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Woronowicz KC, Esin EV, Markevich GN, Martinez CS, McMenamin SK, Daane JM, Harris MP, Shkil FN. Phylogenomic analysis of the Lake Kronotskoe species flock of Dolly Varden charr reveals genetic and developmental signatures of sympatric radiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.24.529919. [PMID: 38712299 PMCID: PMC11071292 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.24.529919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Recent adaptive radiations provide evolutionary case studies, which provide the context to parse the relationship between genomic variation and the origins of distinct phenotypes. Sympatric radiations of the charr complex (genus Salvelinus) present a trove for phylogenetics as charrs have repeatedly diversified into multiple morphs with distinct feeding specializations. However, species flocks normally comprise only two to three lineages. Dolly Varden charr inhabiting Lake Kronotske represent the most extensive radiation described for the charr genus, containing at least seven lineages, each with defining morphological and ecological traits. Here, we perform the first genome-wide analysis of this species flock to parse the foundations of adaptive change. Our data support distinct, reproductively isolated lineages with little evidence of hybridization. We also find that specific selection on thyroid signaling and craniofacial genes forms a genomic basis for the radiation. Thyroid hormone is further implicated in subsequent lineage partitioning events. These results delineate a clear genetic basis for the diversification of specialized lineages, and highlight the role of developmental mechanisms in shaping the forms generated during adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Woronowicz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Evgeny V Esin
- AN Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS; Leninskiy-33, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Grigorii N Markevich
- Kronotsky Nature Biosphere Reserve; Ryabikova-48, 68400 Yelizovo, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Jacob M Daane
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Fedor N Shkil
- AN Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS; Leninskiy-33, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation
- NK Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, RAS; Vavilova-26, 119334 Moscow, Russian Federation
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2
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Xu K, Duan S, Wang W, Ouyang Q, Qin F, Guo P, Hou J, He Z, Wei W, Qin M. Nose-to-brain delivery of nanotherapeutics: Transport mechanisms and applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1956. [PMID: 38558503 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier presents a key limitation to the administration of therapeutic molecules for the treatment of brain disease. While drugs administered orally or intravenously must cross this barrier to reach brain targets, the unique anatomical structure of the olfactory system provides a route to deliver drugs directly to the brain. Entering the brain via receptor, carrier, and adsorption-mediated transcytosis in the nasal olfactory and trigeminal regions has the potential to increase drug delivery. In this review, we introduce the physiological and anatomical structures of the nasal cavity, and summarize the possible modes of transport and the relevant receptors and carriers in the nose-to-brain pathway. Additionally, we provide examples of nanotherapeutics developed for intranasal drug delivery to the brain. Further development of nanoparticles that can be applied to intranasal delivery systems promises to improve drug efficacy and reduce drug resistance and adverse effects by increasing molecular access to the brain. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyao Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Suqin Duan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhong Ouyang
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghan Hou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Mental Health Center and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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The Effect of Two-Generation Exposure to a High-Fat Diet on Craniofacial Morphology in Rats. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051903. [PMID: 36902691 PMCID: PMC10003827 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the sexual dimorphism effect of two-generation exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) on the craniofacial growth of rat offspring. Ten eleven-week-old pregnant Wistar rats were fed either a control or HFD from day 7 of pregnancy until the end of lactation. Twelve male and female offspring from the control-diet-fed mothers were assigned to the CM (control male, n = 6) and CF (control female, n = 6) groups. The other twelve from the HFD-fed mothers were assigned to the HFD male (HFDM, n = 6) and HFD female (HFDF, n = 6) groups. HFDM and HFDF rats continued with an HFD. The offspring's weight and fasting blood sugar levels were measured every two weeks. The craniofacial and dental morphologies were studied from lateral X-rays of the head at ten weeks old. The HFDM rats showed an increased body weight and larger neurocranial parameters compared with the CM group. Furthermore, there were slightly significant differences in body weight and viscerocranial parameters between the rats in the HFDF and CF groups. In conclusion, two-generational exposure to an HFD had a greater effect on the male offspring's body weight and craniofacial morphology.
