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Batista-Silva W, Carvalho de Oliveira A, Martins AO, Siqueira JA, Rodrigues-Salvador A, Omena-Garcia RP, Medeiros DB, Peres LEP, Ribeiro DM, Zsögön A, Fernie AR, Nunes-Nesi A, Araújo WL. Reduced auxin signalling through the cyclophilin gene DIAGEOTROPICA impacts tomato fruit development and metabolism during ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4113-4128. [PMID: 35383842 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is an important hormone playing crucial roles during fruit growth and ripening; however, the metabolic impact of changes in auxin signalling during tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ripening remains unclear. Here, we investigated the significance of changes in auxin signalling during different stages of fruit development by analysing changes in tomato fruit quality and primary metabolism using mutants with either lower or higher auxin sensitivity [diageotropica (dgt) and entire mutants, respectively]. Altered auxin sensitivity modifies metabolism, through direct impacts on fruit respiration and fruit growth. We verified that the dgt mutant plants exhibit reductions in fruit set, total fruit dry weight, fruit size, number of seeds per fruit, and fresh weight loss during post-harvest. Sugar accumulation was associated with delayed fruit ripening in dgt, probably connected with reduced ethylene levels and respiration, coupled with a lower rate of starch degradation. In contrast, despite exhibiting parthenocarpy, increased auxin perception (entire) did not alter fruit ripening, leading to only minor changes in primary metabolism. By performing a comprehensive analysis, our results connect auxin signalling and metabolic changes during tomato fruit development, indicating that reduced auxin signalling led to extensive changes in sugar concentration and starch metabolism during tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Antonio Siqueira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rebeca P Omena-Garcia
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David Barbosa Medeiros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Dimas Mendes Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agustín Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Andrade MT, Oliveira LA, Pereira TS, Cardoso AA, Batista-Silva W, DaMatta FM, Zsögön A, Martins SCV. Impaired auxin signaling increases vein and stomatal density but reduces hydraulic efficiency and ultimately net photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4147-4156. [PMID: 35312771 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are known to regulate xylem development in plants, but their effects on water transport efficiency are poorly known. Here we used tomato plants with the diageotropica mutation (dgt), which has impaired function of a cyclophilin 1 cis-trans isomerase involved in auxin signaling, and the corresponding wild type (WT) to explore the mutation's effects on plant hydraulics and leaf gas exchange. The xylem of the dgt mutant showed a reduced hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (Dh) (24-43%) and conduit number (25-58%) in petioles and stems, resulting in lower theoretical hydraulic conductivities (Kt); on the other hand, no changes in root Dh and Kt were observed. The measured stem and leaf hydraulic conductances of the dgt mutant were lower (up to 81%), in agreement with the Kt values; however, despite dgt and WT plants showing similar root Dh and Kt, the measured root hydraulic conductance of the dgt mutant was 75% lower. The dgt mutation increased the vein and stomatal density, which could potentially increase photosynthesis. Nevertheless, even though it had the same photosynthetic capacity as WT plants, the dgt mutant showed a photosynthetic rate c. 25% lower, coupled with a stomatal conductance reduction of 52%. These results clearly demonstrate that increases in minor vein and stomatal density only result in higher leaf gas exchange when accompanied by higher hydraulic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moab T Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Talitha S Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Amanda A Cardoso
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Willian Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio M DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Agustín Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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3
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Liu J, Shi M, Wang J, Zhang B, Li Y, Wang J, El-Sappah AH, Liang Y. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of the Development of Sepal Morphology in Tomato ( Solanum Lycopersicum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165914. [PMID: 32824631 PMCID: PMC7460612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepal is an important component of the tomato flower and fruit that typically protects the flower in bud and functions as a support for petals and fruits. Moreover, sepal appearance influences the commercial property of tomato nowadays. However, the phenotype information and development mechanism of the natural variation of sepal morphology in the tomato is still largely unexplored. To study the developmental mechanism and to determine key genes related to downward sepal in the tomato, we compared the transcriptomes of sepals between downward sepal (dsp) mutation and the wild-type by RNA sequencing and found that the differentially expressed genes were dominantly related to cell expansion, auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin. dsp mutation affected cell size and auxin, and gibberellins and cytokinin contents in sepals. The results showed that cell enlargement or abnormal cell expansion in the adaxial part of sepals in dsp. As reported, auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin were important factors for cell expansion. Hence, dsp mutation regulated cell expansion to control sepal morphology, and auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin may mediate this process. One ARF gene and nine SAUR genes were dramatically upregulated in the sepal of the dsp mutant, whereas seven AUX/IAA genes were significantly downregulated in the sepal of dsp mutant. Further bioinformatic analyses implied that seven AUX/IAA genes might function as negative regulators, while one ARF gene and nine SAUR genes might serve as positive regulators of auxin signal transduction, thereby contributing to cell expansion in dsp sepal. Thus, our data suggest that 17 auxin-responsive genes are involved in downward sepal formation in the tomato. This study provides valuable information for dissecting the molecular mechanism of sepal morphology control in the tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meijing Shi
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yushun Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ahmed. H. El-Sappah
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Yan Liang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China; (J.L.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (A.H.E.-S.)
