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Lim HY, Lee I. Subpopulations of neurons in the perirhinal cortex enable both modality-specific and modality-invariant recognition of objects. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002713. [PMID: 38924050 PMCID: PMC11233021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PER) supports multimodal object recognition, but how multimodal information of objects is integrated within the PER remains unknown. Here, we recorded single units within the PER while rats performed a PER-dependent multimodal object-recognition task. In this task, audiovisual cues were presented simultaneously (multimodally) or separately (unimodally). We identified 2 types of object-selective neurons in the PER: crossmodal cells, showing constant firing patterns for an object irrespective of its modality, and unimodal cells, showing a preference for a specific modality. Unimodal cells further dissociated unimodal and multimodal versions of the object by modulating their firing rates according to the modality condition. A population-decoding analysis confirmed that the PER could perform both modality-invariant and modality-specific object decoding-the former for recognizing an object as the same in various conditions and the latter for remembering modality-specific experiences of the same object.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Yeol Lim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Ventura S, Duncan S, Ainge JA. Increased flexibility of CA3 memory representations following environmental enrichment. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2011-2019.e7. [PMID: 38636511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) improves memory, particularly the ability to discriminate similar past experiences.1,2,3,4,5,6 The hippocampus supports this ability via pattern separation, the encoding of similar events using dissimilar memory representations.7 This is carried out in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 subfields.8,9,10,11,12 Upregulation of adult neurogenesis in the DG improves memory through enhanced pattern separation.1,2,3,4,5,6,11,13,14,15,16 Adult-born granule cells (abGCs) in DG are suggested to contribute to pattern separation by driving inhibition in regions such as CA3,13,14,15,16,17,18 leading to sparser, nonoverlapping representations of similar events (although a role for abGCs in driving excitation in the hippocampus has also been reported16). Place cells in the hippocampus contribute to pattern separation by remapping to spatial and contextual alterations to the environment.19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27 How spatial responses in CA3 are affected by EE and input from increased numbers of abGCs in DG is, however, unknown. Here, we investigate the neural mechanisms facilitating improved memory following EE using associative recognition memory tasks that model the automatic and integrative nature of episodic memory. We find that EE-dependent improvements in difficult discriminations are related to increased neurogenesis and sparser memory representations across the hippocampus. Additionally, we report for the first time that EE changes how CA3 place cells discriminate similar contexts. CA3 place cells of enriched rats show greater spatial tuning, increased firing rates, and enhanced remapping to contextual changes. These findings point to more precise and flexible CA3 memory representations in enriched rats, which provides a putative mechanism for EE-dependent improvements in fine memory discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ventura
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Mary's Quad, South Street, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Stephen Duncan
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Mary's Quad, South Street, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9JP, UK; School of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - James A Ainge
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Mary's Quad, South Street, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9JP, UK.
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3
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Le AA, Palmer LC, Chavez J, Gall CM, Lynch G. Sex differences in the context dependency of episodic memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1349053. [PMID: 38516050 PMCID: PMC10956361 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1349053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Context contributes to multiple aspects of human episodic memory including segmentation and retrieval. The present studies tested if, in adult male and female mice, context influences the encoding of odors encountered in a single unsupervised sampling session of the type used for the routine acquisition of episodic memories. The three paradigms used differed in complexity (single vs. multiple odor cues) and period from sampling to testing. Results show that males consistently encode odors in a context-dependent manner: the mice discriminated novel from previously sampled cues when tested in the chamber of initial cue sampling but not in a distinct yet familiar chamber. This was independent of the interval between cue encounters or the latency from initial sampling to testing. In contrast, female mice acquired both single cues and the elements of multi-cue episodes, but recall of that information was dependent upon the surrounding context only when the cues were presented serially. These results extend the list of episodic memory features expressed by rodents and also introduce a striking and unexpected sex difference in context effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza A. Le
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Linda C. Palmer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jasmine Chavez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Christine M. Gall
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Gary Lynch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Qureshi OA, Leake J, Delaney AJ, Killcross S, Westbrook RF, Holmes NM. Danger Changes the Way the Brain Consolidates Neutral Information; and Does So by Interacting with Processes Involved in the Encoding of That Information. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2934-2949. [PMID: 36927572 PMCID: PMC10124951 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1796-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of danger on consolidation of neutral information in two regions of the rat (male and female) medial temporal lobe: the perirhinal cortex (PRh) and basolateral amygdala complex (BLA). The neutral information was the association that forms between an auditory stimulus and a visual stimulus (labeled S2 and S1) across their pairings in sensory preconditioning. We show that, when the sensory preconditioning session is followed by a shocked context exposure, the danger shifts consolidation of the S2-S1 association from the PRh to the BLA; and does so by interacting with processes involved in encoding of the S2-S1 pairings. Specifically, we show that the initial S2-S1 pairing in sensory preconditioning is encoded in the BLA and not the PRh; whereas the later S2-S1 pairings are encoded in the PRh and not the BLA. When the sensory preconditioning session is followed by a context alone exposure, the BLA-dependent trace of the early S2-S1 pairings decays and the PRh-dependent trace of the later S2-S1 pairings is consolidated in memory. However, when the sensory preconditioning session is followed by a shocked context exposure, the PRh-dependent trace of the later S2-S1 pairings is suppressed and the BLA-dependent trace of the initial S2-S1 pairing is consolidated in memory. These findings are discussed with respect to mutually inhibitory interactions between the PRh and BLA, and the way that these regions support memory in other protocols, including recognition memory in people.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The perirhinal cortex (PRh) and basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) process the pairings of neutral auditory and visual stimuli in sensory preconditioning. The involvement of each region in this processing is determined by the novelty/familiarity of the stimuli as well as events that occur immediately after the preconditioning session. Novel stimuli are represented in the BLA; however, as these stimuli are repeatedly presented without consequence, they come to be represented in the PRh. Whether the BLA- or PRh-dependent representation is consolidated in memory depends on what happens next. When nothing of significance occurs, the PRh-dependent representation is consolidated and the BLA-dependent representation decays; but when danger is encountered, the PRh-dependent representation is inhibited and the BLA-dependent representation is selected for consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Qureshi
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia, 2052
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H4B 1R6
| | - Jessica Leake
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia, 2052
| | - Andrew J Delaney
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales Australia, 2678
| | - Simon Killcross
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia, 2052
| | - R Frederick Westbrook
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia, 2052
| | - Nathan M Holmes
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia, 2052
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Asiminas A, Lyon SA, Langston RF, Wood ER. Developmental trajectory of episodic-like memory in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:969871. [PMID: 36523755 PMCID: PMC9745197 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.969871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Episodic memory formation requires the binding of multiple associations to a coherent episodic representation, with rich detail of times, places, and contextual information. During postnatal development, the ability to recall episodic memories emerges later than other types of memory such as object recognition. However, the precise developmental trajectory of episodic memory, from weaning to adulthood has not yet been established in rats. Spontaneous object exploration tasks do not require training, and allow repeated testing of subjects, provided novel objects are used on each trial. Therefore, these tasks are ideally suited for the study of the ontogeny of episodic memory and its constituents (e.g., object, spatial, and contextual memory). Methods In the present study, we used four spontaneous short-term object exploration tasks over two days: object (OR), object-context (OCR), object-place (OPR), and object-place-context (OPCR) recognition to characterise the ontogeny of episodic-like memory and its components in three commonly used outbred rat strains (Lister Hooded, Long Evans Hooded, and Sprague Dawley). Results In longitudinal studies starting at 3-4 weeks of age, we observed that short term memory for objects was already present at the earliest time point we tested, indicating that it is established before the end of the third week of life (consistent with several other reports). Object-context memory developed during the fifth week of life, while both object-in-place and the episodic-like object-place-context memory developed around the seventh postnatal week. To control for the effects of previous experience in the development of associative memory, we confirmed these developmental trajectories using a cross-sectional protocol. Discussion Our work provides robust evidence for different developmental trajectories of recognition memory in rats depending on the content and/or complexity of the associations and emphasises the utility of spontaneous object exploration tasks to assess the ontogeny of memory systems with high temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Asiminas
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie A. Lyon
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rosamund F. Langston
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Emma R. Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Bengaluru, India
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Persson BM, Ambrozova V, Duncan S, Wood ER, O’Connor AR, Ainge JA. Lateral entorhinal cortex lesions impair odor-context associative memory in male rats. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1030-1046. [PMID: 35187710 PMCID: PMC9302644 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) has been hypothesized to process nonspatial, item information that is combined with spatial information from medial entorhinal cortex to form episodic memories within the hippocampus. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that LEC has a role in integrating features of episodic memory prior to the hippocampus. While the precise role of LEC is still unclear, anatomical studies show that LEC is ideally placed to be a hub integrating multisensory information. The current study tests whether the role of LEC in integrating information extends to long-term multimodal item-context associations. In Experiment 1, male rats were trained on a context-dependent odor discrimination task, where two different contexts served as the cue to the correct odor. Rats were pretrained on the task and then received either bilateral excitotoxic LEC or sham lesions. Following surgery, rats were tested on the previously learned odor-context associations. Control rats showed good memory for the previously learned association but rats with LEC lesions showed significantly impaired performance relative to both their own presurgery performance and to control rats. Experiment 2 went on to test whether impairments in Experiment 1 were the result of LEC lesions impairing either odor or context memory retention alone. Male rats were trained on simple odor and context discrimination tasks that did not require integration of features to solve. Following surgery, both LEC and control rats showed good memory for previously learned odors and contexts. These data show that LEC is critical for long-term odor-context associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn M. Persson
