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Valizade K, Bayram H, Donmez Cakil Y, Selam B, Cincik M. Age related semen parameters and ICSI pregnancy outcomes of 8046 men in Turkey over a 9-year period. Aging Male 2024; 27:2374724. [PMID: 38992941 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2024.2374724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of paternal age on fertility remains unclear. This retrospective study aims to examine the impact of male age on semen parameters and the reproductive outcomes of men admitted to an infertility center over a 9-year period. A total of 8046 patients were included in the study. Men were divided into four age groups. The groups were evaluated for semen parameters and reproductive outcome. The 21-30 year group presented lower sperm concentrations in comparison to those aged 31-40 and 41-50, yet shared a similar concentration to those over 50 years of age. Moreover, grades A and B decreased significantly in men aged over 50 years. The highest progressive motility and normozoospermia were observed in the age group 31-40 years while men over 50 years of age had the highest rates of asthenozoospermia and oligoasthenozoospermia. Furthermore, live birth results were reported in 5583 of the patients who underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and were found highest between 31-40 years of age. To our knowledge, this is the largest study in Turkey focusing on male age-related semen parameters and ICSI pregnancy outcomes. The study demonstrates that age is a significant factor for semen quality and live birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khayala Valizade
- Institute of Graduate Studies Clinical Embryology Master Program, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hale Bayram
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaprak Donmez Cakil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Belgin Selam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cincik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Daniels D, Berger Eberhardt A. Climate change, microplastics, and male infertility. Curr Opin Urol 2024:00042307-990000000-00170. [PMID: 38932480 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Semen quality is on the decline. While the etiology is unknown, recent literature suggests there may be a relationship between climate change, environmental toxins and male fertility. This review relays new information regarding associations between our environment and male infertility. RECENT FINDINGS Several recent studies have documented a negative association between heat stress and spermatogenesis, which suggests that climate change may be a factor in declining in sperm counts. The influence of particle pollution on spermatogenesis has also been recently investigated, with studies demonstrating a negative association. Another possible factor are microplastics, which have been posited to reduce sperm production. Recent animal studies have shown that microplastic exposure alters both adult sperm production and prenatal male genital development. The relationship between endocrine disrupting chemicals and male fertility remains an area of active study, with recent animal and human studies suggesting an association between these chemicals and male fertility. SUMMARY The etiology of the decline in male fertility over the past decades is yet unknown. However, changes in our environment as seen with climate change and exposure to pollutants and endocrine disrupting chemicals are proposed mechanisms for this decline. Further studies are needed to investigate this association further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Berger Eberhardt
- Member of the Faculty, Harvard Medical School, Associate Surgeon, Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Urology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Dutta S, Sengupta P, Bagchi S, Chhikara BS, Pavlík A, Sláma P, Roychoudhury S. Reproductive toxicity of combined effects of endocrine disruptors on human reproduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1162015. [PMID: 37250900 PMCID: PMC10214012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1162015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Confluence of environmental, genetic, and lifestyle variables is responsible for deterioration of human fecundity. Endocrine disruptors or endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be found in a variety of foods, water, air, beverages, and tobacco smoke. It has been demonstrated in experimental investigations that a wide range of endocrine disrupting chemicals have negative effects on human reproductive function. However, evidence on the reproductive consequences of human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals is sparse and/or conflicting in the scientific literature. The combined toxicological assessment is a practical method for assessing the hazards of cocktails of chemicals, co-existing in the environment. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of studies emphasizing the combined toxicity of endocrine disrupting chemicals on human reproduction. Endocrine disrupting chemicals interact with each other to disrupt the different endocrine axes, resulting in severe gonadal dysfunctions. Transgenerational epigenetic effects have also been induced in germ cells, mostly through DNA methylation and epimutations. Similarly, after acute or chronic exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals combinations, increased oxidative stress (OS), elevated antioxidant enzymatic activity, disrupted reproductive cycle, and reduced steroidogenesis are often reported consequences. The article also discusses the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) prediction models, which reveal the importance of various synergistic actions of endocrine disrupting chemicals mixtures. More crucially, this evidence-based study addresses the research limitations and information gaps, as well as particularly presents the future research views on combined endocrine disrupting chemicals toxicity on human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Dutta
- School of Medical Sciences, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sovan Bagchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bhupender S. Chhikara
- Molecular Medicinal and Material NanoChemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aditi Mahavidyalaya, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Aleš Pavlík
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Sláma
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
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4
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Bahri H, Ben Khalifa M, Ben Rhouma M, Abidi Z, Abbassi E, Ben Rhouma K, Benkhalifa M. Decline in semen quality of North African men: a retrospective study of 20,958 sperm analyses of men from different North African countries tested in Tunisia over a period of 6 years (2013-2018). Ann Hum Biol 2021; 48:350-359. [PMID: 34286659 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1957501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to numerous studies from around the world, semen quality seems to have declined dramatically over the last years. However, the data investigated on male fertility status and semen quality in North Africa is limited. AIM To investigate on the status of semen quality in North-African men and to understand its variations. SUBJECTS & METHODS 20,958 Sperm-analyses (Spermogram - Spermocytogram) of North-African men (19-77 years old) consulting for infertility, performed in a private laboratory of medical analyses (Tunis, Tunisia) over a period of six years (2013 - 2018), were investigated. All patients had at least one year of unprotected intercourse with their partners before the test. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 software for windows. RESULTS Libyan men presented a clear decline in all sperm parameters. A continuous decline in sperm morphology quality was shown in Tunisian and Algerian men. Mauritanian men presented a significant increase in sperm vitality with pseudo-stability in the rest of sperm parameters during the whole study period. CONCLUSION North-African men presented remarkable decreases of their semen quality over the last decade. This data could confirm possible global common-causes that need to be identified in order to limit their negative impact on sperm quality, and consequently on male-fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Bahri
- HB Clinical Laboratory for Medical Analyses, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mustapha Ben Khalifa
- Research laboratory LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, La Rabta Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage Tunisia
| | - Maroua Ben Rhouma
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage Tunisia
| | - Zied Abidi
- HB Clinical Laboratory for Medical Analyses, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Abbassi
- HB Clinical Laboratory for Medical Analyses, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khémais Ben Rhouma
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage Tunisia
| | - Moncef Benkhalifa
- Reproductive Medicine, Reproductive Biology & Genetics. University Hospital & School of Medicine Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens France.,Peritox Laboratory, CURS. Picardie University Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens France
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5
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Rahban R, Nef S. Regional difference in semen quality of young men: a review on the implication of environmental and lifestyle factors during fetal life and adulthood. Basic Clin Androl 2020; 30:16. [PMID: 33072332 PMCID: PMC7559360 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-020-00114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of low semen quality and the incidence of testicular cancer have been steadily increasing over the past decades in different parts of the World. Although these conditions may have a genetic or epigenetic origin, there is growing evidence that multiple environmental and lifestyle factors can act alone or in combination to induce adverse effects. Exposure to these factors may occur as early as during fetal life, via the mother, and directly throughout adulthood after full spermatogenic capacity is reached. This review aims at providing an overview of past and current trends in semen quality and its relevance to fertility as well as a barometer of men’s general health. The focus will be on recent epidemiological studies of young men from the general population highlighting geographic variations in Europe. The impact of some lifestyle and environmental factors will be discussed with their role in both fetal life and adulthood. These factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, psychological stress, exposure to electromagnetic radiation, and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). Finally, the challenges in investigating the influence of environmental factors on semen quality in a fast changing world are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rahban
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland and Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland and Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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Ajuogu PK, Al-Aqbi MAK, Hart RA, McFarlane JR, Smart NA. A low protein maternal diet during gestation has negative effects on male fertility markers in rats - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105:157-166. [PMID: 32654274 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that some adult diseases including reproductive pathologies are programmed in utero during foetal development. In particular, maternal low dietary protein, during the most critical developmental periods of male foetal development, may have a detrimental impact on male fertility through direct and epigenetic mechanisms. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of a gestational low protein diet on fertility markers in male offspring in rats through a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic search using PubMed, and EMBASE databases was performed and two investigators independently screened the 1,703 prospective articles. Eleven articles met the eligibility criteria. Outcome measures were pooled using random-effects models and expressed as mean differences (MDs) at 95% CIs for each study. The results reveal significant reduction in testis weight (MD (mean difference) -0.08 g; -0.12, -0.42; p = .0001), epididymal sperm count (MD -35.34 × 106 cells; -52.15, -18.53; p = .0001), number of Sertoli cells (MD -7.27 × 106 (-13.92, -0.62; p = .03), testosterone (T) concentration (MD -0.29 ng/ml; -0.48, -0.09; p = .004) and luteinising hormone (LH) concentration (MD of -0.24 ng/ml; -0.45, 0.04; p = .02) in comparison with controls. In contrast, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration (MD of 0.07 ng/ml; -0.16, 0.29; p = .56) was not significantly different from controls. We conclude that low gestational dietary protein maternal intake potentially negatively impacts fertility in male progeny later in life. The mechanisms of action responsible for these phenomena remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Ajuogu