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Northwest Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources & Genetic Improvement, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-8708-2179
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Geisler M, Bailly A, Ivanchenko M. Master and servant: Regulation of auxin transporters by FKBPs and cyclophilins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 245:1-10. [PMID: 26940487 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant development and architecture are greatly influenced by the polar distribution of the essential hormone auxin. The directional influx and efflux of auxin from plant cells depends primarily on AUX1/LAX, PIN, and ABCB/PGP/MDR families of auxin transport proteins. The functional analysis of these proteins has progressed rapidly within the last decade thanks to the establishment of heterologous auxin transport systems. Heterologous co-expression allowed also for the testing of protein-protein interactions involved in the regulation of transporters and identified relationships with members of the FK506-Binding Protein (FKBP) and cyclophilin protein families, which are best known in non-plant systems as cellular receptors for the immunosuppressant drugs, FK506 and cyclosporin A, respectively. Current evidence that such interactions affect membrane trafficking, and potentially the activity of auxin transporters is reviewed. We also propose that FKBPs andcyclophilins might integrate the action of auxin transport inhibitors, such as NPA, on members of the ABCB and PIN family, respectively. Finally, we outline open questions that might be useful for further elucidation of the role of immunophilins as regulators (servants) of auxin transporters (masters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- University of Zurich, Institute of Plant Biology, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Ivanchenko
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Mignolli F, Mariotti L, Lombardi L, Vidoz ML, Ceccarelli N, Picciarelli P. Tomato fruit development in the auxin-resistant dgt mutant is induced by pollination but not by auxin treatment. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1165-1172. [PMID: 22608080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.), auxin is believed to play a pivotal role in controlling fruit-set and early ovary growth. In this paper we investigated the effect of the reduced auxin sensitivity exhibited by the diageotropica (dgt) tomato mutant on ovary growth during early stage of fruit development. Here we show that in hand-pollinated ovaries fruit-set was not affected by the dgt lesion while fruit growth was reduced. This reduction was associated with a smaller cell size of mesocarp cells, with a lower mean C values and with a lower gene expression of the expansin gene LeExp2. When a synthetic auxin (4-CPA, chlorophenoxyacetic acid) was applied to the flowers of wild type plants, parthenocarpic ovary growth was induced. On the contrary, auxin application to the flowers of dgt plants failed to induce parthenocarpy. Hand-pollinated ovaries of dgt contained higher levels of IAA compared to wild type and this was not associated with high transcript levels of genes encoding a key regulatory enzyme of IAA biosynthesis (ToFZYs) but with lower expression levels of GH3, a gene involved in the conjugation of IAA to amino acids. The expression of diverse Aux/IAA genes and SAUR (small auxin up-regulated RNA) was also altered in the dgt ovaries. The dgt lesion does not seem to affect specific Aux/IAA genes in terms of transcript occurrence but rather in terms of relative levels of expression. Transcript levels of Aux/IAA genes were up regulated in auxin-treated ovaries of wild-type but not in dgt. Together, our results suggest that dgt ovary cells are not able to sense and/or transduce the external auxin signal, whereas pollinated dgt ovary cells are able to detect the IAA present in fertilized ovules promoting fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mignolli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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6
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Panthee DR, Marois JJ, Wright DL, Narváez D, Yuan JS, Stewart CN. Differential expression of genes in soybean in response to the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow) is soybean growth stage-specific. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2009; 118:359-70. [PMID: 18853130 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding plant host response to a pathogen such as Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR), under different environmental conditions and growth stages is crucial for developing a resistant plant variety. The main objective of this study was to perform global transcriptome profiling of P. pachyrhizi-exposed soybean (Glycine max) with susceptible reaction to the pathogen from two distinct developmental growth stages using whole genome Affymetrix microarrays of soybean followed by confirmation using a resistant genotype. Soybean cv. 5601T (susceptible to ASR) at the V(4) and R(1) growth stages and Glycine tomentella (resistant to ASR) plants were inoculated with P. pachyrhizi and leaf samples were collected after 72 h of inoculation for microarray analysis. Upon analyzing the data using Array Assist software at 5% false discovery rate (FDR), a total of 5,056 genes were found significantly differentially expressed at V(4) growth stage, of which 2,401 were up-regulated, whereas 579 were found differentially expressed at R(1) growth stage, of which 264 were up-regulated. There were 333 differentially expressed common genes between the V(4) and R(1) growth stages, of which 125 were up-regulated. A large difference in number of differentially expressed genes between the two growth stages indicates that the gene expression is growth-stage-specific. We performed real-time RT-PCR analysis on nine of these genes from both growth stages and both plant species and found results to be congruent with those from the microarray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip R Panthee
- Department of Plant Sciences, 252 Ellington Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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7
