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Chung D, Meng Y. Willingness to reduce alcohol consumption predicted by short-form video exposure, media involvement, psychological bias, and cognitive factor. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1213539. [PMID: 38356765 PMCID: PMC10865499 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1213539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Through previous studies, Chinese college students are known to be prone to alcohol consumption, which can lead to health-risk behaviors such as high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, and digestive problems. However, little is known about how popular social media platforms (e.g., short-form video applications) can positively impact their willingness to reduce alcohol consumption. This study was guided by the theory of optimistic bias; we investigated the direct, mediated, and moderating effects of exposure to anti-alcohol consumption short-form videos and short-form video involvement on Chinese college students' willingness to reduce their alcohol consumption. Methods The current study has an empirical cross-sectional design and employed an online survey from September 1st, 2022, to November 1st, 2022. The survey specifically targeted Chinese college students, who are the most common users of short-form video applications. The accumulated data underwent rigorous examination, including hierarchical regression, mediation, and moderation analyses, all conducted using the PROCESS macro 4.0 within SPSS version 22. Results A total of 434 participants, aged 18-24 years, were included in this study. There were mediating effects regarding Chinese college students' exposure to anti-alcohol consumption short-form videos (β = 0.35, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.17, 0.63]) and short-form video involvement (β = 0.44, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.20, 0.65]) on their willingness to reduce alcohol consumption via reversed optimistic bias. Moreover, perceived prevention of heavy drinking control (β = 0.05, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.01, 0.09]) played mediating roles in the relationship between exposure to anti-alcohol consumption short-form videos and willingness to reduce alcohol consumption. Conclusion This study is one of the earliest studies to examine the intricate effects of exposure to anti-alcohol consumption short-form videos and short-form video involvement on the willingness to reduce alcohol consumption among Chinese college students. In addition, this study confirms that regardless of whether Chinese college students are conscientious, exposure to anti-alcohol consumption short-form videos did not increase their level of reversed optimistic bias. The empirical findings of this study are critical and can provide practical insights for Chinese health departments that encourage Chinese college students to minimize alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwa Chung
- School of Journalism and Communication, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfang Meng
- School of Journalism and Communication, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, China
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OLGUN KAVAL N, GÖRGÜ AKÇAY NS, KILIÇ G. Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Kişilik Özellikleri, Üstbiliş, İnternet Kullanım Fonksiyonu ve Problemli İnternet Kullanım Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. YAŞAM BECERILERI PSIKOLOJI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.31461/ybpd.1193663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Üniversite öğrencilerinin problemli internet kullanımı ile ilişkili olabilecek faktörlerin incelenmesinin ve olası risk durumlarının belirlenmesinin önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Üniversite dönemi, bireylerin ebeveyn kontrolünden uzaklaşıp kendi kararlarını vermeye ve hayatlarına yön vermeye başladıkları kritik bir dönemdir. Sorunlu internet kullanımı ile cinsiyet, psikiyatrik tanı, üstbilişsel inançlar ve kişilik arasındaki ilişki gösterilmiş olmasına rağmen, mevcut araştırma sayısı sınırlıdır ve bulgular çelişkilidir. Ayrıca internet kullanım süresinin ve amacının yer aldığı ve tüm bu değişkenlerin birlikte incelendiği herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilik özelliklerini, üstbilişsel inançlarını, internet kullanım işlevlerini ve problemli internet kullanımlarını tanı, cinsiyet ve internet kullanım süreleri açısından incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Veriler yaş ortalamaları 20.11 olan 696 üniversite öğrencisinden toplanmıştır. Araştırmada, betimsel ve parametrik olmayan bağımsız gruplar karşılaştırma analizleri kullanılmıştır (Mann Whitney U Testi ve Kruskal-Wallis Testi). Bu çalışmada, Beş Faktör Kişilik Özellikleri Ölçeği (BFKÖ), Üstbiliş Ölçeği-30 (ÜÖ-30), İnternet Kullanım Fonksiyonları Ölçeği (İKFÖ), İnternette Bilişsel Durum Ölçeği (İBDÖ) ve Demografik Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, kadınların vicdanlılık ve nevrotizm alt ölçeği puanları daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Analiz sonuçları tanıya göre önemli bir fark olduğunu göstermiştir. Psikiyatrik tanısı olan grubun ölçek puanlarının, nevrotizm, açıklık, kontrol edilemezlik ve tehlike, bilişsel güven eksikliği, ÜÖ-30 toplam puanı ve bilgi işlevleri alt boyutlarında daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Nevrotizm, kontrol edilemezlik ve tehlike, sosyal işlevler, sanal duygusal işlevler, sosyal rahatlık, yalnızlık/depresyon, dürtüde azalma, dikkat dağınıklığı ve İBDÖ toplam puanı alt boyut puanlarının internet kullanım süresi ile doğru orantılı olarak arttığı görülmüştür.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gamze KILIÇ
- EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EDEBİYAT FAKÜLTESİ, PSİKOLOJİ BÖLÜMÜ
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Kang W. Personality predicts smoking frequency: An empirical examination separated by sex. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Meloni A, Pistoia L, Maffei S, Marcheschi P, Casini T, Spasiano A, Bitti PP, Cuccia L, Corigliano E, Sanna PMG, Massei F, Positano V, Cademartiri F. Gender Differences in Knowledge and Perception of Cardiovascular Disease among Italian Thalassemia Major Patients. J Clin Med 2022; 11:3736. [PMID: 35807036 PMCID: PMC9267613 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated gender differences in knowledge and perception of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Italian thalassemia major (TM) patients. An anonymous questionnaire was completed by 139 β-TM patients (87 (62.7%) females, 40.90 ± 8.03 years). Compared to females, males showed a significantly higher frequency of CVDs, and they less frequently selected tumors in general as the greatest health problem for people of the same age and gender (48.1% vs. 66.7%; p = 0.031) and as the greatest danger to their future health (26.9% vs. 43.7%; p = 0.048). CVDs were designated as the greatest danger to their future health by a significantly higher percentage of males than females (53.8% vs. 36.8%; p = 0.048). Both males and females showed a good knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors and preventive measures for CVDs. No gender differences were detected in the subjective well-being and the perceived cardiovascular risk. The perceived risk was not influenced by age, presence of cardiovascular risk factors, or disease, but no patient with a low perceived CVD risk had myocardial iron overload. Our findings highlight the need to implement future educational programs aimed at increasing the awareness of CVD as the greatest health issue, especially among the female TM population, and at informing TM patients of the different actors, besides iron, that play a role in the development of cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Meloni
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.P.); (V.P.)