- School of Psychology & NeuroscienceUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | | | - Stephen Duncan
- School of Psychology & NeuroscienceUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Emma R. Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Akira R. O’Connor
- School of Psychology & NeuroscienceUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - James A. Ainge
- School of Psychology & NeuroscienceUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
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7
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LaChance PA, Taube JS. Spatial context and the functional role of the postrhinal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 189:107596. [PMID: 35131453 PMCID: PMC8897231 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The postrhinal cortex (POR) serves as a key input area to the hippocampal system. It receives highly processed information from the ventral visual stream and other limbic areas including the retrosplenial cortex, parahippocampal areas, and portions of the limbic thalamus. The POR was studied early on by David Bucci and colleagues who first postulated that the POR plays a major role in contextual learning. Here we review a number of approaches and experimental studies that have explored POR's role in contextual processing. We discuss POR lesion studies that monitored deficits in fear conditioning tasks and the effects that these lesions had on processing visual landmark information. We then review the types of spatial correlates encoded by POR cells. A large number of head direction (HD) cells are present, although recent findings suggest that many of them are more accurately characterized as landmark modulated-HD cells as opposed to classic HD cells. A significant number of POR cells are also tuned to egocentric properties of the environment, such as the spatial relationship of the animal to the center of its environment, or the distance between the animal and either the environment's center or its boundaries. We suggest potential frameworks through which these functional cell types might support contextual processing. We then discuss deficits seen in humans who have damage to the homologous parahippocampal cortex, and we finish by reviewing functional imaging studies that found activation of this area while human subjects performed various tasks. A preponderance of evidence suggests that the POR, along with its interactions with retrosplenial cortex, plays a key role in contextual information processing.
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8
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Lim HY, Ahn JR, Lee I. The Interaction of Cue Type and Its Associated Behavioral Response Dissociates the Neural Activity between the Perirhinal and Postrhinal Cortices. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0065-22.2022. [PMID: 35422417 PMCID: PMC9045475 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0065-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PER) and postrhinal cortex (POR) in the medial temporal lobe are commonly described as two distinct systems that process nonspatial and spatial information, respectively. Recent findings suggest that the two regions exhibit functional overlap when processing stimulus information, especially when associative responses are required in goal-directed behavior. However, we lack the neural correlates of this. In the current study, we recorded spiking activities for single units of the PER and POR as rats were required to choose a response associated with the identity of a visual object or scene stimulus. We found that similar proportions of cells fired selectively for either scene or object between the two regions. In the PER and POR, response-selective neurons showed higher contrast for different responses than stimulus-selective cells did for stimuli. More cells fired selectively for specific choice response in the POR than in the PER. The differential firing patterns of the PER and POR were best explained when the stimulus and response components were considered together: Stimulus-selective cells were modulated more by the response in the POR than in the PER, whereas response-selective cells in the PER were modulated more by object information than by scenes. Our results suggest that in a goal-directed memory task, the information processing in the PER and POR may be dynamically modulated not only by input stimulus information but also by the associated choice behavior and stimulus-response interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Yeol Lim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae-Rong Ahn
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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McGuire KL, Amsalem O, Sugden AU, Ramesh RN, Fernando J, Burgess CR, Andermann ML. Visual association cortex links cues with conjunctions of reward and locomotor contexts. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1563-1576.e8. [PMID: 35245458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Postrhinal cortex (POR) and neighboring lateral visual association areas are necessary for identifying objects and interpreting them in specific contexts, but how POR neurons encode the same object across contexts remains unclear. Here, we imaged excitatory neurons in mouse POR across tens of days prior to and throughout initial cue-reward learning and reversal learning. We assessed responses to the same cue when it was rewarded or unrewarded, during both locomotor and stationary contexts. Surprisingly, a large class of POR neurons were minimally cue-driven prior to learning. After learning, distinct clusters within this class responded selectively to a given cue when presented in a specific conjunction of reward and locomotion contexts. In addition, another class contained clusters of neurons whose cue responses were more transient, insensitive to reward learning, and adapted over thousands of presentations. These two classes of POR neurons may support context-dependent interpretation and context-independent identification of sensory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L McGuire
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Perceptive Automata, 201 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Oren Amsalem
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Arthur U Sugden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Duquesne University, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA; Behaivior, 6401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Rohan N Ramesh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Known, 5 Bryant Park, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Jesseba Fernando
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christian R Burgess
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Peng X, Burwell RD. Beyond the hippocampus: The role of parahippocampal-prefrontal communication in context-modulated behavior. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107520. [PMID: 34537379 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple paradigms indicate that the physical environment can influence spontaneous and learned behavior. In rodents, context-dependent behavior is putatively supported by the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe. A preponderance of the literature has targeted the role of the hippocampus. In addition to the hippocampus proper, the medial temporal lobe also comprises parahippocampal areas, including the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices. These parahippocampal areas directly connect with multiple regions in the prefrontal cortex. The function of these connections, however, is not well understood. This article first reviews the involvement of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and prefrontal cortices in context-dependent behavior in rodents. Then, based on functional and anatomical evidence, we suggest that perirhinal and postrhinal contributions to context-dependent behavior go beyond supporting context representation in the hippocampus. Specifically, we propose that the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices act as a contextual-support network that directly provides contextual and spatial information to the prefrontal cortex. In turn, the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices modulate prefrontal input to the hippocampus in the service of context-guided behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Peng
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burwell
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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11
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Arkell D, Groves I, Wood ER, Hardt O. The Black Box effect: sensory stimulation after learning interferes with the retention of long-term object location memory in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:390-399. [PMID: 34526383 PMCID: PMC8456983 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053256.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reducing sensory experiences during the period that immediately follows learning improves long-term memory retention in healthy humans, and even preserves memory in patients with amnesia. To date, it is entirely unclear why this is the case, and identifying the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning this effect requires suitable animal models, which are currently lacking. Here, we describe a straightforward experimental procedure in rats that future studies can use to directly address this issue. Using this method, we replicated the central findings on quiet wakefulness obtained in humans: We show that rats that spent 1 h alone in a familiar dark and quiet chamber (the Black Box) after exploring two objects in an open field expressed long-term memory for the object locations 6 h later, while rats that instead directly went back into their home cage with their cage mates did not. We discovered that both visual stimulation and being together with conspecifics contributed to the memory loss in the home cage, as exposing rats either to light or to a cage mate in the Black Box was sufficient to disrupt memory for object locations. Our results suggest that in both rats and humans, everyday sensory experiences that normally follow learning in natural settings can interfere with processes that promote long-term memory retention, thereby causing forgetting in form of retroactive interference. The processes involved in this effect are not sleep-dependent because we prevented sleep in periods of reduced sensory experience. Our findings, which also have implications for research practices, describe a potentially useful method to study the neurobiological mechanisms that might explain why normal sensory processing after learning impairs memory both in healthy humans and in patients suffering from amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Arkell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, School of Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,The Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Groves
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Emma R Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, School of Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,The Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Hardt
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, School of Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,The Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
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12
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13
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Fiorilli J, Bos JJ, Grande X, Lim J, Düzel E, Pennartz CMA. Reconciling the object and spatial processing views of the perirhinal cortex through task-relevant unitization. Hippocampus 2021; 31:737-755. [PMID: 33523577 PMCID: PMC8359385 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex is situated on the border between sensory association cortex and the hippocampal formation. It serves an important function as a transition area between the sensory neocortex and the medial temporal lobe. While the perirhinal cortex has traditionally been associated with object coding and the "what" pathway of the temporal lobe, current evidence suggests a broader function of the perirhinal cortex in solving feature ambiguity and processing complex stimuli. Besides fulfilling functions in object coding, recent neurophysiological findings in freely moving rodents indicate that the perirhinal cortex also contributes to spatial and contextual processing beyond individual sensory modalities. Here, we address how these two opposing views on perirhinal cortex-the object-centered and spatial-contextual processing hypotheses-may be reconciled. The perirhinal cortex is consistently recruited when different features can be merged perceptually or conceptually into a single entity. Features that are unitized in these entities include object information from multiple sensory domains, reward associations, semantic features and spatial/contextual associations. We propose that the same perirhinal network circuits can be flexibly deployed for multiple cognitive functions, such that the perirhinal cortex performs similar unitization operations on different types of information, depending on behavioral demands and ranging from the object-related domain to spatial, contextual and semantic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Fiorilli