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Brazelton JN, Pfeufer EE, Sweat TA, Gardener BBM, Coenen C. 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol alters plant root development. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:1349-58. [PMID: 18785830 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-10-1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates containing the phlD gene can protect crops from root pathogens, at least in part through production of the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG). However, the action mechanisms of DAPG are not fully understood, and effects of this antibiotic on host root systems have not been characterized in detail. DAPG inhibited primary root growth and stimulated lateral root production in tomato seedlings. Roots of the auxin-resistant diageotropica mutant of tomato demonstrated reduced DAPG sensitivity with regards to inhibition of primary root growth and induction of root branching. Additionally, applications of exogenous DAPG, at concentrations previously found in the rhizosphere of plants inoculated with DAPG-producing pseudomonads, inhibited the activation of an auxin-inducible GH3 promoter::luciferase reporter gene construct in transgenic tobacco hypocotyls. In this model system, supernatants of 17 phlD+ P. fluorescens isolates had inhibitory effects on luciferase activity similar to synthetic DAPG. In addition, a phlD() mutant strain, unable to produce DAPG, demonstrated delayed inhibitory effects compared with the parent wild-type strain. These results indicate that DAPG can alter crop root architecture by interacting with an auxin-dependent signaling pathway.
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8
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Levin M. Is the early left-right axis like a plant, a kidney, or a neuron? The integration of physiological signals in embryonic asymmetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 78:191-223. [PMID: 17061264 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis occurs along three orthogonal axes. While the patterning of the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes has been increasingly well-characterized, the left-right (LR) axis has only relatively recently begun to be understood at the molecular level. The mechanisms that ensure invariant LR asymmetry of the heart, viscera, and brain involve fundamental aspects of cell biology, biophysics, and evolutionary biology, and are important not only for basic science but also for the biomedicine of a wide range of birth defects and human genetic syndromes. The LR axis links biomolecular chirality to embryonic development and ultimately to behavior and cognition, revealing feedback loops and conserved functional modules occurring as widely as plants and mammals. This review focuses on the unique and fascinating physiological aspects of LR patterning in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate species, discusses several profound mechanistic analogies between biological regulation in diverse systems (specifically proposing a nonciliary parallel between kidney cells and the LR axis based on subcellular regulation of ion transporter targeting), highlights the possible importance of early, highly-conserved intracellular events that are magnified to embryo-wide scales, and lays out the most important open questions about the function, evolutionary origin, and conservation of mechanisms underlying embryonic asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Forsyth Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, and the Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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9
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Esser AT, Smith KC, Weaver JC, Levin M. Mathematical model of morphogen electrophoresis through gap junctions. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:2144-59. [PMID: 16786594 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junctional communication is important for embryonic morphogenesis. However, the factors regulating the spatial properties of small molecule signal flows through gap junctions remain poorly understood. Recent data on gap junctions, ion transporters, and serotonin during left-right patterning suggest a specific model: the net unidirectional transfer of small molecules through long-range gap junctional paths driven by an electrophoretic mechanism. However, this concept has only been discussed qualitatively, and it is not known whether such a mechanism can actually establish a gradient within physiological constraints. We review the existing functional data and develop a mathematical model of the flow of serotonin through the early Xenopus embryo under an electrophoretic force generated by ion pumps. Through computer simulation of this process using realistic parameters, we explored quantitatively the dynamics of morphogen movement through gap junctions, confirming the plausibility of the proposed electrophoretic mechanism, which generates a considerable gradient in the available time frame. The model made several testable predictions and revealed properties of robustness, cellular gradients of serotonin, and the dependence of the gradient on several developmental constants. This work quantitatively supports the plausibility of electrophoretic control of morphogen movement through gap junctions during early left-right patterning. This conceptual framework for modeling gap junctional signaling -- an epigenetic patterning mechanism of wide relevance in biological regulation -- suggests numerous experimental approaches in other patterning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel T Esser