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed A K Al-Aqbi
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,College of Agriculture, Wasit University, Wasit, Iraq
| | - Robert A Hart
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - James R McFarlane
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Heath and Ageing, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil A Smart
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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7
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Park J, Park C, Gye MC, Lee Y. Assessment of endocrine-disrupting activities of alternative chemicals for bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:10-17. [PMID: 30769184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plastic products are closely intertwined with modern life. Some plasticizers used in making plastics, such as phthalates, are reported to be endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Plasticizers can be released into the environment, and health risks related to plasticizer exposure have been reported. In addition, due to plastic waste that flows into the ocean, microplastics have been found in marine products, including non-biological seawater products such as sea salt. Plastics can affect the body via a variety of pathways, and therefore safer alternative chemicals are needed. Three chemicals were evaluated: acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), triethyl 2-acetylcitrate (ATEC), and trihexyl O-acetylacitrate (ATHC), replacing bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a typical plasticizer. The endocrine-disrupting activities of each chemical, including estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity (test guideline (TG) No. 455), androgenic or anti-androgenic activity (TG No. 458), steroidogenesis (TG No. 456), and estrogenic properties via a short-term screening test using the uterotrophic assay (TG No. 440), were assessed in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines for chemical testing. Our results showed that DEHP, ATBC, ATEC, ATHC possess no estrogenic activity, whereas DEHP, ATBC and ATHC demonstrate anti-estrogenic activity and ATBC anti-androgenic activity. DEHP and ATHC exhibited a disruption in steroidogenesis activities. Additional tests are necessary, but our results suggest that ATEC is a good candidate plasticizer providing a suitable alternative to DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonwoo Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biothecnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjingu, Kunjadong, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Choa Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biothecnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjingu, Kunjadong, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biothecnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjingu, Kunjadong, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Aqueous extract of Lespedeza cuneata improves male menopause by increase of nitric oxide and dihydrotestosterone. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:253-260. [PMID: 30815317 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Lespedeza cuneata (ALC) on men menopause induced erectile dysfunction (ED) and testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) in vitro and in vivo. Nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) have been fundamental factors of ED, and free testosterone such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) has a crucial role in mitigation of TDS. ALC increased the production of NO in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. The level of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and cGMP was increased in the ALC group. The level of DHT and 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSD) was also increased in the ALC group. There was no significant change of hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, lipid metabolism, and glucose. These results suggest that ALC enhanced NO, cGMP and free testosterone which could be developed as a health supplement for improving male menopause.
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9
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Abstract
Importance Temporal global trends of sperm quality remain a matter of debate. Objective The aim of this study was to present a comprehensive review of studies reporting on sperm quality counts, summarize the main end points, and assess the main reasons for potential discrepancies. Evidence Acquisition An evidence-based review of PubMed and Scopus databases was performed regarding studies reporting on modification of sperm quality counts, independently of study character, study language, or date. Results Since the meta-analysis of Carlsen et al in 1992 (Br Med J 1992;305:609-613) that suggested an annual decline in sperm count of 1%, several reports confirmed the decline in sperm quality, whereas others disproved them, suggesting a slight increase or absence of change in sperm count. Such controversies may be attributed to geographical and time-related variability in sperm values and also to several confounding factors that influence the semen parameters. Intrinsic weaknesses of the studies include heterogeneity of subjects recruited, lack of adjustment for confounding factors, and samples that do not always represent the general population. Conclusions No consensus exists on whether sperm counts actually decrease because studies' results are often controversial or inconclusive with methodological deficiencies. More prospective, large-scale, population based studies are needed in order to provide sound evidence of possible global trends in sperm count.
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10
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Di Nisio A, Foresta C. Water and soil pollution as determinant of water and food quality/contamination and its impact on male fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30611299 PMCID: PMC6321708 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, public health has focused on the identification of environmental chemical factors that are able to adversely affect hormonal function, known as endocrine disruptors (EDs). EDs mimic naturally occurring hormones like estrogens and androgens which can in turn interfere with the endocrine system. As a consequence, EDs affect human reproduction as well as post and pre-natal development. In fact, infants can be affected already at prenatal level due to maternal exposure to EDs. In particular, great attention has been given to those chemicals, or their metabolites, that have estrogenic properties or antagonistic effects on the activity of androgen or even inhibiting their production. These compounds have therefore the potential of interfering with important physiological processes, such as masculinization, morphological development of the urogenital system and secondary sexual traits. Animal and in vitro studies have supported the conclusion that endocrine-disrupting chemicals affect the hormone-dependent pathways responsible for male gonadal development, either through direct interaction with hormone receptors or via epigenetic and cell-cycle regulatory modes of action. In human populations, epidemiological studies have reported an overall decline of male fertility and an increased incidence of diseases or congenital malformations of the male reproductive system. The majority of studies point towards an association between exposure to EDs and male and/or female reproductive system disorders, such as infertility, endometriosis, breast cancer, testicular cancer, poor sperm quality and/or function. Despite promising discoveries, a causal relationship between the reproductive disorders and exposure to specific toxicants has yet to be established, due to the complexity of the clinical protocols used, the degree of occupational or environmental exposure, the determination of the variables measured and the sample size of the subjects examined. Despite the lack of consistency in the results of so many studies investigating endocrine-disrupting properties of many different classes of chemicals, the overall conclusion points toward a positive association between exposure to EDs and reproductive system. Future studies should focus on a uniform systems to examine human populations with regard to the exposure to specific EDs and the direct effect on the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
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11
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Bosco L, Notari T, Ruvolo G, Roccheri MC, Martino C, Chiappetta R, Carone D, Lo Bosco G, Carrillo L, Raimondo S, Guglielmino A, Montano L. Sperm DNA fragmentation: An early and reliable marker of air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:243-249. [PMID: 29448163 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors could have a key role in the continuous and remarkable decline of sperm quality observed in the last decades. This study compared the seminal parameters and sperm DFI in men living in areas with different levels of air pollution. Results demonstrate that both steel plants workers and patients living in a high polluted area show a mean percentage of sperm DNA fragmentation above 30%, highlighting a clear sperm damage. In this work, two different techniques were used to measure sperm DNA damage in patients' groups, finding in both cases a high sperm DFI in patients living in polluted areas. We candidate sperm DNA fragmentation as a valuable early marker of the presence and harmful effects of pollution. We suggest that sperm DNA evaluation could be both an indicator of individual health and reproductive capacity, and a suitable datum to connect the surrounding environment with its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Bosco
- Department of Biological, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed.16, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Notari
- GEA - Gynecology Embryology Andrology - Reproductive Medicine Unit of Check Up Polydagnostic Center, Via A. De Luca 5, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Maria C Roccheri
- Department of Biological, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed.16, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Martino
- Department of Biological, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed.16, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosanna Chiappetta
- Reproduction Center and Andrology, Via Scoglio del Tonno, Taranto, Italy
| | - Domenico Carone
- Reproduction Center and Andrology, Via Scoglio del Tonno, Taranto, Italy
| | - Giosuè Lo Bosco
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, Palermo, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, Palermo
| | - Laura Carrillo
- Reproductive Biology Center, Via Villareale, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Raimondo
- Seminology Unit Gentile Research Centre, Via Vittorio Veneto 108, Gragnano NA Italy
| | | | - Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit of the "S. Francesco d' Assisi " Hospital, Local Health Authority (ASL) Salerno, EcoFoodFertility Project Coordination Unit, Via M. Clemente, Oliveto Citra, SA Italy.