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. Bos
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviorRadboud University and Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Xenia Grande
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia ResearchOtto‐von‐Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburgGermany
| | - Judith Lim
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Emrah Düzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia ResearchOtto‐von‐Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburgGermany
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Cyriel M. A. Pennartz
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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14
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Taylor-Yeremeeva EM, Wisser SC, Chakoma TL, Aldrich SJ, Denney AE, Donahue EK, Adelman JS, Ihle PCJ, Robinson S. Appetitive and aversive sensory preconditioning in rats is impaired by disruption of the postrhinal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 183:107461. [PMID: 34015445 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory involves binding stimuli and/or events together in time and place. Furthermore, memories become more complex when new experiences influence the meaning of stimuli within the original memory. Thus collectively, complex episodic memory formation and maintenance involves processes such as encoding, storage, retrieval, updating and reconsolidation, which can be studied using animal models of higher-order conditioning. In the present study aversive and appetitive sensory preconditioning paradigms were used to test the hypothesis that the postrhinal cortex (POR), which is a component of the hippocampal memory system, is involved in higher-order conditioning. Drawing on the known role of the POR in contextual learning, Experiment 1 employed a four-phase sensory preconditioning task that involved fear learning and context discrimination in rats with or without permanent lesions of the POR. In parallel, to examine POR function during higher-order conditioning in the absence of a particular spatial arrangement, Experiments 2 and 3 used a three-phase sensory preconditioning paradigm involving phasic stimuli. In Experiment 2, bilateral lesions of the POR were made and in Experiment 3, a chemogenetic approach was used to temporarily inactivate POR neurons during each phase of the paradigm. Evidence of successful sensory preconditioning was observed in sham rats which, during the critical context discrimination test, demonstrated higher levels of freezing behavior when re-exposed to the paired versus the unpaired context, whereas POR-lesioned rats did not. Data from the appetitive sensory preconditioning paradigm also confirmed the hypothesis in that during the critical auditory discrimination test, sham rats showed greater food cup responding following presentations of the paired compared to the unpaired auditory stimulus, whereas POR-lesioned rats did not. Lastly, in Experiment 3, when the POR was inactivated only during preconditioning or only during conditioning, discrimination during the critical auditory test was impaired. Thus, regardless of whether stimulus-stimulus associations were formed between static or phasic stimuli or whether revaluation of the paired stimulus occurred through association with an aversive or an appetitive unconditioned stimulus, the effects were the same; POR lesions disrupted the ability to use higher-order conditioned stimuli to guide prospective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C Wisser
- Program in Neuroscience, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | | | - Sara J Aldrich
- Program in Neuroscience, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Amelia E Denney
- Program in Neuroscience, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Erin K Donahue
- Program in Neuroscience, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Julia S Adelman
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Peter C J Ihle
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Siobhan Robinson
- Program in Neuroscience, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA; Department of Psychology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA.
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15
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Vandrey B, Duncan S, Ainge JA. Object and object-memory representations across the proximodistal axis of CA1. Hippocampus 2021; 31:881-896. [PMID: 33942429 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory requires information about objects to be integrated into a spatial framework. Place cells in the hippocampus encode spatial representations of objects that could be generated through signaling from the entorhinal cortex. Projections from lateral (LEC) and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) to the hippocampus terminate in distal and proximal CA1, respectively. We recorded place cells in distal and proximal CA1 as rats explored an environment that contained objects. Place cells in distal CA1 demonstrated higher measures of spatial tuning, stability, and closer proximity of place fields to objects. Furthermore, remapping to object displacement was modulated by place field proximity to objects in distal, but not proximal CA1. Finally, representations of previous object locations were closer to those locations in distal CA1 than proximal CA1. Our data suggest that in cue-rich environments, LEC inputs to the hippocampus support spatial representations with higher spatial tuning, closer proximity to objects, and greater stability than those receiving inputs from MEC. This is consistent with functional segregation in the entorhinal-hippocampal circuits underlying object-place memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Vandrey
- University of St Andrews, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, St Andrews, Fife, UK
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Stephen Duncan
- University of St Andrews, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - James A Ainge
- University of St Andrews, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, St Andrews, Fife, UK
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16
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Grossberg S. A Neural Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Hippocampal Theta Rhythms: Anatomy, Neurophysiology, and Function. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:665052. [PMID: 33994965 PMCID: PMC8113652 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.665052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes a neural model of the anatomy, neurophysiology, and functions of intrinsic and extrinsic theta rhythms in the brains of multiple species. Topics include how theta rhythms were discovered; how theta rhythms organize brain information processing into temporal series of spatial patterns; how distinct theta rhythms occur within area CA1 of the hippocampus and between the septum and area CA3 of the hippocampus; what functions theta rhythms carry out in different brain regions, notably CA1-supported functions like learning, recognition, and memory that involve visual, cognitive, and emotional processes; how spatial navigation, adaptively timed learning, and category learning interact with hippocampal theta rhythms; how parallel cortical streams through the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) and the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) represent the end-points of the What cortical stream for perception and cognition and the Where cortical stream for spatial representation and action; how the neuromodulator acetylcholine interacts with the septo-hippocampal theta rhythm and modulates category learning; what functions are carried out by other brain rhythms, such as gamma and beta oscillations; and how gamma and beta oscillations interact with theta rhythms. Multiple experimental facts about theta rhythms are unified and functionally explained by this theoretical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Grossberg
- Center for Adaptive Systems, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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17
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Zhou G, Olofsson JK, Koubeissi MZ, Menelaou G, Rosenow J, Schuele SU, Xu P, Voss JL, Lane G, Zelano C. Human hippocampal connectivity is stronger in olfaction than other sensory systems. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102027. [PMID: 33640412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During mammalian evolution, primate neocortex expanded, shifting hippocampal functional networks away from primary sensory cortices, towards association cortices. Reflecting this rerouting, human resting hippocampal functional networks preferentially include higher association cortices, while those in rodents retained primary sensory cortices. Research on human visual, auditory and somatosensory systems shows evidence of this rerouting. Olfaction, however, is unique among sensory systems in its relative structural conservation throughout mammalian evolution, and it is unknown whether human primary olfactory cortex was subject to the same rerouting. We combined functional neuroimaging and intracranial electrophysiology to directly compare hippocampal functional networks across human sensory systems. We show that human primary olfactory cortex-including the anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex-has stronger functional connectivity with hippocampal networks at rest, compared to other sensory systems. This suggests that unlike other sensory systems, olfactory-hippocampal connectivity may have been retained in mammalian evolution. We further show that olfactory-hippocampal connectivity oscillates with nasal breathing. Our findings suggest olfaction might provide insight into how memory and cognition depend on hippocampal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jonas K Olofsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua Rosenow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephan U Schuele
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Research Institute for Neuroscience and Neurotechnologies, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joel L Voss
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gregory Lane
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christina Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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Barker GRI, Warburton EC. Putting objects in context: A prefrontal-hippocampal-perirhinal cortex network. Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820937621. [PMID: 32954004 PMCID: PMC7479864 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820937621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When we encounter an object, we spontaneously form associations between the
object and the environment in which it was encountered. These associations can
take a number of different forms, which include location and context. A neural
circuit between the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex and perirhinal cortex
is critical for object-location and object-sequence associations; however, how
this neural circuit contributes to the formation of object-context associations
has not been established. Bilateral lesions were made in the hippocampus, medial
prefrontal cortex or perirhinal cortex to examine each region contribution to
object-context memory formation. Next, a disconnection lesion approach was used
to examine the necessity of functional interactions between the hippocampus and
medial prefrontal cortex or perirhinal cortex. Spontaneous tests of preferential
exploration were used to assess memory for different types of object-context
associations. Bilateral lesion in the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex or
perirhinal cortex impaired performance in both an object-place-context and an
object-context task. Disconnection of the hippocampus from either the medial
prefrontal cortex or perirhinal cortex impaired performance in both the
object-place-context and object-context task. Interestingly, when object
recognition memory was tested with a context switch between encoding and test,
performance in the hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortex lesion groups was
disrupted and performance in each disconnection group (i.e. hippocampus + medial
prefrontal cortex, hippocampus + perirhinal cortex) was significantly impaired.