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Bioingegneria, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Pistoia
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Silvia Maffei
- Cardiovascular and Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Paolo Marcheschi
- Reparto INFOTEL, Fondazione G Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Casini
- Centro Talassemie ed Emoglobinopatie, Ospedale “Meyer”, 50132 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Anna Spasiano
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale Malattie Rare del Globulo Rosso, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale “A. Cardarelli”, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Pier Paolo Bitti
- Servizio Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, Dipartimento dei Servizi, Presidio Ospedaliero “San Francesco” ASL Nuoro, 08100 Nuoro, Italy;
| | - Liana Cuccia
- Unità Operativa Complessa Ematologia con Talassemia, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale ad Alta Specializzazione Civico “Benfratelli-Di Cristina”, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Corigliano
- Ematologia Microcitemia, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Crotone, 88900 Crotone, Italy;
| | - Paola Maria Grazia Sanna
- Servizio Trasfusionale Aziendale, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Massei
- Unità Operativa Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Stabilimento S. Chiara, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Positano
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.P.); (V.P.)
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Bioingegneria, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Cademartiri
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.P.); (V.P.)
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Kroner DG, Plunkett P, Lydy MJ. Taking the Bite out of Mosquito Bites: The Role of Perceived Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:18-28. [PMID: 32013545 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1721444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined how dimensions of perceived risk contributed to mosquito avoidance behaviors in a flood-prone area. Mosquito avoidance behaviors were classified into proactive (i.e. used repellant sources) and withdrawal/reactive (i.e. reduced outside activities) behaviors. After controlling for level of mosquito bites, increased scores for above normal perceived risk were associated with withdrawal/reactive avoidance behaviors; whereas, increased scores for normal perceived risk were associated with proactive avoidance behaviors. Efforts to improve mosquito avoidance behaviors should distinguish the type of perceived risk and the type of avoidance behavior. Greater congruence between perceived risk (i.e. normal risk of mosquito-borne illnesses) and avoidance behaviors (i.e. planning avoidance behaviors) will increase the effectiveness of education programs for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl G Kroner
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | | | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Life Science II, Carbondale, IL, USA
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Tran CD, Nguyen TT. Health vs. privacy? The risk-risk tradeoff in using COVID-19 contact-tracing apps. TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY 2021; 67:101755. [PMID: 34566204 PMCID: PMC8454194 DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, contact-tracing apps have emerged as reliable tools for public health communication and the promotion of preventative health. However, to function properly, contact-tracing apps require users to provide sensitive information, which has raised concerns about data disclosure, misuse and social surveillance. Little is known about how different types of risk perception simultaneously hinder and motivate individuals' engagement in mobile health apps, particularly in the context of a pandemic. Based on the privacy calculus theory and the risk-risk tradeoff concept, this study examined the risk-risk tradeoff model to enhance the understanding of COVID-19 contact-tracing app users' decision from the perspective of risk minimization. Findings from PLS-SEM and fsQCA revealed that users engage in health risk-privacy risk tradeoff when evaluating and deciding to use the apps. The focal study therefore contributes to the research on privacy calculus theory and calls for a balanced managerial solution to mitigate this tradeoff dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Duc Tran
- Faculty of Business Administration, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho Street, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tin Trung Nguyen
- Faculty of Business Administration, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho Street, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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7
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Bahat E. The Big Five personality traits and adherence to breast cancer early detection and prevention. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Losee JE, Smith CT, Webster GD. Politics, Personality, and Impulsivity Can Color People's Perceptions of-and Responses to-Hurricane Threats of Varying Severity. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:1435-1451. [PMID: 33283666 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220969021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Theory and research suggest that objective features of a threatening situation and individual differences influence threat responses. We examine three ways individual traits may relate to a threat response: (a) directly and independent of objective threat features, (b) indirectly through relationships with threat perception, or (c) as moderators of the relationship between objective threat features and responses. Using integrative data analysis (IDA), we aggregated data across three studies examining hurricane preparation intentions. Analysis supported two of the potential pathways. Supporting the first path, both openness and extraversion had direct, positive relationships with preparation likelihood. Supporting the second path, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and social conservatism positively related to preparation likelihood through a positive relationship with threat perception, whereas impulsivity and sensation-seeking negatively related to preparation likelihood through a negative relationship with threat perception. This work shows the pivotal role individual differences play regarding responses to uncertain threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E Losee
- University of Dayton, OH, USA.,University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Phillips P, Abraham C, Bond R. Personality, cognition, and university students' examination performance. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A prospective study explored the relationship between personality traits (as defined by the five factor model), type of motivation (as defined by self‐determination theory), and goal‐specific cognitions (including those specified by the theory of planned behaviour) as antecedents of degree performance amongst undergraduate students. A sample of 125 students completed a questionnaire two to three months before their final examinations. Structural equation modelling was used to explore relationships. Intention and perceived behavioural control explained 32% of the variance in final degree marks, with intention being the strongest predictor. Controlling for theory of planned behaviour variables, anticipated regret, good‐student identity, controlled extrinsic motivation, Conscientiousness, and Openness had direct significant effects on intention. In total, 65% of the variance in intention was explained. The resultant model illustrates how personality traits may affect examination performance by means of mediators such as intention, anticipated regret, student identity, and autonomous intrinsic motivation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rod Bond
- University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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10
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Conner M, Abraham C. Conscientiousness and the Theory of Planned Behavior: Toward a more Complete Model of the Antecedents of Intentions and Behavior. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/01461672012711014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two studies explored the relationship between past behavior, personality traits, intentions, and behavior. Study 1 (N = 181) considered intentions to engage in goal-directed activity (health protection). Cognitions specified by the Theory of Planned Behavior were examined as mediators of the relationship between past behavior, personality, and intentions. The effect of conscientiousness on intention was partially mediated by cognitions, whereas the effect of past behavior was partially mediated by cognitions and conscientiousness. Study 2 (N = 123) examined predictions of intentions and self-reported behavior in relation to both health protection and exercise, a more specific behavior. In both cases, the effect of conscientiousness on intention was totally mediated, whereas the effect on behavior was partially mediated. Similarly, the effects of past behavior on intentions were totally mediated, whereas the effects on behavior were partially mediated by cognitions and conscientiousness. Thus, combining personality traits and cognitions provided a more sufficient account of the determinants of intentions and behavior.