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12
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Sifakis S, Androutsopoulos VP, Tsatsakis AM, Spandidos DA. Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on the male and female reproductive systems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 51:56-70. [PMID: 28292651 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) comprise a group of chemical compounds that have been examined extensively due to the potential harmful effects in the health of human populations. During the past decades, particular focus has been given to the harmful effects of EDCs to the reproductive system. The estimation of human exposure to EDCs can be broadly categorized into occupational and environmental exposure, and has been a major challenge due to the structural diversity of the chemicals that are derived by many different sources at doses below the limit of detection used by conventional methodologies. Animal and in vitro studies have supported the conclusion that endocrine disrupting chemicals affect the hormone dependent pathways responsible for male and female gonadal development, either through direct interaction with hormone receptors or via epigenetic and cell-cycle regulatory modes of action. In human populations, the majority of the studies point towards an association between exposure to EDCs and male and/or female reproduction system disorders, such as infertility, endometriosis, breast cancer, testicular cancer, poor sperm quality and/or function. Despite promising discoveries, a causal relationship between the reproductive disorders and exposure to specific toxicants is yet to be established, due to the complexity of the clinical protocols used, the degree of occupational or environmental exposure, the determination of the variables measured and the sample size of the subjects examined. Future studies should focus on a uniform system of examining human populations with regard to the exposure to specific EDCs and the direct effect on the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Sifakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, GR 71003, Greece
| | | | - Aristeidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Toxicology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, GR 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, GR 71003, Greece
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13
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Marcoccia D, Pellegrini M, Fiocchetti M, Lorenzetti S, Marino M. Food components and contaminants as (anti)androgenic molecules. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:6. [PMID: 28239427 PMCID: PMC5312591 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Androgens, the main male sex steroids, are the critical factors responsible for the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis and for the achievement of sexual maturation and puberty. In adulthood, androgens remain essential for the maintenance of male reproductive function and behavior. Androgens, acting through the androgen receptor (AR), regulate male sexual differentiation during development, sperm production beginning from puberty, and maintenance of prostate homeostasis. Several substances present in the environment, now classified as endocrine disruptors (EDCs), strongly interfere with androgen actions in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. EDCs are a heterogeneous group of xenobiotics which include synthetic chemicals used as industrial solvents/lubricants, plasticizers, additives, agrochemicals, pharmaceutical agents, and polyphenols of plant origin. These compounds are even present in the food as components (polyphenols) or food/water contaminants (pesticides, plasticizers used as food packaging) rendering the diet as the main route of exposure to EDCs for humans. Although huge amount of literature reports the (anti)estrogenic effects of different EDCs, relatively scarce information is available on the (anti)androgenic effects of EDCs. Here, the effects and mechanism of action of phytochemicals and pesticides and plasticizers as possible modulators of AR activities will be reviewed taking into account that insight derived from principles of endocrinology are required to estimate EDC consequences on endocrine deregulation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Marcoccia
- Dpt. of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.,Present address: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Pellegrini
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy.,Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fiocchetti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Lorenzetti
- Dpt. of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
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14
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Luque EM, Tissera A, Gaggino MP, Molina RI, Mangeaud A, Vincenti LM, Beltramone F, Larcher JS, Estofán D, Fiol de Cuneo M, Martini AC. Body mass index and human sperm quality: neither one extreme nor the other. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:731-739. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the still contentious association between body mass index (BMI) and seminal quality. To this end, 4860 male patients (aged 18–65 years; non-smokers and non-drinkers), were classified according to BMI as either underweight (UW; BMI <20 kg m–2; n = 45), normal weight (NW; BMI 20–24.9 kg m–2; n = 1330), overweight (OW; BMI 25–29.9 kg m–2; n = 2493), obese (OB; BMI 30–39.9 kg m–2; n = 926) or morbidly obese (MOB; BMI ≥40 kg m–2; n = 57). Conventional semen parameters and seminal concentrations of fructose, citric acid and neutral α-glucosidase (NAG) were evaluated. The four parameters that reflect epididymal maturation were significantly lower in the UW and MOB groups compared with NW, OW and OB groups: sperm concentration, total sperm count (103.3 ± 11.4 and 121.5 ± 20.6 and vs 157.9 ± 3.6, 152.4 ± 2.7 or 142.1 ± 4.3 spermatozoa ejaculate–1 respectively, P < 0.05), motility (41.8 ± 2.5 and 42.6 ± 2.6 vs 47.8 ± 0.5, 48.0 ± 0.4 or 46.3 ± 0.6 % of motile spermatozoa respectively, P < 0.05) and NAG (45.2 ± 6.6 and 60.1 ± 7.9 vs 71.5 ± 1.9, 64.7 ± 1.3 or 63.1 ± 2.1 mU ejaculate-1 respectively, P < 0.05). Moreover, the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa was decreased in the MOB group compared with the UW, NW, OW and OB groups (4.8 ± 0.6% vs 6.0 ± 0.8%, 6.9 ± 0.1%, 6.8 ± 0.1 and 6.4 ± 0.2%, respectively; P < 0.05). In addition, men in the MOB group had an increased risk (2.3- to 4.9-fold greater) of suffering oligospermia and teratospermia (P < 0.05). Both morbid obesity and being underweight have a negative effect on sperm quality, particularly epididymal maturation. These results show the importance of an adequate or normal bodyweight as the natural best option for fertility, with both extremes of the BMI scale as negative prognostic factors.
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15
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Hanson HA, Mayer EN, Anderson RE, Aston KI, Carrell DT, Berger J, Lowrance WT, Smith KR, Hotaling JM. Risk of childhood mortality in family members of men with poor semen quality. Hum Reprod 2016; 32:239-247. [PMID: 27927843 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the familial childhood mortality in first-degree (FDR) and second-degree relatives (SDR) of patients undergoing semen analysis (SA)? SUMMARY ANSWER The relationship between infertility and congenital malformations (CM) in offspring is complex, with an increased risk of death due to CM in FDR, but not SDR, of men with lower semen parameters. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Semen quality is an established predictor of men's somatic health. We can gain a better understanding of possible genetic or environmental determinants of the infertility phenotype by exploring familial aggregation of childhood mortality in relatives of men with poor semen quality. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Retrospective cohort study from the Subfertility, Health and Assisted Reproduction study (cohort compiled 1996-2011) linked with patient/familial information from the Utah Population Database (UPDB). Index cases included a clinic-referred sample of 12 889 men who underwent SA and had adequate familial and follow-up data in the UPDB. Parameters of semen quality included: semen concentration, sperm count, motility, total motile count, sperm head morphology, sperm tail morphology and vitality. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS SA data were collected from two tertiary medical center andrology laboratories that have captured ~90% of all SA performed in Utah since 2004. Age- and sex-matched fertile controls were selected to create the comparison group for determining risk of childhood death (to age 20 years) in family members. A total of 79 750 siblings and 160 016 aunts/uncles were used to investigate the familial aggregation of childhood mortality. The main outcome was childhood mortality in FDR and SDR of men with SA and their matched controls. All-cause and cause-specific Cox proportional hazard models were used to test the association between semen quality and childhood mortality in family members. Cause-specific models were considered for cancer and CM. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In the cohort of men with SA, there were 406 (1.0%) deaths in FDR and 772 (1.1%) deaths in SDR due to any cause. There was no significant difference in the risk of all-cause childhood mortality between the relatives of men with SA and the fertile control group [hazard ratio (HR)Female = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.88, 1.32; HRMale = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.75, 1.04]. We found no association between semen quality and risk for childhood cancer mortality in FDR or SDR (HRFDR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.62, 1.54; HRSDR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.83, 1.50). The FDR of men with SA and fertile controls were followed on average for 19.71 and 19.73 years, respectively. During this period of follow-up, FDR of men with SA had an unadjusted 40% relative risk of increased CM-related death. After stratifying by semen parameters and adjusting for birth year, we found FDR of men with worse semen quality, and notably azoospermic men (HR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.24,5.84), were at higher risk of CM-related death. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION A large proportion of men with SA in the study had normal semen parameters. It is important to note that these men themselves may not be subfertile, but they were subfertile at the couple level (i.e. the female partner may be infertile). In addition, care is needed when interpreting our results, as we do not have semen measures on our sample of fertile men. Second, we were unable to include potential confounders such as medical comorbidities, smoking status, or environmental exposures. Third, men with SA were seen at the University of Utah or Intermountain Health Care clinics for a fertility evaluation thereby suggesting a more select population. Fourth, we chose to categorize morphology into equally distributed quartiles as a response to the fact that the World Health Organization threshold for normal motility changed multiple times during our study period. Lastly, we do not know the proportion of female partners with diagnosed infertility. We chose not to subcategorize each infertile male by infertile diagnosis because our goal was to understand how semen parameters influenced familial childhood mortality. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS We are not the first study to show a relationship between fertility and CMs. Children conceived through ART may be at higher risk of birth defects, however it is not known if the relationship is causal or if there is some underlying factor linking infertility and birth outcomes. This study provides further evidence that the increased risk of congenital birth defects may not be due to the ART, but rather genetic or environmental factors that link the two outcomes. We encourage further research in order to confirm a relationship between semen quality and increased risk for CM. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health - National Institute of Aging [Grant numbers 1R21AG036938-01, 2R01 AG022095 and 1K12HD085852-01]. Authors have no competing interests to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Hanson
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT , USA .,Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 675 Arapeen Drive, 204, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 , USA