Overall, these experiments establish the importance of the hippocampal-medial
prefrontal-perirhinal cortex circuit for the formation of object-context
associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R I Barker
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - E C Warburton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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19
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Aggleton JP, Nelson AJD. Distributed interactive brain circuits for object-in-place memory: A place for time? Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820933471. [PMID: 32954003 PMCID: PMC7479857 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820933471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents will spontaneously learn the location of an individual object, an
ability captured by the object-in-place test. This review considers
the network of structures supporting this behavioural test, as well as
some potential confounds that may affect interpretation. A
hierarchical approach is adopted, as we first consider those brain
regions necessary for two simpler, ‘precursor’ tests (object
recognition and object location). It is evident that performing the
object-in-place test requires an array of areas additional to those
required for object recognition or object location. These additional
areas include the rodent medial prefrontal cortex and two thalamic
nuclei (nucleus reuniens and the medial dorsal nucleus), both densely
interconnected with prefrontal areas. Consequently, despite the need
for object and location information to be integrated for the
object-in-place test, for example, via the hippocampus, other
contributions are necessary. These contributions stem from how
object-in-place is a test of associative recognition, as none of the
individual elements in the test phase are novel. Parallels between the
structures required for object-in-place and for recency
discriminations, along with a re-examination of the demands of the
object-in-place test, signal the integration of temporal information
within what is usually regarded as a spatial-object test.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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20
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Asiminas A, Jackson AD, Louros SR, Till SM, Spano T, Dando O, Bear MF, Chattarji S, Hardingham GE, Osterweil EK, Wyllie DJA, Wood ER, Kind PC. Sustained correction of associative learning deficits after brief, early treatment in a rat model of Fragile X Syndrome. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/494/eaao0498. [PMID: 31142675 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common monogenic forms of autism and intellectual disability. Preclinical studies in animal models have highlighted the potential of pharmaceutical intervention strategies for alleviating the symptoms of FXS. However, whether treatment strategies can be tailored to developmental time windows that define the emergence of particular phenotypes is unknown. Similarly, whether a brief, early intervention can have long-lasting beneficial effects, even after treatment cessation, is also unknown. To address these questions, we first examined the developmental profile for the acquisition of associative learning in a rat model of FXS. Associative memory was tested using a range of behavioral paradigms that rely on an animal's innate tendency to explore novelty. Fmr1 knockout (KO) rats showed a developmental delay in their acquisition of object-place recognition and did not demonstrate object-place-context recognition paradigm at any age tested (up to 23 weeks of age). Treatment of Fmr1 KO rats with lovastatin between 5 and 9 weeks of age, during the normal developmental period that this associative memory capability is established, prevents the emergence of deficits but has no effect in wild-type animals. Moreover, we observe no regression of cognitive performance in the FXS rats over several months after treatment. This restoration of the normal developmental trajectory of cognitive function is associated with the sustained rescue of both synaptic plasticity and altered protein synthesis. The findings provide proof of concept that the impaired emergence of the cognitive repertoire in neurodevelopmental disorders may be prevented by brief, early pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Asiminas
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Adam D Jackson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Susana R Louros
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sally M Till
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Teresa Spano
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at the Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Mark F Bear
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sumantra Chattarji
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at the Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Emily K Osterweil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Emma R Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK. .,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK. .,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
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21
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Barker GRI, Warburton EC. Multi-level analyses of associative recognition memory: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020; 32:80-87. [PMID: 32617383 PMCID: PMC7323598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Associative recognition memory depends on the integration of information concerning an item and the spatio-temporal context in which it was encountered. Such an integration depends on dynamic interactions across a brain-wide memory network. Here we discuss evidence from multiple levels of analysis, behavioural, cellular and synaptic which demonstrating the existence of multiple overlapping, subnetworks embedded within these large-scale networks. Recent advances have revealed that of these subnetworks, a distinct hippocampal-prefrontal networks are engaged by different representations (object-spatial or object temporal). Other subnetworks are recruited by distinct processing demands, such as encoding and retrieval which are supported by distinct cellular and synaptic processes. One challenge to multi-level investigations of memory continues to be that conclusions are drawn from correlations of effects rather than from direct evidence of causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth RI Barker
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology andNeuroscience University of Bristol University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Clea Warburton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology andNeuroscience University of Bristol University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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22
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Rochais C, Lecoutey C, Hamidouche K, Giannoni P, Gaven F, Cem E, Mignani S, Baranger K, Freret T, Bockaert J, Rivera S, Boulouard M, Dallemagne P, Claeysen S. Donecopride, a Swiss army knife with potential against Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1988-2005. [PMID: 31881553 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We recently identified donecopride as a pleiotropic compound able to inhibit AChE and to activate 5-HT4 receptors. Here, we have assessed the potential therapeutic effects of donecopride in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used two in vivo animal models of AD, transgenic 5XFAD mice and mice exposed to soluble amyloid-β peptides and, in vitro, primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. Pro-cognitive and anti-amnesic effects were evaluated with novel object recognition, Y-maze, and Morris water maze tests. Amyloid load in mouse brain was measured ex vivo and effects of soluble amyloid-β peptides on neuronal survival and neurite formation determined in vitro. KEY RESULTS In vivo, chronic (3 months) administration of donecopride displayed potent anti-amnesic properties in the two mouse models of AD, preserving learning capacities, including working and long-term spatial memories. These behavioural effects were accompanied by decreased amyloid aggregation in the brain of 5XFAD mice and, in cultures of rat hippocampal neurons, reduced tau hyperphosphorylation. In vitro, donecopride increased survival in neuronal cultures exposed to soluble amyloid-β peptides, improved the neurite network and provided neurotrophic benefits, expressed as the formation of new synapses. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Donecopride acts like a Swiss army knife, exhibiting a range of sustainable symptomatic therapeutic effects and potential disease-modifying effects in models of AD. Clinical trials with this promising drug candidate will soon be undertaken to confirm its therapeutic potential in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rochais
- Normandie Univ, Caen, France.,UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), Caen, France
| | - Cédric Lecoutey
- Normandie Univ, Caen, France.,UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), Caen, France
| | - Katia Hamidouche
- Normandie Univ, Caen, France.,UNICAEN, INSERM U1075 COMETE, Caen, France
| | - Patrizia Giannoni
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Chrome, EA7352, Université de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Florence Gaven
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,CRBM, CNRS UMR5237, Montpellier, France
| | - Eleazere Cem
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Mignani
- Normandie Univ, Caen, France.,UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), Caen, France
| | - Kevin Baranger
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Freret
- Normandie Univ, Caen, France.,UNICAEN, INSERM U1075 COMETE, Caen, France
| | - Joël Bockaert
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Santiago Rivera
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Boulouard
- Normandie Univ, Caen, France.,UNICAEN, INSERM U1075 COMETE, Caen, France
| | - Patrick Dallemagne
- Normandie Univ, Caen, France.,UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), Caen, France
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23
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Effects of perirhinal cortex and hippocampal lesions on rats' performance on two object-recognition tasks. Behav Brain Res 2019; 381:112450. [PMID: 31877339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hippocampal (HPC) damage on rats' novel object preference (NOP) performance have been rather consistent, in that HPC lesions do not disrupt novelty preferences on the test. Conversely, there have been inconsistent findings regarding the effects of perirhinal cortex (PRh) lesions on rats' novel-object preferences. Given the concerns that have been raised regarding the internal validity of the NOP test, viz. that the magnitude of the novel-object preference does not necessarily reflect the strength in memory for an object, it could explain the discrepant findings. The goal of the present experiment was to examine the effects of PRh and HPC lesions on rats' object-recognition memory using a new modified delayed nonmatching-to-sample (mDNMS) task, as it circumvents the interpretational problems associated with the NOP test. Rats received PRh, HPC, or Sham lesions and were trained on the mDNMS task using a short delay (∼30 s). Both PRh and HPC rats acquired the task at the same rate as Sham rats, and reached a similar level of accuracy, indicating intact object-recognition. Thereafter, rats were tested on the NOP test using a 180-s delay. Rats with HPC lesions exhibited significant novel-object preferences, however, both the PRh and Sham rats failed to show a novelty preference. The discrepancy in both the PRh and Sham rats' performance on the mDNMS task and NOP test raises concerns regarding the internal validity of the NOP test, in that the magnitude of a rat's novel-object preference does not accurately reflect the persistence or accuracy of a rat's memory for the sample object.