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Abstract
When a patient receives a health diagnosis, their response (e.g. changes in behaviour, seeking support) can have significant consequences for long-term health and well-being. Characteristics of health news are known to influence these responses, but personality traits have been omitted from this line of research. The current study examines the role of personality traits in predicting response to health news. Participants (N = 298) read scenarios in which they received health news that was manipulated to vary in severity, controllability and likelihood of outcomes. Participants then rated how likely they were to engage in a number of response behaviours. We examined the main effects and interaction of situational manipulations and personality traits on ratings of these behaviours. Both situations and personality traits influenced behavioural responses to health events. In particular, conscientiousness predicted taking action and seeking social support. Neuroticism predicted both maladaptive and adaptive behavioural responses, providing support for the 'healthy neurotic' hypothesis. Moreover, personality traits predicted best in weak (unlikely, controllable) situations. Both personality traits and situational characteristics contribute to behavioural responses to health news.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Weston
- a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Joshua J Jackson
- a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA
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Zvolensky MJ, Taha F, Bono A, Goodwin RD. Big five personality factors and cigarette smoking: a 10-year study among US adults. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 63:91-6. [PMID: 25799395 PMCID: PMC4422054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the relation between the big five personality traits and any lifetime cigarette use, progression to daily smoking, and smoking persistence among adults in the United States (US) over a ten-year period. Data were drawn from the Midlife Development in the US (MIDUS) I and II (N = 2101). Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between continuously measured personality factors and any lifetime cigarette use, smoking progression, and smoking persistence at baseline (1995-1996) and at follow-up (2004-2006). The results revealed that higher levels of openness to experience and neuroticism were each significantly associated with increased risk of any lifetime cigarette use. Neuroticism also was associated with increased risk of progression from ever smoking to daily smoking and persistent daily smoking over a ten-year period. In contrast, conscientiousness was associated with decreased risk of lifetime cigarette use, progression to daily smoking, and smoking persistence. Most, but not all, associations between smoking and personality persisted after adjusting for demographic characteristics, depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use problems. The findings suggest that openness to experience and neuroticism may be involved in any lifetime cigarette use and smoking progression, and that conscientiousness appears to protect against smoking progression and persistence. These data add to a growing literature suggesting that certain personality factors--most consistently neuroticism--are important to assess and perhaps target during intervention programs for smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, Fred J. Heyne Building, Suite 104, Houston, Texas 77204,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, 1155 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Farah Taha
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Queens, New York, 11367, USA
| | - Amanda Bono
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Queens, New York, 11367, USA
| | - Renee D. Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Queens, New York, 11367, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032, USA
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Sirois FM. Who Looks Forward to Better Health? Personality Factors and Future Self-Rated Health in the Context of Chronic Illness. Int J Behav Med 2015; 22:569-79. [PMID: 25622814 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-015-9460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-rated health (SRH) is an important predictor of objective health-related outcomes that, according to the Cognitive Process Model of SRH, is influenced by contextual factors (symptoms and personality). Although research indicates that personality contours SRH, less attention has been given to understanding the contributions of personality to future self-rated health (FSRH) or the contextual factors that play a role in shaping these effects. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to extend the theory and research on FSRH by exploring the contributions of personality, current SRH, and fatigue to FSRH in the context of chronic illness, and to test the potential mediating role of optimism for explaining these effects. METHOD Two chronic illness samples (arthritis, N = 365, and inflammatory bowel disease, IBD; N = 290) completed identical surveys. A hierarchical regression model with age, education, and current health, and fatigue entered in the first two steps and traits entered in the last step, tested the effects of personality on FSRH. Mediation analyses controlling for contextual variables tested the explanatory role of optimism. RESULTS Fatigue was a significant contributor to FSRH accounting for 11 % of the variance in the arthritis sample and 17 % in the IBD sample over the demographic variables. Both Agreeableness and Neuroticism accounted for additional significant but modest variance in FSRH (4 %); Agreeableness was associated with higher FSRH, whereas Neuroticism was associated with lower FSRH. For both traits, optimism fully explained the associations with FSRH. CONCLUSION After accounting for the influence of fatigue and other variables, the contributions of high Agreeableness and low Neuroticism to FSRH are modest in the context of chronic illness, and these associations may be explained by optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuschia M Sirois
- Health and Well-being Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, 2600 College St., Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 1Z7.
- Centre for Research on Aging, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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Friedman B, Veazie PJ, Chapman BP, Manning WG, Duberstein PR. Is personality associated with health care use by older adults? Milbank Q 2013; 91:491-527. [PMID: 24028697 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The patterns of health care utilization in the United States pose well-established challenges for public policy. Although economic and sociological research has resulted in considerable knowledge about what influences the use of health services, the psychological literature in this area is underdeveloped. Importantly, it is not known whether personality traits are associated with older adults' use of acute and long-term care services. METHODS Data were collected from 1,074 community-dwelling seniors participating in a Medicare demonstration. First they completed a self-report questionnaire measuring the "Big Five" personality traits: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. During the next two years, the participants maintained daily journals of their use of health care services. We used regression models based on the Andersen behavioral model of health care utilization to test for associations. FINDINGS Our hypothesis that higher Neuroticism would be associated with greater health care use was confirmed for three services-probability of any emergency department (ED) use, likelihood of any custodial nursing home use, and more skilled nursing facility (SNF) days for SNF users-but was disconfirmed for hospital days for those hospitalized. Higher Openness to Experience was associated with a greater likelihood of custodial home care use, and higher Agreeableness and lower Conscientiousness with a higher probability of custodial nursing home use. For users, lower Openness was associated with more ED visits and SNF days, and lower Conscientiousness with more ED visits. For many traits with significant associations, the predicted use was 16 to 30 percent greater for people high (low) versus low (high) in specific traits. CONCLUSIONS Personality traits are associated with Medicare beneficiaries' use of many expensive health care services, findings that have implications for health services research and policy. Accordingly, person-centered interventions, population-based translational effectiveness programs, and other personalized approaches that leverage the profound advances in personality psychology in recent decades should be considered.