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Turner RT, Wong CP, Fosse KM, Branscum AJ, Iwaniec UT. Caloric Restriction and Hypothalamic Leptin Gene Therapy Have Differential Effects on Energy Partitioning in Adult Female Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136789. [PMID: 34202651 PMCID: PMC8269114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dieting is a common but often ineffective long-term strategy for preventing weight gain. Similar to humans, adult rats exhibit progressive weight gain. The adipokine leptin regulates appetite and energy expenditure but hyperleptinemia is associated with leptin resistance. Here, we compared the effects of increasing leptin levels in the hypothalamus using gene therapy with conventional caloric restriction on weight gain, food consumption, serum leptin and adiponectin levels, white adipose tissue, marrow adipose tissue, and bone in nine-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats (n = 16) were implanted with a cannula in the 3rd ventricle of the hypothalamus and injected with a recombinant adeno-associated virus, encoding the rat gene for leptin (rAAV-Lep), and maintained on standard rat chow for 18 weeks. A second group (n = 15) was calorically-restricted to match the weight of the rAAV-Lep group. Both approaches prevented weight gain, and no differences in bone were detected. However, calorically-restricted rats consumed 15% less food and had lower brown adipose tissue Ucp-1 mRNA expression than rAAV-Lep rats. Additionally, calorically-restricted rats had higher abdominal white adipose tissue mass, higher serum leptin and adiponectin levels, and higher marrow adiposity. Caloric restriction and hypothalamic leptin gene therapy, while equally effective in preventing weight gain, differ in their effects on energy intake, energy expenditure, adipokine levels, and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T. Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (R.T.T.); (C.P.W.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (R.T.T.); (C.P.W.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Kristina M. Fosse
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (R.T.T.); (C.P.W.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Adam J. Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (R.T.T.); (C.P.W.); (K.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Suto JI. Genetic analysis of the mandible morphology in DDD.Cg-$$A^{y}$$/Sgn and C57BL/6J inbred mice. J Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-019-1137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Keune JA, Branscum AJ, Wong CP, Iwaniec UT, Turner RT. Effect of Leptin Deficiency on the Skeletal Response to Hindlimb Unloading in Adult Male Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9336. [PMID: 31249331 PMCID: PMC6597714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on body weight, morbidly obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice have less bone than expected, suggesting that leptin plays a role in the skeletal response to weight bearing. To evaluate this possibility, we compared the skeletal response of wild type (WT) and ob/ob mice to hindlimb unloading (HU). Mice were individually housed at 32 °C (thermoneutral) from 4 weeks of age (rapidly growing) to 16 weeks of age (approaching skeletal maturity). Mice were then randomized into one of 4 groups (n = 10/group): (1) WT control, (2) WT HU, (3) ob/ob control, and (4) ob/ob HU and the results analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. ob/ob mice pair-fed to WT mice had normal cancellous bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in distal femur, lower femur length and total bone area, mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD), and higher cancellous bone volume fraction in lumbar vertebra (LV). HU resulted in lower BMC and BMD in total femur, and lower BV/TV in distal femur and LV in both genotypes. Cancellous bone loss in femur in both genotypes was associated with increases in osteoclast-lined bone perimeter. In summary, leptin deficiency did not attenuate HU-induced osteopenia in male mice, suggesting that leptin is not required for bone loss induced by unweighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Keune
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Adam J. Branscum
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fBiostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA ,0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fCenter for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Russell T. Turner
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA ,0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fCenter for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
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7