| | - Erik N Mayer
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ross E Anderson
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kenneth I Aston
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Center for Men's Health and Reconstructive Surgery, Salt Lake City, UT , USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Douglas T Carrell
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Justin Berger
- Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 675 Arapeen Drive, 204, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 , USA
| | - William T Lowrance
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ken R Smith
- Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 675 Arapeen Drive, 204, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 , USA.,Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James M Hotaling
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Center for Men's Health and Reconstructive Surgery, Salt Lake City, UT , USA
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16
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Choi JH, Lee SH, Bae JH, Shim JS, Park HS, Kim YS, Shin C. Effect of Sleep Deprivation on the Male Reproductive System in Rats. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:1624-30. [PMID: 27550492 PMCID: PMC4999406 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.10.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been no study reporting on the influence of sleep deprivation on the male reproductive system including sperm quality. In this study, we hypothesized that sleep deprivation could lead to adverse effect on the male reproductive system. The rats were divided into three groups: 1) control (home-cage, n = 10); 2) SD4 (sleep deprivation for 4 days, n = 10); and 3) SD7 (sleep deprivation for 7 days, n = 10). Sleep deprivation was performed by a modified multiple platform method. Sperm quality (sperm motion parameters and counts), hormone levels (corticosterone and testosterone), and the histopathology of testis were evaluated and compared between the three groups. A statistically significant reduction (P = 0.018) was observed in sperm motility in the SD7 group compared to those of the control group. However, there were no significant differences in other sperm motion parameters, or in sperm counts of the testis and cauda epididymis between three groups. Compared with the control group, the SD4 (P = 0.033) and SD7 (P = 0.002) groups exhibited significant increases of corticosterone levels, but significant decreases of testosterone levels were found in the SD4 (P = 0.001) and SD7 (P < 0.001) groups. Seminiferous tubular atrophy and/or spermatid retention was partially observed in the SD4 and SD7 groups, compared with the normal histopathology of the control group. Sleep deprivation may have an adverse effect on the male reproductive system in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ho Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Bae
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Sung Shim
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Seok Park
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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17
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Farcas MT, Kisin ER, Menas AL, Gutkin DW, Star A, Reiner RS, Yanamala N, Savolainen K, Shvedova AA. Pulmonary exposure to cellulose nanocrystals caused deleterious effects to reproductive system in male mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:984-997. [PMID: 27558875 PMCID: PMC5053892 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1211045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years there has been an increased number of applications of cellulosic materials in many sectors, including the food industry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. However, to date, there are few studies investigating the potential adverse effects of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). The objective of this study was to determine long-term outcomes on the male reproductive system of mice upon repeated pharyngeal aspiration exposure to CNC. To achieve this, cauda epididymal sperm samples were analyzed for sperm concentration, motility, morphological abnormalities, and DNA damage. Testicular and epididymal oxidative damage was evaluated, as well as histopathology examination of testes. In addition, changes in levels of testosterone in testes and serum and of luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum were determined. Three months after the last administration, CNC exposure significantly altered sperm concentration, motility, cell morphology, and sperm DNA integrity. These parameters correlated with elevated proinflammatory cytokines levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in testes, as well as oxidative stress in both testes and epididymis. Exposure to CNC also produced damage to testicular structure, as evidenced by presence of interstitial edema, frequent dystrophic seminiferous tubules with arrested spermatogenesis and degenerating spermatocytes, and imbalance in levels of testosterone and LH. Taken together, these results demonstrate that pulmonary exposure to CNC induces sustained adverse effects in spermatocytes/spermatozoa, suggesting male reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T. Farcas
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Elena R. Kisin
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Autumn L. Menas
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dmitriy W. Gutkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard S. Reiner
- Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine/WVU, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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18
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Perharič L, Fatur T, Drofenik J. European Union's strategy on endocrine disrupting chemicals and the current position of Slovenia. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2016; 67:99-105. [PMID: 27331297 DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2016-67-2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the European Union regulations 1107/2009 and 528/2012, which say that basic substances in plant protection and biocidal products marketed in the European Union (EU) should not have an inherent capacity to cause endocrine disruption, an initiative was started to define scientific criteria for the identification of endocrine disruptors (EDs). The objectives of the EU strategy on EDs are to protect human health and the environment, to assure the functioning of the market, and to provide clear and coherent criteria for the identification of EDs that could have broad application in the EU legislation. Policy issues were to be addressed by the Ad-hoc group of Commission Services, EU Agencies and Member States established in 2010, whereas the scientific issues were to be addressed by the Endocrine Disruptors Expert Advisory Group (ED EAG), established in 2011. The ED EAG adopted the 2002 World Health Organization (WHO) definition of endocrine disruptor and agreed that for its identification it is necessary to produce convincing evidence of a biologically plausible causal link between an adverse effect and endocrine disrupting mode of action. In 2014, the European Commission proposed four ED identification criteria options and three regulatory options, which are now being assessed for socio-economic, environmental, and health impact. Slovenia supports the establishing of identification criteria and favours option 4, according to which ED identification should be based on the WHO definition with the addition of potency as an element of hazard characterisation. As for regulatory options, Slovenia favours the risk-based rather than hazard-based regulation.
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19
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Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Buck Louis GM, Toppari J, Andersson AM, Eisenberg ML, Jensen TK, Jørgensen N, Swan SH, Sapra KJ, Ziebe S, Priskorn L, Juul A. Male Reproductive Disorders and Fertility Trends: Influences of Environment and Genetic Susceptibility. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:55-97. [PMID: 26582516 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is predicted that Japan and European Union will soon experience appreciable decreases in their populations due to persistently low total fertility rates (TFR) below replacement level (2.1 child per woman). In the United States, where TFR has also declined, there are ethnic differences. Caucasians have rates below replacement, while TFRs among African-Americans and Hispanics are higher. We review possible links between TFR and trends in a range of male reproductive problems, including testicular cancer, disorders of sex development, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, low testosterone levels, poor semen quality, childlessness, changed sex ratio, and increasing demand for assisted reproductive techniques. We present evidence that several adult male reproductive problems arise in utero and are signs of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). Although TDS might result from genetic mutations, recent evidence suggests that it most often is related to environmental exposures of the fetal testis. However, environmental factors can also affect the adult endocrine system. Based on our review of genetic and environmental factors, we conclude that environmental exposures arising from modern lifestyle, rather than genetics, are the most important factors in the observed trends. These environmental factors might act either directly or via epigenetic mechanisms. In the latter case, the effects of exposures might have an impact for several generations post-exposure. In conclusion, there is an urgent need to prioritize research in reproductive physiology and pathophysiology, particularly in highly industrialized countries facing decreasing populations. We highlight a number of topics that need attention by researchers in human physiology, pathophysiology, environmental health sciences, and demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels E Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Germaine M Buck Louis
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael L Eisenberg
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katherine J Sapra
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Ziebe
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke Priskorn
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Centola GM, Blanchard A, Demick J, Li S, Eisenberg ML. Decline in sperm count and motility in young adult men from 2003 to 2013: observations from a U.S. sperm bank. Andrology 2016; 4:270-6. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Centola
- New England Cryogenic Center; Brookline and Marlborough MA USA
| | - A. Blanchard
- New England Cryogenic Center; Brookline and Marlborough MA USA
| | - J. Demick
- New England Cryogenic Center; Brookline and Marlborough MA USA
| | - S. Li
- Department of Urology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Palo Alto CA USA
| | - M. L. Eisenberg
- Department of Urology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Palo Alto CA USA
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21
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Wang HX, Li HC, Lv MQ, Zhou DX, Bai LZ, Du LZ, Xue X, Lin P, Qiu SD. Associations between occupation exposure to Formaldehyde and semen quality, a primary study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15874. [PMID: 26515386 PMCID: PMC4626826 DOI: 10.1038/srep15874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, has long been suspected of having male reproductive toxicity. However, FA male reproductive toxicity was inconclusive due to dearth of human studies. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether occupational exposure to FA affects semen quality. Semen quality including five conventional parameters and seven kinematics parameters were compared between 114 male workers occupationally exposed to FA and 76 referents. FA exposure index (FEI) was measured and calculated. Our results showed that sperm progressive motility, total sperm motility, VCL, VSL and VAP were statistically significant decreased in FA exposure workers compared with the referents. Moreover, FEI was significantly negative associated with sperm progressive motility (β = -0.19, P = 0.01) and total sperm motility (β = -0.23, P = 0.004). In addition, a significant elevated risk of abnormal sperm progressive motility were observed in both low- (OR = 2.58; 95% CI: 1.11-5.97) and high-FA-exposed group (OR = 3.41; 95% CI: 1.45-7.92) respectively. Furthermore, a significant increased risk was also estimated for abnormal total sperm motility in both low- (OR = 3.21; 95% CI: 1.24-8.28) and high-FA-exposed group (OR = 4.84; 95% CI: 1.83-12.81) respectively. In conclusion, our study revealed the adverse effects of FA occupation exposure on semen quality, especially on sperm motion parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-xu Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of basic medical sciences, Health science center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - He-cheng Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Urinary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Mo-qi Lv