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Chapman BP, Roberts B, Lyness J, Duberstein P. Personality and physician-assessed illness burden in older primary care patients over 4 years. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 21:737-46. [PMID: 23567416 PMCID: PMC3674148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality traits have been associated with physician-rated illness burden cross-sectionally, but longitudinal associations between personality and objective medical morbidity remain unclear. PURPOSE To examine associations between personality and physician-rated illness burden 4 years prospectively in older primary care patients. METHOD At baseline, patients (average age: 75, SD: 6.6, 62% female) completed the NEO-Five Factor Inventory. At baseline and 4 yearly follow-ups, a physician completed the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale on the basis of medical records. RESULTS Linear mixed-effects models revealed that higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness predicted worse average illness burden longitudinally. Relatively disagreeable persons (25th percentile) accumulated morbidity at a 33% faster rate than agreeable (75th percentile) peers. At the final follow-up, a person at the 75th percentile of neuroticism and the 25th percentile of conscientiousness and agreeableness showed morbidity comparable to a peer of average personality but 10 years older. An individual at the 25th percentile of neuroticism and 75th percentile of conscientiousness and agreeableness showed end-point illness burden comparable to a peer of average personality but 10 years younger. Twenty-one percent of the morbidity associated with neuroticism was explained by total cholesterol. History of hypertension, smoking, alcohol/drug abuse, and affective symptoms of depression each explained 10% or less of the other observed personality effects. CONCLUSION Personality plays a nontrivial role in healthy aging among older persons. Brief personality assessment may identify at-risk older persons for closer monitoring, enhance the accuracy of medical prognosis, and provide clues for clinical interventions to promote better health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Chapman
- Geriatric Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
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Chan CW. Perceptions of coronary heart disease: the development and psychometric testing of a measurement scale. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2013; 19:159-68. [PMID: 23731251 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2013.802354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals' perceptions of coronary heart disease (CHD) have implications for the ways in which they respond to the disease, process risks, make decisions, and take action to reduce CHD risks. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the perceptions of coronary heart disease scale (PCS) among a Hong Kong Chinese population. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenient sample (n = 232) of participants recruited from a variety of catchments including public domains, a cardiac unit, and a cardiac rehabilitation and prevention center. Exploratory factor analysis identified a nine-item, two-factor model that accounted for 52.5% of the total explained variance. The two factors were the perceived risk (five items) and perceived seriousness (four items) of CHD. The PCS demonstrated good content validity; acceptable total, and subscale internal consistency (.73, .61 - .81); and significant contrast-group differences with higher levels of CHD perceptions among males (p = .002), younger participants (p < .001), and those with higher educational levels (p < .001), suggesting excellent construct validity. The newly developed PCS demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties as a short measurement scale, which supports its use in future research. Future validation of this scale is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Chan
- a School of Nursing , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, , Hong Kong
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Boudreaux ED, Bedek KL, Byrne NJ, Baumann BM, Lord SA, Grissom G. The Computer-Assisted Brief Intervention for Tobacco (CABIT) program: a pilot study. J Med Internet Res 2012. [PMID: 23208070 PMCID: PMC3799483 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health care providers do not routinely carry out brief counseling for tobacco cessation despite the evidence for its effectiveness. For this intervention to be routinely used, it must be brief, be convenient, require little investment of resources, require little specialized training, and be perceived as efficacious by providers. Technological advances hold much potential for addressing the barriers preventing the integration of brief interventions for tobacco cessation into the health care setting. Objective This paper describes the development and initial evaluation of the Computer-Assisted Brief Intervention for Tobacco (CABIT) program, a web-based, multimedia tobacco intervention for use in opportunistic settings. Methods The CABIT uses a self-administered, computerized assessment to produce personalized health care provider and patient reports, and cue a stage-matched video intervention. Respondents interested in changing their tobacco use are offered a faxed referral to a “best matched” tobacco treatment provider (ie, dynamic referral). During 2008, the CABIT program was evaluated in an emergency department, an employee assistance program, and a tobacco dependence program in New Jersey. Participants and health care providers completed semistructured interviews and satisfaction ratings of the assessment, reports, video intervention, and referrals using a 5-point scale. Results Mean patient satisfaction scores (n = 67) for all domains ranged from 4.00 (Good) to 5.00 (Excellent; Mean = 4.48). Health care providers completed satisfaction forms for 39 patients. Of these 39 patients, 34 (87%) received tobacco resources and referrals they would not have received under standard care. Of the 45 participants offered a dynamic referral, 28 (62%) accepted. Conclusions The CABIT program provided a user-friendly, desirable service for tobacco users and their health care providers. Further development and clinical trial testing is warranted to establish its effectiveness in promoting treatment engagement and tobacco cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin D Boudreaux
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Emergency Medicine, Worcester, United States.