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24
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The hippocampus as a visual area organized by space and time: A spatiotemporal similarity hypothesis. Vision Res 2019; 165:123-130. [PMID: 31734633 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is the canonical memory system in the brain and is not typically considered part of the visual system. Yet, it sits atop the ventral visual stream and has been implicated in certain aspects of vision. Here I review the place of the hippocampal memory system in vision science. After a brief primer on the local circuity, external connectivity, and computational functions of the hippocampus, I explore what can be learned from each field about the other. I first present four areas of vision science (scene perception, imagery, eye movements, attention) that challenge our current understanding of the hippocampus in terms of its role in episodic memory. In the reverse direction, I leverage this understanding to inform vision science in other ways, presenting a working hypothesis about a unique form of visual representation. This spatiotemporal similarity hypothesis states that the hippocampus represents objects according to whether they co-occur in space and/or time, and not whether they look alike, as elsewhere in the visual system. This tuning may reflect hippocampal mechanisms of pattern separation, relational binding, and statistical learning, allowing the hippocampus to generate visual expectations to facilitate search and recognition.
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Julian JB, Keinath AT, Marchette SA, Epstein RA. The Neurocognitive Basis of Spatial Reorientation. Curr Biol 2019; 28:R1059-R1073. [PMID: 30205055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to recover one's bearings when lost is a skill that is fundamental for spatial navigation. We review the cognitive and neural mechanisms that underlie this ability, with the aim of linking together previously disparate findings from animal behavior, human psychology, electrophysiology, and cognitive neuroscience. Behavioral work suggests that reorientation involves two key abilities: first, the recovery of a spatial reference frame (a cognitive map) that is appropriate to the current environment; and second, the determination of one's heading and location relative to that reference frame. Electrophysiological recording studies, primarily in rodents, have revealed potential correlates of these operations in place, grid, border/boundary, and head-direction cells in the hippocampal formation. Cognitive neuroscience studies, primarily in humans, suggest that the perceptual inputs necessary for these operations are processed by neocortical regions such as the retrosplenial complex, occipital place area and parahippocampal place area, with the retrosplenial complex mediating spatial transformations between the local environment and the recovered spatial reference frame, the occipital place area supporting perception of local boundaries, and the parahippocampal place area processing visual information that is essential for identification of the local spatial context. By combining results across these various literatures, we converge on a unified account of reorientation that bridges the cognitive and neural domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Julian
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychology, 3710 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Alexandra T Keinath
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychology, 3710 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Steven A Marchette
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychology, 3710 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Russell A Epstein
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychology, 3710 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Nilssen ES, Doan TP, Nigro MJ, Ohara S, Witter MP. Neurons and networks in the entorhinal cortex: A reappraisal of the lateral and medial entorhinal subdivisions mediating parallel cortical pathways. Hippocampus 2019; 29:1238-1254. [PMID: 31408260 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to reappraise the organization of intrinsic and extrinsic networks of the entorhinal cortex with a focus on the concept of parallel cortical connectivity streams. The concept of two entorhinal areas, the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex, belonging to two parallel input-output streams mediating the encoding and storage of respectively what and where information hinges on the claim that a major component of their cortical connections is with the perirhinal cortex and postrhinal or parahippocampal cortex in, respectively, rodents or primates. In this scenario, the lateral entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal cortex are connectionally associated and likewise the postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex and the medial entorhinal cortex are partners. In contrast, here we argue that the connectivity matrix emphasizes the potential of substantial integration of cortical information through interactions between the two entorhinal subdivisions and between the perirhinal and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortices, but most importantly through a new observation that the postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex projects to both lateral and medial entorhinal cortex. We suggest that entorhinal inputs provide the hippocampus with high-order complex representations of the external environment, its stability, as well as apparent changes either as an inherent feature of a biological environment or as the result of navigating the environment. This thus indicates that the current connectional model of the parahippocampal region as part of the medial temporal lobe memory system needs to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik S Nilssen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thanh P Doan
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maximiliano J Nigro
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shinya Ohara
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Taoro-González L, Cabrera-Pastor A, Sancho-Alonso M, Arenas YM, Meseguer-Estornell F, Balzano T, ElMlili N, Felipo V. Differential role of interleukin-1β in neuroinflammation-induced impairment of spatial and nonspatial memory in hyperammonemic rats. FASEB J 2019; 33:9913-9928. [PMID: 31162953 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900230rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia and increased brain IL-1β play a main role in cognitive impairment in much pathology. We studied the role of IL-1β in neuroinflammation-induced impairment of the following different types of learning and memory: novel object recognition (NOR), novel object location (NOL), spatial learning, reference memory (RM), and working memory (WM). All these processes are impaired in hyperammonemic rats. We assessed which of these types of learning and memory are restored by blocking the IL-1 receptor in vivo in hyperammonemic rats and the possible mechanisms involved. Blocking the IL-1 receptor reversed microglial activation in the hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, and prefrontal cortex but not in the postrhinal cortex. This was associated with the restoration of NOR and WM but not of tasks involving a spatial component (NOL and RM). This suggests that IL-1β would be involved in neuroinflammation-induced nonspatial memory impairment, whereas spatial memory impairment would be IL-1β-independent and would be mediated by other proinflammatory factors.-Taoro-González, L., Cabrera-Pastor, A., Sancho-Alonso, M., Arenas, Y. M., Meseguer-Estornell, F., Balzano, T., ElMlili, N., Felipo, V. Differential role of interleukin-1β in neuroinflammation-induced impairment of spatial and nonspatial memory in hyperammonemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Taoro-González
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Cabrera-Pastor
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain.,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sancho-Alonso
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yaiza M Arenas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Tiziano Balzano
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nisrin ElMlili
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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Haque RU, Manzanares CM, Brown LN, Pongos AL, Lah JJ, Clifford GD, Levey AI. VisMET: a passive, efficient, and sensitive assessment of visuospatial memory in healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:93-100. [PMID: 30770466 PMCID: PMC6380203 DOI: 10.1101/lm.048124.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The entorhinal-hippocampal circuit is one of the earliest sites of cortical pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Visuospatial memory paradigms that are mediated by the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit may offer a means to detect memory impairment during the early stages of AD. In this study, we developed a 4-min visuospatial memory paradigm called VisMET (Visuospatial Memory Eye-Tracking Task) that passively assesses memory using eye movements rather than explicit memory judgements. We had 296 control or memory-impaired participants view a set of images followed by a modified version of the images with either an object removed, or a new object added. Healthy controls spent significantly more time viewing these manipulations compared to subjects with mild cognitive impairment and AD. Using a logistic regression model, the amount of time that individuals viewed these manipulations could predict cognitive impairment and disease status with an out of sample area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve of 0.85. Based on these results, VisMET offers a passive, sensitive, and efficient memory paradigm capable of detecting objective memory impairment and predicting cognitive and disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi U Haque
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30312, USA
| | | | - Lavonda N Brown
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, USA
| | - Alvince L Pongos
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30312, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30312, USA
| | - Gari D Clifford
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30312, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30308, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30312, USA
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Inhoff MC, Libby LA, Noguchi T, Love BC, Ranganath C. Dynamic integration of conceptual information during learning. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207357. [PMID: 30427917 PMCID: PMC6235360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and application of concepts is a critical component of cognition. Although concepts can be formed on the basis of simple perceptual or semantic features, conceptual representations can also capitalize on similarities across feature relationships. By representing these types of higher-order relationships, concepts can simplify the learning problem and facilitate decisions. Despite this, little is known about the neural mechanisms that support the construction and deployment of these kinds of higher-order concepts during learning. To address this question, we combined a carefully designed associative learning task with computational model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were scanned as they learned and made decisions about sixteen pairs of cues and associated outcomes. Associations were structured such that individual cues shared feature relationships, operationalized as shared patterns of cue pair-outcome associations. In order to capture the large number of possible conceptual representational structures that participants might employ and to evaluate how conceptual representations are used during learning, we leveraged a well-specified Bayesian computational model of category learning [1]. Behavioral and model-based results revealed that participants who displayed a tendency to link experiences in memory benefitted from faster learning rates, suggesting that the use of the conceptual structure in the task facilitated decisions about cue pair-outcome associations. Model-based fMRI analyses revealed that trial-by-trial integration of cue information into higher-order conceptual representations was supported by an anterior temporal (AT) network of regions previously implicated in representing complex conjunctions of features and meaning-based information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika C. Inhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Libby
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Takao Noguchi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley C. Love