- Department of Pathology, School of basic medical sciences, Health science center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dang-xia Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of basic medical sciences, Health science center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li-zhi Bai
- Department of Pathology, School of basic medical sciences, Health science center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Liang-zhi Du
- Department of Pathology, School of basic medical sciences, Health science center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xia Xue
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Maternal and child care Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Pu Lin
- Electric Power Science Research Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Shu-dong Qiu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
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22
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Borges E, Setti AS, Braga DPDAF, Figueira RDCS, Iaconelli A. Decline in semen quality among infertile men in Brazil during the past 10 years. Int Braz J Urol 2015; 41:757-63. [PMID: 26401870 PMCID: PMC4757006 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2014.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the semen quality of men undergoing conventional semen analysis is deteriorating over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed and compared the sperm count, motility and morphology of 2300 semen samples provided by males undergoing conventional seminal analysis, from years 2000 to 2002 and 2010 to 2012. The incidences of severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia over time were also compared. RESULTS A total of 764 sperm samples were analyzed in 2000-2002 and 1536 in 2010-2012. Over time, the mean sperm concentration/ml decreased significantly from 61.7 million in 2000-2002 to 26.7 million in 2010-2012 (R2 = 11.4%, p < 0.001), the total sperm concentration decreased significantly from 183.0 million to 82.8 million (R2 = 11.3%, p < 0.001), and the percentage of normal forms decreased significantly from 4.6% to 2.7% (R2 = 9.8%, p < 0.001). The incidence of severe oligozoospermia significantly increased from 15.7% to 30.3% (OR: 1.09, p < 0.001) and the incidence of azoospermia increased from 4.9% to 8.5% (OR: 1.06, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a significant time-related decline in semen quality of infertile patients. This finding might have implications on fertility and emphasizes the need for further studies addressing subject's life-style in order to find and reduce the causative agents. Future prospective and multicenter studies including representative samples of the general population are needed to confirm whether semen quality is really declining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Borges
- Fertility, Centro de Fertilização Assistida, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto Sapientiae, Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Assistida, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Amanda Souza Setti
- Fertility, Centro de Fertilização Assistida, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto Sapientiae, Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Assistida, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniela Paes de Almeida Ferreira Braga
- Fertility, Centro de Fertilização Assistida, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto Sapientiae, Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Assistida, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Assumpto Iaconelli
- Fertility, Centro de Fertilização Assistida, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto Sapientiae, Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Assistida, São Paulo, Brasil
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23
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Fathi Najafi T, Latifnejad Roudsari R, Namvar F, Ghavami Ghanbarabadi V, Hadizadeh Talasaz Z, Esmaeli M. Air pollution and quality of sperm: a meta-analysis. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e26930. [PMID: 26023349 PMCID: PMC4443398 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.26930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Context: Air pollution is common in all countries and affects reproductive functions in men and women. It particularly impacts sperm parameters in men. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the impact of air pollution on the quality of sperm. Evidence Acquisition: The scientific databases of Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar, Cochrane Library, and Elsevier were searched to identify relevant articles published between 1978 to 2013. In the first step, 76 articles were selected. These studies were ecological correlation, cohort, retrospective, cross-sectional, and case control ones that were found through electronic and hand search of references about air pollution and male infertility. The outcome measurement was the change in sperm parameters. A total of 11 articles were ultimately included in a meta-analysis to examine the impact of air pollution on sperm parameters. The authors applied meta-analysis sheets from Cochrane library, then data extraction, including mean and standard deviation of sperm parameters were calculated and finally their confidence interval (CI) were compared to CI of standard parameters. Results: The CI for pooled means were as follows: 2.68 ± 0.32 for ejaculation volume (mL), 62.1 ± 15.88 for sperm concentration (million per milliliter), 39.4 ± 5.52 for sperm motility (%), 23.91 ± 13.43 for sperm morphology (%) and 49.53 ± 11.08 for sperm count. Conclusions: The results of this meta-analysis showed that air pollution reduces sperm motility, but has no impact on the other sperm parameters of spermogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Fathi Najafi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Lecturer Departments of Midwifery, Medical University, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Robab Latifnejad Roudsari
- Evidence-Based Care Research Centre, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Robab Latifnejad Roudsari, Evidence-Based Care Research Centre, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran. Tel: +98-5138591511, Fax: +98-5138591511, E-mail:
| | - Farideh Namvar
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, Applied Biology Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Vahid Ghavami Ghanbarabadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Hadizadeh Talasaz
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Mahin Esmaeli
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
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24
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Sermondade N, Dupont C. Chinese student donors could be a reference population when monitoring sperm quality. Asian J Androl 2014; 17:159. [PMID: 25337837 PMCID: PMC4291861 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.137686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sermondade
- Reproductive Biology Department, Jean Verdier University Hospital (AP-HP), F-93143, Bondy; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U557, INRA U1125, CNAM EA3200, UMR 1153 Research Team in Nutritional Epidemiology, F-93017, Bobigny, France
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25
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Yarosh SL, Kokhtenko EV, Churnosov MI, Ataman AV, Solodilova MA, Polonikov AV. Synergism between the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene and oxidant exposure increases the risk of idiopathic male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2014; 29:362-9. [PMID: 24928356 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) is a phase-II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme participating in the detoxification of toxic arylamines, aromatic amines and hydrazines. The present study was designed to investigate whether two common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the NAT2 gene (481C>T, rs1799929; 590G>A, rs1799930) are associated with susceptibility to idiopathic male infertility and to assess if the risk is modified by oxidant and antioxidant exposures. A total 430 DNA samples (203 infertile patients and 227 fertile men) were genotyped for the polymorphisms by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism. No association was found between the NAT2 polymorphisms and idiopathic male infertility. However, gene-environment interaction analysis revealed that a low-acetylation genotype, 590GA, was significantly associated with increased disease risk in men who had environmental risk factors such as cigarette smoking (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.02-2.87, P = 0.042), alcohol abuse (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.08-4.27, P = 0.029) and low fruit/vegetable intake (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.01-2.79, P = 0.04). This pilot study found, as far as is known for the first time, that the polymorphism 590G>A of NAT2 is a novel genetic marker for susceptibility to idiopathic male infertility, but the risk is potentiated by exposure to various environmental oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey L Yarosh
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation; Family Planning and Reproductive Health Clinic, Regional Perinatal Center, Kursk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Kokhtenko
- Department of Zoology and Theory of Evolution, Kursk State University, Kursk, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail I Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russian Federation
| | | | - Maria A Solodilova
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V Polonikov
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation.
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26
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Saniotis A, Henneberg M. The end of the world as we know it: an analysis of evolutionary and cultural factors which may reduce future human survival. Glob Bioeth 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/11287462.2014.897069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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27
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Shedding light on the controversy surrounding the temporal decline in human sperm counts: a systematic review. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:365691. [PMID: 24672311 PMCID: PMC3929517 DOI: 10.1155/2014/365691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically examined the evidence of declining sperm counts and the hypothesis that an increased exposure to environmental pollutants is responsible for such decline. Search engines, including PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and Cochrane library, were used to identify epidemiologic studies published from 1985 to 2013. We concluded that there is no enough evidence to confirm a worldwide decline in sperm counts. Also, there seems to be no scientific truth of a causative role for endocrine disruptors in the temporal decline of sperm production. Such assumptions are based on few meta-analyses and retrospective studies, while other well-conducted researches could not confirm these findings. We acknowledge that difficult-to-control confounding factors in the highly variable nature of semen, selection criteria, and comparability of populations from different time periods in secular-trend studies, the quality of laboratory methods for counting sperm, and apparently geographic variations in semen quality are the main issues that complicate the interpretation of the available evidence. Owing to the importance of this subject and the uncertainties still prevailing, there is a need not only for continuing monitoring of semen quality, reproductive hormones, and xenobiotics, but also for a better definition of fecundity.