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Hagger-Johnson G, Bewick BM, Conner M, O’Connor D, Shickle D. School-related conscientiousness, alcohol drinking, and cigarette smoking in a representative sample of English school pupils. Br J Health Psychol 2012; 17:644-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chapman BP, Roberts B, Duberstein P. Personality and longevity: knowns, unknowns, and implications for public health and personalized medicine. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:759170. [PMID: 21766032 PMCID: PMC3134197 DOI: 10.4061/2011/759170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We review evidence for links between personality traits and longevity. We provide an overview of personality for health scientists, using the primary organizing framework used in the study of personality and longevity. We then review data on various aspects of personality linked to longevity. In general, there is good evidence that higher level of conscientiousness and lower levels of hostility and Type D or "distressed" personality are associated with greater longevity. Limited evidence suggests that extraversion, openness, perceived control, and low levels of emotional suppression may be associated with longer lifespan. Findings regarding neuroticism are mixed, supporting the notion that many component(s) of neuroticism detract from life expectancy, but some components at some levels may be healthy or protective. Overall, evidence suggests various personality traits are significant predictors of longevity and points to several promising directions for further study. We conclude by discussing the implications of these links for epidemiologic research and personalized medicine and lay out a translational research agenda for integrating the psychology of individual differences into public health and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Chapman
- Laboratory of Personality and Development and Rochester Health Decision Making Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden, Rochester, NY 14607, USA
| | - Brent Roberts
- Personality Interest Group, Department of Psychology, University of Illinoi, Rochester, NY 14607, USA
| | - Paul Duberstein
- Laboratory of Personality and Development and Rochester Health Decision Making Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden, Rochester, NY 14607, USA
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Churchill S, Jessop D, Sparks P. Impulsive and/or planned behaviour: Can impulsivity contribute to the predictive utility of the theory of planned behaviour? BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 47:631-46. [DOI: 10.1348/014466608x284434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chan CW, Lopez V, Chung JWY. A qualitative study of the perceptions of coronary heart disease among Hong Kong Chinese people. J Clin Nurs 2010; 20:1151-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Conner M, Grogan S, Fry G, Gough B, Higgins AR. Direct, mediated and moderated impacts of personality variables on smoking initiation in adolescents. Psychol Health 2010; 24:1085-104. [PMID: 20205047 DOI: 10.1080/08870440802239192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Role of 'Big Five' personality traits as predictors of smoking and moderators of the intention-smoking relationship was tested. Five hundred and fifty-three adolescents (aged 11-12) completed measures of self-reported past smoking, gender, intentions to smoke, perceived behavioural control, family smoking, friends smoking at times 1 and 2 (6 months apart). At time 3, 2 years later, the same adolescents completed measures of the Big Five and self-reported smoking (a subset of 300 also provided an objective smoking measure). At time 4, two years after time 3, a sub-sample of 122 adolescents provided a self-report measure of recent smoking. Simple correlations indicated significant direct effects of conscientiousness (self-reported smoking, times 3 and 4), extraversion (time 4 smoking) and neuroticism (all smoking measures) on smoking. Logistic regression showed intention, and the interaction between conscientiousness and intention to significantly predict both self-reported and objectively assessed smoking (both at time 3) after controlling for other variables. Multiple regression showed intentions, family smoking and the interaction between conscientiousness and intention to significantly predict self-reported smoking at time 4 after controlling for other variables. The findings indicate that the impact of personality variables on smoking is through mediated (through cognitions) and moderated (conscientiousness by intention interaction) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Conner
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Mpofu E, Oakland T, Gwirayi P. Temperament Styles in Zimbabwean Early Adolescents: A Rasch Measurement Model Analysis. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/008124631004000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structure of temperament styles was investigated using Rasch analysis methods with data from 397 (46% males) Zimbabwean early adolescents. The students completed the Student Styles Questionnaire (SSQ), a 69 item children's self-report measure of temperament styles that uses a forced choice item format. Each item was scored as a dichotomous Rasch scale variable. Principal component analysis of the standardized residuals yielded unidimensional latent temperament variables for extroversion-introversion (EI), practical-imaginative (PM), thinking-feeling (TF), and organized-flexible (OL) styles. Higher endorsements were found for extroversion (E) than introversion (I) styles, for practical (P) than imaginative (M) styles, for feeling (F) than thinking (T) styles, and for organized (O) than flexible (L) styles. TF style indicators seemingly were targeted more appropriately to the Zimbabwean adolescents than were EI, OL, and PM styles. Rasch modelling methods appear to have merit when constructing and using interval scale measures of temperament styles from forced choice data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Mpofu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
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Eaton LA, Kalichman SC, Cherry C. Sexual partner selection and HIV risk reduction among Black and White men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health 2010; 100:503-9. [PMID: 20075328 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2008.155903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined differences in sexual partner selection between Black and White men who have sex with men (MSM) to better understand how HIV status of participants' sexual partners and related psychosocial measures influence risk taking among these men. METHODS We collected cross-sectional surveys from self-reported HIV-negative Black MSM and White MSM attending a gay pride festival in Atlanta, Georgia. RESULTS HIV-negative White MSM were more likely than were HIV-negative Black MSM to report having unprotected anal intercourse with HIV-negative men, and HIV-negative Black MSM were more likely than were HIV-negative White MSM to report having unprotected anal intercourse with HIV status unknown partners. Furthermore, White MSM were more likely to endorse serosorting (limiting unprotected partners to those who have the same HIV status) beliefs and favorable HIV disclosure beliefs than were Black MSM. CONCLUSIONS White MSM appear to use sexual partner-related risk reduction strategies to reduce the likelihood of HIV infection more than do Black MSM. Partner selection strategies have serious limitations; however, they may explain in part the disproportionate number of HIV infections among Black MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Eaton
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Chapman B, Fiscella K, Duberstein P, Kawachi I. Education and smoking: confounding or effect modification by phenotypic personality traits? Ann Behav Med 2009; 38:237-48. [PMID: 20049661 PMCID: PMC2820130 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-009-9142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about whether educational gradients in smoking patterns can be explained by financial measures of socioeconomic status (SES) and/or personality traits. PURPOSE To assess whether the relationship of education to (1) never smoking and (2) having quit smoking would be confounded by financial measures of SES or by personality; whether lower Neuroticism and higher Conscientiousness would be associated with having abstained from or quit smoking; and whether education effects were modified by personality. METHOD Using data from the Midlife Development in the US National Survey, 2,429 individuals were classified as current (n = 695), former (n = 999), or never (n = 735) smokers. Multinomial logistic regressions examined study questions. RESULTS Greater education was strongly associated with both never and former smoking, with no confounding by financial status and personality. Never smoking was associated with lower Openness and higher Conscientiousness, while have quit was associated with higher Neuroticism. Education interacted additively with Conscientiousness to increase and with Openness to decrease the probability of never smoking. CONCLUSIONS Education and personality should be considered unconfounded smoking risks in epidemiologic and clinical studies. Educational associations with smoking may vary by personality dispositions, and prevention and intervention programs should consider both sets of factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chapman
- Laboratory of Personality and Development, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The concept of "adaptation" has been proposed to account for differences between individual and societal valuations of specific health states in patients with chronic diseases. Little is known about psychological indices of adaptational capacity, which may predict differences in individual and societal valuations of health states. We investigated whether such differences were partially explained by personality traits in chronic disease patients. RESEARCH DESIGN Analysis of baseline data of randomized controlled trial. SUBJECTS Three hundred seventy patients with chronic disease. MEASURES The NEO-five factor inventory measure of personality, EuroQoL-5D (EQ-5D) societal-based, and the EQ visual analogue scale individually-based measures of health valuation. RESULTS Regression analyses modeled Dev, a measure of difference between the EQ-Visual Analogue Scale and EQ-5D, as a function of personality traits, sociodemographic factors, and chronic diseases. Individual valuations were significantly and clinically higher than societal valuations among patients in the second and third quartile of conscientiousness (Dev = 0.08, P = 0.01); among covariates, only depression (Dev = -0.04, P = 0.046) was also associated with Dev. CONCLUSION Compared with societal valuations of a given health state, persons at higher quartiles of conscientiousness report less disutility associated with poor health. The effect is roughly twice that of some estimates of minimally important clinical differences on the EQ-5D and of depression. Although useful at the aggregate level, societal preference measures may systematically undervalue the health states of more conscientious individuals. Future work should examine the impact this has on individual patient outcome evaluation in clinical studies.
