-latitude carbon fluxes vary in sign and magnitude. Without accurate estimates of current carbon fluxes from Arctic and boreal ecosystems, predicting the response of these systems to global change is daunting. A number of factors control carbon turnover in high-latitude soils, but because they are unique to northern systems, they are mostly ignored by biogeochemical models used to predict the response of these systems to global change. Here, we review those factors. First, many northern systems are dominated by mosses, whose extremely slow decomposition is not predicted by commonly used indices of litter quality. Second, cold temperature, permafrost, waterlogging, and substrate quality interact to stabilize soil organic matter, but the relative importance of these factors, and how they respond to climate change, is unknown. Third, recent evidence suggests that biological activity occurring over winter can contribute significantly to annual soil carbon fluxes. However, the controls over this winter activity remain poorly understood. Finally, processes at the landscape scale, such as fire, permafrost dynamics, and drainage, control regional carbon fluxes, complicating the extrapolation of site-level measurements to regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology Bldg, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Joshua P Schimel
- Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Susan E Trumbore
- Geochemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717-3100
| | - James R Randerson
- Center for Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94702, Institute for Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Harden JW, Trumbore SE, Stocks BJ, Hirsch A, Gower ST, O'neill KP, Kasischke ES. The role of fire in the boreal carbon budget. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2000; 6:174-184. [PMID: 35026928 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To reconcile observations of decomposition rates, carbon inventories, and net primary production (NPP), we estimated long-term averages for C exchange in boreal forests near Thompson, Manitoba. Soil drainage as defined by water table, moss cover, and permafrost dynamics, is the dominant control on direct fire emissions. In upland forests, an average of about 10-30% of annual NPP was likely consumed by fire over the past 6500 years since these landforms and ecosystems were established. This long-term, average fire emission is much larger than has been accounted for in global C cycle models and may forecast an increase in fire activity for this region. While over decadal to century times these boreal forests may be acting as slight net sinks for C from the atmosphere to land, periods of drought and severe fire activity may result in net sources of C from these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Harden
- U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., ms 962, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - S E Trumbore
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - B J Stocks
- Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E. Ste. St. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Hirsch
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - S T Gower
- Forest Ecosystem Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - K P O'neill
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27706, USA
| | - E S Kasischke
- ERIM International, PO Box 134008 Ann Arbor, MI 481103-4008, USA
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Trumbore SE, Bubier JL, Harden JW, Crill PM. Carbon cycling in boreal wetlands: A comparison of three approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Potter CS, Coughlan JC, Brooks V. Investigations of BOREAS spatial data in support of regional ecosystem modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Sellers PJ, Hall FG, Kelly RD, Black A, Baldocchi D, Berry J, Ryan M, Ranson KJ, Crill PM, Lettenmaier DP, Margolis H, Cihlar J, Newcomer J, Fitzjarrald D, Jarvis PG, Gower ST, Halliwell D, Williams D, Goodison B, Wickland DE, Guertin FE. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results, and future directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Goulden ML, Daube BC, Fan SM, Sutton DJ, Bazzaz A, Munger JW, Wofsy SC. Physiological responses of a black spruce forest to weather. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Trumbore SE, Harden JW. Accumulation and turnover of carbon in organic and mineral soils of the BOREAS northern study area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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