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28
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Courant F, Antignac JP, Monteau F, Le Bizec B. Metabolomics as a potential new approach for investigating human reproductive disorders. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2914-20. [PMID: 23651426 DOI: 10.1021/pr400204q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics has been emerging for several years as a global chemical phenotyping approach offering fascinating descriptive capabilities for addressing life complexity. It facilitates the understanding of the mechanisms of biological and biochemical processes in complex systems and promises new insights into specific research questions. The objective of this study was to use for the first time a metabolomic approach based on liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry for characterizing an alteration of the testicular function, namely impaired semen quality. Metabolomic fingerprints were generated from serum samples collected from Danish young men presenting low, intermediate, or high sperm concentrations. Serum metabolic profiles were found to be significantly different among the three groups of volunteers. The developed methodology permitted to correlate the studied clinical parameter (i.e., sperm concentration) with the metabolite profiles generated. Peptides related to the Protein Complement C3f were identified as putative markers associated with this clinical parameter. The biological interpretation and further robustness linked to this observation remain to be further investigated, in particular to address the inter- and intraindividual variabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Courant
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, USC INRA 1329, BP 50707, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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29
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Jondeau-Cabaton A, Soucasse A, Jamin EL, Creusot N, Grimaldi M, Jouanin I, Aït-Aïssa S, Balaguer P, Debrauwer L, Zalko D. Characterization of endocrine disruptors from a complex matrix using estrogen receptor affinity columns and high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:2705-2720. [PMID: 23314706 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of contaminants with potential adverse effects on human health and wildlife are found in the environment and in the food chain. These mixtures include numerous anthropogenic compounds of various origins and structures, which may behave as endocrine disruptors. Mixture's complexity is further enhanced by biotic and abiotic transformations. It is therefore necessary to develop new strategies allowing the identification of the structure of known, as well as unknown, nuclear receptor (NR) ligands present in complex matrices. We explored the possibility to use NR-based affinity columns to characterize the presence of bioactive molecules in environmental complex mixtures. Estrogen receptor α (ERα)-based affinity columns were used to trap and purify estrogenic substances present in surface sediment samples collected in a French river under mixed anthropogenic pressure. We combined biological, biochemical and analytical approaches to characterize the structure of ligands retained on columns and demonstrate the presence of known active molecules such as bisphenol A and octylphenol, but also of unexpected ERα ligands (n-butylparaben, hydroxyl-methyl-benzofuranone). High resolution mass spectrometry results demonstrate that ERα affinity columns can be used for the isolation, purification and identification of known as well as unknown estrogenic contaminants present in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Jondeau-Cabaton
- INRA, UMR 1331 TOXALIM (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Xenobiotic Metabolism Team, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027 Toulouse, France
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30
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Orozco I, Segura A, Prados F, Buxaderas R, Hernández J, Marqueta J, Cabello Y, de los Santos MJ, Vidal E, Herrero J, Zamora S, de Andrés M, Castilla JA. Evolución del método de fecundación in vitro en España: 1993-2010. Rev Int Androl 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.androl.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Martini AC, Molina RI, Tissera A, Ruiz RD, Cuneo MFD. The impact of obesity on male reproduction: its biological significance. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2013; 8:139-148. [PMID: 30736174 DOI: 10.1586/eem.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since obesity and male subfertility have increased in parallel during the last decades, the hypothesis of an association between these two phenomena has been explored by several researchers. Although there is no consensus apparently obesity impacts men's reproductive potential by several mechanisms, like alterations on the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis, modifications of spermatogenesis and semen quality and/or impairment of men's sexual health. This review intends to summarize the underlying bases of such alterations and propose new ones, without miscalculating their biological significance. Obesity is not rigorously related to subfertility; in addition, the existence of a genetic predisposition to obesity-linked sterility is currently under investigation. Nonetheless, the impact of obesity on male reproductive potential must be fully elucidated since the prevalence of obesity is increasing and consequently, the number of obese men with reduced fertility will also rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Martini
- a Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, X5000ESU, Córdoba, Argentina
- c Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, X5000ESU, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Rosa Isabel Molina
- b Laboratorio de Andrología y Reproducción (LAR), Chacabuco 1123 PB, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Tissera
- b Laboratorio de Andrología y Reproducción (LAR), Chacabuco 1123 PB, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rubén Daniel Ruiz
- a Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, X5000ESU, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marta Fiol de Cuneo
- a Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, X5000ESU, Córdoba, Argentina
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32
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Knez J. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and male reproductive health. Reprod Biomed Online 2013; 26:440-8. [PMID: 23510680 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are substances present in the environment that can interfere with normal hormonal balance and thus exert potentially adverse health effects on the human organism. Male reproductive system development and function may be susceptible to the effects of such environmental toxicants. Bisphenol A, phthalates and alkylphenols are important components of multiple products and are thus ubiquitously present in the environment. It has been demonstrated under laboratory conditions that they can exert detrimental effects on the male reproductive system. However, human exposure data are scarce and do not uniformly support toxicity of these substances at environmental concentrations. Despite substantial research efforts, the final answer to the problem of endocrine-disrupting chemicals is not yet in sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Knez
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecologic Endocrinology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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33
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Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, Shayeb AG, Bonde JP, Jensen TK, Van Wely M, Cao J, Martini AC, Eskandar M, Chavarro JE, Koloszar S, Twigt JM, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Borges E, Lotti F, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Zorn B, Polotsky AJ, La Vignera S, Eskenazi B, Tremellen K, Magnusdottir EV, Fejes I, Hercberg S, Lévy R, Czernichow S. BMI in relation to sperm count: an updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2012; 19:221-31. [PMID: 23242914 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dms050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global obesity epidemic has paralleled a decrease in semen quality. Yet, the association between obesity and sperm parameters remains controversial. The purpose of this report was to update the evidence on the association between BMI and sperm count through a systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic review of available literature (with no language restriction) was performed to investigate the impact of BMI on sperm count. Relevant studies published until June 2012 were identified from a Pubmed and EMBASE search. We also included unpublished data (n = 717 men) obtained from the Infertility Center of Bondy, France. Abstracts of relevant articles were examined and studies that could be included in this review were retrieved. Authors of relevant studies for the meta-analysis were contacted by email and asked to provide standardized data. RESULTS A total of 21 studies were included in the meta-analysis, resulting in a sample of 13 077 men from the general population and attending fertility clinics. Data were stratified according to the total sperm count as normozoospermia, oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Standardized weighted mean differences in sperm concentration did not differ significantly across BMI categories. There was a J-shaped relationship between BMI categories and risk of oligozoospermia or azoospermia. Compared with men of normal weight, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for oligozoospermia or azoospermia was 1.15 (0.93-1.43) for underweight, 1.11 (1.01-1.21) for overweight, 1.28 (1.06-1.55) for obese and 2.04 (1.59-2.62) for morbidly obese men. CONCLUSIONS Overweight and obesity were associated with an increased prevalence of azoospermia or oligozoospermia. The main limitation of this report is that studied populations varied, with men recruited from both the general population and infertile couples. Whether weight normalization could improve sperm parameters should be evaluated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sermondade
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique-CECOS, Hôpital Jean Verdier (AP-HP), Bondy, France
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Nordkap L, Joensen UN, Blomberg Jensen M, Jørgensen N. Regional differences and temporal trends in male reproductive health disorders: semen quality may be a sensitive marker of environmental exposures. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:221-30. [PMID: 22138051 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The decline in semen quality has been the subject of an animated debate. A recent prospective study now irrefutably shows a decline in semen quality in men from Finland, a country that previously boasted good semen quality. Semen quality has, in some countries, reached a level where a considerable fraction of young men are at risk of fertility problems. Impaired semen quality, testicular cancer, cryptorchidism and hypospadias are risk factors for each other, and the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) has been put forward to explain the observations. This syndrome implies that the four disease entities share the same patho-physiological etiology caused by disturbed testicular development in early fetal life. It seems likely that the rapid rise in TDS-associated conditions can, at least partly, be explained by environmental factors. Animal studies provide strong evidence that manmade chemicals can disrupt the hormone dependent pathways responsible for fetal gonadal development, subsequently leading to TDS-like symptoms. In humans, fetal exposure to endocrine disrupting substances may play a role, although genetic factors are probably also involved. Recent studies indicate that exposure to endocrine disrupters also in adulthood may affect semen quality and reproductive hormones. Causal relationships are inherently difficult to establish in humans, and a clear connection between the disorders and specific toxicants has not been established. It seems likely that the cumulative effects of various low-dose exposures to endocrine disrupters in our environment are responsible for the adverse effects in the male reproductive system. Semen quality may be the most sensitive marker of adverse environmental exposures, and we suggest that standardized surveillance studies of semen quality are continued or initiated to monitor the combined effects of various preventive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loa Nordkap
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Section 5064, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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35
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Deonandan R, Jaleel M. Global decline in semen quality: ignoring the developing world introduces selection bias. Int J Gen Med 2012; 5:303-6. [PMID: 22505829 PMCID: PMC3325016 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s30673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies from around the world have suggested that semen quality is declining globally. However, all studies suffer from variable semen sampling criteria, selection bias with respect to the types of men volunteering to participate, and a bias with respect to a tendency to examine only samples from high-income countries. This heterogeneity in approaches, especially given the undersampling of rural and less affluent men from low-income countries, calls into question researchers’ claims of universally declining semen norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raywat Deonandan