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Levin M, Buznikov GA, Lauder JM. Of minds and embryos: left-right asymmetry and the serotonergic controls of pre-neural morphogenesis. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:171-85. [PMID: 16679764 DOI: 10.1159/000091915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a clinically important neurotransmitter regulating diverse aspects of cognitive function, sleep, mood, and appetite. Increasingly, it is becoming appreciated that serotonin signaling among non-neuronal cells is a novel patterning mechanism existing throughout diverse phyla. Here, we review the evidence implicating serotonergic signaling in embryonic morphogenesis, including gastrulation, craniofacial and bone patterning, and the generation of left-right asymmetry. We propose two models suggesting movement of neurotransmitter molecules as a novel mechanism for how bioelectrical events may couple to downstream signaling cascades and gene activation networks. The discovery of serotonin-dependent patterning events occurring long before the development of the nervous system opens exciting new avenues for future research in evolutionary, developmental, and clinical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- The Forsyth Institute, and Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Christian M, Steffens B, Schenck D, Burmester S, Böttger M, Lüthen H. How does auxin enhance cell elongation? Roles of auxin-binding proteins and potassium channels in growth control. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:346-52. [PMID: 16807827 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-923965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Elongation growth and a several other phenomena in plant development are controlled by the plant hormone auxin. A number of recent discoveries shed light on one of the classical problems of plant physiology: the perception of the auxin signal. Two types of auxin receptors are currently known: the AFB/TIR family of F box proteins and ABP1. ABP1 appears to control membrane transport processes (H+ secretion, osmotic adjustment) while the TIR/AFBs have a role in auxin-induced gene expression. Models are proposed to explain how membrane transport (e.g., K+ and H+ fluxes) can act as a cross-linker for the control of more complex auxin responses such as the classical stimulation of cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christian
- Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Physiologie, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Shen H, Chen J, Wang Z, Yang C, Sasaki T, Yamamoto Y, Matsumoto H, Yan X. Root plasma membrane H+-ATPase is involved in the adaptation of soybean to phosphorus starvation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2006; 57:1353-62. [PMID: 16547127 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane H+-ATPase plays an important role in the plant response to nutrient and environmental stresses. However, the involvement of plant root plasma membrane H+-ATPase in adaptation to phosphate (P) starvation is not yet fully elucidated. In this study, experiments were performed with soybean roots in low-P nutrient solution (10 microM). Treatment with fusicoccin, an activator of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, increased P uptake by 35%, while vanadate, an inhibitor of plasma membrane H+-ATPase, severely suppressed it. These results suggested that P uptake might be regulated via the modulation of the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase under P starvation. The relationship between P uptake and the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase was examined further by using plasma membrane H+-ATPase transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana under low-P conditions. Transgenic plants absorbed more P compared with wild-type Arabidopsis. Results from real-time RT-PCR, western-blotting and immunolocalization analysis indicated that the increase in activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase by P starvation was caused by its transcriptional and translational regulation. A higher expression was observed at the translational level than at the transcriptional level. P starvation could induce a transient increase of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in soybean roots. The exogenous application of IAA stimulated the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase and P uptake, while naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an IAA transport inhibitor, blocked IAA effects. Taken together, these results suggested an involvement of root plasma membrane H+-ATPase in the adaptation of soybean to P starvation. IAA might be involved in signal transduction of P starvation by activating the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in soybean roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Laboratory of Plant Nutritional Genetics and Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
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14
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Coenen C, Christian M, Lüthen H, Lomax TL. Cytokinin inhibits a subset of diageotropica-dependent primary auxin responses in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:1692-704. [PMID: 12692328 PMCID: PMC166925 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.016196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2002] [Revised: 11/04/2002] [Accepted: 12/17/2002] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of plant development are regulated by antagonistic interactions between the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin, but the molecular mechanisms of this interaction are not understood. To test whether cytokinin controls plant development through inhibiting an early step in the auxin response pathway, we compared the effects of cytokinin with those of the dgt (diageotropica) mutation, which is known to block rapid auxin reactions of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) hypocotyls. Long-term cytokinin treatment of wild-type seedlings phenocopied morphological traits of dgt plants such as stunting of root and shoot growth, reduced elongation of internodes, reduced apical dominance, and reduced leaf size and complexity. Cytokinin treatment also inhibited rapid auxin responses in hypocotyl segments: auxin-stimulated elongation, H(+) secretion, and ethylene synthesis were all inhibited by cytokinin in wild-type hypocotyl segments, and thus mimicked the impaired auxin responsiveness found in dgt hypocotyls. However, cytokinin failed to inhibit auxin-induced LeSAUR gene expression, an auxin response that is affected by the dgt mutation. In addition, cytokinin treatment inhibited the auxin induction of only one of two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase genes that exhibited impaired auxin inducibility in dgt hypocotyls. Thus, cytokinin inhibited a subset of the auxin responses impaired in dgt hypocotyls, suggesting that cytokinin blocks at least one branch of the DGT-dependent auxin response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Coenen
- Department of Biology, Alleghany College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, USA.
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