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Wei X, Thomas N, Hatch NE, Hu M, Liu F. Postnatal Craniofacial Skeletal Development of Female C57BL/6NCrl Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:697. [PMID: 28959213 PMCID: PMC5603710 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The craniofacial skeleton is a complex and unique structure. The perturbation of its development can lead to craniofacial dysmorphology and associated morbidities. Our ability to prevent or mitigate craniofacial skeletal anomalies is at least partly dependent on our understanding of the unique physiological development of the craniofacial skeleton. Mouse models are critical tools for the study of craniofacial developmental abnormalities. However, there is a lack of detailed normative data of mouse craniofacial skeletal development in the literature. In this report, we employed high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) in combination with morphometric measurements to analyze the postnatal craniofacial skeletal development from day 7 (P7) through day 390 (P390) of female C57BL/6NCrl mice, a widely used mouse strain. Our data demonstrates a unique craniofacial skeletal development pattern in female C57BL/6NCrl mice, and differentiates the early vs. late craniofacial growth patterns. Additionally, our data documents the complex and differential changes in bone parameters (thickness, bone volume, bone volume/tissue volume, bone mineral density, and tissue mineral density) of various craniofacial bones with different embryonic origins and ossification mechanisms during postnatal growth, which underscores the complexity of craniofacial bone development and provides a reference standard for future quantitative analysis of craniofacial bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Wei
- Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University School and Hospital of StomatologyChangchun, China.,Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Neil Thomas
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nan E Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University School and Hospital of StomatologyChangchun, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn Arbor, MI, United States
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8
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Influence of childhood type II diabetes on bone formation in the growth period. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0917-2394(12)70263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bertoni L, Ferretti M, Cavani F, Zavatti M, Resca E, Benelli A, Palumbo C. Leptin increases growth of primary ossification centers in fetal mice. J Anat 2009; 215:577-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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10
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically worldwide, predisposing individuals to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Less recognized is the fact that obesity may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases through mechanisms that may involve proinflammatory mediators produced in adipose tissue that contribute to a low-grade state of systemic inflammation. In animal models, inflammatory responses in the lung have been shown to influence the production of the adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, cytokines, acute phase proteins, and other mediators produced by adipose tissue that may participate in immune responses of the lung. An increased adipose tissue mass may also influence susceptibility to pulmonary infections, enhance pulmonary inflammation associated with environmental exposures, and exacerbate airway obstruction in preexisting lung disease. An increased understanding of the mechanisms by which obesity influences pulmonary inflammation may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mancuso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, SPH IA Tower, 109 S. Observatory St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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Neeley WW, Dolce C, Hatch JP, Van Sickels JE, Rugh JD. Relationship of body mass index to stability of mandibular advancement surgery with rigid fixation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 136:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Suto JI. The Ay allele at the agouti locus reduces the size and alters the shape of the mandible in mice. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2009; 85:248-57. [PMID: 19644225 PMCID: PMC3561848 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.85.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To confirm my previous findings that the A(y) allele at the agouti locus reduced the mandible size and therefore altered the mandible shape in a KK mouse strain background, I further investigated the effects of the A(y) allele on mandible morphology on different strain backgrounds, DDD and B6. Principal component analysis revealed that the mandible was significantly smaller in A(y) mice (DDD-A(y) and B6-A(y)) than in corresponding non-A(y) mice (DDD and B6, respectively). Discriminant and canonical discriminant analyses revealed that most mice were classified correctly in their own strains, and misclassification was not observed between DDD (-A(y)) and B6 (-A(y)). The results confirmed that the A(y) allele reduced the mandible size and altered the mandible shape regardless of the strain background. However, the difference in mandible morphology between A(y) mice and the corresponding non-A(y) mice within a strain was not as large as that which intrinsically underlay the two strains. Possible mechanisms of the A(y) action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Suto