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Eaton LA, West TV, Kenny DA, Kalichman SC. HIV transmission risk among HIV seroconcordant and serodiscordant couples: dyadic processes of partner selection. AIDS Behav 2009; 13:185-95. [PMID: 18953645 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-008-9480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Selecting sex partners of the same HIV status or serosorting is a sexual risk reduction strategy used by many men who have sex with men. However, the effectiveness of serosorting for protection against HIV is potentially limited. We sought to examine how men perceive the protective benefits of factors related to serosorting including beliefs about engaging in serosorting, sexual communication, and perceptions of risk for HIV. Participants were 94 HIV negative seroconcordant (same HIV status) couples, 20 HIV serodiscordant (discrepant HIV status) couples, and 13 HIV positive seroconcordant (same HIV status) couples recruited from a large gay pride festival in the southeastern US. To account for nonindependence found in the couple-level data, we used multilevel modeling which includes dyad in the analysis. Findings demonstrated that participants in seroconcordant relationships were more likely to believe that serosorting reduces concerns for condom use. HIV negative participants in seroconcordant relationships viewed themselves at relatively low risk for HIV transmission even though monogamy within relationships and HIV testing were infrequent. Dyadic analyses demonstrated that partners have a substantial effect on an individual's beliefs and number of unprotected sex partners. We conclude that relationship partners are an important source of influence and, thus, intervening with partners is necessary to reduce HIV transmission risks.
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Taga KA, Friedman HS, Martin LR. Early personality traits as predictors of mortality risk following conjugal bereavement. J Pers 2009; 77:669-90. [PMID: 20078734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explored pre-bereavement personality traits and gender as predictors of post-widowhood mortality risk, using newly derived life span data for participants originally recruited for Lewis Terman's classic study of the gifted. Personality traits measured in 1940 were used to predict mortality risk from 1940 through 2004 for married participants who were either widowed between 1940 and 1986 or who remained married. Results indicated that widowhood predicted a decrease in mortality risk for these (intelligent) individuals (relative hazard [rh]=0.68, N=843, p<.001) and neuroticism significantly moderated this effect. Specifically, neuroticism in young adulthood was significantly associated with decreased mortality risk among men who were later widowed (rh=0.50, N=66, p<.02) but not among women or consistently married men. Conclusions reveal the importance of personality-situation interactions and the adoption of a long-term perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko A Taga
- University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Dumitrescu A, Kawamura M, Zetu L, Teslaru S. Investigating the Relationship Among Self-Reported Oral Health Status, Oral Health–Related Behaviors, and Self-Consciousness in Romanian Dental Patients. J Periodontol 2009; 80:468-75. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Eaton L, Kalichman S, Cain D, Cherry C, Pope H, Fuhrel A, Kaufman M. Perceived prevalence and risks for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among women who have sex with women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2008; 17:75-83. [PMID: 18240984 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2006.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research shows that perceptions of disease prevalence, particularly infectious diseases, are also related to health behaviors, but the association between perceived disease prevalence and risk perceptions is unknown. We chose to survey women who have sex with women (WSW) because they are an understudied population who are at risk for human papillomavirus (HPV). Prevalence rate of HPV infection among WSW is around 13%. We sought to test the relationship between having had an abnormal Pap smear and perceived risk for HPV. Perceived prevalence was also hypothesized as being a mediator and moderator of the relationship between abnormal Pap smear and perceived risk of HPV. METHODS Participants were approached at a gay pride festival and asked if they would like to complete a survey concerning same-sex relationships. Regression analyses, including moderation and mediation testing, were used to examine women who have and have not had an abnormal Pap smear. RESULTS Participants (n = 275) completed anonymous surveys. Eighty-four (27%) women had a history of abnormal Pap smears, and 16 (5%) women had been diagnosed with HPV. Women with a history of abnormal Pap smears perceived themselves at greater risk for and greater prevalence of HPV. The association between history of abnormal Pap smears and risk perceptions was mediated by perceived disease prevalence. The association between perceived disease prevalence and perceived risk was significant only among women with a history of abnormal Pap smears. CONCLUSIONS Perceived local disease prevalence is important for understanding risk perceptions in relation to health behaviors and health outcomes. Interventions can use local disease prevalence as a means for motivating behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Eaton
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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How to make a risk seem riskier: The ratio bias versus construal level theory. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWhich statement conveys greater risk: “100 people die from cancer every day” or “36,500 people die from cancer every year”? In statistics where both frequencies and temporal information are used to convey risk, two theories predict opposite answers to this question.Construal level theory predicts that “100 people die from cancer every day” will be judged as more risky, while the ratio bias predicts that the equivalent “36,500 people die from cancer every year” will result in higher risk judgments. An experiment investigated which format produces higher risk ratings, and whether ratings are influenced by increasing the salience of the numerical or temporal part of the statistic. Forty-eight participants were randomly assigned to a numerical, temporal or control salience condition, and rated risk framed as number of deaths per day or per year. The year format was found to result in higher perceived risk, indicating that the ratio bias effect is dominant, but there was no effect of salience.