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Jørgensen N, Joensen UN, Jensen TK, Jensen MB, Almstrup K, Olesen IA, Juul A, Andersson AM, Carlsen E, Petersen JH, Toppari J, Skakkebæk NE. Human semen quality in the new millennium: a prospective cross-sectional population-based study of 4867 men. BMJ Open 2012; 2:bmjopen-2012-000990. [PMID: 22761286 PMCID: PMC3391374 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Considerable interest and controversy over a possible decline in semen quality during the 20th century raised concern that semen quality could have reached a critically low level where it might affect human reproduction. The authors therefore initiated a study to assess reproductive health in men from the general population and to monitor changes in semen quality over time. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of men from the general Danish population. Inclusion criteria were place of residence in the Copenhagen area, and both the man and his mother being born and raised in Denmark. Men with severe or chronic diseases were not included. SETTING Danish one-centre study. PARTICIPANTS 4867 men, median age 19 years, included from 1996 to 2010. OUTCOME MEASURES Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, sperm motility and sperm morphology. RESULTS Only 23% of participants had optimal sperm concentration and sperm morphology. Comparing with historic data of men attending a Copenhagen infertility clinic in the 1940s and men who recently became fathers, these two groups had significantly better semen quality than our study group from the general population. Over the 15 years, median sperm concentration increased from 43 to 48 million/ml (p=0.02) and total sperm count from 132 to 151 million (p=0.001). The median percentage of motile spermatozoa and abnormal spermatozoa were 68% and 93%, and did not change during the study period. CONCLUSIONS This large prospective study of semen quality among young men of the general population showed an increasing trend in sperm concentration and total sperm count. However, only one in four men had optimal semen quality. In addition, one in four will most likely face a prolonged waiting time to pregnancy if they in the future want to father a child and another 15% are at risk of the need of fertility treatment. Thus, reduced semen quality seems so frequent that it may impair the fertility rates and further increase the demand for assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Nordström Joensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Blomberg Jensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Almstrup
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Ahlmann Olesen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Carlsen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Fertility Clinic Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Holm Petersen
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Niels E Skakkebæk
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Splingart C, Frapsauce C, Veau S, Barthélémy C, Royère D, Guérif F. Semen variation in a population of fertile donors: evaluation in a French centre over a 34-year period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 35:467-74. [PMID: 22150270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been suspected that there is a decrease in semen quality over time, the results reported to date remain debatable because of methodological issues. The aim of the study reported here was to investigate the evolution of semen quality over time in a population of 1114 fertile candidates for sperm donation at CECOS, Tours, between 1976 and 2009. We investigated semen volume, sperm concentration, progressive motility, vitality, percentage of normal forms and multiple abnormalities index of the first ejaculate in this population. We did not find a decline in semen volume, whereas we observed a significant decrease in total sperm count (from 443.2 million in 1976 to 300.2 million in 2009), motility (from 64% in 1976 to 49% in 2009) and vitality (from 88% to 80%). Moreover, a significant decline in the percentage of normal forms was noted between 1976 and 1997 (from 67% to 26%) with a steady rise in the multiple abnormalities index between 1998 and 2009 (from 1.19 to 1.65). This study involving a population of fertile men from a restricted area revealed various degrees of decline in semen parameters over a period of 34 years. These findings will have to be compared with findings in other geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Splingart
- Service de Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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38
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Tang-Péronard JL, Andersen HR, Jensen TK, Heitmann BL. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and obesity development in humans: a review. Obes Rev 2011; 12:622-36. [PMID: 21457182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study reviewed the literature on the relations between exposure to chemicals with endocrine-disrupting abilities and obesity in humans. The studies generally indicated that exposure to some of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals was associated with an increase in body size in humans. The results depended on the type of chemical, exposure level, timing of exposure and gender. Nearly all the studies investigating dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) found that exposure was associated with an increase in body size, whereas the results of the studies investigating polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure were depending on dose, timing and gender. Hexachlorobenzene, polybrominated biphenyls, beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, oxychlordane and phthalates were likewise generally associated with an increase in body size. Studies investigating polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans found either associations with weight gain or an increase in waist circumference, or no association. The one study investigating relations with bisphenol A found no association. Studies investigating prenatal exposure indicated that exposure in utero may cause permanent physiological changes predisposing to later weight gain. The study findings suggest that some endocrine disruptors may play a role for the development of the obesity epidemic, in addition to the more commonly perceived putative contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Tang-Péronard
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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39
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Cabaton NJ, Wadia PR, Rubin BS, Zalko D, Schaeberle CM, Askenase MH, Gadbois JL, Tharp AP, Whitt GS, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. Perinatal exposure to environmentally relevant levels of bisphenol A decreases fertility and fecundity in CD-1 mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:547-52. [PMID: 21126938 PMCID: PMC3080939 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal exposure to low-doses of bisphenol A (BPA) results in alterations in the ovary, uterus, and mammary glands and in a sexually dimorphic region of the brain known to be important for estrous cyclicity. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether perinatal exposure to environmentally relevant doses of BPA alters reproductive capacity. METHODS Female CD-1 mice that were exposed to BPA at 0, 25 ng, 250 ng, or 25 µg/kg body weight (BW)/day or diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 10 ng/kg BW/day (positive control) from gestational day 8 through day 16 of lactation were continuously housed with proven breeder males for 32 weeks starting at 2 months of age. At each delivery, pups born to these mating pairs were removed. The cumulative number of pups, number of deliveries, and litter size were recorded. The purity of the BPA used in this and our previous studies was assessed using HPLC, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. RESULTS The forced breeding experiment revealed a decrease in the cumulative number of pups, observed as a nonmonotonic dose-response effect, and a decline in fertility and fecundity over time in female mice exposed perinatally to BPA. The BPA was 97% pure, with no evidence of contamination by other phenolic compounds. CONCLUSIONS Perinatal exposure to BPA leads to a dose-dependent decline in the reproductive capacity of female mice. The effects on the cumulative number of pups are comparable to those previously reported in mice developmentally exposed to DES, a compound well known to impair reproduction in women. This association suggests the possibility that early BPA exposure may also affect reproductive capacity in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. Cabaton
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Perinaaz R. Wadia
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beverly S. Rubin
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Zalko
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1089 Xénobiotiques, Toulouse, France
| | - Cheryl M. Schaeberle
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael H. Askenase
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Gadbois
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew P. Tharp
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory S. Whitt
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos Sonnenschein
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana M. Soto
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Address correspondence to A.M. Soto, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111 USA. Telephone: (617) 636-6954 Fax: (617) 636-3971. E-mail:
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Fernandez MF, Duran I, Olea N, Avivar C, Vierula M, Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE, Jørgensen N. Semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in men from Southern Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 35:1-10. [PMID: 21332503 PMCID: PMC3380555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In North European countries, a significant difference in semen quality among young men has been shown. Men from the western countries, Denmark, Germany and Norway, have lower semen quality than men from the eastern countries Finland, Estonia and Lithuania. Similarly, men in the western countries have a higher risk of testicular cancer. According to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) concept that suggests a link between risk of impaired semen quality and increased risk of testicular cancer, Spanish men would be expected to have a semen quality at a normal level because of their very low testis cancer risk. We therefore investigated 273 men from the Almeria region in the Southern Spain to test this hypothesis. The men delivered semen samples, underwent physical examinations, had a blood sample drawn and provided information on lifestyle and reproductive health parameters. The investigations took place from November 2001 to December 2002. Adjusting for effects of confounders, the median sperm concentration and total sperm count were 62 (95% confidence interval 47-82) million/mL and 206 (153-278) million, respectively. The median numbers of motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa assessed according to strict criteria were 59% (57-62%) and 9.4% (8.6-10.0%), respectively. The median total testosterone and calculated free androgen index were 28 nm (26-30) and 95 (88-103), respectively. Assuming that the investigated men, to a large extent, are representative of the population of young men the Southern Spain, the results show that these have normal semen quality and reproductive hormone levels as expected in a population with a low incidence of testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Fernandez
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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41
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Auger J. Les différentes anomalies de la reproduction masculine sont-elles en augmentation ? Faits et controverses, possibles facteurs en cause: une analyse actualisée des données de la littérature et des registres. Basic Clin Androl 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12610-010-0115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Résumé
Au cours des dernières décennies, de nombreuses observations dans la faune sauvage d’anomalies relatives à l’appareil génital et à la fonction de reproduction mâle, certaines évoquant les données de la toxicologie expérimentale, ont conduit à s’interroger sur la toxicité de facteurs environnementaux pour la reproduction de l’homme. De plus, un certain nombre d’études suggère une augmentation de la prévalence des troubles de la reproduction de l’homme adulte au cours des dernières décennies dans de nombreux pays développés. Les données les mieux documentées concernent le cancer du testicule, son rythme de croissance suggérant le rôle de facteurs environnementaux et/ou de mode de vie. Toutefois, des différences régionales et ethniques considérables dans les taux d’incidence absolue pourraient impliquer des facteurs génétiques concomitants. Parallèlement, il semble que la qualité du sperme a diminué dans de nombreux pays, à en juger aussi bien par des méta-analyses que par des analyses statistiques de données d’un seul centre. Au début des années 2000, Skakkebæk et al. à Copenhague ont formulé l’hypothèse d’une origine commune à ces différentes anomalies lors du développement du testicule durant la gestation. Existe-t-il pour ces différentes conditions des données indiquant un lien de causalité avec une exposition environnementale/professionnelle à des composés reprotoxiques ? Ne serait-ce plutôt l’exposition chronique à de très nombreux composés chimiques à faible dose qui pourrait être impliquée ? Les facteurs de style de vie jouent-ils un rôle ? L’ensemble de ces questions se fondant sur une somme d’études, dont les résultats sont loin d’être univoques, a été la source de nombreux débats aussi bien au sein de la communauté scientifique que dans les médias. Les meilleures réponses possibles à ces questions complexes sont naturellement fondamentales pour les instances en charge de l’évaluation du risque et les politiques de santé publique qu’il convient d’adopter. La présente revue donne un état des lieux actualisé de ces questions.