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Khan SN, Solaris J, Ramsey KE, Yang X, Bostrom MP, Stephan D, Daluiski A. Identification of novel gene expression in healing fracture callus tissue by DNA microarray. HSS J 2008; 4:149-60. [PMID: 18752025 PMCID: PMC2553169 DOI: 10.1007/s11420-008-9087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fracture healing requires controlled expression of thousands of genes. Only a small fraction of these genes have been isolated and fewer yet have been shown to play a direct role in fracture healing. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to develop a reproducible open femur model of fracture healing that produces consistent fracture calluses for subsequent RNA extraction, (2) to use this model to determine temporal expression patterns of known and unknown genes using DNA microarray expression profiling, and (3) to identify and validate novel gene expression in fracture healing. In the initial arm of the study, a total of 56 wild-type C57BL/6 mice were used. An open, stabilized diaphyseal femur fracture was created. Animals were killed at 1, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 35 days after surgery and the femurs were harvested for analysis. At each time point, fractures were radiographed and sectioned for histologic analyses. Tissue from fracture callus at all stages following fracture yielded reproducibly large amounts of mRNA. Expression profiling revealed that genes cluster by function in a manner similar to the histologic stages of fracture healing. Based on the expression profiling of fracture tissue, temporal expression patterns of several genes known to be involved in fracture healing were verified. Novel expression of multiple genes in fracture callous tissue was also revealed including leptin and leptin receptor. In order to test whether leptin signaling is required for fracture repair, mice deficient in leptin or its receptor were fractured using the same model. Fracture calluses of mice deficient in both leptin or leptin receptor are larger than wild-type mice fractures, likely due to a delay in mineralization, revealing a previously unrecognized role of leptin signaling in fracture healing. This novel model of murine fracture repair is useful in examining both global changes in gene expression as well as individual signaling pathways, which can be used to identify specific molecular mechanisms of fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safdar N. Khan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 4860 Y Street, Suite 1700, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Jorge Solaris
- The Hospital for Special Surgery, 523 E 72nd Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Keri E. Ramsey
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Xu Yang
- The Hospital for Special Surgery, 523 E 72nd Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | | | - Dietrich Stephan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Aaron Daluiski
- The Hospital for Special Surgery, 523 E 72nd Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
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Watahiki J, Yamaguchi T, Enomoto A, Irie T, Yoshie K, Tachikawa T, Maki K. Identification of differentially expressed genes in mandibular condylar and tibial growth cartilages using laser microdissection and fluorescent differential display: chondromodulin-I (ChM-1) and tenomodulin (TeM) are differentially expressed in mandibular condylar and other growth cartilages. Bone 2008; 42:1053-60. [PMID: 18337200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mandibular condylar cartilage can be distinguished from articular and growth cartilages of long bones based on several differences in morphology, physiology, and function between these structures. However, there is almost no information available on the types of genes that contribute to these differences. In this study, genes that were differentially expressed in mandibular condylar and growth cartilages in 1-week-old rats were investigated using fluorescent differential display (FDD) and laser microdissection (LMD). A number of genes were identified by FDD including chondromodulin-1 (ChM-1), which is known to be an angiogenesis inhibitor of endochondral ossification. ChM-1 expression was then compared with that of tenomodulin (TeM) in mandibular condylar and tibial cartilages of 1- and 5-week-old rats using real time PCR (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. There was negligible detection of ChM-1 mRNA and protein in mandibular condylar cartilages compared to tibial cartilages of 1- and 5-week-old rats. On the other hand, TeM mRNA was more abundant in mandibular condylar cartilage than in tibial. These observations demonstrated that gene expression in mandibular condylar cartilage differed from other types of cartilage such as articular and growth ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Watahiki
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan.