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Alan Turing Institute, Kings Cross, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen Y, Barsegyan A, Nadif Kasri N, Roozendaal B. Basolateral amygdala noradrenergic activity is required for enhancement of object recognition memory by histone deacetylase inhibition in the anterior insular cortex. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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McLean FH, Grant C, Morris AC, Horgan GW, Polanski AJ, Allan K, Campbell FM, Langston RF, Williams LM. Rapid and reversible impairment of episodic memory by a high-fat diet in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11976. [PMID: 30097632 PMCID: PMC6086894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality with no cure and only limited treatment available. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are positively associated with the development of premature cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease, linking diet with these conditions. Here we demonstrate that in mice episodic memory, together with spatial and contextual associative memory, is compromised after only one day of high-fat diet. However, object memory remains intact. This shows not only a more rapid effect than previously reported but also that more complex memories are at higher risk of being compromised by a high-fat diet. In addition, we show that these memory deficits are rapidly reversed by switching mice from a high-fat diet back to a low-fat diet. These findings have important implications for the contribution of nutrition to the development of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona H McLean
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK. .,Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Christine Grant
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Amanda C Morris
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Graham W Horgan
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alex J Polanski
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Kevin Allan
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Kings College, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Fiona M Campbell
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Rosamund F Langston
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Lynda M Williams
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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Kim S, Nilakantan AS, Hermiller MS, Palumbo RT, VanHaerents S, Voss JL. Selective and coherent activity increases due to stimulation indicate functional distinctions between episodic memory networks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar2768. [PMID: 30140737 PMCID: PMC6105230 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Posterior-medial and anterior-temporal cortical networks interact with the hippocampus and are thought to distinctly support episodic memory. We causally tested this putative distinction by determining whether targeted noninvasive stimulation could selectively affect neural signals of memory formation within the posterior-medial network. Stimulation enhanced the posterior-medial network's evoked response to stimuli during memory formation, and this activity increase was coherent throughout the network. In contrast, there was no increase in anterior-temporal network activity due to stimulation. In addition, control stimulation of an out-of-network prefrontal cortex location in a separate group of subjects did not influence memory-related activity in either network. The posterior-medial network is therefore a functional unit for memory processing that is distinct from the anterior-temporal network. These findings suggest that targeted stimulation can lead to network-specific increases in excitability during memory formation and hold promise for efforts to fine-tune network involvement in episodic memory via brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshin Kim
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aneesha S. Nilakantan
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Molly S. Hermiller
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Robert T. Palumbo
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen VanHaerents
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joel L. Voss
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Burke SN, Gaynor LS, Barnes CA, Bauer RM, Bizon JL, Roberson ED, Ryan L. Shared Functions of Perirhinal and Parahippocampal Cortices: Implications for Cognitive Aging. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:349-359. [PMID: 29555181 PMCID: PMC5970964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A predominant view of perirhinal cortex (PRC) and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex (POR/PHC) function contends that these structures are tuned to represent objects and spatial information, respectively. However, known anatomical connectivity, together with recent electrophysiological, neuroimaging, and lesion data, indicate that both brain areas participate in spatial and nonspatial processing. Instead of content-based organization, the PRC and PHC/POR may participate in two computationally distinct cortical-hippocampal networks: one network that is tuned to process coarse information quickly, forming gist-like representations of scenes/environments, and a second network tuned to process information about the specific sensory details that are necessary for discrimination across sensory modalities. The available data suggest that the latter network may be more vulnerable in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Burke
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Leslie S Gaynor
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Division of Neural Systems Memory and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Russell M Bauer
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lee Ryan
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Oyanedel CN, Sawangjit A, Born J, Inostroza M. Sleep-dependent consolidation patterns reveal insights into episodic memory structure. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 160:67-72. [PMID: 29783060 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory formation is considered a genuinely hippocampal function. Its study in rodents has relied on two different task paradigms, i.e. the so called "what-where-when" (WW-When) task and "what-where-which" (WW-Which) task. The WW-When task aims to assess the memory for an episode as an event bound into its context defined by spatial and distinct temporal information, the WW-Which task lacks the temporal component and introduces, instead, an "occasion setter" marking the broader contextual configuration in which the event occurred. Whether both tasks measure episodic memory in an equivalent manner in terms of recollection has been controversially discussed. Here, we compared in two groups of rats the consolidating effects of sleep on episodic-like memory between both task paradigms. Sampling and test phases were separated by a 90-min morning retention interval which did or did not allow for spontaneous sleep. Results show that sleep is crucial for the consolidation of the memory on both tasks. However, consolidating effects of sleep were stronger for the WW-Which than WW-When task. Comparing performance during the post-sleep test phase revealed that WW-When memory only gradually emerged during the 3-min test period whereas WW-Which memory was readily expressed already from the first minute onward. Separate analysis of the temporal and spatial components of WW-When performance showed that the delayed episodic memory on this task originated from the temporal component which also did not emerge until the third minute of the test phase, whereas the spatial component already showed up in the first minute. In conclusion, sleep differentially affects consolidation on the two episodic-like memory tasks, with the delayed expression of WW-When memory after sleep resulting from preferential coverage of temporal aspects by this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos N Oyanedel
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Graduate School of Neural & Behavioral Science, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anuck Sawangjit
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Marion Inostroza
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Park EH, Ahn JR, Lee I. Interactions between stimulus and response types are more strongly represented in the entorhinal cortex than in its upstream regions in rats. eLife 2017; 6:e32657. [PMID: 29280734 PMCID: PMC5771666 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported results which suggested that response types are critical in dissociating the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) from the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) in a scene memory task (Yoo and Lee, 2017). Here, we investigated whether the perirhinal cortex (PER) and postrhinal cortex (POR), the upstream regions of the LEC and MEC, respectively, could be dissociated similarly. We conducted four tasks by combining different stimulus and response types. Our results suggest that the PER is important whenever object recognition is required and, together with prior findings, imply that PER-LEC networks are essential in goal-directed interactions with objects. The POR appears critical for recognizing visual scenes and may play key roles in scene-based navigation together with the MEC. The relative lack of functional dissociation between stimulus and response types at the PER-POR level suggests that actions conditioned on the recognition of external stimuli may be uniquely represented from the EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesSeoul National UniversityShillim-dongKorea
| | - Jae-Rong Ahn
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesSeoul National UniversityShillim-dongKorea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesSeoul National UniversityShillim-dongKorea
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36
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Connor CE, Knierim JJ. Integration of objects and space in perception and memory. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1493-1503. [PMID: 29073645 PMCID: PMC5920781 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Distinct processing of objects and space has been an organizing principle for studying higher-level vision and medial temporal lobe memory. Here, however, we discuss how object and spatial information are in fact closely integrated in vision and memory. The ventral, object-processing visual pathway carries precise spatial information, transformed from retinotopic coordinates into relative dimensions. At the final stages of the ventral pathway, including the dorsal anterior temporal lobe (TEd), object-sensitive neurons are intermixed with neurons that process large-scale environmental space. TEd projects primarily to perirhinal cortex (PRC), which in turn projects to lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). PRC and LEC also combine object and spatial information. For example, PRC and LEC neurons exhibit place fields that are evoked by landmark objects or the remembered locations of objects. Thus, spatial information, on both local and global scales, is deeply integrated into the ventral (temporal) object-processing pathway in vision and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Connor
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James J Knierim
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Morillas E, Gómez-Chacón B, Gallo M. Flavor and object recognition memory impairment induced by excitotoxic lesions of the perirhinal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 144:230-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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38
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Atucha E, Karew A, Kitsukawa T, Sauvage MM. Recognition memory: Cellular evidence of a massive contribution of the LEC to familiarity and a lack of involvement of the hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3. Hippocampus 2017; 27:1083-1092. [PMID: 28667695 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A highly debated issue in memory research is whether familiarity is supported by the parahippocampal region, especially the lateral (LEC) and the perirhinal (PER) cortices, or whether it is supported by the same brain structure as recollection: the hippocampus. One reason for this is that conflicting results have emerged regarding the contribution of the hippocampus to familiarity. This might stem from the lack of dissociation between hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3 as these areas are involved to a different extent in processes which are pertinent to familiarity. Another reason is that empirical evidence for a contribution of the LEC is still missing. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the superficial and the deep layers of the LEC would equally contribute to this process as these layers are differentially recruited during memory retrieval which partly relies on familiarity. To identify the specific contribution of the LEC, CA1, and CA3, we imaged with cellular resolution activity in the brain of rats performing a version of a standard human memory task adapted to rats that yields judgments based on familiarity. Using this translational approach, we report that in striking contrast to CA1 and CA3, the LEC is recruited for familiarity-judgments and that its contribution is comparable to that of the PER. These results show for the first time that the LEC, specifically its deep layers, contributes to familiarity and constitute the first cellular evidence that the hippocampus does not, thus establishing that familiarity does not share the same neural substrate as recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Atucha
- Mercator Research Group, Functional Architecture of Memory Unit, Ruhr-University, Bochum, 44780, Germany.,Functional Architecture of Memory Department, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118, Germany
| | - Artem Karew
- Mercator Research Group, Functional Architecture of Memory Unit, Ruhr-University, Bochum, 44780, Germany
| | | | - Magdalena M Sauvage