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42
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Breyer BN, Smith JF, Shindel AW, Sharlip ID, Eisenberg ML. The impact of infertility on family size in the USA: data from the National Survey of Family Growth. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:2360-5. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Axelsson J, Bonde JP, Giwercman YL, Rylander L, Giwercman A. Gene-environment interaction and male reproductive function. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:298-307. [PMID: 20348940 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As genetic factors can hardly explain the changes taking place during short time spans, environmental and lifestyle-related factors have been suggested as the causes of time-related deterioration of male reproductive function. However, considering the strong heterogeneity of male fecundity between and within populations, genetic variants might be important determinants of the individual susceptibility to the adverse effects of environment or lifestyle. Although the possible mechanisms of such interplay in relation to the reproductive system are largely unknown, some recent studies have indicated that specific genotypes may confer a larger risk of male reproductive disorders following certain exposures. This paper presents a critical review of animal and human evidence on how genes may modify environmental effects on male reproductive function. Some examples have been found that support this mechanism, but the number of studies is still limited. This type of interaction studies may improve our understanding of normal physiology and help us to identify the risk factors to male reproductive malfunction. We also shortly discuss other aspects of gene-environment interaction specifically associated with the issue of reproduction, namely environmental and lifestyle factors as the cause of sperm DNA damage. It remains to be investigated to what extent such genetic changes, by natural conception or through the use of assisted reproductive techniques, are transmitted to the next generation, thereby causing increased morbidity in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Axelsson
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö 20502, Sweden
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44
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Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HG, Behre HM, Haugen TB, Kruger T, Wang C, Mbizvo MT, Vogelsong KM. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics*‡. Hum Reprod Update 2009; 16:231-45. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1747] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Wohlfahrt-Veje C, Main KM, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: foetal origin of adult reproductive problems. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 71:459-65. [PMID: 19222487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evidence for the existence of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) is presented in this review. Several epidemiological studies have shown that conditions like cryptorchidism, impaired spermatogenesis, hypospadias and testicular cancer can be associated as risk factors for each other. Thus, the risk of testis cancer is significantly increased in men with cryptorchidism and/or infertility. Several recent studies point towards early dysgenesis of the foetal testis as the biological link between these disorders. Dysgenesis has been demonstrated in biopsies of the contralateral testis of men with testis cancer and in infertile men. The histological evidence includes immature seminiferous tubules with undifferentiated Sertoli cells, microliths and Sertoli-cell only tubules. Dysgenetic testes often have an irregular ultrasound pattern, where microliths may also be visible. Our current hypothesis is that maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals may contribute to the pathogenesis of TDS. Animal experiments have shown that all TDS symptoms, except testicular cancer, can be induced by foetal exposure to anti-androgenic chemicals. However, the cause of TDS in humans remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wohlfahrt-Veje
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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46
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Jensen TK, Jacobsen R, Christensen K, Nielsen NC, Bostofte E. Good semen quality and life expectancy: a cohort study of 43,277 men. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170:559-65. [PMID: 19635736 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertility status may predict later mortality, but no studies have examined the effect of semen quality on subsequent mortality. Men referred to the Copenhagen Sperm Analysis Laboratory by general practitioners and urologists from 1963 to 2001 were, through a unique personal identification number, linked to the Danish central registers that hold information on all cases of cancer, causes of death, and number of children in the Danish population. The men were followed until December 31, 2001, death, or censoring, whichever occurred first, and the total mortality and cause-specific mortality of the cohort were compared with those of all age-standardized Danish men or according to semen characteristics. Among 43,277 men without azospermia referred for infertility problems, mortality decreased as the sperm concentration increased up to a threshold of 40 million/mL. As the percentages of motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa and semen volume increased, mortality decreased in a dose-response manner (P(trend) < 0.05). The decrease in mortality among men with good semen quality was due to a decrease in a wide range of diseases and was found among men both with and without children; therefore, the decrease in mortality could not be attributed solely to lifestyle and/or social factors. Semen quality may therefore be a fundamental biomarker of overall male health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Winsloewsparken 17, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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47
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Nyboe Andersen A, Carlsen E, Loft A. Trends in the use of intracytoplasmatic sperm injection marked variability between countries. Hum Reprod Update 2008; 14:593-604. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmn032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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48
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Jeon JH, Shin S, Park D, Jang JY, Choi BI, Kang JK, Joo SS, Hwang SY, Kim JC, Kim BY, Kim MR, Kim YB. Fermentation Filtrates of Rubus coreanus Relax the Corpus Cavernosum and Increase Sperm Count and Motility. J Med Food 2008; 11:474-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hee Jeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Young Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-il Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Koo Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo Joo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seock-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Juseong College, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mee Ree Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Joly
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, CNRS - UPR 9034, bâtiment 13, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, et Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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Jensen TK, Sobotka T, Hansen MA, Pedersen AT, Lutz W, Skakkebaek NE. Declining trends in conception rates in recent birth cohorts of native Danish women: a possible role of deteriorating male reproductive health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2008; 31:81-92. [PMID: 17976178 PMCID: PMC2440321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings of poor semen quality among at least 20% of normal young men in Denmark prompted us to use unique Danish registers on births and induced abortions to evaluate a possible effect of the poor male fecundity on pregnancy rates among their presumed partners--the younger cohorts of women. We have analysed data from the Danish birth and abortion registries as well as the Danish registry for assisted reproduction (ART) and defined a total natural conception rate (TNCR), which is equal to fertility rate plus induced abortion rate minus ART conception rate. A unique personal identification number allowed the linkage of these databases. Our database included 706,270 native Danish women born between 1960 and 1980. We used projections to estimate the fertility of the later cohorts of women who had not yet finished their reproduction. We found that younger cohorts had progressively lower TNCR and that in terms of their total fertility rate, the declining TNCR is compensated by an increasing use of ART. Our hypothesis of an ongoing birth cohort-related decline in fecundity was also supported by our finding of increasing and substantial use of ART in the management of infertility of relatively young couples in the later cohorts. Furthermore, the lower rates of induced abortion among the younger birth cohorts, often viewed as a success of health education programs, may not be fully explained by improved use of contraception. It seems more likely that decreased fecundity because of widespread poor semen quality among younger cohorts of otherwise normal men may explain some of the observed decline in conception rates. This may imply increasing reproductive health problems and lower fertility in the future, which is difficult to reverse in the short term. The current and projected widespread use of ART in Denmark may be a sign of such an emerging public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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