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15
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Hsu A, Aronoff DM, Phipps J, Goel D, Mancuso P. Leptin improves pulmonary bacterial clearance and survival in ob/ob mice during pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:332-9. [PMID: 17822444 PMCID: PMC2219341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is an important regulator of appetite and energy expenditure and is now appreciated for its ability to control innate and adaptive immune responses. We have reported previously that the leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse exhibited increased susceptibility to the Gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae. In this report we assessed the impact of chronic leptin deficiency, using ob/ob mice, on pneumococcal pneumonia and examined whether restoring circulating leptin to physiological levels in vivo could improve host defences against this pathogen. We observed that ob/ob mice, compared with wild-type (WT) animals, exhibited enhanced lethality and reduced pulmonary bacterial clearance following Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge. These impairments in host defence in ob/ob mice were associated with elevated levels of lung tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, macrophage inflammatory peptide (MIP)-2 [correction added after online publication 28 September 2007: definition of MIP corrected], prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), lung neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts, defective alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis and PMN killing of S. pneumoniae in vitro. Exogenous leptin administration to ob/ob mice in vivo improved survival and greatly improved pulmonary bacterial clearance, reduced bacteraemia, reconstituted AM phagocytosis and PMN H(2)O(2) production and killing of S. pneumoniae in vitro. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that leptin improves pulmonary bacterial clearance and survival in ob/ob mice during pneumococcal pneumonia. Further investigations are warranted to determine whether there is a potential therapeutic role for this adipokine in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hsu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Neeley WW, Gonzales DA. Obesity in adolescence: Implications in orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 131:581-8. [PMID: 17482076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity is increasing in the United States and around the world, and it is likely that obese patients will present for orthodontic therapy in greater numbers in the future. The implications of obesity for psychosocial well-being, bone metabolism, craniofacial growth, and pubertal growth must be assessed in treating obese orthodontic patients. This review article focuses on the relevant issues concerning obesity in regard to orthodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell W Neeley
- Postgraduate Orthodontic Residency Program, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Tex, USA.
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Dehring KA, Crane NJ, Smukler AR, McHugh JB, Roessler BJ, Morris MD. Identifying chemical changes in subchondral bone taken from murine knee joints using Raman spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:1134-41. [PMID: 17059665 DOI: 10.1366/000370206778664743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Application of Raman spectroscopy to analysis of subchondral bone is described. The effect of cartilage health on subchondral bone has been widely studied using radiological and histological methods; however, there is no method to directly assay mineral components. We present Raman spectra of femur condyles and observe mineral bands that arise from the subchondral bone. In two separate experiments, transgenic mouse models of early-onset osteoarthritis (OA) and lipoatrophy were compared to tissue from wild-type mice. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify chemical changes in the mineral of subchondral bone that may accompany or precede morphological changes that can be observed by histology. The transgenic mice were compared to age-matched wild-type mice. Subtle alterations in the mineral or collagen matrix were observed by Raman spectroscopy using established Raman markers such as the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, mineral-to-matrix ratio (MTMR), and amide I ratio. The Raman microscope configuration enabled rapid collection of Raman spectra from the mineralized layer that lies under an intact layer of non-mineralized articular cartilage. The effect of the cartilage layer on collection of spectra is discussed. The technique proposed is capable of providing insight into the chemical changes that occur in subchondral bone on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Dehring
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Morroni M, De Matteis R, Palumbo C, Ferretti M, Villa I, Rubinacci A, Cinti S, Marotti G. In vivo leptin expression in cartilage and bone cells of growing rats and adult humans. J Anat 2004; 205:291-6. [PMID: 15447688 PMCID: PMC1571344 DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to analyse, immunohistochemically, in vivo leptin expression in cartilage and bone cells, the latter restricted to the elements of the osteogenic system (stromal cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells). Observations were performed on the first lumbar vertebra, tibia and femur of four rats and on the humerus, femur and acromion of four patients. Histological sections of paraffin-embedded bone samples were immunostained using antibody to leptin. The results showed that, in growing rat bone, leptin is expressed in chondrocytes and stromal cells, but not in osteoblasts; bone lining cells were not found in the microscopic fields examined. In adult human bone, leptin is expressed in chondrocytes, stromal cells and bone lining cells; osteoblasts were not found in the microscopic fields examined. Osteocytes were found to be leptin positive only occasionally and focally in both rat and human bone. The in vivo findings reported show, for the first time, that leptin appears to be expressed only in the cells of the osteogenic lineage (stromal cells, bone lining cells, osteocytes) that, with respect to osteoblasts, are permanent and inactive, i.e. in those cells that according to our terminology constitute the bone basic cellular system (BBCS). Because the BBCS seems to be primarily involved in sensing and integrating mechanical strains and biochemical factors and then in triggering and driving bone formation and/or bone resorption, it appears that leptin seems to be mainly involved in modulating the initial phases of bone modelling and remodelling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morroni
- Istituto di Morfologia Umana Normale, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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