- Mercator Research Group, Functional Architecture of Memory Unit, Ruhr-University, Bochum, 44780, Germany.,Functional Architecture of Memory Department, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Functional Neuroplasticity Department, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Otto von Guericke University, Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
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39
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Yamada K, Arai M, Suenaga T, Ichitani Y. Involvement of hippocampal NMDA receptors in encoding and consolidation, but not retrieval, processes of spontaneous object location memory in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 331:14-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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40
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Disconnection of the Perirhinal and Postrhinal Cortices Impairs Recognition of Objects in Context But Not Contextual Fear Conditioning. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4819-4829. [PMID: 28411272 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0254-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PER) is known to process object information, whereas the rodent postrhinal cortex (POR), homolog to the parahippocampal cortex in primates, is thought to process spatial information. A number of studies, however, provide evidence that both areas are involved in processing contextual information. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the rat POR relies on object information received from the PER to form complex representations of context. Using three fear-conditioning (FC) paradigms (signaled, unsignaled, and renewal) and two context-guided object recognition tasks (with 3D and 2D objects), we examined the effects of crossed excitotoxic lesions to the POR and the contralateral PER. Performance of rats with crossed lesions was compared with that of rats with ipsilateral POR plus PER lesions and sham-operated rats. We found that rats with contralateral PER-POR lesions were impaired in object-context recognition but not in contextual FC. Therefore, interaction between the POR and PER is necessary for context-guided exploratory behavior but not for associating fear with context. Our results provide evidence for the hypothesis that the POR relies on object and pattern information from the PER to encode representations of context. The association of fear with a context, however, may be supported by alternate cortical and/or subcortical pathways when PER-POR interaction is not available. Our results suggest that contextual FC may represent a special case of context-guided behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Representations of context are important for perception, memory, decision making, and other cognitive processes. Moreover, there is extensive evidence that the use of contextual representations to guide appropriate behavior is disrupted in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders including developmental disorders, schizophrenia, affective disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. Many of these disorders are accompanied by changes in parahippocampal and hippocampal structures. Understanding how context is represented in the brain and how parahippocampal structures are involved will enhance our understanding and treatment of the cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with neurological disorders and neuropsychiatric disease.
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41
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Kinnavane L, Amin E, Olarte-Sánchez CM, Aggleton JP. Medial temporal pathways for contextual learning: Network c- fos mapping in rats with or without perirhinal cortex lesions. Brain Neurosci Adv 2017; 1:2398212817694167. [PMID: 28685167 PMCID: PMC5496664 DOI: 10.1177/2398212817694167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the rat brain, context information is thought to engage network interactions between the postrhinal cortex, medial entorhinal cortex, and the hippocampus. In contrast, object information is thought to be more reliant on perirhinal cortex and lateral entorhinal cortex interactions with the hippocampus. METHOD The 'context network' was explored by mapping expression of the immediate-early gene, c-fos, after exposure to a new spatial environment. RESULTS Structural equation modelling of Fos counts produced networks of good fit that closely matched prior predictions based on anatomically-grounded functional models. These same models did not, however, fit the Fos data from home-cage controls nor did they fit the corresponding data from a previous study exploring object recognition. These additional analyses highlight the specificity of the context network. The home-cage controls, meanwhile, showed raised levels of inter-area Fos correlations between the many sites examined, i.e., their changes in Fos levels lacked anatomical specificity. Two additional groups of rats received perirhinal cortex lesions. While the loss of perirhinal cortex reduced lateral entorhinal c-fos activity, it did not affect mean levels of hippocampal c-fos expression. Similarly, overall c-fos expression in the prelimbic cortex, retrosplenial cortex and nucleus reuniens of the thalamus appeared unaffected by the perirhinal cortex lesions. CONCLUSION The perirhinal cortex lesions disrupted network interactions involving the medial entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus, highlighting ways in which perirhinal cortex might affect specific aspects of context learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman Amin
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Ameen-Ali KE, Norman LJ, Eacott MJ, Easton A. Incidental context information increases recollection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:136-139. [PMID: 28202718 PMCID: PMC5311382 DOI: 10.1101/lm.042622.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study describes a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) task for human participants based on the spontaneous recognition memory paradigms typically used with rodents. Recollection was significantly higher when an object was in the same location and background as at encoding, a combination used to assess episodic-like memory in animals, but not when only one of these task-irrelevant cues was present. The results show that incidentally encoded cue information can determine the degree of recollection, and opens up the possibility of assessing recollection across species in a single experimental paradigm, allowing better understanding of the cognitive and biological mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamar E Ameen-Ali
- Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Norman
- Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Madeline J Eacott
- Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Easton
- Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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43
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Peck JR, Taube JS. The postrhinal cortex is not necessary for landmark control in rat head direction cells. Hippocampus 2017; 27:156-168. [PMID: 27860052 PMCID: PMC5235971 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The rodent postrhinal cortex (POR), homologous to primate areas TH/TF and the human 'parahippocampal place area', has been implicated in processing visual landmark and contextual information about the environment. Head direction (HD) cells are neurons that encode allocentric head direction, independent of the animal's location or behavior, and are influenced by manipulations of visual landmarks. The present study determined whether the POR plays a role in processing environmental information within the HD circuit. Experiment 1 tested the role of the POR in processing visual landmark cues in the HD system during manipulation of a visual cue. HD cells from POR lesioned animals had similar firing properties, shifted their preferred firing direction following rotation of a salient visual cue, and in darkness had preferred firing directions that drifted at the same rate as controls. Experiment 2 tested the PORs involvement in contextual fear conditioning, where the animal learns to associate a shock with both a tone and a context in which the shock was given. In agreement with previous studies, POR lesioned animals were able to learn the tone-shock pairing, but displayed less freezing relative to controls when reintroduced into the environment previously paired with a shock. Therefore, HD cells from POR lesioned animals, with demonstrated impairments in contextual fear conditioning, were able to use a visual landmark to control their preferred direction. Thus, despite its importance in processing visual landmark information in primates, the POR in rats does not appear to play a pivotal role in controlling visual landmark information in the HD system. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Peck
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755
| | - Jeffery S Taube
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755
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44
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Perirhinal cortex involvement in allocentric spatial learning in the rat: Evidence from doubly marked tasks. Hippocampus 2017; 27:507-517. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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45
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Lesburguères E, Tsokas P, Sacktor TC, Fenton AA. The Object Context-place-location Paradigm for Testing Spatial Memory in Mice. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2231. [PMID: 29170753 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This protocol was originally designed to examine long-term spatial memory in PKMζ knockout (i.e., PKMζ-null) mice (Tsokas et al., 2016). Our main goal was to test whether the ability of these animals to maintain previously acquired spatial information was sensitive to the type and complexity of the spatial information that needs to be remembered. Accordingly, we modified and combined into a single protocol, three novelty-preference tests, specifically the object-in-context, object-in-place and object-in-location tests, adapted from previous studies in rodents (Mumby et al., 2002; Langston and Wood, 2010; Barker and Warburton, 2011). During the training (learning) phase of the procedure, mice are repeatedly exposed to three different environments in which they learn the spatial arrangement of an environment-specific set of non-identical objects. After this learning phase is completed, each mouse receives three different memory tests configured as environment mismatches, in which the previously learned objects-in-space configurations have been modified from the original training situation. The mismatch tests differ in their cognitive demands due to the type of spatial association that is manipulated, specifically evaluating memory for object-context and object-place associations. During each memory test, the time differential spent exploring the novel (misplaced) and familiar objects is computed as an index of novelty discrimination. This index is the behavioral measure of memory recall of the previously acquired spatial associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panayiotis Tsokas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, the Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, New York, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, the Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Todd Charlton Sacktor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, the Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, the Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - André Antonio Fenton
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, the Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, New York, USA
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46
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MacIlvane NM, Pochiro JM, Hurwitz NR, Goodfellow MJ, Lindquist DH. Recognition memory is selectively impaired in adult rats exposed to binge-like doses of ethanol during early postnatal life. Alcohol 2016; 57:55-63. [PMID: 28340966 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to alcohol in utero can induce a variety of physical and mental impairments, collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). This study explores the persistent cognitive consequences of ethanol administration in rat pups over postnatal days (PD) 4-9, modeling human third trimester consumption. Between PD65-70, ethanol-exposed (5E) and control rats were evaluated in two variants of recognition memory, the spontaneous novel object recognition (NOR) task, using 20 and 240 min sample-to-test delays, and the associative object-in-context (OIC) task, using a 20 min delay. No treatment group differences were observed in object exploration during the sample session for any task. In the 20 min NOR test session the 5E rats explored the novel object significantly less than controls, relative to the total time exploring both objects. Postnatal ethanol exposure is hypothesized to impede object memory consolidation in the perirhinal cortex of 5E rats, hindering their ability to discriminate between familiar and novel objects at short delays. The 5E rats performed as well or better than control rats in the 240 min NOR and the 20 min OIC tasks, indicating developmental ethanol exposure selectively impairs the retention and expression of recognition memories in young adult rats.