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Chatzisarantis NLD, Hagger MS. Influences of personality traits and continuation intentions on physical activity participation within the theory of planned behaviour. Psychol Health 2008; 23:347-67. [DOI: 10.1080/14768320601185866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Eaton LA, Kalichman SC, Cain DN, Cherry C, Stearns HL, Amaral CM, Flanagan JA, Pope HL. Serosorting sexual partners and risk for HIV among men who have sex with men. Am J Prev Med 2007; 33:479-85. [PMID: 18022064 PMCID: PMC3151147 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to assess whether men who have sex with men (MSM) who limit their unprotected anal sexual partners to those who are of the same HIV status (serosort) differ in their risk for HIV transmission than MSM who do not serosort. METHODS Cross-sectional surveys administered at a large Gay Pride festival in June 2006 (80% response rate) were collected from MSM. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify predictors of serosorting. Analyses were conducted in 2006. RESULTS Participants were self-identified as HIV-negative MSM (N=628); about one third of them engaged in serosorting (n=229). Men who serosort were more likely to believe that it offered protection against HIV transmission, perceived themselves as being at no relatively higher risk for HIV transmission, and had more unprotected anal intercourse partners. Over half the sample reported their frequency of HIV testing as yearly or less frequently; this finding did not differ between serosorters and nonserosorters. CONCLUSIONS Men who identify as HIV-negative and serosort are no more likely to know their HIV status than men who do not serosort and are at higher risk for exposure to HIV. Interventions targeting MSM must address the limitations of serosorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Eaton
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA.
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Deroche T, Stephan Y, Lecocq G, Le Scanff C. Les déterminants psychologiques de la blessure physique du sportif: une revue de littérature. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rondina RDC, Gorayeb R, Botelho C. Características psicológicas associadas ao comportamento de fumar tabaco. J Bras Pneumol 2007; 33:592-601. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132007000500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre a psicologia do tabagismo, destacando características de personalidade do fumante como um dos obstáculos à cessação do tabagismo. Descreve-se a relação entre tabagismo e personalidade e, a seguir, a relação do tabagismo com os principais transtornos psiquiátricos. Estudos revelam que os fumantes tendem a ser mais extrovertidos, ansiosos, tensos, impulsivos e com mais traços de neuroticismo e psicoticismo, em comparação a ex-fumantes e não fumantes. A literatura revela, ainda, forte associação entre tabagismo e transtornos mentais, como esquizofrenia e depressão, entre outros. A compreensão dos fatores de natureza psicológica associados ao consumo e à dependência pode contribuir para a elaboração e aperfeiçoamento de estratégias terapêuticas para o tratamento da dependência e/ou programas de cunho educativo/preventivo.
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Näsman P, Ortendahl M. Perceived consequences among pregnant and non-pregnant women of continuing or ceasing to smoke. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007; 99:117-21. [PMID: 17612546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the perception of risk of smoking-related psychological and social outcomes, and the effect of pregnancy and intention to stop smoking on the perceived risk. METHODS Eighty women were asked to make judgments about the probability of outcomes for smoking-related consequences. Four subgroups were created using the variables of pregnancy (pregnant versus not pregnant) and cessation of smoking (intention to stop versus no intention to stop). Judgments were based on the decision to stop and not stop smoking. RESULT Intention to stop smoking affected the estimated probabilities for the occurrence of consequences for both continuing and stopping smoking, whereas pregnancy did not affect the estimated probabilities. The estimated effect of stopping smoking was statistically significant. CONCLUSION Health messages about smoking for all population groups should consider both future risk of mortality and immediate quality-of-life effects of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Näsman
- Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Dirocco DN, Shadel WG. Gender differences in adolescents' responses to themes of relaxation in cigarette advertising: Relationship to intentions to smoke. Addict Behav 2007; 32:205-13. [PMID: 16650623 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that increased exposure to cigarette advertising increases adolescents' risk of smoking and moreover, that gender may play an important role in moderating how cigarette advertisements are viewed and processed. However, information about the particular features of cigarette advertising that interact with gender to promote smoking among adolescents is scarce. The purpose of this study was to examine if gender moderates the degree to which the relaxation valence (i.e., degree to which relaxing themes are emphasized) of cigarette advertisements is related to smoking intentions in a sample of never smoking adolescents. Regardless of brand type (of the seven brands studied), cigarette advertisements that displayed highly relaxing images were associated with increased intentions to smoke among female adolescents only. These results have implications for understanding what features of cigarette advertisements have the most influence among different groups of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae N Dirocco
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University, USA
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38
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Chauvin B, Hermand D, Mullet E. Risk perception and personality facets. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2007; 27:171-85. [PMID: 17362408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship between personality facets and risk perception using the Big Five model. A broad range of hazards was considered: energy production, pollutants, sex, deviance, addictions, weapons, common individual hazards, outdoor activities, medical care, and psychotropic drugs. Key personality facets that were most predictive of risk perception compared to (or in association with) age, gender, educational level, and personality factors were identified. They were moderation and tranquility (associated with energy production or pollutants), rationality and efficiency (associated with pollutants, sex, deviance, addictions, or weapons), creativity, imagination, and reflection (associated with energy production, pollutants, or common individual hazards), self-disclosure (associated with outdoor activities), and nurturance and tenderness (associated with sex, deviance, addictions, or medical care). These facets may be recommended for use in future studies on risk perception.