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47
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Bergmann E, Zur G, Bershadsky G, Kahn I. The Organization of Mouse and Human Cortico-Hippocampal Networks Estimated by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:4497-4512. [PMID: 27797832 PMCID: PMC5193145 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While the hippocampal memory system has been relatively conserved across mammals, the cerebral cortex has undergone massive expansion. A central question in brain evolution is how cortical development affected the nature of cortical inputs to the hippocampus. To address this question, we compared cortico-hippocampal connectivity using intrinsic functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) in awake mice and humans. We found that fcMRI recapitulates anatomical connectivity, demonstrating sensory mapping within the mouse parahippocampal region. Moreover, we identified a similar topographical modality-specific organization along the longitudinal axis of the mouse hippocampus, indicating that sensory information arriving at the hippocampus is only partly integrated. Finally, comparing cortico-hippocampal connectivity across species, we discovered preferential hippocampal connectivity of sensory cortical networks in mice compared with preferential connectivity of association cortical networks in humans. Supporting this observation in humans but not in mice, sensory and association cortical networks are connected to spatially distinct subregions within the parahippocampal region. Collectively, these findings indicate that sensory cortical networks are coupled to the mouse but not the human hippocampal memory system, suggesting that the emergence of expanded and new association areas in humans resulted in the rerouting of cortical information flow and dissociation of primary sensory cortices from the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Bergmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Gil Zur
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Guy Bershadsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Itamar Kahn
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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48
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Rigoli F, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ. Neural processes mediating contextual influences on human choice behaviour. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12416. [PMID: 27535770 PMCID: PMC4992127 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Contextual influences on choice are ubiquitous in ecological settings. Current evidence suggests that subjective values are normalized with respect to the distribution of potentially available rewards. However, how this context-sensitivity is realised in the brain remains unknown. To address this, here we examine functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data during performance of a gambling task where blocks comprise values drawn from one of two different, but partially overlapping, reward distributions or contexts. At the beginning of each block (when information about context is provided), hippocampus is activated and this response is enhanced when contextual influence on choice increases. In addition, response to value in ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN) shows context-sensitivity, an effect enhanced with an increased contextual influence on choice. Finally, greater response in hippocampus at block start is associated with enhanced context sensitivity in VTA/SN. These findings suggest that context-sensitive choice is driven by a brain circuit involving hippocampus and dopaminergic midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rigoli
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Karl J Friston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK
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49
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Hernandez AR, Maurer AP, Reasor JE, Turner SM, Barthle SE, Johnson SA, Burke SN. Age-related impairments in object-place associations are not due to hippocampal dysfunction. Behav Neurosci 2016; 129:599-610. [PMID: 26413723 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated cognitive decline can reduce an individual's quality of life. As no single neurobiological deficit can account for the wide spectrum of behavioral impairments observed in old age, it is critical to develop an understanding of how interactions between different brain regions change over the life span. The performance of young and aged animals on behaviors that require the hippocampus and cortical regions to interact, however, has not been well characterized. Specifically, the ability to link a spatial location with specific features of a stimulus, such as object identity, relies on the hippocampus, perirhinal and prefrontal cortices. Although aging is associated with dysfunction in each of these brain regions, behavioral measures of functional change within the hippocampus, perirhinal and prefrontal cortices in individual animals are often not correlated. Thus, how dysfunction of a single brain region within this circuit, such as the hippocampus, impacts behaviors that require communication with the perirhinal and prefrontal cortices remains unknown. To address this question, young and aged rats were tested on the interregion dependent object-place paired association task, as well as a hippocampal-dependent test of spatial reference memory. This particular cohort of aged rats did not show deficits on the hippocampal-dependent task, but were significantly impaired at acquiring object-place associations relative to young. These data suggest that behaviors requiring functional connectivity across different regions of the memory network may be particularly sensitive to aging, and can be used to develop models that will clarify the impact of systems-level dysfunction in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew P Maurer
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida
| | - Jordan E Reasor
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida
| | - Sean M Turner
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida
| | - Sarah E Barthle
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida
| | - Sarah A Johnson
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida
| | - Sara N Burke
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida
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50
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Agster KL, Tomás Pereira I, Saddoris MP, Burwell RD. Subcortical connections of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat. II. efferents. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1213-30. [PMID: 27101786 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This is the second of two studies detailing the subcortical connections of the perirhinal (PER), the postrhinal (POR) and entorhinal (EC) cortices of the rat. In the present study, we analyzed the subcortical efferents of the rat PER areas 35 and 36, POR, and the lateral and medial entorhinal areas (LEA and MEA). Anterograde tracers were injected into these five regions, and the resulting density of fiber labeling was quantified in an extensive set of subcortical structures. Density and topography of fiber labeling were quantitatively assessed in 36 subcortical areas, including olfactory structures, claustrum, amygdala nuclei, septal nuclei, basal ganglia, thalamic nuclei, and hypothalamic structures. In addition to reporting the density of labeled fibers, we incorporated a new method for quantifying the size of anterograde projections that takes into account the volume of the target subcortical structure as well as the density of fiber labeling. The PER, POR, and EC displayed unique patterns of projections to subcortical areas. Interestingly, all regions examined provided strong input to the basal ganglia, although the projections arising in the PER and LEA were stronger and more widespread. PER areas 35 and 36 exhibited similar pattern of projections with some differences. PER area 36 projects more heavily to the lateral amygdala and much more heavily to thalamic nuclei including the lateral posterior nucleus, the posterior complex, and the nucleus reuniens. Area 35 projects more heavily to olfactory structures. The LEA provides the strongest and most widespread projections to subcortical structures including all those targeted by the PER as well as the medial and posterior septal nuclei. POR shows fewer subcortical projections overall, but contributes substantial input to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. The MEA projections are even weaker. Our results suggest that the PER and LEA have greater influence over olfactory, amygdala, and septal nuclei, whereas PER area 36 and the POR have greater influence over thalamic nuclei. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Agster
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Inês Tomás Pereira
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michael P Saddoris
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Rebecca D Burwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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