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39
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Tucker JS, Elliott MN, Klein DJ. Social control of health behavior: associations with conscientiousness and neuroticism. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2007; 32:1143-52. [PMID: 16902235 DOI: 10.1177/0146167206289728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable research demonstrating associations of conscientiousness and neuroticism with health-related behavior, our understanding of how and why these traits are related to lifestyle is limited. This study examined the social regulation of health behavior in a probability sample of 509 household residents who completed a Random Digit Dial (RDD) telephone survey. Results suggest that the social regulation of health behavior experienced by highly conscientious individuals has more to do with their own internalized notions of responsibility and obligation to others than to specific actions by others aimed at influencing their health habits. In contrast, individuals with higher neuroticism experience more overt attempts by others to influence their health habits but have more negative affective and behavioral responses to these social influence attempts. Findings suggest that elucidating the distinct social influence processes that operate for conscientiousness and neuroticism may further understanding of how these traits are related to health behaviors and status.
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40
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Hampson SE, Andrews JA, Barckley M, Lichtenstein E, Lee ME. Personality traits, perceived risk, and risk-reduction behaviors: a further study of smoking and radon. Health Psychol 2006; 25:530-6. [PMID: 16846328 PMCID: PMC2409280 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.25.4.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Personality traits and risk perceptions were examined as predictors of changes in smoking behavior. Participants (N = 697) were part of a randomized controlled trial of interventions to reduce exposure to the combined hazard of radon and cigarette smoke. Participants with higher perceived risk at baseline for the combination of smoking and radon were more likely to have a more restrictive household smoking ban in place at 12-month follow-up (p < .05). Risk perceptions also predicted reductions in the total number of cigarettes smoked in the home for participants in the video intervention who had high or moderate levels of extraversion (p < .01). Greater perceived risk predicted whether highly or moderately conscientious women quit smoking (p < .05). The moderating effects of personality traits should be considered when evaluating risk-reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hampson
- Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, England.
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41
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Hampson SE, Goldberg LR, Vogt TM, Dubanoski JP. Forty years on: teachers' assessments of children's personality traits predict self-reported health behaviors and outcomes at midlife. Health Psychol 2006; 25:57-64. [PMID: 16448298 PMCID: PMC1363685 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A life span health-behavior model was investigated in this longitudinal study of personality influences on health. Teachers assessed 963 elementary schoolchildren on traits that formed scales assessing the dimensions of the five-factor (Big Five) model of personality. Smoking, alcohol use, body mass index (BMI), and self-rated health were assessed 40 years later in midlife. Childhood personality traits were significantly associated with all 4 outcomes, and the effects were consistently larger for women than men. For men and women, childhood Conscientiousness was associated with less adult smoking and better adult self-rated health and, for women only, with lower adult BMI. Mediation analyses suggested that the effects of Conscientiousness on self-rated health were partially mediated by smoking and BMI. These findings add to the growing evidence that childhood personality traits predict adult health outcomes and are discussed in terms of future testing of the life span health-behavior model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hampson
- Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
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42
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Carver CS. Impulse and constraint: perspectives from personality psychology, convergence with theory in other areas, and potential for integration. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2006; 9:312-33. [PMID: 16223354 DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0904_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A behavioral dimension of impulse versus constraint has long been observed by personality psychologists. This article begins by reviewing processes underlying this dimension from the perspectives of several personality theories. Some cases of constraint reflect inhibition due to anxiety, but some theories suggest other roots for constraint. Theories from developmental psychology accommodate both possibilities by positing 2 sorts of control over action. These modes of influence strongly resemble those predicated in some personality theories and also 2 modes of function that are asserted by some cognitive and social psychological theories. Several further literatures are considered, to which 2-mode models seem to contribute meaningfully. The article closes by addressing questions raised by these ideas, including whether the issue of impulse versus constraint applies to avoidance as well as to approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Carver
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, FL 33124-0751, USA.
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43
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Bogg T, Roberts BW. Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychol Bull 2005; 130:887-919. [PMID: 15535742 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 848] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has established conscientiousness as a predictor of longevity (H. S. Friedman et al., 1993; L. R. Martin & H. S. Friedman, 2000). To better understand this relationship, the authors conducted a meta-analysis of conscientiousness-related traits and the leading behavioral contributors to mortality in the United States (tobacco use, diet and activity patterns, excessive alcohol use, violence, risky sexual behavior, risky driving, suicide, and drug use). Data sources were located by combining conscientiousness-related terms and relevant health-related behavior terms in database searches as well as by retrieving dissertations and requesting unpublished data from electronic mailing lists. The resulting database contained 194 studies that were quantitatively synthesized. Results showed that conscientiousness-related traits were negatively related to all risky health-related behaviors and positively related to all beneficial health-related behaviors. This study demonstrates the importance of conscientiousness' contribution to the health process through its relationship to health-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bogg
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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44
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Shadel WG, Cervone D, Niaura R, Abrams DB. Developing an integrative social-cognitive strategy for personality assessment at the level of the individual: An illustration with regular cigarette smokers. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Ingledew DK, Markland D, Sheppard KE. Personality and self-determination of exercise behaviour. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Ferguson E. Personality as a predictor of hypochondriacal concerns: results from two longitudinal studies. J Psychosom Res 2004; 56:307-12. [PMID: 15046967 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2002] [Accepted: 03/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the extent to which the domains of the Big 5 are risk factors for hypochondriacal concerns (HCs). METHODS Two longitudinal studies, one using blood donors (over a 16-17-month period) and one using undergraduate students (over a 2.5-month period), were used to collect data on the Big 5 and HCs. RESULTS Univariate analyses indicated that: (1) emotional stability predicted future levels of HCs once baseline levels of HCs were controlled, and (2) reductions in HCs over time were predicted primarily by increases in conscientiousness and emotional stability scores. Structural modelling of cross-lagged effects indicated that emotional stability was related to future levels of hypochondriacal concerns by contributing to initial levels of HCs. Regression analysis indicated that those who become more conscientious become less health anxious. CONCLUSIONS Emotional stability and conscientiousness have predictive roles with respect to HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK.
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47
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Heffner KL, Loving TJ, Robles TF, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Examining psychosocial factors related to cancer incidence and progression: in search of the silver lining. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17 Suppl 1:S109-11. [PMID: 12615195 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathi L Heffner
- Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 1581 Dodd Drive, McCampbell Hall, Columbus 43210, USA.
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48
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Skinner TC, Hampson SE, Fife-Schaw C. Personality, personal model beliefs, and self-care in adolescents and young adults with Type 1 diabetes. Health Psychol 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.21.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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